HUMANITARIAN REQUIREMENTS - 2013

Joint Government and Humanitarian Partners’ Document February 2013 Addis Ababa Ethiopia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS/GLOSSARY ...... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 3 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ...... 4 2. REVIEW OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 2012 HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE ...... 5 2.1 RELIEF FOOD AND TSF ...... 6 2.2 HEALTH AND NUTRITION ...... 7 2.3 WATER , SANITATION AND HYGIENE ...... 11 2.4 AGRICULTURE ...... 11 2.5 EDUCATION ...... 12 3. THE 2013 FOOD AND NON-FOOD HUMANITARIAN REQUIREMENTS ...... 13 3.1 RELIEF FOOD NEEDS ...... 13 3.2 Targeted Supplementary Feeding Programme: ...... 13

3.3 NON-FOOD NEEDS ...... 14 3.3.1 Health and Nutrition ...... 14 3.3.2 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ...... 17 3.3.3 Agriculture ...... 20 3.3.4 Education ...... 23 4 OVERALL STRATEGY ...... 25 COORDINATION MECHANISM ...... 25 ANNEXES: ...... 27

ACRONYMS/GLOSSARY

AWD Acute Watery Diarrhea IOM International Organization for Migration Belg Short rainy season from March to May ITNs Insecticide-treated Nets (in highland and mid-land areas) BSF Blended Supplementary Food JEOP Joint Emergency Operation Programme CERF Central Emergency Response Fund MAC Multi Agency Coordination CFR Case Fatality Rate MAM Moderate Acute Malnutrition CRS Catholic Relief Services M/BoARD Ministry/Bureau of Agriculture CSO Civil Society Organizations CTC Case Treatment Center MoW&E Ministry of Water and Energy DDK Diarrheal Disease Kit Deyr Short rainy season from October to Meher/Kiremt Long and heavy rain season usually from June December (in Somali Region) to September (in highland and mid-land areas) DPPB Disaster Prevention and Preparedness MHNT Mobile Health and Nutrition Teams Bureau DRM Disaster Risk Management MT Metric Tones DRMFSS Disaster Risk Management and Food NDPPC National Disaster Prevention and Security Sector Preparedness Commission DRMTWG Disaster Risk Management Technical NGOs Non- Governmental Organisations Working Group EDKs Emergency Drug Kit OTP Outpatient Therapeutic Programme EFSR Emergency Food Security Reserve OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian EHNTF Emergency Health and Nutrition Taskforce Affairs (UN) OFDA Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance EHK Emergency Health Kit Region The higher administrative structure, EMWAT Emergency Water Treatment Kit RHB Regional Health Bureau ENCU/DR Emergency Nutrition Coordination Unit RWB Regional Water Bureau MFSS EOS/TSF Enhanced Outreach Strategy/Targeted PSNP Productive Safety Net Programme Supplementary Feeding RUTF Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food EPI Expanded Programme of Immunization SIA Supplementary Immunization Activity EWRD Early Warning and Response Directorate SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities & Peoples EWS Early Warning System Region TFU Therapeutic Feeding Unit FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (UN) TFP Therapeutic Feeding Programme FDA Food Distribution Agents Targeted Supplementary Feeding FDPs Food Distribution Points UN United Nations F/MoH Federal/Ministry of Health UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund FMIP Food Management Improvement Project UNDP United Nations Development Programme FMTF Food Management Taskforce USAID US Agency for International Development GAM Global Acute Malnutrition USD United States Dollars Gu Main rainy season from March to June (in Somali Region) WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene HEA Household Economy Approach WES Water and Environmental Sanitation HNEs Health and Nutrition Emergencies WFP World Food Programme HRD Humanitarian Requirements Document WHO World Health Organization (WHO) HRF Humanitarian Response Fund Woreda Administrative/geographic unit, equivalent to district 2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The overall good performance of the 2012 meher/deyr/karma rains has resulted in an improved food security situation in most parts of the country, apart from pocket areas in belg-dependent and pastoralist/agro-pastoralist areas that experienced poor consecutive seasonal rains. The food security situation in some of these areas (south eastern and north eastern) may be further impacted by below-normal performance of the 2013 belg/gu rains. Thus, in light of the forecast recently issued by the National Meteorological Agency (NMA), the situation in these belg-producing and gu/ganna-receiving areas requires close monitoring over the coming months.

The present document identifies approximately 2.4 million beneficiaries in need of relief food assistance from January to June 2013, identified through the multi-agency assessment and subsequent monitoring results.

The total gross emergency food and non-food requirement for the period January to June 2013 amounts to USD 258.9 million. Considering available resources amounting to USD 83.2 Million ,the net total requirement stands at USD 175.7 million. The net food and TSF requirement totals to 165,751.69 MT, estimated to cost around USD 132.4 million. In addition, a total of net USD 43 million is required to respond to the non-food needs of identified beneficiaries in the health and nutrition, water and sanitation and agriculture and education sectors.

Table 1: Summary of Humanitarian Requirements (USD)-2013

Sector Total Available resource Net Requirement Requirement General Ration: Gross: 239,585.69MT Cereals,193,996.51 MT blended food, 189,562,594 61,859,171 127,703,422 20,369.63MT Pulses,19,399.65 MT Oil- 5,819.9 NET MT 161,402.69 Supplementary (EOS/TSF) Food: 13,280,743 8,535,984 4,744,759 Gross: 12,173MT Net: 4,349MT FOOD SUB TOTAL 202,843,337 70,395,155 132,448,181 Health and Nutrition 28,584,231 9,250,000 19,334,231 Water and Sanitation 13,177,567 9,586,580 3,590,987 Agriculture 10,487,550 - 10,487,550 Education 3,900,000 - 3,900,000 Non Food Total 56,149,348 12,840,987 43,308,361 GRAND TOTAL 258,992,685 83,236,142 175,756,542

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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND With largely favourable long season rains (meher/deyr/karma) received in 2012, the food security situation has improved in most parts of the country. In pastoralist areas, this third consecutive season of good rains replenished surface and upper groundwater points and supported improved pasture production, resulting in continued improvement in livestock body condition and supporting livelihood recovery from the impact of previous droughts. The favourable 2012 meher production has significantly contributed to improved access to food for many vulnerable households. However, the food security situation remains of concern in pocket areas in pastoralist/agro-pastoralist as well as belg-dependent areas that have experienced poor consecutive seasonal rains. Water scarcity continues to impact water-insecure pocket areas, and is likely to worsen as the dry season progresses. The performance of the 2013 belg/gu rains also needs to be closely monitored in-line with the National Meteorological Agency (NMA) 1 forecast, particularly in the north eastern and south eastern parts of the country, in order to identify further implications on the overall food security situation.

The overall nutrition situation is presently stable in most areas apart from pocket areas in Afar, Oromia and Somali Regions, from which there have been reports of increased admissions of severely malnourished children to therapeutic feeding programmes (TFPs). On the health front, efforts in the second half of 2012 concentrated on containing malaria outbreaks in malaria-prone areas of SNNP, Gambella and Tigray regions as well as responding to increased number of cases in Oromia and Amhara regions. Presently, the biggest concern for the sector is an upsurge in Meningitis cases attributed to prolonged dry, hot and windy/dusty weather during the second half of 2012. Compared to previous years, the scale and frequency of AWD outbreaks has been substantially reduced due to enhanced efforts by the Government and humanitarian partners; however, risks of communicable disease outbreaks continue to pose health threats with the continued prevalence of risk factors in high-risk woredas.

Regionally, the food security situation in Afar Region has improved in southern and south-eastern parts, which received normal to near normal karama rains. However, below-normal rains in central and northern parts were insufficient to improve pasture availability and replenish water sources. Acute water shortages continue particularly in chronically water insecure woredas, including Bidu, Elidar and Kori. The physical condition of camels and goats is good, but that of cattle and sheep is still below average for the season. Livestock productivity and milk production remains low.

In Amhara, food security prospects are improving in most meher-producing areas of the region due to the good 2012 kiremt rains and consecutive favourable harvest prospects. Exceptions are the few areas where weather adversities and crop pests resulted in production losses and areas that experienced continued pasture and water shortages, such as Tselemt woreda (North Gondar zone) and pocket areas in South Wollo, North Gondar, Waghemera, South Gondar and Oromia zones in belg-receiving eastern Amhara.

Food security conditions remains good in most parts of Beneshangul Gumuz Region following the normal to above-normal meher rains, although too much rain affected the production of cash crops

1 NMA 2013 belg/gu/sugum forecast: near normal belg rain is most likely to prevail across central, eastern and southern parts; normal to below normal rains are expected over much of northeastern portions of the country; below normal rainfall is expected to be more pronounced over southeastern region, where belg/gu is the major rainy season.

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such as sesame, haricot bean and pepper in some pocket areas. In Gambella, meanwhile, the meher rains started on time, but a dry spell affected Abobo, Jor, Gog, Gambella Zuria and Dimma woredas just as crops were at their critical growth stages (late vegetative and flowering stages), impacting on crop production yields. On the other hand, the overflow of the Baro, Gilo, Makuway and Akobo rivers damaged maize crops at their maturity stage and resulted in the temporary displacement of some households.

In Oromia, food security similarly improved in most western and central mid- and highland areas following the normal to near normal kiremt rains. However, crop production prospects are poor in most lowland areas due to inadequate and irregular rains, which led to failure of long-cycle crops in some areas. Shortages of water and pasture also remain a challenge in the lowlands of East and West Hararghe, Bale, Arsi and some woredas of Borena zones due to inadequate moisture during two consecutive seasons. The food security and nutritional situation has already deteriorated in East and West Harerge and the Bale lowlands. Meanwhile, yield reduction in the 2012 meher production is anticipated in Dire Dawa and Harari due to inadequate performance of the rains.

The 2012 meher production prospects are good in most parts of SNNPR that received normal to near normal seasonal rains. Nonetheless, considerable reduction in production is reported in some areas, resulting in food security concerns. The situation is attributed to delays in planting meher crops due to the late onset of the 2012 belg rains (which also forced a shift away from high yielding long-cycle to short-maturing crops); the early cessation of meher rains in some pocket areas (which affected crops at critical growth stages); and weather adversities such as flooding, water-logging and severe storms, as well as crop pests and diseases, which particularly affected coffee-growing areas and high cereal prices in some zones (Gurage, Hadiya, Silte and Dawero zones and Halaba special woreda).

In Somali, the food security situation in most livelihood zones of the region remained stable due to the positive effects of three consecutive rains (deyr 2011 and 2012 and gu 2012) on pasture and water availability. However, the situation is deteriorating in some parts of the region where the 2012 gu and/or deyr rains performed less well, including in Dollo Ado (Liben zone), Dolobay and Barey (Afder zone). In particular, nutrition survey results in late 2012 revealed critical levels of malnutrition in Barey woreda. The situation is also of concern in some pocket areas in Shabelle, Nogob, Doolo, Siti and Fafan zones, where much-below normal rains were received. Emerging water and pasture shortages are likely to worsen as the long dry jilaal season (January to April) proceeds. In the northern Somali zones of Fafan and Siti, meanwhile, the karan rains contributed to improved water and pasture in most parts, apart from some areas in Siti zone with reports of early cessation of the rains.

In Tigray, some woredas, mainly in the southern and eastern zones, have faced prolonged water shortages attributed to poor consecutive seasonal rains. However, the 2012 meher harvest prospects are generally favorable for increased production over last year due to the generally normal performance of the rains in the region. Livestock physical condition is also improving in most parts.

Overall prices of cereals are higher than same period last year and the five year average, although there is currently a slight seasonal decline related to seasonal trends. The price of livestock is also relatively higher than the same time last year and five year average, mainly attributed to increasing demand in both domestic and international markets, which has resulted in improving terms of trade for pastoralists households in most areas. 5

Hazards such as drought, flood and wind have also affected school children in various regions. The effects are either complete or partial school closure due to damage, high student dropout rates or teacher absenteeism, or damaged facilities and teaching and learning materials.

The present document identifies emergency food and non-food sectoral requirements for the first half of 2013 identified based on results of early warning information and through the 2012 meher/deyr multi-agency and multi-sectoral assessment conducted between November and December 2012.

2. REVIEW OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 2012 HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE

2.1Relief Food and TSF 2.1.1 Relief Food The Humanitarian Requirement Document (HRD) for the second half of 2012 identified 3.76 million beneficiaries in need of relief food assistance. The total food requirement amounted to 313,639 MT. Considering the amount of carried-over food from the first half of the year, the net requirement was 193,866 MT amounting to USD149,276,820. Donor contribution toward the net requirement totalled USD 95,938,323, which met 64 per cent of the total net requirement (see Annex I for details).

Three rounds of allocation (6th, 7th and 8th) were made between August 2012 to December 2012, utilizing 151,870MT of relief food. Due to resource shortages as well as improving food security conditions in many areas, following the good seasonal rains, the seventh and eight rounds’ allocations targeted beneficiaries only in Priority One woredas. Consequently, the amount of food allocated met only 48 per cent of the requirement identified for the second half of 2012.

The total 2012 annual relief food requirement stood at 679,251 MT. With nearly half of requirements met by carry-over, the net annual requirement was 326,553 MT, of which contributions of 243,873 MT were received, equal to 75 per cent of the overall requirement.

Table 2: Summary of Food Dispatched in 2012 in Eight Round Allocations

Rounds Relief Food delivered by agencies (MT) beneficiary DRMFSS H&S (WFP) JEOP NGOs Total figure (mln) One (Feb) 2.8 23,036 20,876 8,742 52,654 Two (Mar) 2.9 25,088 19,570 9,886 54,544 Three (Apr) 3.3 26,587 19,735 13,080 59,402 Four (June) 3.5 29,259 19,528 13,591 62,378 Five(Jul) 3.3 27,446 22,987 12,812 63,245 S. total 3.2 131,416 102,696 58,111 292,223 (Jan to Jul) Six(Aug) 3.8 24,929 26,565 16,834 68,328 Seven(Oct) 2.8 14,354 28,956 11,253 54,563 Eight(Dec) 1.6 11,700 7,754 9,525 28,979 S. total 2.7 50,983 63,275 37,612 151,870 (Aug to Dec) Total (annual) 2.9 182,399 165,971 95,723 444,093 Agencies' share xx 41 37 22 100 (%)

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DRMFSS and WFP jointly conducted training on the utilization reporting formats for 560 woreda, zonal and regional staff in Afar, Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR, Somali and Tigray regions. As a result, compared to previous years, food distribution reporting improved during the second half of 2012 in all regions. Out of total of 444,093MT of delivered food in 2012, regional reports confirmed that more than 85 per cent was distributed. The Food Management Task Force updates both food dispatch and distribution information on weekly basis.

Meanwhile, ad hoc allocations of food and Non-Food Items (NFI) were made for flood,fire and conflict-affected communities in Gambella, SNNPR, Somali and Oromia regions.

2.1.2 Targeted Supplementary Feeding (TSF) Programme:

During the second half of 2012, 12,863 MT of blended food and 1,943MT of vegetable oil amounting to USD 16,804,810 were planned to be distributed targeting moderately malnourished 686,000 under-five children and pregnant and lactating women identified in hot spot priority one woredas in seven regions (Afar, Amhara, Gambella, SNNPR, Oromia, Somali and Tigray) through WFP TSF programme. The Programme during the reporting period distributed 10,019 MT of Blended Food (BF) and 1,516 MT of Vegetable oil amounting to USD 13,092,225 to 561,1852 beneficiaries in hotspot priority one woredas in the seven regions. Additionally, a total of 147,346 moderately malnourished under-five children, Pregnant and Lactating women were enrolled in TSF programme by NGOs in priority 1 and 2 woredas in five regions between July and December 2012. Overall both WFP and NGOs enrolled a total of 708,531 TSF beneficiaries during the reporting period.

2.2 Health and Nutrition During the second half of 2012, the Health and Nutrition sector response mainly focused on the management of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) in food insecure areas as well as response to disease outbreaks including measles, meningitis and malaria mainly in SNNP, Oromia, Amhara, Tigray, Somali, Gambella and Beneshangul Gumuz regions. To address and mitigate the impacts of health related outbreaks and nutritional emergencies, USD 18,403,700 (143 per cent) was mobilized to cover the cost of implementing activities from July to December 2012(See Annex III for detail.

Major activities implemented during the period include provision of supplies to TFPs, provision of drugs, medicals supplies, vaccines, and case treatment centres (CTCs) to areas affected by disease outbreaks, capacity building for health workers/first responders and enhancing disease surveillance to ensure rapid containment of outbreaks at the local level in order to minimize morbidity and mortality.

Additionally, direct financial support was provided to cover the operational cost of outbreak response activities, training of close to 700 health staff to ensure proper case management, outbreak investigation for the timely detection and confirmation of outbreaks, and monitoring of disease

2 A total of 85,294 cases were reached in collaboration with NGOs in 48 woredas in four regions. WFP alone managed a total of 475,891. The number of beneficiaries that were reached by WFP and the amount of food distributed is lower than that of the planned because of the delays and the cancellation of EOS/CHD screening rounds.

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trends and response intervention. Printing and distribution of required treatment protocols and guidelines was also undertaken.

Nutrition Update: A total of USD 16,170,803 was requested to undertake emergency nutrition interventions during the second half of 2012, of which USD 8,142,335 was available as carry-over from first half of 2012, leaving a net requirement of USD 8,028,468. A total of USD 15,049,648 was secured for emergency nutrition responses (See Annex II-b for details). The funding status represents about 187.4 per cent of the net requirement for the sector during the reporting period. A total of USD 8,049,647 was utilized (about 100.3 per cent of the net requirement) leaving a balance of USD 7,000,000 that will be carried over to be utilized during the first half of 2013. During the July to December period, a total of 150,5653 SAM cases were admitted in an average of 9,732 TFP sites per month in the eight regions (88 per cent reporting rate), which is 102.6 per cent of the July to December estimated TFP admissions. Over one third of the TFP admissions were reported from Oromia (35.7per cent), SNNPR, Amhara and Somali regions accounted for 26.7, 16.7 and 8.9. per cents respectively. TFP admissions were relatively stable in SNNPR and Somali from August to October and decreased considerably in December by 22 and 12 percent respectively compared to November. In Oromia, admissions fluctuated between July and October and were generally stable between November and December. On the other hand TFP admissions were stable in Amhara between November and December and fluctuated in Tigray and Afar regions. Increased TFP in admission were particularly observed in a number of woredas in East and West Hararghe zones in Oromia Region during the reporting period as well as some woredas in Afar and Amhara regions. Meanwhile, performance of the TFP was good with 86 per cent cure rate, 0.36 per cent death rate and 3.8 per cent defaulter rate. All indicators were above the national4 and sphere standards performance cut off points During the reporting period, a total of 3,264,656 under-five children in Gambella, Afar, Amhara, Tigray and Benshangul, regions received Vitamin A. In addition, about 6.8 million children under- five received Vitamin A during the last two months of 2012 in SNNPR and Oromia regions. The ENCU within DRMFSS coordinated 39 surveys and undertook quality assurance, approving a total all 39 standard nutrition surveys, of which 17 were ad hoc and 22 were biannual surveys. The nutrition situation revealed by the 22 bi-annual surveys (6 in SNNPR, 4 in Amhara 6 in Oromia, 3 in Somali and 3 in Tigray) was mixed: ‘normal’ in 105 woredas, ‘poor’ in 86 woredas; ‘serious’ in 37 woredas and ‘critical’ in Barey8 woreda in Somali Region. Meanwhile, results of the 17 ad hoc surveys (9 in Oromia, 2 in SNNPR, 1 in Amhara, and 5 in Somali) also revealed a mixed situation: normal (2), poor (5) and serious (8). Crude mortality rates were normal in all the surveys while under-five mortality rate was normal in 37 surveyed woredas except in Kelafo and Barey woredas in Somali Region where it was above the emergency threshold levels of 2.14/10,000/ population. According to the September/October 2012 revised nutrition hotspot woredas list, the number of priority 1 woredas decreased by about 55 per cent while priority 2 increased by 54 per cent from the May classifications. Overall, the number of priority 1 to 3 remained relatively unchanged indicating

3 About 5.8% of the cases were admitted in TFU and the remainder in OTP services 4 Cure rate >75%; death rate<5% (FMOH) and defaulter rate <15%. 5 5 of them in SNNPR, 2 in Tigray, 1 in Amhara and 2 in Oromiya 6 1 in SNNPR, 1 in Tigray, 3 in Amhara, 2 in Oromiya and 1 in Somali 7 2 in Oromiya and 1 in Somali 8 GAM was 25.5%, SAM was 5.3% and CMR was 0.6 and U5MR was 2.35/10000/population. 8

that most of the vulnerable woredas were still at risk of deteriorating nutrition situation. By end of December 2012, coverage of TFP services in hotspot woredas was good. However, TSF implementation in some hotspot woredas was delayed due late community based screening. Based on the revised September hotspot woreda list, out of the 84 priority 1 woredas in six regions (Afar, Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR Somali and Tigray), 100 per cent were covered with outpatient programmes (OTP), 94 per cent with inpatient programmes (TFU) and 83.3 per cent with TSF. Moreover, nutrition coverage in 171 priority 2 woredas was 94 per cent OTP and 63 per cent TFU. Most SAM cases (94 per cent) were treated in OTP sites managed through the Health Extension Programme (HEP) and supported by 20 agencies)9 in priority 1 and 2 woredas. TFP services expansion by FMOH in collaboration with partners continued in four regions (Amhara, Oromia, Tigray and Afar), increasing by 4.6 per cent (up from 10,584 in June 2012 to 11,076 in November 2012). In Afar and Somali, OTP services continued to be provided in 50 primarily pastoralist woredas through mobile health and nutrition teams. As to gaps in response, only 6 per cent of priority 1 woredas lacked TFU services. TSF was not yet initiated in 17 per cent of priority 1 woredas by the end of December. In priority 2 woredas, only 6 per cent lacked OTP and while about 36 percent lacked TFU partly due to significant increase in priority 2 woredas in October. As TSF responses in priority 2 depends on the specific situation, overall figures are not calculated. During the second half of 2012, five emergency nutrition projects10 (four to be implemented by NGOs and one by UNICEF) were reviewed by the Nutrition cluster. The four emergency response projects implemented by NGOs were expecting to cover 26 priority 1to 3 woredas in five regions. Meanwhile a total of 17 projects were funded by other nutrition donors11, including OFDA and ECHO that were implemented in 54 woredas by eight NGOs; while, 3 of them were implemented nationwide by UNICEF. Following the critical emergency situation in Barey woreda in Somali region, emergency nutrition responses were initiated, implemented by Merlin supported by UNICEF.

Moreover, 1,474.2MT of RUTF, 2,009 cartons of F75 and 1,391 cartons of F100 were delivered to Community based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) program throughout the country. The production lead time of therapeutic feeds has increased mainly due to additional quality assurance measures. UNICEF is continuously following up with suppliers to ensure timely arrival and distribution of these supplies. Additionally, 13512 MTs of RUTF, 95 cartons of F 75 and 128 cartons of F100 were procured and some were distributed by NGOs in their operational woredas to fill gaps in supplies. Efforts were placed by UNICEF in collaboration with partners and respective regional health bureaus towards timely addressing challenges in TFP supply management, which resulted in shortage of F-100 and F-75 in some hotspot woredas.

9 ACF, ADRA, CARE, CONCERN, GOAL, IMC, Islamic Relief, Mercy Corps, Merlin, MSF Belgium, MSF France, MSF Holland and MSF Spain, OWDA, Plan International, Save the Children International and World Vision, as well as UNICEF and WFP. 10 1 in Afar and 1 in Amhara in Amhara, 1 in Somali, 1 covering Oromiya, Amhara and SNNPR and 1to be implemented nationwide. Note also that the 18 projects reviewed in the first half its implementation continued into the second half. 11 France, OFDA, ECHO, WVE emergency contingent fund, Ireland, Irish Aid, Plan-German 12 GOAL 80 MTs, WVE 38 MTs and ACF 17 MTs. ACF also procured the F 75 and F 100 reported above. 9

Health Update: During the second half of 2012, USD 4,842,871 was requested to respond to health related emergency situations. In response, a total of USD 3,354,052 (69 per cent) was contributed from donors for the sector (see Annex II-a for details).

Meningococcal Meningitis: Due to the occurrence of a prolonged dry, hot and windy/dust weather during the second half of 2012, upsurges of Meningitis were reported from regions. Up to end of December 2012, a total of 424 cases with 13 deaths (CFR-3%) were reported from SNNP, Oromia, Amhara and Somali regions. In response to the situation, the RHBs, with close support from EHNRI/PHEM and WHO, conducted case management, enhanced the disease surveillance system and laboratory investigation of cases and undertook training of health workers. Government and partners managed to procure and preposition 1.3 million doses of meningitis bivalent (A/C) vaccine, drugs and medical supplies to treat 6,000 cases, and laboratory supplies that enhance the confirmation of causative agent thereby guiding the response strategy. The Meningitis risk assessment was conducted in five regions, on the bases of which hotspot woredas were identified for possible vaccination to start in February and March 2013.

Measles: New measles cases continued to be reported during the second half of 2012 due to the continued existence of exacerbating factors such as malnutrition, as well as poor performance of the routine Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). Some 2,950 suspected cases were reported during the reporting period, which resulted in local outbreaks in Beneshangul Gumuz, Gambella, Tigray, Oromia, Amhara, SNNP and Somali regions. The majority of recorded outbreaks (94 per cent) were contained in a timely manner through active response efforts, including provision of 47 emergency drug kits (EDKs), enhanced disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, health education and the provision of appropriate case management in response to reported cases, as well as enhanced routine immunization activities.

Acute Watery Diarrhoea (AWD): During the second half of 2012, upsurges of diarrhoeal diseases were reported from four zones of Somali Region. Factors such as low latrine coverage, poor personal hygiene and sanitation, inadequate supplies of safe water as well as lack of community awareness, were identified to be the major causes for the occurrence of the outbreak in most of the affected woredas. In response to the outbreaks, the Regional Health Bureau and FMOH, in collaboration with humanitarian partners, provided technical and financial support through the RHB, including two DDKs, two emergency health kits (EHKs) and financial support amounting to USD109,000. Moreover, 28 CTCs were provided to four zones in Somali Region with the aim of strengthening regional capacity for effective response to diarrheal disease outbreak and preparedness to anticipated AWD outbreak in light of religious ceremonies/events that call for huge gatherings. Capacity building for health staff was also conducted, which, coupled with the timely provision of drugs and medical supplies, greatly contributed to the timely containment of recorded outbreaks and improvement of case management that resulted in tolerable case fatality rate during July to December 2012.

Malaria: During the second half of 2012, pocket outbreaks of malaria were reported in SNNP (Wolayita Zone), Gambella and Tigray while upsurge of Malaria cases were recorded in Oromia (Jimma, West Shewa, Horoguduru, Illu-Ababura) and Amhara (Awi and West Gojam). The RHBs and FMoH/EHNRI in collaboration with partners, provided adequate response through provision of case management, environmental management, distributions of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and Indoor Residual spray in affected and high-risk areas.

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Mobile Health and Nutrition Teams (MHNTs): MHNTs were deployed to provide support to affected areas with weak regular health systems. Through a total of 52 UNICEF supported RHB MHNTs and INGO MHNTs, nearly 246,624 consultations were provided between July to December 2012 to remote, displaced communities that would not otherwise have access to basic health and nutrition services.

2.3 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene The net WASH sectoral requirement for the second half of 2012 stood at USD 8,703,022, towards which USD 10,625,990 (122 per cent) was contributed by donors (see Annex III for the contribution). Out of the total contribution, USD 7,035,003 has been utilized while the remaining USD 3,590,987 is to be carried over for the first half of 2013. Overall, about 2.8 million people were addressed with water trucking, rehabilitation and maintenance of non-functional schemes, provision water storage equipment and treatment chemicals, sanitation and hygiene material and education, which helped to save and improve lives and livelihoods of affected and at risk population.

Drought conditions affected a significant number of people in Afar, parts of Tigray, eastern Oromia and pocket areas in Somali region during the second half of 2012, whereas flooding affected people in parts of Amhara, Gambella, Somali and Afar regions during the kiremt rainy season.

In response to these drought and flood hazards, the Government and WASH partners implemented a range of life-saving activities, which minimized health risks associated with lack of access to potable water. The major activities implemented during the period included water trucking, distribution of water treatment chemicals and water storage supplies (water tanks, jerry cans, buckets), maintenance and rehabilitation of defunct water supply schemes and establishment of new water supply systems, as well as provision of hygiene and sanitation materials and awareness raising.

The implementation of integrated responses helped to minimize and the displacement, mortality and morbidity. Besides resource mobilization, many partners /UN agencies, INGO and local NGOs/ operating in the country continue providing technical support at field level, which helped to improve efficiency of the response.

The Federal Emergency WASH Task Force coordinated sectoral response including updating information and sharing on bi-monthly bases that had significantly contributed in strengthening preparedness and response as well as minimizing duplication of resources. There has, however, been weak coordination in some regions, which resulted in weak linkage with federal level coordination and information sharing impacting on response including contributing to delay in the maintenance and rehabilitation of non-functional schemes.

2.4 Agriculture The net requirement for Agriculture and Livestock sector (July to December 2012) amounts to USD 14,080,097 out of which USD 8,604,335 (59 per cent) was secured (See Annex IV for detail).Among the priortized interventions implemented were provision of seeds, animal health intervention and animal feed supply.

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Consecutive good rains across the pastoral areas have resulted in replenishment of water and pasture resources and improved livestock body condition and production. Consequently, availability of milk has improved and livestock prices are increasing. Household food and nutrition security is, therefore, improving for the households with medium to large herds. In contrast, household food security for households living with small and very small numbers of livestock remains problematic.

Poor belg rains in 2011 and 2012 resulted in consecutive poor belg harvests and also delayed land preparation and planting of meher crops in some areas. The delayed planting, compounded with erratic rains and early cessation in some pocket areas, resulted in the poor performance of the meher harvest, including parts of Amhara, Oromia, Tigray and SNNP Regions.

The Disaster Risk Management Agriculture Task Force (DRM ATF) monitored sectoral interventions on a monthly and quarterly basis and estimates that of the total of USD 8.6 million, 59 per cent was utilized in smallholder farming areas to support early recovery interventions in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas. Of the total amount utilized in smallholder farming areas the most significant intervention was provision of seeds and planting materials (more than 80 per cent of the total), with some additional support for cash-for-work and agricultural tools. Importantly, DRM ATF members established consortia in order that seed and root and tuber crop interventions could be coordinated and harmonized. As a result of the coordination it has been learned that not only are the normal challenges associated with duplication and poor coordination reduced, but also that the implementing partners have been able to source higher quality seed and planting materials, with the result that yields are increased and smallholder retain better quality planting materials for 2013. Based on the lessons learned, including positive feedback from the regions, it is planned that this approach be replicated and expanded in 2013.

Interventions in pastoral areas were informed by the Ministry of Agriculture’s Livestock Relief Interventions in Pastoralist Areas of Ethiopia and Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS). The interventions included destocking, animal health, livestock water, livestock feed supplementation and rangeland management and restocking.

2.5 Education

During the second half of 2012, the education sector secured USD 1,565,544 to respond to several emergencies. UNICEF received USD 499,998 from CERF that addressed the needs of 13,165 students of the displaced population in Liben zone (Somali region) and as well as refugee-hosting communities in Beneshangul Gumuz Region. Among the interventions were establishment of semi- permanent learning spaces and provision of teacher training and education supplies, hygiene kits to girls in school and the rehabilitation of 5 schools affected by conflicts.

Thematic funds from UNICEF amounting to USD 839,726 were also used for several sectoral interventions including school construction and rehabilitation in Somali, Afar, Oromia and Amhara regions. Additionally emergency supplies were provided to all regions. Teachers trainings were conducted in Somali, Benshangule Gumuz, Oromia and Gambela regions. Furthermore, technical assistance needs assessment and data collection (RALS) was undertaken in Amhara Region. Additionally, ZOA Ethiopia through its Water and Hygiene and Education project in Kebridahar utilized USD 152,000 for the construction of primary school that benefits 600 students. 12

3. THE 2013 FOOD AND NON-FOOD HUMANITARIAN REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Relief Food Needs

3.1.1 Objectives The primary objectives of the emergency food intervention are to save lives in crisis situations, protect livelihoods and enhance resilience to shocks, and support the improved nutritional and health status of children, pregnant and lactating women and other vulnerable individuals.

3.1.2 Requirements As per the findings of the 2012 meher assessment around 2.4 million people require emergency food assistance from January – June, 2013; Out of which, around 38.7% are from Somali Region and 34 % from Oromia region, The total food requirement is estimated at 239,585.69 MT, including 193,996.51MT of cereals, 5,819.9MT of pulses 19,399.65MT of oil and 20,369.63MT of blended food (see Table 3 below). Table 3: Affected population and Relief Food Requirements by Region February - June 2013

Region Targeted Relief Food Requirement (MT) Beneficiaries Cereals B. Food Pulses Oil Total

Tigray 283,399 34,007.88 3,570.83 1,020.24 3,400.79 41,999.73

Afar 109,423 8,206.76 861.71 246.20 820.68 10,135.35

Amhara 167,608 12,570.60 1,319.91 377.12 1,257.06 15,524.69

Oromiya 846,417 62,600.71 6,573.07 1,878.02 6,260.07 77,311.87

Somali 963,801 66,852.23 7,019.48 2,005.57 6,685.22 82,562.50

SNNPR 17,230 1,292.25 135.69 38.77 129.23 1,595.93

Benishangul Gumuz 20,877 1,565.78 164.41 46.97 156.58 1,933.73

Dire Dawa 26,963 2,831.12 297.27 84.93 283.11 3,496.43

Gambella 44,500 3,337.50 350.44 100.13 333.75 4,121.81

Harari 8,130 731.70 76.83 21.95 73.17 903.65

Total 2,488,348 193,996.51 20,369.63 5,819.90 19,399.65 239,585.69

3.2 Targeted Supplementary Feeding Programme: During the first half of 2013, TSF is planning to address the needs of 564,000 children between 6- 59 month and pregnant and lactating women in hot spot priority one woredas with 10,575MT of 13

blended food and 1,598 Mt of vegetable oil that is equivalent to USD13,280,743. Considering available resources amounting to USD 8,535,984 (7,824 MT) from 2012 carryover and new contribution, the net requirement stands at USD4,744,759 (4,349MT).

3.3 Non-Food Needs

3.3.1 Health and Nutrition

3.3.1.1 Objectives To minimize/control impacts of on-going and impending health and nutrition emergencies during the of first half of 2013 3.3.1.2 Requirements for Health and Nutrition Emergencies The Government and humanitarian partners require USD19,334,231 to control epidemics/ outbreaks of communicable diseases and management of SAM and conduct EOS related activities.

The document mainly focuses on SAM management amongst the most vulnerable communities, response to epidemics including Measles, Meningitis, Malaria and diarrheal diseases including AWD and strengthening the health service delivery system in high risk woredas through the Mobile Health and Nutrition Teams, as well as building the capacity of health system to enhance the surveillance and effectively respond to public health emergencies and related crisis. Table 4: Summary of Requirements for Health and Nutrition Emergencies (January-June 2013) Beneficiary Requirement Available Net requirement 1. Nutrition Number in USD USD USD 1.1 Severe Acute Malnutrition 159,090 15,909,000 7,000,000 8,909,000 (SAM) management 1.2 Vitamin A supplementation 2,948,289 1,031,901.41 - 1,031,901.41 and de-worming Nutrition Sub total 159,090 16,940,901 7,000,000 9,940,901 2. Health 2.1 Diarrheal Diseases/Acute 22,786 215, 000 0 215,000 Watery Diarrhea management 2.2 Measles vaccination and 42,546 1,574,215 0 1,574,215 case mgt 2.3 M. meningitis outbreak 4,203,831 6,695,100 2,250,000 4,445,100 mgmt 2.3 Malaria control 1,349,906 671,756 0 671,756 (Operational cost) 2.3 Public Health Response 2,187,503 600,000 0 600,000 including trainings M&E and TA) 2.4 Support health systems including surveillance and 2,719,450 1,887,259 0 1,887,259 mobile health team Health Sub total 4,203,831 11,643,330 2,250,000 9,393,330 Total 4,203,831 28,584,231 9,250,000 19,334,231 14

Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition: Estimating SAM beneficiaries based on TFP admission trends has been a reliable and relatively accurate method for the last three years (2010- 2012) and therefore the sector continues to use it. In estimating the TFP beneficiaries a number of assumptions were considered. The reporting rate will continue to be over 80 per cent, TFP service expansion will continue to be implemented by FMOH (regional RHBs) in collaboration with partners, CHD implementation will be improved and on schedule and the belg performance in 2013 will be relatively better compared to 2011 and 2012 that will result in modest increase in TFP admissions over the 6 months period.

Factoring all the above assumptions into the TFP estimation equation, it is projected that a total of 159,090 SAM cases (at above 80 per cent reporting rate) will be managed in the TFP across the country between January and June 2013. Given the unit cost of USD100 for managing one SAM case, a total of USD15,909,000 is required to manage the above estimated caseload.

Additionally, a total of 2,948,289 under-five children in areas with food insecurity and nutrition priority 1 hot spot areas will be given one dose of Vitamin A and deworming tablets during the coming six months at an estimated cost of USD 1,031,901.41(cost of USD 0.315 per child), which brings the total requirement for the sector up to USD16,940,901. Considering available carry over resources from UNICEF and HRF amounting to USD 7,000,000 the net requirement stands at USD 9,940,901.

Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD): An outbreak of diarrheal diseases and AWD is anticipated due to the continued prevalence of risk factors such as recent localized diarrheal disease and AWD outbreaks, relatively low coverage of safe drinking water supply, and poor hygienic and sanitary practices. The situation might be further aggravated by the seasonal labor movement and the various public and religious events in various parts of the country. Some 29 woredas are identified to be at high risk and taking into consideration an attack rate of 0.6 percent a total of 22,786 people are estimated to benefit from these interventions. Approximately USD 215, 000 is required for the management of diarrheal disease including AWD outbreak in the identified high risk population which includes procurement of drugs, medical supplies, training and monitoring of intervention at all levels.

Measles: Due to the ongoing Measles epidemic and continued prevalence of risk factors, the Government and humanitarian partners plan to address an estimated 42,546 children aged 6 to 59 months in the first half of 2013, in areas with low routine measles immunization coverage and priority one nutrition hot spot areas as well as in areas with critical food insecurity. A particular emphasis will be given to communities at high risk of serious measles epidemics due to inadequate and low vaccination coverage and high levels of malnutrition as well as to contain the current outbreaks and reduce measles related morbidity and mortality. The total financial requirement for the management of the outbreak amounts to USD1,574,215.

Meningococcal Meningitis: Due to the occurrence of dry, hot and windy/dust weather compounded by factors that further impairs the immunity of the population like malnutrition, food insecurity and existence of various disease outbreak in the high risk woredas lying within the ‘meningitis belt’, there is a high risk of meningitis outbreak between the months of January to May 2013. Moreover, the low vaccination coverage for meningitis which was conducted over three years ago in woredas at high risk for the disease (indicating critical risk for the occurrence of meningitis outbreak), further reinforces the likelihood of outbreak occurrence calling for a more robust 15

measure to be instituted in identified 139 high risk woredas in six regions across the country (SNNP, Oromia, Amhara, Tigray, Gambella and Beneshangul Gumuz). An estimated 4,203,831 people live in high risk woredas. To respond to the expected outbreak, 4million doses of meningococcal meningitis vaccine are required at a national level, which costs a total of USD 6,695,100. Of that requirement, vaccines, worth of USD 2, 250,000 have already been secured (with funding received from CERF and HRF ) leaving an outstanding gap amounting to USD 4,445,100. Malaria: In addition to the longer main transmission season that coincides with the kiremt rains (July-September), there is a small Malaria transmission season between February and may, following the belg/gu rains, which leads to upsurges and local outbreaks. The government and its partners are increasing level of preparedness and risk mitigation activities in order to prevent and control any anticipated outbreak. The FMoH has enhanced its preventive activities nationwide with support from Malaria control partners. The requirement identified in this document is to cover the gap in meeting operational costs of malaria response in malaria prone, food insecure and nutrition priority one hot spot woredas. Required finance to cover the costs is estimated at USD 671,756. Strengthening Public Health Response to Disasters: This document aims to facilitate timely response to emergencies at all levels (from woreda level to national). In order to institute proper case detection and management, efforts will be undertaken including provision of on job orientation to health personnel at all levels, adequate coverage of costs for implementation effective interventions as well as supporting close investigation of outbreak and emergencies. EHNRI/PHEM, in collaboration with Regional Health Bureaus, zonal health departments, woreda health offices and health institutions, will take the lead in the implementation of these activities. An estimated USD 600,000 is required for training, outbreak investigation and monitoring and evaluation.

Support health systems including surveillance and mobile health team: Early detection and reporting are one of the crucial entry points in addressing health and nutrition emergencies. Strengthening existing integrated disease surveillance/Early warning systems to enhance reporting and information exchange from the lowest administrative level to the federal level are the main areas of focus. To implement such activities a total of USD350, 000 is required.

Special support for delivery of routine health services will be provided in specific regions, particularly in Afar and Somali regions, which are inaccessible and have low health service coverage as well as inadequate human resources through Mobile Health Teams. The total running cost to support 54 MHNT in Afar and Somali region amounts to USD 1,887,259 including for the provision of drugs and medical supplies. An estimated 2,719,450 beneficiaries are planned to be reached through the MHNT.

3.3.1.3. Sector Coordination, implementation and monitoring Monitoring and Evaluation: Adequate monitoring and evaluation of response is planned to be undertaken at all levels based on agreed key indicators. Coordination and Collaboration: The FMoH together with the Emergency Health and Nutrition Taskforce will coordinate the overall implementation of the set strategies, through establishing strong links with existing setoral taskforces to ensure comprehensive response. Similar coordination mechanisms are expected to be functional at all administrative levels.

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Strengthen Response Capacity: The capacity in the health and nutrition sector is not to the expected level at a national, regional and woreda levels. The multi-sectoral emergency preparedness committees and the emergency rapid response teams need to be capacitated to ensure effective response. It is, therefore, vital to strengthen the capacity at all levels through training, development of guidelines, technical and financial support, and provision of communications materials.

3.3.2 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

3.3.2.1 Objectives To save lives and livelihoods of people affected by WASH related hazards through ensuring increased access to safe water for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene.

3.3.2.2 Emergency Requirements A total of USD 13,177,567 is required to respond to a range of WASH related hazards anticipated to affect an estimated 2 million people during the first half of 2012. With available resources amounting to USD 3,590,987 (carry- over from 2012), the net requirement stands at USD 9,586,580. . Table 5: Water and Sanitation (WASH) Sectoral Requirement for January to June 2013 Intervention Beneficiary number Required Available Gaps Resources resources USD Male Female Total USD USD Rehabilitation and 205,800 214,200 420,000 3,531,897 754,107 2,777,790 maintainers of existing schemes Construction of new 196,000 204,000 400,000 3,923,321 718,197 3,205,124 water supply schemes Water trucking 372,400 387,600 760,000 1,995,565 1,364,575 630,990 Water purification and 88,200 91,800 180,000 1,791,765 323,189 1,468,576 treatment chemicals

School WASH 39,200 40,800 80,000 758,330 143,639 614,691 Health WASH 29,400 30,600 60,000 324,998 107,730 217,268 Sanitation & Hygiene 19,600 20,400 40,000 531,977 71,820 460,157 facilities and education Water storage & 26,460 27,540 54,000 122,945 107,730 15,215 treatment equipments Capacity building 2,940 30,60 6,000 196,769 - 196,769 @Federal & Regional level Total 980,000 1,020,000 2,000,000 13,177,567 3,590,987 9,586,580

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Among the planned WASH interventions are water trucking for communities affected by various hazards including drought; rehabilitation/maintenance and expansion of non-functional water supply schemes including other equipment (such as pumps, generators, and WASH kits), and operational costs for federal and regional relevant institutions; construction of new water supply schemes in water scarce areas; on site water treatment with Emergency Water Treatment (EmWat) Kits; supply of water storage containers at community and household levels; distribution of household water purification and treatment chemicals and hygiene supplies; dissemination of sanitation and hygiene messages and advocacy sessions; and capacity building interventions at federal and regional levels through training and technical support to regions.

According to the multi-agency field assessment finding the 2012 kiremt rains did not adequately recharge ground and surface water sources in some affected areas in Afar, Amhara, Beneshangul Gumuz, eastern Oromia, Somali, and parts of Tigray, where the rains ceased earlier the normal time. Consequently, water shortage for human and livestock consumption is expected to occur during the January to March dry season.

In Somali, most parts of the region received normal or near-normal deyr rains. Although the cessation was normal, there was variance in distribution, coverage and duration in different places. The water levels in most birkas has increased following good performance of the rains apart from pocket areas in Dolo Ado, Dolobay, Barey, Raso, East Imey, West Imey, Salahad, Lagahida, Meyu- Muluko, Fik, Hamero, Danan, Elweyn, Adadley, Barey, Bokh, Shinile, Ayisha, North of Erer, Hadagalla and Harshin woredas. The water captured in birkas is, however, estimated to be sufficient only for a maximum of one to two more months. An estimated 360,041 people are therefore likely to face water shortages during the first quarter 2013, during the long jilaal dry season (January- April). The number may increase if there is any delay in the start of the 2013 gu rains (April to June). The situation is further exacerbated by dysfunctional boreholes – of the total of 271 existing boreholes, 65 (24 per cent) are not functional.

Water shortages remain a challenge in East Hararghe and West Hararghe zones in Oromia Region, attributed to poor performance of seasonal rains compounded by low water supply and high non- functionality of existing water supply schemes. Water shortages have also been reported from Dawe Sarar and Rayitu woredas in Bale Zone. More areas are likely to be affected by drought-induced water shortages as the dry season progresses. Although no critical water shortages have been reported from Borena and Guji zones at present, continued close monitoring is required.

Prolonged water shortages have been reported from some woredas in Tigray region following failure of consecutive seasonal rains. The situation resulted in depletion of ground water and increased pressure on functional water schemes, leading to the failure of many existing water supply schemes. Consequently, some pocket areas have been depending on water rationing for a long time. The situation is of particular concern in Raya Azebo, Hintalo Wajirat, Erob, Sase Tseada Amba, Endamehoni, Hawzien, Sarti Samire, Kilte Awlalo, Tselemti, Tahitai Koraro, Laelay Adiyabo, Tahtai, Maichew Mereb-Lehe, Tanqua Aberegele, Ahferom, Lelai-Maichew, Werei Leke, Edaga Arbi woredas. In these affected woredas, water trucking interventions supported by provision of generators, submersible pumps and other related spare parts for maintenance and rehabilitation of existing schemes and construction of new schemes is very crucial.

Water sources have dried up following poor performance of the karma rains in the chronically water-insecure areas in northwestern, northeastern and northern Afar, including in Afdera, Erebti, 18

Bidu, Kori and Elidaar woredas. Most water supply schemes are not functional due to drawdown of the water table and overutilization. Additionally, water supply schemes in areas near to Awash River such as Gewane, Amibara, Asiyta, and Afambo woredas were damaged during the seasonal flooding in 2012 and have not yet been rehabilitated.

The multi-agency assessment findings indicated that currently there is no significant WASH-related problem in Amhara Region. High risk woredas (Menjar Shenkora North Shewa zone, East Belessa in North Gonder and pocket areas in South and North Wello zones) that have faced water stress during previous years, however, remain vulnerable and require continued close monitoring.

In SNNPR, the 2012 kiremt rains significantly contributed in replenishing water sources. Water shortage is not currently reported in the region. Close monitoring of the upcoming belg rains in the drought prone belg receiving areas is, however, required. Additionally, out of the 6,591 existing schemes in Sidama, Hadya, Kembata, Gurage , Silti, Gamo Gofa and South Omo zones and Halaba and Segen Hizboch special weredas in the region, 1643 are non-functional due to drawdown of the water table and overutilization, shortage of spare parts, poor community management and damages from previous flooding incidents.

Although there is no significant water shortage in Gambella Region at present, flood-damaged water schemes in some areas require rehabilitation. Some 24 per cent of water schemes in Nuer zone are non-functional, 18 per cent in Majang zone, 11 per cent in Anywaa zone, and 18.5 per cent in Itang Special Woreda. The situation is likely to worsen as the dry season progresses. Meanwhile, in Beneshangul Gumuz, the influx of Sudanese refugees led to over-utilization of existing water sources in Kurmuk, Sherkole, Guba and Mao Komo woredas, resulting in high non-functionality of water schemes (ranging from 25 to 31 per cent).

Outbreaks of Water-Related Infectious Disease: Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD), other related and waterborne diseases outbreak is decreasing from year to year, due to cumulative efforts of the government and humanitarian partners in the country. Regular surveillance and water quality monitoring contributed to sustain the achievements through awareness creation, promotion of environmental sanitation and hygiene practices in epidemic risk areas particularly focusing on, commercial farms, religious pilgrimage and household levels, to minimize the risks. Interventions such as rehabilitation of non-functional water supply schemes, distribution of water storage containers, sanitation and hygiene material and education, household and community water disinfection and treatment chemicals for at risk areas are vital.

3.3.2.3 Sector Coordination, implementation and monitoring

Implementation Modalities: The Ministry of Water and Energy in collaboration with DRMFSS and Ministry of Health will remain responsible for the management, coordination and supervision of the planned 2013 WASH response plan. The identified interventions will be carried out through regional and lower level water health bureaus, UN agencies, NGOs, and public enterprises in a coordinated way.

Donor support will be channeled through Government, UN agencies and NGOs. Mechanisms already in place for monitoring, follow up and reporting will be strengthened to ensure proper implementation of planned activities with resources secured from the Government and donors. 19

Efforts will be made to improve reporting of ongoing response by partners involved. Allocation of funds/resources will be made according to the prioritized activities based on the assessed needs.

Coordination Arrangements: The Federal Emergency WASH task force supported by DRMFSS will work to function in a more organized manner. Efforts will be placed to enhance community based interventions. Cross-sectoral coordination needs to be strengthened in order to improve timely sharing of early warning information to facilitate joint response. Similar coordination mechanisms will be initiated /revitalized at regional and other levels to ensure regular sharing of early warning data/information as well as updates on status of response during emergencies to identify outstanding gaps.

Capacity Building Requirements: Emphasis will be given to strengthen institutional capacity of the water sector /Emergency WASH Coordination Units/ at federal, regional and woreda levels. Among the planned capacity building activities are provision of training for water sector staff, partners and local community members to ensure improved systems of early warning, response and coordination.

3.3.3 Agriculture

3.3.3.1 Objectives

The overall objective of the 2013 agriculture sector response plan is to provide emergency and early recovery support to smallholder farmers, pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in particular to households affected by weather-related hazards including drought, flood and hailstorms.

3.3.3.2 Requirements A total of USD 10,487,550 is required to undertake agriculture related interventions to support smallholder farmers, pastoralists and agro-pastoralists affected by weather-related hazards in 2012. Planned support to smallholder farmers primarily focuses on seed distribution to smallholders affected by consecutive belg rain failure, while priority support to pastoral and agro-pastoral areas includes animal health, destocking and livestock feed supplementation (see Table 6 below).

Table 6: Agriculture Sector Resource Requirement Agriculture Sub-sectors Available Resource Total Requirements USD USD Smallholder farmer sub-sector Seed requirements 5,566,311 Root and tuber planting materials 1,276,541 Pastoral and agro-pastoral sub-sector Animal health vaccination, treatment and 536,697.9 equipment Commercial and slaughter destocking 167,000 Water point and rangeland rehabilitation 2,941,000 Total 10,487,550

Provision of seed: The 2011 and 2012 belg rains performed poorly in most belg receiving areas in the country. During the first half of 2013, priority response will focus on facilitating access to seeds, fertilizers and pesticides to small holder farmers, in order to increase production and productivity. Additionally, 20

other inputs and support to further enhance productivity can also be provided through longer-term resilience-building facilities.

Some 147,253 households in the belg dependent areas of Amhara, Oromia and SNNP regions and smallholders involved in small-scale irrigation in Afar and Somali regions are planned to be supported through this document, to plant 73,644 hectares (or on average 0.5 hectare per household), through the purchase of 6,099 metric tons of seed. The estimated total cost of the seed is USD 5,566,311.

Table 7: Seed Requirements Region Beneficiary Area Amount Available Total Households Hectares Quintals Resources USD Afar 4,000 2,000 1,600 136,000 Amhara 17,938 8,969 7,792 662,320 Oromia 53.426 26,730 24,510 2,083,393 SNNP 48,796 24,398 20,586 1,749,810 Somali 4,670 2,335 2,278 193,630 Tigray 18,423 9,212 8,720 741,158 Total 147,253 73,644 65,486 5,566,311

Provision of planting materials: As outlined in the section above, as a result of consecutive poor performing belg rains in 2011 and 2012 poor smallholder farmers lost root and tuber production and productivity. In order to improve production in 2013, smallholder would greatly benefit from improved access to high quality roto and tuber planting materials. Additionally, other inputs and support to further enhance productivity including training and storage can be provided through longer-term resilience-building facilities.

It is planned to assist some 6,108 households in mainly belg dependent areas of Oromia and SNNP regions to re-plant 1,221.6 hectares of root and tubers (at an average of .2ha each) through the provision of 67 million quality cuttings at an estimated cost of USD 1,276,541.

Table 8: Root and Tuber Requirements Region Beneficiary Area Cuttings Total Households Hectares USD Oromia 3,128 625.6 34,375,000 653,752 SNNP 2,980 596 32,780,000 622,789 Total 6,108 1,221.6 67,155,000 1,276,541

Pastoral and agro-pastoral sub-sector Most pastoral areas received normal to above normal rains in 2012. Consequently, the number of livestock in the pastoral areas has started increasing. As the herds are rebuilt, it can be expected that livestock sales and exports will further rise and livestock will play an important role in supporting economic growth and generating wealth. Interventions that have been prioritized for funding under the 2013 HRD include support for improved animal health, destocking and livestock feed supplementation, in particular in those pastoral areas where rainfall was normal to below normal.

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Animal health: Healthy animals are more productive and produce more milk and secure higher prices when sold in markets. Animal health needs have been identified in the pastoral areas of Afar, Oromia, SNNP and Somali regions and the dry sub-humid grasslands of Amhara and Tigray, including support to vaccination and the treatment of livestock diseases. A total of USD 536,697.9 is requested to support animal health interventions in the 6 regions.

Table 9: Animal Health Requirements Region Beneficiary Livestock Vaccines Medicines Equipment Total Households USD USD USD USD Afar 49,505 742,57582,508.4 15,250 61,349 97,758.4 Amhara 11,694 105,00211,666.9 5,679 26,378 17,345.9 Oromia 41,669 750,042 83,338 18,400 129,866 101,738 SNNP 13,739 247,302 27,478 7,811 55,623 35,289 Somali 65,341 969,741107,749 21,421 118,264 129,170 Tigray 9,490 56,940 6,330.7 11,208.9 27,129 17,539.6 Total 191,442 2,871,642 319,071 79,767.9 137,859 536,697.9

Commercial and Slaughter Destocking: Support to destocking – commercial and slaughter – is recommended by the Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS) as an appropriate intervention in the early phases of a drought as a DRR intervention. Afar, Oromia, Somali and SNNP Regions are requesting support for 6,320 households to strengthen livestock marketing and support slaughter destocking and livestock destock more than 3,369 cattle (on average 2 animals per household) at a total estimated cost of USD 167,000. The main activity will involve facilitating commercial de-stocking through the support of awareness creation and opening market access to pastoralists.

Table 10: Destocking Requirements Region Beneficiary Households Livestock Total USD Afar 2,000 1085 72,375 Oromia 1,890 907 43,975 Somali 1,450 712 36,850 SNNP 980 665 13,800 Total 6,320 3,369* 167,000 *3,131 sheep and goats and 238 cattle

Livestock Rangeland Rehabilitation It is planned to support and strengthen the recovery of pastoral areas through investment in rangeland improvement (removing invasive species and communal drought reserve management), as a DRR type intervention that will improve livestock production and productivity. The proposed interventions are informed by the Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS). It is proposed that these interventions are supported to the value of USD 2,941,000.

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Table 11: Livestock Rangeland Rehabilitation

Region Beneficiaries Water and Rangeland Total Households USD Afar Rangeland 7,000 8,500 850,000 Oromia Rangeland 9,500 7,500 750,000 Somali Rangeland 8,200 9,000 1,341,000 Total 24,700 25,000 hectares 2,941,000

3.3.3.3 Implementation Strategy This emergency and recovery response plan will be implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture together with other relevant agencies under the supervision of Regional Agriculture and Pastoral Development Coordination Bureau’s. In consultation with respective regions, the Ministry of Agriculture and partners will play a leading role in resource mobilization. The overall coordination responsibility rests with the Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Sector under Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with Agricultural Disaster Risk Management Task Force.

3.3.4 Education

3.3.4.1 Objective The objective of Education in Emergencies (EiE) response is to ensure that children affected by emergencies continue education and prepare for the rapid restoration of regular schooling, and help children to have access to quality and inclusive education in disaster prone areas.

3.3.4.2 Requirement According to the 2012 meher assessment conducted in Afar, Gambela, Oromia, Somali, SNNPR and Tigray, some 236,464 students (144,490 male and 91,974 female – see the regional breakdown in the Tabel 12 below) access to education has been affected by drought(water and food shortage), flooding and damaging wind. A total of 248 schools (formal and ABE) are affected mainly by flood, wind and drought, mainly in Somali region. The effects are either complete or partial school closure due to damage, high student dropout rates or teacher absenteeism, or damaged facilities and teaching and learning materials.

Shortage of water and decline in household food availability affected some 9,721 students (5,713 male and 4,008 female) in Afar, Oromia, SNNPR and Tigray region. In Somali, drought followed by wind and flood resulted in school drop out of 7,114 students (5,660 male and 1,105 female). The problem is likely to worsen in the coming months as the dry season proceeds. In Oromia, some 183,994 students are reportedly at risk of school dropout in Bale (95,476), Arsi (79300) and East Shewa (9218) zones.

Additionally, a total of 126 schools were reportedly affected by a heavy wind in Somali (67) and Afar (59) regions. In the assessed 15woredas in Afar Region, 39 formal school and 22 ABE centers (a total of 59 schools) were damaged by heavy wind. Out of the 59 schools, 42 schools have not yet

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been rehabilitated affecting 3,200 (1,266 (Female) and Male (1,934) students. Additionally, in Tigray region some 7,500 students were affected by heavy wind in 14 schools.

Meanwhile, flooding damaged 35 schools in Gambella region affecting 15, 662 students (8,726 male and 6,936 female) resulting in school closure and overcrowding. In SNNPR six schools in Shashego woreda were damaged affecting some 3,500 students. In Tigray, five schools (2,500) were reportedly affected. Similarly in Afar region, two ABE centres were closed down and some 200 students (122 male and 78 Female) dropped out from school.

Continued support is, therefore, required to enable regions to conduct emergency rapid assessments; pre-positioning of educational materials; construction of temporary learning spaces/ additional classrooms; and rehabilitation of schools. Additionally, capacity building efforts will be scaled up through provision of trainings to government staff, communities, parents, teachers and students on emergency preparedness, disaster risk reduction, and peace education in addition to provision of psychosocial support. Strengthening the regional education in emergency taskforces ability to assess, plan, and coordinate education responses during emergencies is also a priority. Emphasis will placed by the cluster to enhance preparedness to address looming emergencies.

Table 12: Education Requirement Summary by Region/Administration (January – June 2013) Regions Estimated number of beneficiaries SNNPR 8,334 Afar 10,533 Benishangul-Gumuz - Gambella 16,489 Oromia 183,994 Somali Region 7,114 Tigray 10,000 Total 236, 464

Table 13: Education Requirement Summary by Activity (January – June 2013) Interventions/ Activities Requirements in USD Provision of educational materials including students’ kits, teaching 2,300,000 and recreational materials, hygiene kits for adolescent girls in school. Rehabilitation of affected schools and prepositioning of school tents. 1,500,000 Provide capacity building trainings to cluster supervisors, Woreda 160,000 education offices, school principals, school dropouts retuning committees and PTA members on EiE, psychosocial support, DRR, peace education. Strengthening the capacities of the Regional Education in Emergency 80,000 Taskforces and Woreda Education offices on EIE responses. Conducting rapid assessments and monitoring and evaluation of 30,000 responses. Total 3,900,000

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4 OVERALL STRATEGY

Coordination Mechanism

The National Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Committee (NDPPC), being the apex body in the national DRM arena will provide policy guidance and makes decision on DRM related strategic issues. The overall coordination of the humanitarian response remains the responsibility of the Government at all levels, including the federal, regional, zonal and woreda. The Government is also responsible for facilitating the active participation of relevant partners, including donor governments, UN agencies, national and international NGOs, civil society organizations (CSOs) and affected communities.

The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), through its Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Sector (DRMFSS), is responsible for overall coordination. The Early Warning and Response Directorate (EWRD) will continue to monitor the disaster risk and to issue alert about impending disasters and facilities linkage between early warning and assessment results with appropriate and timely responses. Likewise, respective government structures at regional, zonal and woreda levels will play a similar coordination role.

The sectoral taskforces on Food Management, Agriculture, Health and Nutrition, WASH, and Education, led by the Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Sector (MoA), Ministry of Health (MoH), Ministry of Water and Energy (MoW&E) and Ministry of Education respectively will be responsible for coordination, monitoring and reporting on emergency and recovery interventions in their respective sectors, in partnership with the relevant partners which include UN agencies, NGOs and donors.

The DRMTWG which brings together all actors of DRM, also plays a significant role in coordinating response and providing the early warning system with triangulated inputs, and linking the early warning and assessment outputs to timely and appropriate responses. The Ministries, through their respective Task Force chairpersons, will provide the DRMTWG progress reports and monitoring data by attending its monthly meeting or when required.

The Multi-Agency Coordination (MAC) group led by DRMFSS and comprising of representatives from the respective Sectoral Task Force chairpersons and humanitarian partners coordinates and provides strategic guidance to facilitate effective response at all levels. Furthermore the Incidence Command System (ICS) has been put in place with the view to facilitate information exchange with MAC regarding status of response and developing situations on the ground.

The special logistics arrangement in Somali Region – the Hubs-and-Spokes system –will continue to operate, building on the improvements already witnessed in allocation and dispatch and delivery of food aid. The DRMFSS/EWRD, along with the relevant federal and regional authorities and in collaboration with WFP will coordinate storage, transportation and distribution of relief food in the region.

Effective coordination among Government, UN agencies, NGOs and donors is crucial to ensure timely and comprehensive humanitarian response through proper implementation of the strategies and approaches developed by the Government to address humanitarian needs and effectively avert

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the risks of disasters. The Ethiopian Humanitarian Country Team, led by the Humanitarian Coordinator (HC) and comprising the heads of UN Agencies, including FAO, OCHA, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, WFP and WHO the country directors of IOM, ICRC, the Ethiopian Red Cross, CARE, Mercy Corps, Oxfam GB, and Save the Children and the national NGO consortium, CRDA;and representatives from the European Union Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO), United Kingdom Department of International Development (DfID) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID), will continue working with the Government on all aspects of humanitarian response.

Meanwhile, as part of implementing the new Disaster Risk Management (DRM) approach, a Strategic Programme and Investment Framework encompassing key strategic DRM programme components is being developed by DRMFSS in collaboration with sectoral line ministries and partners. The framework provides a platform for the implementation of DRM in the country that is aimed to contribute much for the nationally envisioned sustainable development.

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ANNEXES:

Annex I: Donor Contributions of Food Aid in July to December 2012

Donor Appealing Agency Description Contribution Contribution Remark in MT in USD UN CERF World Food 6,922 6,000,000 Programme World Food 7,000 3,323,320 Brazil Programme World Food 21,401 12,254,902 ECHO Programme World Food Twinning 2,480,000 Multilateral Programme 7000mt rice UK World Food 51,819 31,055,901 Programme DRMFSS 20,000 government 15,824,200 USAID CRS 35,230 25,000,000 142,372 95,938,323

Annex II: Donor Contribution for Health and Nutrition Sectors July-December 2012

Annex II-a: Health

Donor Agency Sector Description/ Region USD Contributed

HRF Merlin Health Somali Region, Shekosh, Kebridehar, and Mersin Woredas of Korahe Zone 325,814 Ireland Concern Health To save lives and allievate suffering Worldwide (CON 1202) 425,950 HRF Merlin Health Somali Region, MoyaleWoreda and Oromiya Region, MoyaleWoreda 554,421 USA/OFDA UNICEF Health Afar and Somali regions 1,057,160 Australia UNICEF Health Somali Region 133,356 Thematic UNICEF Health fund 116,817 Germany Humedica Health 740,534 Total 3,354,052

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AnnexII-b: Donor Contribution for Nutrition Sector from July to December 2013

Donor Agency Sector Region USD committed/con tributed HRF Plan International Nutrition Amhara 403,283 HRF ACF Nutrition SNNPR 181,507 HRF Plan,KHI Nutrition SNNPR 277,536 HRF SC UK Nutrition Somali 333,270 France CARE Nutrition Oromia 183,824 OFDA UNICEF Nutrition National wide 2,243,872 Global UNICEF Nutrition National wide 1,249,186 HRF UNICEF Nutrition National wide 3,760,083 Aus Aid UNICEF Nutrition National wide 824,316 UK NC UNICEF Nutrition National wide 756,000 Aus Aid UNICEF Nutrition National wide 161,004 Global UNICEF Nutrition National wide 286,647 OFDA Adventist Nutrition Development and Relief Agency 549,565 ECHO CARE Nutrition Oromia 88,186.00 ECHO SC/USA Nutrition Oromia 389,484.13 USAID/OFDA GOAL Nutrition Oromia 1,683,791.00 ECHO MERLIN Nutrition Somali 213,340.27 ECHO MERLIN Nutrition Oromia 118,921.20 OFDA MERLIN Nutrition Oromia 575,027.20 WV Emergency WVE Nutrition SNNPR Contingency Budget 1,745.00 WV Emergency WVE Nutrition SNNPR Contingency Budget 1,745.00 Irish Aid CONCERN Nutrition Oromia 63,390.15 Plan-Germany Plan Ethiopia Nutrition Sahala 106,724.86 Ireland GOAL Nutrition All over Ethiopia as required 262,200.00 HRF GOAL Nutrition Oromiya, Amhara, and SNNP Regions 335,000.00 Total 15,049,648

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Annex III: Donor Contribution for WASH Sector from July to December 2013 Donor Implementing Description Resource Resource Resource Agency contributed Available USD utilized USD HRF SSA WASH 285,000 285,000 0 HRF IRC WASH 678,824 678,824 0 HRF ADRA WASH 120,969 120,969 0 OFDA UNICEF WASH 1,843,908 1,036,959 806,949 Australia UNICEF WASH 500,000 100,852 399,148 Thematic fund UNICEF WASH 853,637 700,145 153,492 Thematic Fund UNICEF WASH 573,760 - 573,760 Russian Federation UNICEF WASH 142,279 142,279 0 Swiss UNICEF WASH 487,471 487,471 0 CIDA UNICEF WASH 194,675 194,675 0 Japan UNICEF WASH 778,875 778,875 0 Spain UNICEF WASH 455,000 - 455,000 OFDA CHF WASH 157,088 157,088 0 OFDA CHF WASH 120,000 40,000 80,000 OFDA IRC WASH (drought ) 155,321 51,773 103,548 OFDA IRC WASH (drought) 255,875 255,875 - OFDA IRC (CRS) WASH (drought) 325,000 325,000 OFD A IRC (CISP) WASH (drought) 229,591 229,591 - OFDA IRC WASH (drought) 290,337 290,337 HRF IMC WASH (drought ) 129,218 129,218 - HRF IMC WASH (drought) 120,935 120,935 ECHO COOPI WASH (drought) 28,081 28,081 - Caritas/Switzerland COOPI WASH 300 300 - HRF COOPI Displacement 11,083 11,083 - UTL COOPI WASH (drought ) 176,980 176,980 OFDA GOAL WASH 11,031 11,031 - OFDA GOAL WASH 51,917 - 51,917 Caritas CRS WASH 173,507 173,507 - Caritas CRS WASH 158,265 79,133 79,132 Spanish (AECID) AMREF WASH (drought) 181-315 - 181,315 Spanish (AECID) ATTsF/ WASH 390,000 390,000 Spanish (AECID) CANFRANC WASH 390,000 390,000 USAID Save Children WASH 59,181 59,181 - USAID Save Children WASH 139,232 139,232 - CIDA Save Children WASH 96,459 64,306 32,153 HRF Save Children WASH 90,415 90,415 - Proctor and gamble Save the WASH children 151,776 75,888 75,888 29 10,625,990 7,035,003 3,590,987

Annex IV: Donor Contribution to Agriculture Sector July to December 2012

Donors Implementing Location Amount agency Region Woredas USD Menz Mama, Antsokia, Menz Gera, Kewot, Lay Armacho, Gondar Zuria, 171,513 Action Aid Action Aid Amhara Adiarekaye, West Belessa HRF Child Fund SNNP Wonago and Sodo Zuria 124,892 DEC Christian Aid SNNP Dasenech and Hamer 1,309,723 Christian Aid Christian Aid SNNP Derashe 32,000 Gubalafto, Mekdela, Mehal Saint, HRF Concern Amhara Legambo, Tenta 291,673 Dungan Fango, Damot-Gale, Damot- HRF Concern SNNP Woyde, Kindo Koysha, Kindo Didaye 322,086 HRF CRS SNNP Kadida, Gambela, Tambaro, Sodo Zuria 325,221 HRF FAO SNNP Bonke, Ofa,Damot, Kemba, Boreda 248,684 HRF FHE SNNP Soro 185,153 HRF GOAL SNNP Boricha, Dalle, Shebedino, Dilla Zuria 178,497 HRF GOAL SNNP Boricha, Dalle 178,496 3 Woredas East Harerge (,Deder, Meta, Midhaga Tola) 5 Woredas West Harerege (Boke, Chiro, Doba, Habro, HRF GOAL Oromia and Goba Koricha) 680,257 ECHO GOAL oromia 717,503 HRF GOAL Oromia Borena zone 199,947 HCS HCS Somali Shinele 1667.34 Boloso Sore, Boloso Bombe, Damot HRF IMC SNNP Pulasa 173,538 La Caixa and CBM Afder, Goro, Baqaqsa 186,758 Intermon Oxfam Somli Aba'ala, Afdera HRF VSF Germany Afar 50,000 Gode, Hargellie HRF VSF Suisse Somali 230,000 Sorro, East Badawacho, Badawacho, HRF WVE SNNP Humbo, Western Abaya 351,189 HRF WVE SNNP Mirab Abaya 19,950 World Vision USA WVE SNNP Mirab Abaya 37,357 Tigray, Amhara, Tigray 3, Amhara 5, Oromia 6 , SNNP OFDA/USAID FAO Oromia, SNNP 4 Woredas 1,000,000 Afder zone Bare woreda, Gode zone HRF ADRA Somali Kelafo woreda 282,261 Deutche Welthungreri Germany life e.v Oromia Borena Zone 1,305,970 Total 8,604,335

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Annex V: Donor Contribution for Education Sector July-December 2012

Donor Code Agency Region USD Contributed

Central FTS United Nations Emergency 187280 Children's Fund Response Fund 499,998 Thematic fund United Nations Children's Fund 839,726 HRF HRF ZOA Somali Region, Maraato Kebele, Kebridahar (Qabridahare) Woreda, Korahe Zone 225,820 Total 1,565,544

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