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The Reformation in Heidelberg II The Reformation in Heidelberg II ■ Sources from five libraries in four countries ■ The complete works of all major figures in one collection ■ Including rare secondary works ■ Including MARC21 bibliographic records All titles available at: www.idc.nl Advisor: Richard A. Muller, Calvin Theological Seminary, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA Editor: Charles Gunnoe, Aquinas College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA The Reformation in Heidelberg II “The Reformation in Heidelberg” is issued for the purpose of illuminating the intellectual and religious developments during the reigns of Ottheinrich (1556-1559) and Friedrich III (1559-1576). The first part of the collection, consisting of primary sources only, was published in 1999. This second and final part fills in lacunae in the first part and makes available rare secondary works. This new collection comprises a wide array of rare primary sources gathered from libraries in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. It expands the number of works available by such theologians as Pierre Boquin and Zacharias Ursinus, and features more works by the prominent medical humanists, Thomas Erastus and Johannes Lange. Secondary sources This supplement dramatically Palatinae is the earliest history of the In addition, Heppe’s three-volume enhances the first edition by adding a Reformation in the Palatinate. Dogmatik offers a broad sample of group of significant older secondary Kluckhorn’s gathering of the letters of citations from the era. Gooszen’s sources. Many of these are difficult to Friedrich III remains a necessary point study of the text of the Heidelberg access and it is hard – if not of access to the politics of the Catechism remains a standard impossible – to find them all together Heidelberg Reformation. Heinrich examination of the early history of the in the same library. Yet, they are Heppe’s Die confessionelle document that modern scholars essential to any study of the materials Entwicklung der altprotestantischen consistently take into consideration. found in the collection’s primary Kirche Deutschlands marks out the In short, in addition to completing this sources. central concern of this leading scholar collection of essential primary sources Several of the works deserve to be (known today for his Reformed on the Heidelberg Reformation, the highlighted. Monumenta pietatis et Dogmatics project): It documents his second part also offers a coordinated literaria (Ludwig Mieg et al.) is a highly influential understanding of compilation of secondary works that major early compilation of historical German Reformed theology as a supply background and context for the materials, including letters from the Melanchthonian middle ground collection of texts in the first series. era. Alting’s Historia ecclesii between Calvinism and Lutheranism. Introduction to the first part Ottheinrich (1556-1559) broken out into a public row over elector, if not their Lutheran disputants, The Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz) and Eucharistic practice before Ottheinrich’s of the scriptural basis for their its capital, Heidelberg, do not figure death. proposition that Christ was not prominently in the early history of the physically present in the Lord’s Supper. Reformation. Nor was the Palatinate a The Lord’s Supper controversy Friedrich demonstrated this conviction notable religious force at the Diet of When Friedrich III of the line of Pfalz- when he won acceptance of the altered Augsburg in 1530. The Reformation Simmern succeeded Ottheinrich in 1559, edition of the Augsburg Confession (the came relatively late to Heidelberg: he was faced with a bitter dispute Variata) with its more open definition of although Luther had debated there in between the Gnesio-Lutheran, Tilemann the Lord’s Supper as an acceptable 1518, with both Bucer and Brenz in Heshusius, general superintendent of the interpretation of the Invariata at the attendance, Lutheran forms of worship Heidelberg churches and the Reformed Naumburg princes’ assembly. For all were introduced only in 1546 when the partisan Wilhelm Klebitz. After both Friedrich’s adherence to the Variata and hesitant elector Friedrich II yielded to preachers continued to harangue the his attempt at Naumburg to maintain ties the pleas of his nephew Duke other’s position from the pulpit, with Lutheran brethren, his choice of Ottheinrich of Pfalz-Neuburg and to the Friedrich opted to restore the peace by preachers and professors and his demands of his people for reform. In the dismissing both Heshusius and Klebitz. reconstruction of the church council Interim, however, Catholic forms of This action received the blessing of the moved the Palatinate ineluctably toward worship were re-instituted. Friedrich II elderly Melanchthon, who bid all parties the Reformed faith. died in 1556 and was succeeded by his to put aside bickering and go no further nephew Ottheinrich, who proceeded than the Biblical language in describing The first generation somewhat less hesitantly to remove the the Lord’s Supper. Beyond The first generation of Reformed “papistische Abgoetterei.” Melanchthon’s intention, his Iudicium thinkers at Heidelberg is sufficient to Ottheinrich was a many-sided on the Heidelberg Lord’s Supper account, in and of itself, for the renaissance prince, who was equally controversy played into the hands of the eminence of the Palatinate, its interested in alchemy and art as he was emerging Reformed party in Heidelberg university, and its intellectual Protestant theology. He favored led by Pierre Bouquin and Thomas achievement: Pierre Bouquin (d. 1582), academic excellence to narrowly defined Erastus. Immanuel Tremellius (1510-1580), orthodoxy and added luster to his The pivotal event proved to be a Thomas Erastus (1524-1583), Zacharias university with Protestant scholars of disputation that was held in Heidelberg Ursinus (1534-1583), and Caspar varying confessional stripes. The latent regarding the Lord’s Supper in 1560. Olevian (1536-1587). After the conflict between the parties had already Here Bouquin and Erastus convinced the resignation of Ursinus, the eminent Thomist-trained Girolamo Zanchi the sense of international engagement on Intellectual and religious (1516-1590) occupied the chair of behalf of the Reformed confession. developments theology in the university. The effect of From 1568 onward Count Palatine Our primary goal has been to present the this concentration of Reformed thinkers Johann Casimir often led Palatine forces complete works of the major Heidelberg in Heidelberg was manifold. into battle in France and the Low figures (Bouquin, Erastus, Olevianus, First, it brought Heidelberg and the Countries. Also from 1568, the Ursinus, Zanchi) and a sampling of the Palatinate into the Reformed fold, Heidelberg church was shaken by a works of secondary figures creating intellectual and spiritual ties to bitter dispute on the question of church (Johann Brunner, Jakob Curio, Geneva and Zurich − as evidenced by discipline, which pitted former Wilhelm Klebitz, Johannes Lange, the theology of the Heidelberg Zwinglian and Calvinist allies against Petrus Lotichius, Wilhelm Roding, Catechism (1563) − at a time when the one another. The church was further Johann Sylvan, Daniel Tossanus, political settlement of the Holy Roman rocked by the discovery of an Immanuel Tremellius, Johann Willing, Empire did not permit overt confession Antitrinitarian cell among its clergy in Hermann Witekind, Wilhelm Xylander). of the Reformed faith. Under the terms 1570. Turmoil over the execution of We have also included translations or of the Peace of Augsburg, the Palatinate, Johann Sylvan in 1572, the infamous editions of works of Beza, Calvin, confessing the increasingly problematic flight and scandalous life of Adam Andreas Dudith, and Melanchthon that Variata, was in the difficult position of Neuser in Istanbul, and accusations of were significant in the Heidelberg being officially Lutheran and under heresy against Erastus and his associates context. We have favored original consistent polemical attack from the plagued Heidelberg in the early 1570s. editions to the extent that availability Gnesio-Lutherans. These controversies were only and microfilming considerations allow. Second, it created an intellectual center beginning to be set aside when Friedrich Secondarily, we have sought to in Heidelberg that more than rivaled the died in 1576. His heir Ludwig VI was illuminate the theological development older Reformed centers of Geneva, Lutheran and eventually released the of the Palatinate including the origins Bern, and Zurich. Indeed, given the Reformed theologians. The territory and reception of the Heidelberg impact of Erastus’ views on church and became fully Lutheran again with the Catechism. Here we venture outside the state and his important natural introduction of the Formula of Concord strict bounds of Reformed Protestantism philosophical works, Ursinus’ and in 1580. The Reformed tradition of the to include attacks on the Palatine Zanchi’s systematic formulation, Palatinate lived on in Johann Casimir’s confession by Lutheran scholars (e.g., Olevian’s covenant thought, and territory of Pfalz-Lautern. Many of the works by Heshusius, Tremellius’ biblical scholarship, prominent Heidelberg academics moved Matthaeus Flacius Illyricus, and Heidelberg was arguably more to his new academy in Neustadt an der Paul Einhorn). We have also endeavored important to the development of Haardt, and the prominent printer to include a wide range of scientific, international Reformed
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