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The Mind and Face of Bolshevism

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The Mind and Face of Bolshevism Rene Fueloep Miller ILLUSTRATED THE MIND AND FACE OF BOLSHEVISM *& «•*>• An Examination of Cultural Life in the Soviet Union With a new Epilogue by the Author LLLluiflUiMiLA^iiU The Academy Library I IB 1188Q / $2.95 The Mind and Face of Bolshevism b^RPCR f UORCbBOORS A reference-list of Harper Torchbooks, classified by subjects, is printed at the end of this volume. THE MASS THE MIND AND FACE OF BOLSHEVISM An Examination of Cultural Life in Soviet Russia BY RENE FUELOEP-MILLER With a new Epilogue, "Changes in Soviet Life and Culture During the Last Decades" and a new Bibliography (1962) HARPER TORCHBOOKSTT/Kf ? Academy Library HARPER & ROW, PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK THE MIND AND FACE OF BOLSHEVISM Epilogue and Bibliography to the Torchbook edition copyright © 1965 by Erika Fueloep-Miller. Printed in the United States of America This book was first published in German under the title Geist und Gesicht des Bolschewismus in 1926 by Amalthea-Verlag, Zurich, Leip­ zig, and Vienna. It was translated by F. S. Flint and D. F. Tait and published in the United States and England by G. P. Putnam's Sons, Ltd., in 1927. It is here reprinted by arrangement. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address Harper & Row, Publishers, Incorporated, 49 East 33rd Street, New York, N. Y. 10016. First HARPER TORCHBOOK edition published 1965 by Harper & Row, Publishers, Incorporated New York, Evanston and London. CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vi INTRODUCTION ix NOTE ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF RUSSIAN NAMES . xiii I. THE COLLECTIVE MAN i II. LENIN 27 III. THE PHILOSOPHY OF BOLSHEVISM .... 50 IV. BOLSHEVISM IN THE LIGHT OF SECTARIANISM . .71 V. THE BOLSHEVIK MONUMENTAL STYLE .... 89 VI. THE PROPAGANDIST THEATRE 114 VII. THEATRICALIZED LIFE 133 VIII. THE MECHANIZING OF POETRY 152 IX. BOLSHEVIK MUSIC 175 X. THE REVOLUTIONIZING OF EVERYDAY LIFE . .185 XI. ILLITERACY AND THE NEW EDUCATION .... 223 XII. THE REFORMATION OF THE BYZANTINE CHURCH . 244 XIII. THE REBIRTH OF RUSSIAN MYSTICISM .... 255 XIV. THE KATORGA—THEN AND NOW .... 265 XV. THE ETHICS OF BOLSHEVISM 277 EPILOGUE. DOSTOEVSKI'S VISION OF BOLSHEVISM . 285 Epilogue to the Torchbook edition: Changes in . 291 Soviet Life and Culture during the last decades. 289 Bibliography (December, 1962) .... 326 Bibliography 331 Index 341 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Frontispiece: THE MASS (The following illustrations will be found in a group following page 212.,) i. THE GIANT TOYS OF THE COLLECTIVE MAN: figures of Lloyd George, Mil- lerand, Kerenski and Milinkov in front of the Kremlin. 2. Moscow: The "Red Square" before the Historical Museum, decorated. 3. THE MECHANIZED INDIVIDUAL IS REDUCED TO A MERE COMPONENT PART IN THE MASS WHICH HAS BECOME THE MACHINE. (Constructivistic-symbolical drawing by Krinski). 4. "LET US TAKE THE STORM OF THE REVOLUTION IN SOVIET RUSSIA, UNITE IT TO THE PULSE OF AMERICAN LIFE, AND DO OUR WORK LIKE A CHRONOMETER!" (Gastev's appeal for Americanization). 5. A TEMPLE OF THE MACHINE-WORSHIPPERS : A Byzantine Dome. Instead of angels, figures of Communist agitators have been placed in the spandrels (Drawing by Krinski). 6. PLAN FOR A MONUMENT TO THE COMMUNIST REVOLUTION: "THE COLOSSUS OF IRON." 7. LENIN SPEAKING FROM A PLATFORM ON THE MOSCOW THEATRE SQUARE. 8. LENIN IN HIS STUDY. 9. LENIN, BUKHARIN AND ZINOV'EV, THE FOUNDERS OF "BOLSHEVIK MARXISM." 10. FESTIVAL TO CELEBRATE THE FRATERNISATION BETWEEN WORKERS, PEASANTS AND SOLDIERS. 11. THE "CENTRAL EXECUTIVE OF ALL THE RUSSIAN PROLETARIAT" HOLDS A SESSION IN THE FORMER CORONATION ROOM OF THE MOSCOW KREMLIN. 12. TROTSKI IN HIS STUDY. 13. LEADERS OF SOVIET RUSSIA: Sokolnikov, Fiatakov, Bukharin, Kamenev, Kurski. 14. LENIN'S FUNERAL. 15. STALIN AND KALININ. 16. PROPAGANDA CHINA PLATE FROM THE FORMER IMPERIAL FACTORY. 17. "SUPREMATIST" POTTERY FROM THE FORMER IMPERIAL POTTERY FACTORY. 18. BOLSHEVIK "ISMS." 19. ARCHITECTURAL MODEL (by Ladovski). 20. IN A "RED WORKERS' CLUB." Performance of a play by Mayerhold, in which the political questions of the day are discussed. 21. STANiSLAVSKi, TAIROV, CHEKHOV (a nephew of the writer), AND EVREINOV. 22. THE "CONSTRUCTIVIST" STAGE IN THE MAYERHOLD THEATRE. vi Illustrations vii 23. A GROUP FROM A PROLETARIAN PROCESSION. 24. THE STORMING OF THE KREMLIN (drawing by Krinski). 25. LENIN ADDRESSES THE CROWD FROM THE FACTORY CHIMNEYS (drawing by Deni). 26. PART OF A GREAT PROCESSION OF INDUSTRY. 27. A WALKING EXHIBITION OF THE BOOK TRADE DURING AN INDUSTRIAL FES­ TIVAL. 28. "THE MASS ON THE MARCH." (Radek, painting by Kupka). 29. GREAT SOVIET GYMNASTIC DISPLAY. 30. BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF THE WINTER PALACE WITH THE ALEXANDER COLUMN. 31. THE "THEATRICALISED" STORMING OF THE WINTER PALACE. 32. PORTRAIT OF GORKI (by I. Annenkov). 33. PORTRAIT OF SAMIATIN (by I. Annenkov); 34 & 35. CONCERT OF FACTORY SIRENS AND STEAM WHISTLES. 36. THE PRIVATE CHAPEL OF THE "TROITSKOE PODVORE" (Church of the Trinity) TRANSFORMED INTO AN ATHEIST'S CLUB. 37. THE CUPOLA OF A LENINGRAD CHURCH. 38. A COMMUNIST SPEAKER AMONG THE PEASANTS. 39. A COMMUNIST PARTY CONFERENCE. 40. INDESTRUCTIBLE SUPERSTITION IN RUSSIA. 41. COMMUNISTIC UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN PEOPLES IN MOSCOW READING ROOM. 42. A YOUNG HOUSEKEEPER, BEFORE SHOPPING, GOES WITH HER A B C TO THE SCHOOL FOR ILLITERATES. 43. SCHOOL FOR ILLITERATES. 44. EXTERIOR OF THE "CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INTO HUMAN LABOUR" (GASTEV INSTITUTE). 45. CINE-PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE LABOUR PROCESS. 46. THE USPENSKI CATHEDRAL. 47. IN ALEXEI TOLSTOI'S HOME: (from left to right) TIKHONOV, SCHIPATCHEV, TOLSTOI, TVARDOVSKY, ISAKOVSKY, SURKOV. 48. ILYA EHRENBURG ADDRESSING THE PEACE RALLY IN LONDON'S TRAFALGAR SQUARE, I9SO. 49. BORIS PASTERNAK AFTER HEARING OF HIS WINNING THE 1958 NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE FOR Dr. ZktVOgO. 50. POET E. YEVTUSHENKO, 1962. 51. FORMER PREMIER KHRUSHCHEV AT TWO DAY MEETING IN KREMLIN'S SVERD­ LOVSK HALL, WITH (from left to right) FROL KOSLOV, KHRUSHCHEV, S. MIK- HALKOV, GEORGI CHUKHRAY AND PYRIEV. 52. WOODCUT OF VLADIMIR MAIAKOVSKI BY YURI MOGILEVSKY. INTRODUCTION ITHERTO Bolshevism has almost always been regarded purely as a political problem; to wrest it from this mislead­ H ing and superficial judgment is the aim of this book. For what is happening in Russia to-day is far too significant and fateful for our age to be handed over for acceptance or rejection to a caste of politicians whose attitude and verdict depend entirely on tactical considerations, and who will emphasize or ignore both its defects and its merits as it suits their interest at the moment. The problem of Bolshevism extends far beyond the narrow horizon of political sympathies or antipathies. Its acceptance or rejection is the rej'ection or acceptance of the whole of European culture. The claim made for Bolshevism is that it can immediately and without delay realize all the immemorial aims of human en­ deavour, all those things for which the thinkers of all times have striven, to which martyrs have testified by their example in life and in death—I mean, the redemption and happiness of mankind. Its doctrines offer not the vague hope of consolation in another and better world of the future, but precepts for the immediate and concrete realization of this better world. Such a colossal claim demands more earnest consideration than is generally accorded to political and social reforms; but it also calls for more serious and conscientious criticism. No body of men has ever before had the audacity to try to " give a practical demonstra­ tion " of redemption, that never yet attained vision of the future; and no one who enters upon so bold an undertaking can expect to escape rigorous criticism. The ordinary methods of objective criticism break down before the vastness of the subject, and it cannot be exhausted by political and economic abstractions. Bolshevism stands for a radical change of the whole of human life in all its fundamental aims and interests, in every one of its manifestations. But you cannot get to the heart of reality by impersonal theories, a dry array of facts, and an uncritical reproduction of expressions of opinion, pro and con. Only by experience can you obtain a truthful picture of men and their actions, x The Mind and Face of Bolshevism words and ideas, and only a concrete representation of what has been experienced can communicate to others a true picture of living reality. By objectivity, I mean a sincere way of looking at things, a lack of bias in personal impressions, an impartial attitude to what is seen and heard, so that what is really great will be recognized as great even when it alienates and wounds, and what is mere sham and pretentiousness is ridiculed, however emotional its appeal. To be objective is not to abstain from any critical estimate, but rather to approach life without prejudice and to form a just judgment on it. In any attempt to give a vivid and faithful picture of present-day Russia, it is necessary to invoke the aid of photography, an important ally. Its unerring reliability serves as documentary support to the text; it preserves for all time the whole world of Bolshevism: the daily life of the period, its great festivals, its works of art, and its men and women. Much of what is fixed on the plates is unique and can never happen again; in all its extraordinanness it is already a part of history. In this sense, many of the illustrations in this book can be regarded as priceless historical documents. Where necessary to illustrate personal experience, I have quoted from the speeches, writings, and other utterances of the friends and foes of Bolshevism; but only persons have been unreservedly allowed to speak whose statements had been verified by ocular evidence.
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