DOCSLIB.ORG

Dacryodes Edulis) Pulp During Storage Akusu, Ohwesiri Monday*; Wordu, Gabriel Oji and Obiesie Chidiebere

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dacryodes Edulis) Pulp During Storage Akusu, Ohwesiri Monday*; Wordu, Gabriel Oji and Obiesie Chidiebere Akusu, O.M et al., IJFNR, 2019; 3:20 Research Article IJFNR (2019) 3:20 International Journal of Food and Nutrition Research (ISSN:2572-8784) Changes in Microbiological Quality of Table Spreads Produced from African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Pulp during Storage Akusu, Ohwesiri Monday*; Wordu, Gabriel Oji and Obiesie Chidiebere Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, P. M. B., 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria ABSTRACT African pear (Dacryodes edulis) pulp was extracted and *Correspondence to Author: pasteurized. The pasteurized pulp was homogenized with Akusu, Ohwesiri Monday different levels of food grade additives to form table spreads of Department of Food Science and samples A to H while sample I was left without preservative. Technology, Rivers State Universi- The spreads were packed in sealed glass containers and ty, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, P. M. B., stored at room temperature (28±20C) for 4 weeks to evaluate the changes in microbiological quality of table spread during 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria storage period. Samples were collected in a weekly interval to study the microbiological assay of the spread starting from week zero to the last week. High total bacteria count of 1.8x107CFU/ How to cite this article: ml was seen in sample I (spread without preservative) at week Akusu O. M, Wordu G. O and zero, this increased significantly to 8.1x108CFU/ml after 3 weeks Obiesie C. Changes in of storage and TNTC (too numerous to count) after 4 weeks of storage at 28±20C. The least growth were observed in samples Microbiological Quality of Table A and C with bacteria counts of 8.1x107CFU/ml and 3.5x107CFU/ Spreads Produced from Af-rican ml, respectively. The least fungi count of 2.0x106CFU/ml was Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Pulp noted in sample C after 4 weeks of storage while the highest during Storage. International Jour- fungi count of 4.5x107CFU/ml was seen in sample I after 4 nal of Food and Nutrition Research, weeks of storage at room temperature (28±20C). The suspected 2019; 3:20. microorganisms based on their morphology were; E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella specie while fungi were Penicillium specie and Aspergillus specie. Deterioration sets in significantly after two weeks storage as total bacteria and fungi counts rose above 1.0x107 and 1.5x106, respectively. The microbiological quality of the samples was stable up to the eSciPub LLC, Houston, TX USA. second week of storage except sample I (without preservative). Website: http://escipub.com/ Keywords: Microbiological Quality, Vegetable Spreads, African Pear Pulp, Storage Temperature, Nutritional Quality, Preservatives IJFNR: http://escipub.com/international-journal-of-food-nutrition-research/ 1 Akusu, O.M et al., IJFNR, 2019; 3:20 1. Introduction pulp and its oil [14] and the oil extraction processes[15]. These studies revealed Food preservation is the science of extending excellent nutritional qualities of fruit pulp and the shelf life of food, maintaining its nutritional interesting food processing properties of the quality and avoiding the growth of unwanted oils extracted from the pulp and kernel safou microorganisms [1]. It is the process of treating [16]. These have also revealed the importance and handling food to stop or slow spoilage of this fruit nutritionally, therapeutically and in which results to loss of quality, edibility or cosmetics. The pulp, the only edible part of the nutritional values and thus allow for longer fruit is particularly rich in lipids, hence, it could storage. Preservation involves preventing the be an important source of oil [17]. Besides growth of bacteria, yeast, fungi and other lipids, D. edulis pulp contains substantial microorganisms [2]. Vegetable spreads are amount of many other nutrients including spreadable product having at least 90% proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and ingredients from nuts and pulps used in various fibres[16]). forms, such as paste and slurry [3,4]. Vegetable spreads are used like the commercially High content of protein and other essential available butter, they can be produced from nutrients in African pear spread makes it almond, cashew, hazelnut, macadamia nut, susceptible to microbiological contamination peanut, pecan, pistachio and walnut [5]. and growth. Thus, the objective of this work Vegetable spread is popular and widely was to produce table spreads from African pear accepted by consumers due to its flavour, good pulp treated with different levels of nutritional values and suitability for preservatives and to evaluate the effect of room 0 consumption either alone or in combination with temperature (28±2 C) storage on the a variety of other foods. African pear pulp has microbiological quality of the product. great potential for vegetable spread production. 2. Materials and Method The African pear tree (Dacryodes edulis) is a 2.1. Materials tropical oleiferous fruit tree that possesses Mature and good quality fruits of the African enormous potential in Africa [6]. Various parts pear (Dacryodes edulis) were purchased from of the tree are used in traditional medicine[7,8]. the fruit market in Port Harcourt and transferred The wood serves for firewood and carpentry [9]. to the Microbiological Laboratory in the The entire tree is used in Agro-forestry systems Department of Food Science and Technology, for soil conservation [10]. Dacryodes edulis fruit Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. is popular in the diets of many Africans. It can All apparatus and chemicals used for the study be eaten raw, roasted or boiled in hot water and were obtained from the same Laboratory and is eaten alone or used in garnishing cooked or were of analytical grade. roasted maize. It could also be used as butter 2.2. Extraction of African Pear Pulp and the to eat bread [8]. It has been found in Cameroon Formulation of the Spread recipe that when the pulp of African pear is cooked and seasoned, it serves as spread The pulp was extracted using modified [11]). According to Ayuku et al.[12], D. edulis traditional method of pear roasting. African pear has a potential to improve nutrition and food fruits were sorted and washed with tap water security. During the last three decades, more and sodium chloride solution, furthermore 0 and more studies have been conducted on D. rinsed thoroughly. They were roasted at 60 C edulis, essentially the tree and its fruit. The for 4 min in a hot air oven (model QUB scientific researches on D. edulis focused on 305010G, Gallenkamp, UK). The roasted fruits the characterisation of propagation techniques were allowed to cool for 10 min, the thin bluish- of D. edulis tree [13], the nutritive value of its black epicarp were gently removed and IJFNR: http://escipub.com/international-journal-of-food-nutrition-research/ 2 Akusu, O.M et al., IJFNR, 2019; 3:20 discarded while the soft pulps were scraped off The mixture was homogenized properly using a and recovered in sterile stainless steel plates. laboratory stirrer (model JKL 2145, REMI The extracted pulp was pasteurized by heating Motors, India) to produce the African pear at 1000C for 5 min in a stainless pot. The spread (APS) as presented in Figure 1 and pasteurized pear pulp was treated with different Table 1. levels of recommended food preservatives [18]. African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Fruit Sorting/Cleaning Oven roasting (600C for 4 min) Cooling (10 min) Peeling (Recovery of pulp from the hard central core) Pasteurizing (1000C for 5 min) Homogenizing (with addictives/preservatives) African Pear Spread Figure1. Flow Chart for the Production of African Pear Spread Table 1. African Pear Spread (APS) Formulations SAMPLES PEAR PULP H2O PS (E200) BHT (E321) CA (E330) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) A 100 15 0.045 B 100 15 0.035 C 100 15 0.01 D 100 15 0.005 E 100 15 0.008 F 100 15 0.005 G 100 15 0.025 0.005 H 100 15 0.005 0.008 I 100 15 Key: PS = Potassium sorbate, BHT = Butylated hydroxytoluen, CA = Citric acid. 2.3. Storage of Samples from week one, two, three and four using week The produced spreads were stored in sealed zero as the control sample. glass containers at room temperature (28±20C). 2.4. Microbiological Analysis Samples were collected at one-week interval Storage stability of the spreads were conducted for a period of four weeks for storage studies to study the changes in microbiological quality which included; total bacterial count, total fungi IJFNR: http://escipub.com/international-journal-of-food-nutrition-research/ 3 Akusu, O.M et al., IJFNR, 2019; 3:20 count and an assay of the microorganisms using the spread plate (surface plating) method. associated with the spoilage of African pear The five tubes (10-5) were used for inoculation. spreads dusring storage. From each of these tubes, 0.1ml was pipette 2.4.1. Total Bacteria and Fungi Count onto the surface of an agar plate and spread evenly using a sterile L-shaped glass spreader. Microbial assay was carried out on each of the The plates were incubated at 350C for 24 - 48 stored spread samples to test the presence of hr for NA and 300C for 96 hr for PDA. The bacteria and fungi using nutrient agar (NA) and colonies were counted using a colony counter potato dextrose agar (PDA) for total bacteria and result recorded as colony forming unit per and fungi counts, respectively. The procedure ml (CFU/ml). described by the International Commission on Microbiological Specification for Food [19] was 2.4.5. Isolation and Identification of adopted in this study. Microorganisms Associated with the Spoilage 2.4.2. Sterilization of Materials This was done through sub-culture to obtain All glassware used were sterilized by pure culture of isolates. Single colony of autoclaving at 121oC for 15 min and allowed to bacteria was randomly isolated from the mother cool before use.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Advances in the Use of DNA Barcodes to Build a Community Phylogeny for Tropical Trees in a Puerto Rican Forest Dynamics Plot
    Advances in the Use of DNA Barcodes to Build a Community Phylogeny for Tropical Trees in a Puerto Rican Forest Dynamics Plot W. John Kress1*, David L. Erickson1, Nathan G. Swenson2, Jill Thompson3¤, Maria Uriarte4, Jess K. Zimmerman3 1 Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America, 2 Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America, 3 Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America, 4 Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America Abstract Background: Species number, functional traits, and phylogenetic history all contribute to characterizing the biological diversity in plant communities. The phylogenetic component of diversity has been particularly difficult to quantify in species-rich tropical tree assemblages. The compilation of previously published (and often incomplete) data on evolutionary relationships of species into a composite phylogeny of the taxa in a forest, through such programs as Phylomatic, has proven useful in building community phylogenies although often of limited resolution. Recently, DNA barcodes have been used to construct a robust community phylogeny for nearly 300 tree species in a forest dynamics plot in Panama using a supermatrix method. In that study sequence data from three barcode loci were used to generate a well-resolved species- level phylogeny. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we expand upon this earlier investigation and present results on the use of a phylogenetic constraint tree to generate a community phylogeny for a diverse, tropical forest dynamics plot in Puerto Rico.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monophyly of Bursera and Its Impact for Divergence Times of Burseraceae
    TAXON 61 (2) • April 2012: 333–343 Becerra & al. • Monophyly of Bursera The monophyly of Bursera and its impact for divergence times of Burseraceae Judith X. Becerra,1 Kogi Noge,2 Sarai Olivier1 & D. Lawrence Venable3 1 Department of Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A. 2 Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan 3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A. Author for correspondence: Judith X. Becerra, [email protected] Abstract Bursera is one of the most diverse and abundant groups of trees and shrubs of the Mexican tropical dry forests. Its interaction with its specialist herbivores in the chrysomelid genus Blepharida, is one of the best-studied coevolutionary systems. Prior studies based on molecular phylogenies concluded that Bursera is a monophyletic genus. Recently, however, other molecular analyses have suggested that the genus might be paraphyletic, with the closely related Commiphora, nested within Bursera. If this is correct, then interpretations of coevolution results would have to be revised. Whether Bursera is or is not monophyletic also has implications for the age of Burseraceae, since previous dates were based on calibrations using Bursera fossils assuming that Bursera was paraphyletic. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of 76 species and varieties of Bursera, 51 species of Commiphora, and 13 outgroups using nuclear DNA data. We also reconstructed a phylogeny of the Burseraceae using 59 members of the family, 9 outgroups and nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. These analyses strongly confirm previous conclusions that this genus is monophyletic.
    [Show full text]
  • The One Hundred Tree Species Prioritized for Planting in the Tropics and Subtropics As Indicated by Database Mining
    The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining Roeland Kindt, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, James M Roshetko, Meine van Noordwijk, Lars Graudal, Ramni Jamnadass The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining Roeland Kindt, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, James M Roshetko, Meine van Noordwijk, Lars Graudal, Ramni Jamnadass LIMITED CIRCULATION Correct citation: Kindt R, Dawson IK, Lillesø J-PB, Muchugi A, Pedercini F, Roshetko JM, van Noordwijk M, Graudal L, Jamnadass R. 2021. The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining. Working Paper No. 312. World Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP21001.PDF The titles of the Working Paper Series are intended to disseminate provisional results of agroforestry research and practices and to stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Other World Agroforestry publication series include Technical Manuals, Occasional Papers and the Trees for Change Series. Published by World Agroforestry (ICRAF) PO Box 30677, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254(0)20 7224000, via USA +1 650 833 6645 Fax: +254(0)20 7224001, via USA +1 650 833 6646 Email: [email protected] Website: www.worldagroforestry.org © World Agroforestry 2021 Working Paper No. 312 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of World Agroforestry. Articles appearing in this publication series may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Daly CV -1- 2009-11 National Science Foundation, $192,932
    CURRICULUM VITAE Douglas C. Daly New York Botanical Garden Bronx, NY 10458 tel.: 718-817-8660; fax: 718-817-8649; e-mail: [email protected] Education City University of New York Ph.D., Biology/Botany 1987 Harvard University B.A., Botany 1977 Scientific Appointments Director, Institute of Systematic Botany N.Y. Botanical Garden 2007- B. A. Krukoff Curator of Amazonian Botany N.Y. Botanical Garden 1987- Adjunct Professor Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Sciences 2001- Visiting Scholar New York University 1995- Adjunct Professor City University of New York 1992- Graduate Fellow N.Y. Botanical Garden 1979-86 Principal Investigator, current and recent research support (selected) 2020-22 Ford Foundation, $200,000. Traditional Communities as Central Partners in the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Amazon Forests. (PI) 2020 Leo Model Foundation, $20,000. Support for initiatives in forest management strategies for Amazonian Brazil. (PI) 2018-20 Tinker Foundation, $200,000. Equipping Community Participation in Management and Monitoring of Amazon Forests. (PI) 2015-18 Helmsley Charitable Trust, $688,208. Establishment of a Plant Conservation and Forest Resource Management Program in Myanmar. (co-PI) 2015-16 National Geographic Committee for Research and Exploration, $17,427. On the Andaki Trail: Exploration and Conservation of Colombia's Eastern Andean Piedmont. (PI) 2014-16 Helmsley Charitable Trust, $200,000. Laying the Groundwork for Plant Conservation and Capacity Building in Myanmar. (co-PI) 2013-16 Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, $400,000. A Better Baseline: Building Capacity and Resources for Forest Inventory in the Brazilian Amazon. 2014-15 Overbrook Foundation, $50,000. Professional Woodsmen for Managed forests in Amazonian Brazil (renewal) (PI) 2013 Tinker Foundation, $78,100.
    [Show full text]
  • Dacryodes Excelsa Vahl Tabonuco Burseraceae Bursera Family
    Dacryodes excelsa Vahl Tabonuco Burseraceae Bursera family Ariel E. Lugo and Frank H. Wadsworth Tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa), also known as gom- mier and candlewood, is the dominant large tree of the native forests that formerly covered the northern lower and middle slopes of the mountains of Puerto Rico. It is distinguished by broad low buttresses, a columnar bole, smooth gray bark, and pinnately com- pound leaves with five to seven fragrant, dark-green leaflets. When wounded, the tree exudes a clear, fragrant inflammable resin that hardens and turns white on exposure. Habitat Native Range Tabonuco (fig. 1) is native to elevations from 200 to 900 m (660 to 2,800 ft) throughout Puerto Rico. On favorable sites, it may make up 35 percent of the basal area and 80 percent of the timber volume of the forest, commonly termed Dacryodes-Sloanea as- sociation (1). From Puerto Rico, the native range of tabonuco extends into the Lesser Antilles on St. Kitts, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martini- que, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Grenada, a gross forest area of about 2300 km* (888 mi*) (24). Other members of the genus are in South America and Africa (5,s). Climate Tabonuco in Puerto Rico is found within a mean Figure 1-A mature tabonuco showing spreading crown. temperature range of 21” to 25” C (70” to 77” F) and a mean annual precipitation range from 2000 to 4000 mm (79 to 157 in). Precipitation is generally abun- fall, 3700 mm (146 in). Diurnal variations are dant except from February through April, when it smaller than some seasonal changes (16).
    [Show full text]
  • Dacryodes Excelsa Vahl Tabonuco
    Dacryodes excelsa Vahl Tabonuco Burseraceae Familia de las burseras Ariel E. Lugo y Frank H. Wadsworth Dacryodes excelsa Vahl, conocido como tabonuco, “gomier” del volumen maderero del bosque, conocido comúnmente y “candlewood,” es el árbol de gran tamaño dominante de los como la asociación Dacryodes-Sloanea (1). Desde Puerto Rico, bosques nativos que anteriormente cubrían las pendientes la distribución natural del tabonuco se extiende hacia las bajas y medianas de las montañas hacia el Norte de Puerto Antillas Menores en St. Kitts, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Rico. Se distingue por sus contrafuertes bajos y anchos, un Dominica, Martinica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent y Grenada, un fuste columnar, una corteza gris lisa y hojas pinadas área boscosa de aproximadamente 2,300 km2 (24). Otros compuestas con entre cinco y siete hojuelas fragantes y de miembros del género se pueden encontrar en la América del color verde oscuro. Al ser herido, el árbol exuda una resina Sur y en Africa. clara, fragante e inflamable que se endurece y se vuelve de color blanco con la exposición. Clima El tabonuco en Puerto Rico se encuentra dentro de una HABITAT temperatura promedio de entre 21 y 25 °C y una precipitación anual promedio de 2000 y 4000 mm. La precipitación es generalmente abundante, excepto de febrero a abril, cuando Area de Distribución Natural y de Naturalización puede caer a un nivel de 75 mm por mes. En El Verde, en la pendiente noroeste de la Sierra de Luquillo, a una elevación El tabonuco (fig. 1) es nativo a elevaciones de entre 200 y de 420 m, siempre dentro de la distribución del bosque 900 m a través de Puerto Rico.
    [Show full text]
  • Tmd'a Woody Plant List Forl@Tlgua and Barbuda
    Tmd’a Woody Plant list for l@tlgua and Barbuda: Past and Present John Francis, Cados Riira, and Julio Figurema S_ Durina;thel7thandl8~centuriea,theielandofAntiguawas~~ foragri~.viuauyalloftheremaining foresbwemcutover,grazed,and bumed.Sincethe aba&mentofaugamne~vati~xnuchofthelandhas retunledtQsecondaryf&.BarbudasufferedmeiIllyfromovercuttiIlgand overgrazing begiming in the 17th century. Very heavy grazing preamre con- tinues in ISarbuda. l&spit23 great d&W, a mqjority of the native qe45ee remainrmbothislande.Lista0fnativeandexoticepecieaarep~~bere.A prote&i~plansbauldbe~hedforsevleralareasmboth~ Tk~ward a Woody Plant List for Antigua and Barbuda: Past and Present John Francis, Carlos Rivera, and Julio Figureroa INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY hectares of Antigua to grow up as secondary forest while sparing the pre-existing secondary forest from Antigua and Barbuda are two small islands with a further disturbance. total area of 440 km2 located in the Lesser Antilles in English attempts to settle Barbuda began in 1628 the eastern Caribbean. Although not differing greatly and continued intermittently with attacks of the in size and separated by only 50 km, the origin and Caribs and French until early in the 18th century. The physiography of the islands are quite different. Antigua small island community subsisted for almost three cen- was formed by vulcanism more than 40 million years turies by raising livestock. During this period, vir- ago during the Eocene. The rock foundation of Bar- tually every tree large enough to use for construction buda is entirely of Pleistocene limestone. A land bridge materials was felled. Grazing must have been intense, apparently connected the two islands during the and fuelwood cutting heavy, at least near Codrington, Pleistocene (Schuchert 1935).
    [Show full text]
  • Niger Delta Plant Names
    Nzọn plant names and uses compiled by Kay Williamson (†) from collections and identifications by Kay Williamson, A.O. Timitimi, R.A. Freemann, Clarkson Yengizifa, E.E. Efere, Joyce Lowe, B.L. Nyananyo, and others RESTRUCTURED AND CONVERTED TO UNICODE, IMAGES ADDED BY ROGER BLENCH, JANUARY 2012 1 PREFACE The present document is one of a series of electronic files left by the late Kay Williamson, being edited into a more useable format. The original was taken from a Macintosh file in a pre-Unicode format, mixing a variety of fonts. I have tried to convert it into a consistent format by checking transcriptions against other documents. I originally hoped, as with many other documents, it would be helpful to travel back to the Delta area to get confirmation and extend the database. However, security conditions in the Delta make this unlikely in the immediate future. As a consequence, the elicitation part of the document is likely to remain static. However, I am working on linking the material with the scientific literature, and inserting in photos of relevant species, as well as commenting on the vernacular names. Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Ans 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7847-495590 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction: background to the Delta .......................................................................................................... 1 2. Background to the Delta
    [Show full text]
  • Unraveling the Biogeographical History of Chrysobalanaceae from Plastid Genomes1
    RESEARCH ARTICLE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY Unraveling the biogeographical history of Chrysobalanaceae from plastid genomes1 Léa Bardon 2 , Cynthia Sothers 3 , Ghillean T. Prance 3 , Pierre-Jean G. Malé 4 , Zhenxiang Xi 5 , Charles C. Davis 5 , Jerome Murienne 2 , Roosevelt García-Villacorta 6 , Eric Coissac 7 , Sébastien Lavergne 7 , and Jérôme Chave 2,8 PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The complex geological and climatic history of the Neotropics has had major implications on the diversifi cation of plant lineages. Chrysobalanaceae is a pantropical family of trees and shrubs with 75% of its 531 species found in the Neotropics, and a time-calibrated phylogeny of this family should shed light on the tempo of diversifi cation in the Neotropical fl ora. Previously published phylogenetic hypotheses of this family were poorly supported, and its biogeography remains unclear. METHODS: We assembled the complete plastid genome of 51 Chrysobalanaceae species, and increased taxon sampling by Sanger-sequencing of fi ve plastid regions for an additional 88 species. We generated a time-calibrated tree including all 139 Chrsyobalanaceae species and 23 outgroups. We then conducted an ancestral area reconstruction analysis and estimated diversifi cation rates in the family. KEY RESULTS: The tree generated with the plastid genome alignment was almost fully resolved. It supports the polyphyly of Licania and Hirtella . The family has diversifi ed starting around the Eocene-Oligocene transition. An ancestral area reconstruction confi rms a Paleotropical origin for Chrysobalanaceae with several transoceanic dispersal events. The main Neotropical clade likely resulted from a single migration event from Africa around 28 mya ago, which subsequently underwent rapid diversifi cation.
    [Show full text]
  • Extraction and Study of the Essential Oil of Copal (Dacryodes Peruviana), an Amazonian Fruit with the Highest Yield Worldwide
    plants Article Extraction and Study of the Essential Oil of Copal (Dacryodes peruviana), an Amazonian Fruit with the Highest Yield Worldwide Eduardo Valarezo * , Santiago Ojeda-Riascos , Luis Cartuche , Nathaly Andrade-González, Inés González-Sánchez and Miguel Angel Meneses Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110150, Ecuador; [email protected] (S.O.-R.); [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (N.A.-G.); [email protected] (I.G.-S.); [email protected] (M.A.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +593-7-3701444 Received: 30 October 2020; Accepted: 16 November 2020; Published: 26 November 2020 Abstract: Essential oils are highly demanded substances worldwide. They can be used without modification due to their different chemical and biological properties or as natural sources of chemical compounds. The limit in the use of these metabolites is their low yield. In the present investigation, the essential oil of fruits from Dacryodes peruviana collected in the Ecuadorian Amazon was extracted and studied. The essential oil was released from the plant matrix and isolated by hydrodistillation. The yields obtained were 4.8 0.2% and 11.3 0.2% for fresh and dried ± ± fruits, respectively, one of the highest yields on record to date. Twenty-five chemical compounds were identified by GC/MS and GC/FID techniques. The principal constituent was α-phellandrene, with 50.32 3.32%. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was assayed against five Gram negative ± bacteria, two Gram positive bacteria and two fungi. The essential oil exerted a moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus.
    [Show full text]
  • Dacryodes Edulis) Fruits Grown in Côte D’Ivoire
    Kadji et al. J. Appl. Biosci. 2016 Physico-chemical properties of Safou (Dacryodes edulis) fruits grown in Côte d’Ivoire Journal of Applied Biosciences 105:10103 –10110 ISSN 1997–5902 Physico-chemical properties of Safou (Dacryodes edulis) fruits grown in Côte d’Ivoire KADJI Beugré Romuald Léonce1, KONE Fankroma Martial Thierry1*, SIKA Andrée Emmanuelle2, DABONNE Soumaïla1 1Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing, Department of Food Science and Technology, University Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire. 2Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology. Department of Food Science and Technology, University Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Original submitted in on 7th July 2016. Published online at www.m.elewa.org on 30th September 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v105i1.7 ABSTRACT Objectives: Dacryodes edulis is tropical multi-purpose tree, which produces fruits for human consumption. Unfortunately, this fruit grown in Côte d’Ivoire is still unknown to the public and is the subject of very few studies. The present study aims to characterize D. edulis fruits starting from their morphological to chemical properties. Methodology and Results: Ripe fruits were collected from 3 sites (CNRA-Azaguié, Azaguié-Blida and Grand- Morié). The morphological characteristics measured (weight, length, diameter and pulp thickness) and identified 2 Ivorian safou varieties: D. edulis var. edulis and D. edulis var. parvicarpa. The proximate composition was as follow: moisture (43.02-46.80%), protein (18.66-20.20%), lipid (48.39-52.66%), ash (0.83-1.40%), crude fibre (2.70-3.13%), carbohydrate (14.66-17.82%) and vitamin C (3.06-3.36%).
    [Show full text]
  • Blumea 7 (1954) 510, F
    Addenda, corrigendaetemendanda C.G.G.J. van Steenisc. s. As was done in the preceding volumes, it seemed useful to correct some errors which have crept into the text of volumes 4-7 as well as to add additional data,new records and references to new species which came to my knowledge and are worth recording. Also there are alternative opinions about generic and specific delimitation on most of which comments are given. Printing errors have only been corrected if they might give rise to confusion. Volume colon. numbers with either b denote and page number are separatedby a Page provided a or the left and columns of right a page respectively. Aceraceae (1853) 287; Fl. Dahur. 1 (1853). Nephrocodum malaccense WALP. Ann. 6 4:3, In Reinwardtia 7 (1965) 142 KOSTER- (1861) 41, sphalma. -592a; MANS published a new combination Acer These three generic names should also have been added to the of the 6: 915 a caesium (REINW. ex BL.) KOSTERMANS (as synonymy typified by Laurus caesia REINW. ex BL. genus Burmannia L. on p. 15. Cf. JONKER, Bijdr. (1825) 553) to replace Acer lauri- A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. num HASSK. (C/. Fl. Mai. I, 4, 1954, 592). Thesis, Utrecht (1938) 121. The latter (earlier known as A. niveum BL.) is the proper name, as the combina- Burseraceae (LEENHOUTS) tion A. caesium (BL.) KOSTERMANS is ille- gitimate because of A. caesium BRANDIS, 5:213 Protium BURM. f. For. Fl. (1874) 111, Atlas t. 21. Correct in Distr.: In continental Asia this there is but P. Unfortunately was overlooked by one species: serratum WHITMORE, Tree Fl.
    [Show full text]