Docket 119 Synthesis Iof Comments on the Review.Pdf

Home , Charles Caccia, Duncan Jones, Eddie Francis, Elizabeth Dowdeswell, Herb Gray, Huron Centre

i ii Synthesis

of Public Comment on the Forthcoming Review by the Federal Governments of Canada and the United States of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement

A Report to the Governments of the United States and Canada January 2006

The views expressed in this synthesis are those of the individuals and organizations who participated in the public comment process. They are not the views of the International Joint Commission.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION JOINT MIXTE COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE Canada and United States Canada et États-Unis

Herb Gray Dennis Schornack Chair, Canadian Section Chair, United States Section Robert Gourd Irene Brooks Commissioner Commissioner Jack Blaney Allen Olson Commissioner Commissioner

International Joint Commission Ofﬁces

Canadian Section United States Section 234 Laurier Ave. West, 22nd Floor 1250 23rd Street, NW, Suite 100 Ottawa, ON K1P 6K6 Washington, D.C. 20440 Phone: (613) 995-2984 Phone: (202) 736-9000 Fax: (613) 993-5583 Fax: (202) 467-0746 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Great Lakes Regional Ofﬁce 100 Ouellette Avenue, 8th Floor Windsor, ON N9A 6T3 or P.O. Box 32869, Detroit, MI 48232 Phone: (519) 257-6700 or (313) 226-2170 Fax: (519) 257-6740 Email: [email protected]

Acknowledgements

The International Joint Commission thanks the people from the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence River and beyond who took part in the public comment process and whose voices are echoed in this report.

ISBN 1-894280-60-1

This report is available online at www.ijc.org. The full, unedited record of public comment is available on CD-ROM on request.

Ce rapport est également disponible en français. iv Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...... vii Other issues proposed for inclusion

Introduction • Emerging chemicals ...... 26 • Precautionary principle ...... 26 Request from governments ...... 1 • Consistency with other agreements . 27 Outreach efforts ...... 2 • Road salts ...... 27 About the participants ...... 2 • Land use ...... 27 Main themes that emerged during • Mercury emissions ...... 28 the consultations ...... 4 • Groundwater ...... 28 • Monitoring ...... 28 • Sewage ...... 28 Expectations • Lake Simcoe ...... 29 Water quality ...... 7 • Watershed approach ...... 29 Sewage and land use ...... 8 • Natural hydrologic regimes ...... 29 Aquatic Invasive Species ...... 9 • Wetlands ...... 29 Aquaculture ...... 10 • Interbasin transfers of water ...... 30 Protection of wetlands ...... 10 • Cargo sweeping ...... 30 Contaminated sediments ...... 11 • Aboriginal representation ...... 30 Economic issues ...... 11 • Role of local governments ...... 30 Monitoring ...... 12 • Agreement institutions ...... 31 Water quantity ...... 13 • Radionuclides ...... 31 Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Seaway . . . . . 13 Accountability ...... 14 Public Engagement Engagement during the review Eﬀectiveness of the Agreement ...... 33 Perceived successes and failures ...... 15 Barriers to public engagement ...... 33 Lack of progress in restoring Education, accountability and funding . . 34 Areas of Concern ...... 16 Using the review process ...... 34 Effectiveness of the International Joint Commission . . . . . 17 Failure to act and anticipate ...... 18 Conclusion ...... 37 Other suggestions ...... 19

Appendices Scope A. Letters of reference ...... 39 Framing the issue ...... 21 B. Tables ...... 49 Dealing with aquatic invasive species . . 23 C. List of participants ...... 55 Including the St. Lawrence River ...... 25 v Cover Photo Credits

The International Joint Commission thanks the following photographers and organizations for their permission to use the photographs on the front and back covers of this report.

Left edge of front cover, from top: water fountain, courtesy of the Great Lakes Regional Water Program; Kirtland’s warbler, copyright Larry Master; tribal fishermen, courtesy Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission; endangered cucumber tree flower, copyright Hugh Wilson; endangered Karner blue butterfly, photo by Ann B. Swengal, USFWS; wild rice wetlands, courtesy Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission; John G. Shedd Aquarium with Chi- cago skyline and Lake Michigan, copyright Shedd Aquarium; endangered Fassett’s locoweed, courtesy USFWS.

Right edge of front cover, from top: suburban development replacing farms and natural places, photographed by Lynn Betts, courtesy of NRCS; farm cattle, photo by Don Breneman; Lady Slippers, photographed by K. Rodriguez, courtesy of USEPA; looking at ﬁsh eggs, copyright 2000 David Lorne Photographic; endangered piping plover, courtesy of NPS.

Middle of front cover, from top left: zebra mussels en- crusting a native Great Lakes bivalve, courtesy of USFWS; boys playing on Lake Michigan, photgraphed by Gene Alex- ander, courtesy of NRCS; endangered lake sturgeon, credit Kraft, C. E. D., M. Carlson and S. C. Brown, 2003, Depart- ment of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Back cover background: Lake Michigan, courtesy of Michigan Travel Bureau.

Back cover, clockwise from top right: Toronto skyline, courtesy of Karen Vigmostad; Port Calcite ships loading, Rogers City, Michigan, courtesy Michigan Travel Bureau; oversize trucks sharing highway with bicyclists, courtesy of the Softy Softerson radio program; spotted turtle, courtesy of NPS, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, photograph by J. Paynter; Least terns, copyright Larry Master (with permission). Executive Summary

In June 2005, the Governments of the United States • Many concerns related to releases of municipal sewage and Canada (Governments) asked the International Joint and animal wastes. Participants wanted initiatives to Commission (Commission) to conduct five regional pub- address these issues included in a revised Agreement. lic meetings across the Great Lakes basin beginning with • Many participants were concerned about water the previously-scheduled Biennial Meeting on Great Lakes quantity and climate change and wanted these issues Water Quality. The meetings were intended to educate the to be addressed in the review of the Agreement. public about the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and provide an early opportunity for public input into the • Considerable concern was expressed about aquatic forthcoming review of the Agreement, scheduled to be invasive species and many participants also wanted initiated by the Governments in early 2006. this issue to be included in a revised Agreement. • Participants were concerned about a variety of The Commission established partnerships with mayors land use and watershed management issues. Many across the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River basin, thought that these should be addressed during the who cooperated enthusiastically by making meeting review, especially the protection of wetlands. spaces and equipment available for the regional public • There was a great deal of comment on the lack of meetings. This generous assistance reduced the Com- progress toward delisting and restoring beneficial mission’s operating costs, enabling it to hold 15 public uses in Areas of Concern, as well as the need to meetings and to launch an innovative Web dialogue to reinvigorate Remedial Action Plans. increase opportunities for people across the basin to express their views about the issues that should be consid- • Participants in different parts of the basin said the ered during the review. Agreement should include the St. Lawrence River, downstream of the international boundary at Corn- Altogether, over 4,100 people participated in the process, wall, Ontario, and Massena, New York. including over 1,000 who attended the Biennial Meeting • Many participants thought that more public educa- and regional public meetings. This is an excellent partici- tion efforts were needed to build support for Great pation rate considering the potential for “consultation Lakes restoration. fatigue” from other consultations underway in the basin • Many participants voiced support for a stronger at the same time. Commission role to hold Governments accountable for achieving their Agreement commitments, to edu- Several main themes emerged during the Commission’s cate the public about the Agreement and to facilitate public comment process: public input during the review of the Agreement. • Participants expressed strong support for the Great The Commission systematically reviewed the issues Lakes Water Quality Agreement and wanted all raised in the unedited record of public comment and se- levels of government to reinvigorate their efforts to lected comments for this synthesis report that reflect the implement it. main points made by the participants, as well as minority • Participants demanded good water quality and said views. The views expressed are from the individuals and it is essential to ensure a healthy future for the lakes organizations that participated in the public comment and the socio-economic well being of the basin’s process and are not the views of the Commission. The residents and their communities. high level of participation and depth of commentary demonstrate once more that there is a strong constituency for the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.

vii The Commission wishes to thank the over 4,100 people who took part in the public comment process. In the Commis- sion’s view, the synthesis report is a fair and even-handed reﬂection of the comments received during the public meetings, Web dialogue and other consultation activities. However, since a number of participants prepared detailed, substantive comments on the forthcoming review of the Agreement, the Commission also notes that the full, unedited record of public comment is available on CD-ROM and strongly encourages Governments and the public to examine this record.

viii Introduction

The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between and provide an early opportunity for public input into the Canada and the United States (the Governments) ex- review (see Appendix A for the Letters of Reference). presses the commitment of both countries to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological In order to carry out its responsibilities with efficiency integrity of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem. The and cost-effectiveness, the Commission sought to estab- Agreement was first signed in 1972 and last amended lish partnerships with local governments across the Great in 1987. Lakes and St. Lawrence River basin, including through the auspices of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Cities Article X of the Agreement requires that the Govern- Initiative. ments conduct a comprehensive review of its operation and effectiveness following every third biennial report Mayors in both countries cooperated enthusiastically by of the International Joint Commission (Commission making meeting spaces and equipment available for the or IJC). Under Article VII, the Commission is required Commission’s public meetings and assisting with publi- to produce such reports concerning progress toward city for the events. This generous assistance reduced achieving the Agreement’s general and specific purposes. the Commission’s operating costs, thereby enabling it to triple the number of public meetings and launch an in- The Commission itself was established by the Bound- novative on-line Web dialogue in order to greatly increase ary Waters Treaty of 1909. Article IX of that Treaty the opportunities for people across the basin to express authorizes the two Governments to refer matters to the their views about the issues that should be considered Commission for examination, study or other action, and during the review. The Commission, therefore, wishes to to report findings to the Governments and the public. acknowledge the tremendous contribution of the following mayors and their city staff: Request from Governments • Mayor Herb W. Bergson, Duluth, Minnesota The Commission’s Twelfth Biennial Report on Great Lakes • Mayor Jane Campbell, Cleveland, Ohio Water Quality, issued in September 2004, triggered the • Mayor Richard M. Daley, Chicago, Illinois Article X requirement for Governments to undertake a • Mayor Eddie Francis, Windsor, Ontario mandatory review of the Agreement. In June 2005, the • Mayor William A. Johnson, Jr., Rochester, New York Governments asked the Commission to assist them by • Mayor Robert J. Katt, Bay City, Michigan carrying out a series of public meetings and gathering • Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, Detroit, Michigan public comment before the Governments’ review of the • Mayor Jean-Paul L’Allier, Quebec City, Quebec Agreement, which is scheduled to commence in the early • Mayor George J. MacDonald, Midland, Ontario part of 2006. This request was made by Letter of Refer- • Mayor David Miller, Toronto, Ontario ence under Article IX of the Boundary Waters Treaty. • Mayor Lynn Peterson, Thunder Bay, Ontario It is also consistent with Article VII of the Agreement, • Mayor John Rowswell, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario which gives the Commission responsibilities to assist the • Mayor James Schmitt, Green Bay, Wisconsin Governments in the implementation of the Agreement. • Mayor Gérald Tremblay, Montréal, Quebec

The Governments asked the Commission to conduct five Mayor Harvey Rosen of Kingston, Ontario was also regional meetings across the basin beginning with the instrumental in making the historic city council chamber previously scheduled Biennial Meeting on Great Lakes and other facilities available to the Commission during its Water Quality in Kingston, Ontario. The purpose of the Biennial Meeting in June 2005. meetings was to educate the public about the Agreement 1 To assist in the planning and implementation of its Outreach Efforts consultation process, the Commission established a 22- member Advisory Committee of key U.S. and Canadian In addition to specifying regional meetings, the Govern- leaders and experts from across the Great Lakes–St. ments encouraged the Commission to make use of infor- Lawrence River basin. The Commission wishes to mation technology to expand the opportunity for resi- acknowledge the contribution and dedication of the dents throughout the basin to participate in the process. Advisory Committee members: The Commission was also asked to develop background • John Andersen, Great Lakes Director, materials for use in the consultation, and the Govern- The Nature Conservancy ments undertook to provide basic funding to support the • Andy Buchsbaum, Director, Great Lakes Natural Commission’s efforts in connection with the Reference. Resource Center, National Wildlife Federation • Lynda Corkum, Associate Dean of Science, The Commission utilized information technology by University of Windsor hosting a Web dialogue — an online discussion over • Tom Crane, Interim Executive Director, four days on a variety of topics with a moderator and Great Lakes Commission expert panelists. A toll-free telephone line and a dedi- • Cameron Davis, Executive Director, Alliance for cated email address were also established for submitting the Great Lakes comment, along with the Commission’s own website, fax • Michael Donahue, Vice President, URS Corporation and regular mail services. • Greg Farrant, Manager, Government Relations, Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters The Commission produced a number of publications to • Marc Gaden, Communications and Legislative support these activities, including a brochure to announce Liaison, Great Lakes Fisheries Commission the consultation process, a Guide to the Great Lakes Water • André Harvey, Former Chair, Bureau d’audiences Quality Agreement and a workbook that served as a con- publiques sur l’environnement sultation document. Summaries of all public meetings • Marc Hudon, Director, St. Lawrence and and the Web dialogue were posted on the Commission’s Great Lakes Program, Nature Québec website within days of each event, and full transcripts of • John Jackson, Member, Board of Directors, the sessions were posted as soon as available. All infor- Great Lakes United mational materials and meeting summaries were released • Stuart Johnston, Vice President, Policy and Govern- simultaneously in English and French. For the Web ment Relations, Ontario Chamber of Commerce dialogue, the Commission also developed a fully bilingual • George Kuper, President and CEO, Council of website and employed a team of translators to translate Great Lakes Industries each comment in as near to real-time as possible. • Claude Martin, President, Stratégies Saint-Laurent • Scott Munro, General Manager, Sarnia Lambton Almost 20,000 copies of the brochure and the guide were Environmental Association distributed, many by members of the Advisory Group • Mary Muter, Vice President, Georgian Bay Association and the offices of mayors. Display advertising and news • David Naftzger, Executive Director, Council of coverage were helpful in publicizing the initiative, as were Great Lakes Governors the links on the websites of Advisory Group members’ • Jeffrey Potter, Director of Communications, organizations and the Governments, and announcements Biodiversity Project, and Coordinator, Great Lakes by the Great Lakes Information Network. Forever • Jeff Reutter, Director, Ohio Sea Grant College Program About the Participants • Melissa Trustman, Director of Public Policy, Detroit Regional Chamber of Commerce The Commission collected data on participation by taking • David Ullrich, Executive Director, Great Lakes attendance at meetings and counting the submissions it and St. Lawrence Cities Initiative received. Information about the participants themselves • James Weakley, President, Lake Carriers’ Association was derived from registration forms at the Kingston 2 Biennial Meeting in June, voluntary and anonymous Canadians and Americans was more evenly shared, with a surveys of participants at the meetings and in the Web slightly higher turnout by Canadians than Americans (53 dialogue, as well as from the submissions it received by percent compared with 45 percent). As might be expected, hand, email, fax, mail and telephone. While these surveys the bulk of the participants (93 percent) came from the and other data-gathering methods are not scientific, they Great Lakes states and provinces, with Ontario in front do provide a general picture of who participated and how. with nearly 49 percent, followed at a distance by Michigan (11 percent). Total Participation and Channels of Participation More than half of the participants in the public meet- Altogether, 4,133 people participated in the process. ings and the Web dialogue1 came from lakes Michigan, This is an excellent turnout considering the potential Ontario and Huron, while nearly as many came from the for “consultation fatigue” from other consultations St. Lawrence as from Lake Erie. underway in the basin at the same time (Annex 2001, the Great Lakes Regional Collaboration, the Lake Ontario– Nearly six out of every 10 people who came to a meeting St. Lawrence River Study, and other Great Lakes–related or joined the Web dialogue were from urban and suburban consultations by provincial and state governments). areas.

As the table on the next page shows, nearly three-quar- See also Appendix B, tables 4, 5 and 6. ters of participants used online channels (email, the website or the Web dialogue). It is important to note, Participants’ Education and Age though, that more than eight in 10 online participants — and more than six in 10 of all participants—sent The bulk of those who took part in the meetings and form letters via submit forms on third-parties’ websites. joined the Web dialogue had an undergraduate or post- graduate degree and were aged between 30 and 64. Very For the 1,443 people who participated directly in the few—just over six percent—were under 30. Commission’s process (i.e., those who attended meetings or corresponded directly with the IJC, rather than Of those at the public meetings and in the Web dialogue through third-parties’ websites), the 15 public meetings who identified themselves as Canadians and identified a (including the Kingston Biennial Meeting) were the first official language, just over 6 percent said they were main draw, attracting more than 70 percent. Only seven francophone. percent used email and about 4 percent used the more traditional phone, fax or mail. The Web dialogue, an in- See also Appendix B, table 7. novation and a first for the Commission, attracted nearly 250 people, fully 17 percent of all those who partici- Interest and Involvement in the Great Lakes pated directly in the Commission’s consultation. Ninety people participated in two or more channels. The environment was the meeting and dialogue participants’ primary interest, followed by recreational interests. See also Appendix B, tables 1, 2 and 3. Commercial interests (agriculture, industry, fishing, ship- Location ping) were each cited by about 10 percent of participants. Over 80 percent of participants, including those who Nearly a third of those who attended meetings or joined sent emails through third parties’ websites, came from the Web dialogue said they were members of environ- the United States. The top states of origin were Illinois, mental groups. Individuals representing a total of 98 Pennsylvania, Michigan and Wisconsin, which together organizations made presentations at the meetings or sent accounted for about 75 percent of the total. in submissions.

If we exclude the third-party submits, however, and See Appendix B, table 8, and Appendix C. look at those who participated directly, involvement by 3 Participants, by channel1 Percent excluding third- Channel Number Percent party submits

Kingston Biennial Meeting 434 10.5 30.1 Public meetings2 603 14.6 41.8 Mail or fax 42 1.0 2.9 Telephone 12 0.3 0.8 Web Dialogue3 247 6.0 17.1 Email from IJC website submit form 45 1.1 3.1 Email directly to [email protected] or IJC public affairs 60 1.5 4.2 Email from third-party website submit forms4 2690 65.1 TOTAL 4133 100.0 Total excluding emails from third-party submit forms 1443 34.9 100.0

1. None of these counts includes IJC commissioners and staff, translators or other contractors. Those who participated in a single channel more than once (e.g., they called several times or sent several emails) are counted only once in that channel. On the other hand, those who participated in more than one channel are included in the total for each of them. 2. Informal head count; of these, 453 registered. 3. The number of people who registered for the Dialogue, as opposed to the number who actually joined the online discussion. 4. Emails sent to [email protected] via submit forms on third parties’ websites, including PIRG Illinois, PIRG Wisconsin and PENNEnvironment.

Main Themes that Emerged the Commission included many direct quotes. The views during the Consultations expressed in the synthesis report are from the individuals and organizations that participated in the public com- Participants in the Commission’s consultations were ment process. They are not the views of the Commis- asked to respond to four questions related to expec- sion. No random sampling was performed, so the record tations, effectiveness, scope and public engagement. of public comment represents the opinions of people These four questions are also used as the framework who participated in the public consultations and not for organizing this synthesis report. The Commission necessarily the opinions of the population in the Great systematically reviewed the issues raised in the unedited Lakes basin as a whole. The high level of participation record of public comment, which totals more than 5,000 and depth of commentary, however, demonstrate once pages, and selected comments for the synthesis report more that there is a strong constituency for the Great that reﬂect the main points that were made by the par- Lakes Water Quality Agreement. ticipants, as well as minority views. As the participants’ own words best capture the nuances of the comments, Several main themes emerged during the Commission’s public comment process: 1 Those who participated in the public meetings (excluding the Kingston Biennial) and registered for the Web dialogue • Participants expressed strong support for the Great were asked to complete a voluntary, non-identifying survey; Lakes Water Quality Agreement and wanted all lev- 69 percent of them did so. Since participants in the other els of government to reinvigorate their efforts channels (including the Kingston Biennial Meeting) did not to implement it. have the opportunity to join the survey, certain information (notably nearest waterway, age, education, interest) is not available for them. 4 • Participants demanded good water quality and said • There was a great deal of comment on the lack of it is essential to ensure a healthy future for the lakes progress toward delisting and restoring beneﬁcial and the socio-economic well being of the basin’s uses in Areas of Concern, as well as the need to residents and their communities. reinvigorate Remedial Action Plans.

• Many concerns related to releases of municipal sew- • Participants in different parts of the basin said the age and animal wastes. Participants wanted initiatives Agreement should include the St. Lawrence River, to address these issues included in a revised Agree- downstream of the international boundary at Corn- ment. wall, Ontario, and Massena, New York.

• Many participants were concerned about water • Many participants thought that more public educa- quantity and climate change and wanted these issues tion efforts were needed to build support for Great to be addressed in the review of the Agreement. Lakes restoration.

• Considerable concern was expressed about aquatic • Many participants voiced support for a stronger invasive species and many participants also wanted Commission role to hold Governments accountable this issue to be included in a revised Agreement. for achieving their Agreement commitments, to educate the public about the Agreement and to facilitate • Participants were concerned about a variety of public input during the review of the Agreement. land use and watershed management issues. Many thought that these should be addressed during the review, especially the protection of wetlands.

Expectations

Participants were asked what issues they want to see ad- In fact, good water quality was a universal theme under- dressed during the review of the Agreement and three scoring virtually all of the comments in the public meet- questions were used to probe for responses: ings, Web dialogue and other forums. Clean water was seen as a boon to health and a healthier future for the • Are you concerned about the quality of ground- lakes and their people, as well as to tourism and recre- water and surface water near where you live? If so, ation. In different versions, a remark by one participant what concerns you? was heard across the basin: “The reason why we are concerned about the water quality of the Great Lakes is, • Do you have concerns about other components of of course, because it is a food source and because of the the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River ecosystem? If quality of life in general.” so, what are they? There also was a pervasive feeling that the public’s • Is government action required to address your con- expectations for clean water are not being met: “We cerns? If so, which level of government should that talk about water quality,” said one person in a version be: municipal, state, provincial, federal or interna- of what was heard elsewhere across the basin, “and you tional? don’t see it getting any better.”

Many other participants made similar statements: Water Quality The Michigan fish advisory and its companion Water quality was the primary issue that participants in pamphlets from other Great Lakes states and the public meetings wanted to see addressed. “The first Ontario are like little paper tombstones remind- thing we would all expect would be clean water,” said ing us of what poor stewards we have been of one elected official in a shoreline community along Lake the world’s largest endowment of freshwater Huron: “I don’t think that is asking too much, knowing and its inhabitants. that we are the keepers of the largest natural bodies of fresh water in the world.” I am a parent with four children, and so I am really concerned about water my children and all A retired environmental scientist was just one of the children drink. I am concerned about the water many people who made a similar point, this time during my children and all children swim in. ... I am the Web dialogue: concerned about the fish our family catches and eats and that we can’t [eat] because of the fish Only one ten-thousandth of planet Earth’s water advisories, because of mercury. is fresh and available. Water is part of the ‘Global Commons’ which we share with all the world’s I see things going into the water. I don’t know people and life forms. The Great Lakes represent who tests it, how often it’s tested. 18 to 20 percent of that very scarce resource. We have a huge global responsibility to protect this The people are drinking this water, people are 10,000 year-old, life-sustaining gift from the last fishing down by the river … Health Canada has ice age. Freshwater scarcity is so severe it ranks made statements that people should be very second only to climate change as the most press- careful — pregnant women and children should ing global environmental issue today. be very careful — how much of this fish they

7 eat. And every summer, I walk down by the river States and Canada will work together as stewards to pro- and I see families fishing and I speak to them tect and improve the unique shared Great Lakes and St. and they tell me, ‘We take this fish home and Lawrence resource for use by future generations.” The we eat it.’ Why are there no signs by the river statement articulates specific goals for the environmen- warning pregnant women not to eat this fish, tal, economic and social well-being of the Great Lakes students — who don’t have much money — not and St. Lawrence region. to eat this fish? I mean, it’s very, very sloppy monitoring of people’s safety, here. Sewage and Land Use Beach closings were a frequent indicator used to assess the quality of water. “One of the reasons I am here With respect to sources of pollution, issues related to this evening,” said a local elected official, “is that, in my sewage were universally raised in the public meetings, township, our beaches have been closed for the last five Web dialogue and written comments. A common remark years because of elevated levels of E. coli, and that is of was voiced by one participant about his municipality: great concern to all the residents of our community.” “Every time it rains, any little bit of rain or a little snow Or a mother, worried about the welfare of her family: melts, they just open their tunnels up and dump it in the “Here, on Lake Superior, we have had many beach clos- lake.” Another person complained that, like 14th century ings over the last few years since our beaches have been medieval villagers, contemporary society treats rivers tested, and I am concerned about that.” as sewers: “It is incredibly discouraging,” he said, “to read in local newspapers, after even minor rainfall, that The health and survival of wildlife was another concern hundreds of thousands of gallons of raw or partially of many participants: treated human sewage have been dumped in the Saginaw River and, ultimately, the bay, the source of our drink- We have seen a very tragic loss of about four ing water.” One organization representing millions of species of terns just in the last 10 or 15 years people engaged in outdoor recreation called for stiff pe- that used to nest right in the lower bay — beauti- nalities in cases of municipal sewage overflows: “Severe ful birds that were fish-eaters. And studies had consequences should be levied against municipalities that shown in the 1980s that they were having health continue to discharge sewage and contaminate the water problems due to toxic contamination, primarily with pathogens and bacteria.” what’s left over in the sediments from past pollution. Land uses, especially urban development and agricultural operations, were also cited in most of the sessions as con- Toxic chemicals entering the Great Lakes have tributing significantly to water pollution. One participant, been related to environmental health problems a consultant, captured the point made by many others including poor egg hatching success, reproduc- when she said that, “Many environmentalists and govern- tive abnormalities, birth defects in fish, fish-eating ment officials view out-of-control development as one birds and mammals. Tumours and other defor- of the top threats to a sustainable ecosystem.” Another mities in some fish and wildlife species are also person made a similar point in a written submission: attributed to exposure to toxic contaminants. I am very concerned with the rapid suburban Some participants integrated the various aspects of wa- sprawl taking place with no attention paid to ter quality into a vision for a healthy Great Lakes basin smart growth and its dire consequences to the ecosystem. According to one written submission from health of the Great Lakes ecosystem. … It is an ongoing roundtable discussion of Great Lakes stake- necessary to realign governance institutions to holders, “the current and emerging review of the Great sustain ecosystem services and integrate plan- Lakes Water Quality Agreement provides a particular op- ning and management of these services. This portunity to advance a vision.” The submission provided may require federal legislation and overseeing at a statement envisioning that “the people of the United federal, state and local levels. 8 The practice of using manure as fertilizer was generally landfills routinely discarded by consumers, in- cited as a water contaminant and a risk to health. A pop- cluding flame retardants, PBDEs (polybrominat- ular refrain was expressed this way by one participant: ed diphenyl ethers) that are mixed into plastics, clothing and other products, as well as chemicals I can’t for the life of me think why the United to prevent stains and keep foods from sticking States and Canada, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, to pans. Homeowners routinely discard treated allow people to spread liquid manure. In Ontario clothing, plastics, Teflon cookware, thermome- alone, we have billions of gallons of liquid waste, ters, batteries, cell phones, electronic equipment, hundreds of thousands of tonnes of manure, plus fertilizer and pesticide containers, bike tires, human waste, that we spread on the fields every diapers, pharmaceuticals and toxic household year. And we wonder why E. coli is getting into our products which find their way to the landfill and, beaches, into our water. Are we stupid or what? ultimately, as part of the leachate [which makes its way to tributaries and the Great Lakes]. Another person, a local elected official, said that industrial agriculture has been prevalent in her county for ten For these reasons, many participants urged that the years: “We all feel that the waters are being compromised review look at land use in the broadest sense. In a writ- through this type of land use. We’re seeing nutrient over- ten submission, one participant summarized the issue as loads and high levels of E. coli.” follows:

Some farmers, however, contested this assessment, When I spoke at the Kingston Biennial Meet- saying that agriculture has made many positive contribu- ing, I spoke of the necessity of the Commission tions to water quality: “Best management practices have recommending land use initiatives that would been hammered down to farmers for many, many years leave no piece of land (developed or to be de- already … and many of those practices are routinely veloped) untouched by requirements to protect done all the time.” and to improve water quality and watershed health. I would like to see the Agreement take Agricultural practices also arose during the Web dialogue binational actions to address the impact of land and were blamed for other effects as well: use on water quality and watershed health in all sectors, and I do not believe that it is only urban Large-scale production agriculture, in concert runoff that the Agreement must address. ... The with development, has resulted in the loss of Agreement should also be evaluating the use of many valuable coastal wetlands. ... Furthermore, pesticides as an unacceptable land use. drainage of wetlands, ditching of streams and tile drainage to promote agricultural land use has altered the normal hydrology of tributary rivers, Aquatic Invasive Species denuded riparian habitats, and disconnected large river mainstems from their flood plains. Participants in the public comment process frequently The cumulative results of this are degraded or cited aquatic invasive species as one of the main is- lost spawning habitats for fish, an alteration in sues that should be addressed during the review of the the dynamics of sediment transport, and a dis- Agreement because of the scope of its impact on the ruption in the relative contribution of benthic ecosystem and economy of the basin. Some argued that energy sources to the open waters. this issue fit into the current Agreement’s focus on addressing the impacts of pollution: Another land use issue was garbage disposal sites and their impact on the ecosystem: The exotics are a huge threat to the Great Lakes system, and I would urge you to push the Among the new contaminants of concern that Governments of the United States and Canada are on the rise are those that can be found in to treat exotics as a pollutant, because that’s 9 essentially what they are, and they have tremen- “More than 90 per cent of the water in a recirculating dous effects on the ecosystems of these water system can be treated, pumped back into these tanks, bodies and all of the tributaries and lakes that recycled and the waste products used as fertilizer, for are connected to them. example.”

Comments on the aquatic invasive species issue are described in greater detail in the section below on the Protection of Wetlands Scope of the Agreement. The loss of wetlands was a recurring issue in the public meetings, Web dialogue and written comments. Aquaculture Wetlands, it was noted many times, filter and remove pollutants and absorb nutrient loadings from shoreline Like industrial farming, open-cage aquaculture was cited development, and their degradation was a matter often by many participants as a significant cause of water proposed for inclusion in the review: pollution. The concern is that waste from these operations flows into surrounding water or settles onto the We ask that the significant role that wetlands lake bottom to build up in a thick sludge, consisting of play in protecting and restoring water quality be uneaten feed and fecal matter that depletes oxygen lev- considered during the review of the Great Lakes els, generates methane and causes other environmental Water Quality Agreement. problems. Typical comments include the following: Since 75 percent of Great Lakes fish need wet- Instead of collecting and treating waste as re- lands for spawning and nursery habitat, we need quired in land-based operations, caged facilities to protect what good wetland habitat we have typically rely on the free movement of water left in the Great Lakes. We hope that the Great through the netting to carry away fish manure Lakes Water Quality Agreement review can ad- and uneaten seed, which includes antibiotics and dress protecting wetlands. colorants. The loss of wetlands was attributed to many factors, Without any direction from the public, the prov- including large-scale agriculture, development infilling ince [Ontario] has given this industry free use of and fluctuating water levels. One participant stated that, a Great Lakes water resource for unlimited sup- in some locations, significant declines in water levels ply of fresh water and free disposal of its waste have caused losses of wetlands that “cannot be restored and unrecoverable byproducts. Unlike any other because the adjacent steep granite shorelines do not sup- industry or farming activity, open-net aquacul- port that.” At the same time, however, it was noted that ture is given sole rights of this public resource low water levels have seen the return of some coastal to generate profits. wetlands, and concerns were expressed that this phenomenon is sometimes compromised by property owners: I wish to end this presentation with a request to the IJC to include open-net cage aquaculture as Many beachfront property owners, accustomed to an emerging issue, and emerging problem in the high water levels and sandy beaches, resent the intru- 2006 review of the Great Lakes Water Quality sion of vegetation and accompanying insects, am- Agreement. phibians, reptiles and waterfowl that form a wetland ecosystem. Many have bulldozed, plowed and applied It was stated that, “There are proven, alternative meth- herbicides to the emergent wetlands. Some have even ods for rearing fish for protein consumption, and this planted crops in the exposed bottom land. These clean aquaculture has been undertaken for centuries and actions are in violation of the public good served by centuries.” Land-based aquaculture was generally seen as coastal wetlands and recognized as violations of both a preferred technology because, as one participant said: federal and state wetland protection statutes. 10 Contaminated Sediments dumping, stop the pollution and stop the poi- soning, you’ll never have to do the funding later. There was a widespread sense of frustration and re- sentment that contaminated sites are not being cleaned We have found that protection of Areas of up. An Aboriginal woman spoke about a former glue Concern is much more cost-effective and it’s and animal hide factory that polluted the creek where much easier than restoring. she and her sisters played as youngsters, swimming in the water and eating the berries and rhubarb that grew Good water quality was seen not just as a human health alongside it. “The list of toxins that place still puts into or environmental issue, but also as something that the water is extreme,” she told a public meeting. “This impacts a community’s economic development. “It’s plant has been closed for over 20 years. EPA recently extremely hard to promote our community as a tourist came up with a decision to leave it in there. And it con- destination, for new business growth, when frequently, taminates our creek, it contaminates Lake Erie.” with very little rainfall, we get our news reporting that we have combined sewage overflows,” said one participant. Others, including a Mayor during the Web dialogue, Sewage discharges were also seen as an economic burden made similar comments: on industry, local governments and taxpayers: “It’s costing anybody that has water from the lake an extra fee My concern is related to old deposits of mer- because they have to purify that water,” said one person. cury that continue to sit on the bottom of our lakes and rivers. I readily acknowledge that Economics also figured in another way, when some par- linking specific people or companies to the ticipants advocated putting an economic value on ecosys- deposits will in many cases be difficult and, to tem services (that is, the benefits derived from the envi- that end, I believe that the main agenda should ronment): “When it comes to ecosystem services, most be to remove as many of the known deposits people don’t have a clue — other than they have a passion as possible, irregardless of who was respon- for it. They can understand an inherent value, but when sible. The continued existence of the blobs of it comes to the decision-making process, that’s not at the mercury will continue to have an effect on safe doorstep, it’s left outside the process. And I think that, as food consumption, recreation opportunities and a society, we need to start putting that back in or put it in economic development. the concept.” Such circumstances, it was suggested, would lead to changes in, for example, decisions regarding coal- fired plants, air quality emissions and regulations. Economic Issues A representative from a regional industry organization A widespread notion was that preventive action is far suggested that a revised Agreement could and should be less expensive than remediation. This was often dis- supportive of the sustainable development of the Great cussed in terms of making the Agreement more proac- Lakes region while guiding basin policy in its manage- tive, identifying and eliminating problems before they ment of the waters of the Great Lakes: emerge rather than having to deal with them after they have become apparent. One participant, referring to the The possible revision of the Great Lakes Water estimated restoration price tag proposed by the recent Quality Agreement is an opportunity to shape U.S. Great Lakes Regional Collaboration initiative, said: policy toward regional economic and social vi- “We won’t have to spend $20 billion to restore it [Lake ability along with environmental issues and to Superior] if we do some things now to protect it.” This recognize humans and human needs as a part of refrain was heard many times: the ecosystem. The economic benefit produced by industry is a critical component of a healthy The only requirement for funding is if you didn’t ecosystem and the region must be a viable place do the right thing upfront. If you passed the to do business. Including industry’s perspective laws that are required to stop the spills, stop the will ensure a sustainable development focus. 11 Monitoring The consistency of monitoring activities was also questioned, with several participants noting that the various Water quality monitoring was widely seen to be in need jurisdictions have different requirements in terms of of improvement through further investments in equip- collection procedures and standards: ment, personnel and activity. A member of the Public Advisory Group of a delisted Area of Concern cast the One tangible that I’d like to see in the Great issue this way: Lakes Water Quality Agreement is an actual collection of baseline data throughout the entire Monitoring is integral to maintaining some sort basin, consistent on the U.S. and Canadian side. of baseline, knowing where we sit with water We’ve got the state heritage programs on the quality, but it also allows us to address changes U.S. side that collects data, but on the Canadian that may be taking place. … And what I’ve side they’re collecting it in a different manner. seen in the last five years, based on government funding, is that we are not getting the funding We need to have comprehensive, comparable to actually support monitoring. Monitoring is data standards in terms of data collection always the last thing thought of. We always ad- methodologies. This is one of the key aspects dress symptoms, we always address problems, for setting the baseline to make more recom- and we try to actually band-aid those problems. mendations and improving the water quality for But when it really comes down to it, we need to the basis. be able to support these monitoring initiatives. If we don’t support these monitoring initiatives, In addition to gaps in monitoring and consistency in we won’t be able to see future problems that are data collection, there were concerns about how the coming down the pipe. information is used and about potential overlap and duplication. One expert put it this way: Several participants complained that water testing seems to be limited to E. coli: “How many other organisms are I think all of us who have been involved in the there in beach water that we can’t test for because we Great Lakes are aware of the probably rooms just don’t have the money for, you can only guess,” said and rooms full of data and the hard drives that one person. “But there are many pathogens out there are now loaded to the gills with data, but the that are much worse than old 157H7, the E. coli that management of that and the delivery of that killed people in Walkerton.” information again to the broader public and to the policy makers, I think, needs to be signifi- One scientist suggested that in order to really under- cantly improved. ... At the same time, I think stand or know the concentrations of nutrients in the it’s important to avoid duplicative reporting as water, samples need to be taken in winter when there are much as possible. As the Agreement is reviewed minimal periods of daylight and a reduction in the level and possibly revised, it’s important to look at the of phytoplankton. “Without this, you can’t say clearly reporting systems that are included to make sure what’s going on.” that there’s just enough, but not too much.

In addition to water quality, some participants raised the Another issue that arose in connection with monitoring issue of air quality monitoring. An environmental graduate was the perceived need to make data more accessible to student recalled his experience during a summer research the public. The very first email submission to the Com- job: “We would come up the river from the corner, about mission touched on this point: a kilometer past the bridge, and it was all we could do not to breathe. It was disgusting. We would see, at certain I just want to make a comment about the need times of the day, the smoke coming from the stacks … the for a common repository for water quality data smoke would turn from white to yellow to orange. And I (and other natural resource data) collection to just don’t know if those things are being monitored.” determine large scale trends. The data should 12 undergo quality assurance and then be made to water takings from the St. Lawrence River: “In the area available to the public on a website. Agencies where I live,” he reported, “diverting St. Lawrence water to are using their own data collection methods and the Mississippi is a major issue, a critical point.” Another management, which makes it difficult to analyze Quebecer linked the Chicago diversion and the Annex the data at a regional scale. 2001 negotiations in terms of impact on the province: “All of these factors reduce or intend to reduce the quantity of water in the St. Lawrence River.” And, he went on: Water Quantity When the lower states or the southern states go Although the Agreement deals with water quality, water to Congress and say ‘We want your water,’ that’s quantity was very often raised during the public meet- our water [they’re talking about]. What happens ings, and many people established a link between the two to Montréal? It is the United States Congress themes. Said the program manager of a regional envi- that is going to decide for Quebec and Ontario, ronmental organization: “One issue that the Agreement not the Canadian Government. The U.S. Con- does not take account of is water quantity. … Periods of gress must decide for the eight governors and very low water levels or available water affect the quality two premiers of provinces who will get our wa- of water and the uses of water.” ter. This is a menace that we have never known in Montréal. What we see is Montréal disap- The issue was also raised during the Web dialogue by pearing. What we see is the city of Montréal, its several participants. “If there is a drop in water levels,” pipes to draw water sitting above the water line. one wrote, “an increase of storm runoff or pollutants will become more concentrated and need further and Proposed resolutions to this widespread concern in- more intense purification for drinking water to be safe cluded reviewing the U.S. Supreme Court decision that for the general population.” confirmed the Chicago diversion or establishing an international governing board for the Lake Huron–Michigan This view was shared among many participants. One, basin, similar to the Commission’s boards for the Lake for example, stated that low water levels “will negatively Superior and Lake Ontario–St. Lawrence River basins. affect river flows, increasing pollutants in directly inverse Many people also urged that the matter be addressed by proportions.” the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.2 The Chicago diversion was an issue that attracted much comment: “The water that is there [in the Great Lakes Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Seaway basin] should stay in there. It should not be shipped over to the Mississippi basin, like is being done in that Chica- Some concern for ecosystem impacts was raised in con- go ship canal,” said one U.S. participant. This comment nection with periodic proposals to deepen and widen was echoed in Ontario, where the diversion was seen as canals in the Seaway, and build larger locks to accommo- undermining the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement: date PANAMAX ships (so called because they are of the maximum dimensions that will fit through the Panama Since the city of Chicago, with its massive and Canal). One participant opposed to Seaway expansion increasing withdrawal diversion program, is not expressed the concern as follows: subject to the terms of this Agreement … we hold out little hope for the long-term success of 2 Note from the IJC: The Chicago diversion, which has been this Agreement … the Chicago [diversion] must confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court, became operational in somehow be included in the Agreement. 1900 (predating the Boundary Waters Treaty by nine years). The amount it removes from the Great Lakes is less than the In Quebec, too, the issue was a hot topic. One member of amount diverted into them at Longlac and Ogoki, Ontario. a regional environmental council said that people in that The Longlac and Ogoki diversions began operation in 1939 province think that diversions from Lake Michigan amount and 1943 respectively. 13 Seaway expansion would necessitate blasting the NGOs (non-governmental organizations) and citizens channel of the river to make it wider and deeper to hold the federal governments accountable, in court, if to accommodate ships up to 30 percent larger they fail to implement the Agreement.” Overall, sug- that those currently transiting the River. In some gestions that accountability provisions be added to the places, pieces of shoals and islands would need Agreement attracted considerable support. to be removed. Blasting and dredging would cause harm to fisheries and wetlands, and it Some participants, however, believed that accountability would increase toxic loadings to the food chain rests with state and provincial governments as well. As due to re-suspension of contaminated sediments. another retired environmental official put it, this time in the Canadian context: “It’s very important, that what gets put into this Agreement, if there are revisions made, Accountability that they be very specific and provide little wiggle room for the federal and provincial governments, either one, Accountability for implementing the Agreement and to slide out of commitments.” addressing the public’s concerns was a major theme, with participants complaining that the Agreement does not Finally, others argued that municipal governments should provide adequate mechanisms that ensure accountability. also be accountable. A university professor put it this way: “We would like achievement of its objectives to be made “It is clearly up to local governments to invest in actions the responsibility of institutions or organizations in a that improve the lakes — sewage treatment, land use, etc. very precise way,” said one participant during the Web — yet local, state and provincial governments have abso- dialogue. “It would also be desirable to establish time lutely no accountability or governance mandate under the lines for these objectives to be achieved; the Commis- Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. There is a tremen- sion could subsequently evaluate the progress made.” dous opportunity for change during the review.”

Most people assigned major if not exclusive responsibil- The question of accountability ﬁgured in many comments ity to the two federal Governments. A former senior about effectiveness, and a number of people — including ofﬁcial in an environmental agency put it this way dur- several mayors — made a case for including local governing the Web dialogue: “The Great Lakes Water Quality ments in the Agreement. These issues are addressed in Agreement should include enforcement provisions that the sections below on Effectiveness and Scope. allow the Commission, state and provincial governments,

14 Eﬀectiveness

Participants were asked whether they thought the Agree- to promote health, vitality and democracy to all ment is working, and three questions were used to probe people by protecting a scarce natural resource for responses: on which we rely for so much.

• Is the Agreement helping to restore and maintain What I want to speak about is the success of the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the some of these cleanup efforts because we’ve Great Lakes? If not, why not? noticed a lot of hawks, falcons and eagles back in the area. Fish habitats are quite stable in the • In which situations does the Agreement fall short? area. The fishermen are pulling out their quotas Which parts of the Agreement have worked well and of fish … and they’re relatively clean fish; you’re which have not? not seeing what you would have seen in the past. I’m pretty happy with seeing the re-introduc- • What do you think about how governments have tion of these predatory birds in the region. It’s been implementing the Agreement? Is there anything a good indicator that things are cleaning up, and else they could or should be doing? you guys deserve to know that.

Clearly, the phosphorous cleanup of the Great Perceived Successes and Failures Lakes was the greatest achievement of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Moreover, the There was widespread support for the Agreement, which Agreement effectively focused attention on the was seen as a successful binational vehicle for manage- broad subject of persistent bioaccumulative toxics. ment strategies around focused issues. Said one state environmental official: “The Agreement has had positive The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement has results in such areas as the development of Remedial been an important force in moving both Lake Action Plans and Lakewide Management Plans, which, Ontario and the Great Lakes … toward restora- as directed under Annex 2, provide for a systematic and tion of beneficial uses. comprehensive ecosystem approach to restoring and protecting beneficial uses in Areas of Concern and in open- Based on these successes, many people hold high hopes lake waters.” Other products of the Agreement were said that a revised Agreement will continue to facilitate im- to include identification of the need to control persistent provements in the future: toxic substances and deal with contaminated sediments, and the development of programs to address such issues. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement was born as a reactive document, responding to Many other people agreed with this assessment, as the what was then considered the imminent death following comments illustrate: of Lake Erie. The Agreement and laws in the U.S. and Canada swung into action and helped The Water Quality Agreement should be recog- reverse that process. We still have a lot more nized for what it is and what it has accomplished, work to do to restore damage. As such, the next a fine and eloquent statement of environmental generation of the Agreement should be used to consciousness, a discrete tool and guide for the inspire coordinated restoration campaigns in the Governments to maintain chemical integrity, and U.S. and Canada. a commitment to cooperation across borders that transcends our national interests and seeks 15 Virtual elimination, zero discharge in the exist- There is little evidence that the federal Gov- ing Agreement forced us to really try and figure ernment of the United States is committed to out new solutions to how to deal with toxics. restoring water quality. I confess I know less Now we need to make sure that we continue in about the commitment of the Government of that way. We need to be thinking of the Water Canada. There is little evidence that business Quality Agreement as something that will work and industry are responding to legacy contami- for us for the coming 20 years and, therefore, it nation and that citizens are better educated to must be very forward thinking and very leading- the impact of wetlands on water quality and the edge in terms of what we do with it. government more prepared to protect them.

Most participants, though, shared the view that there Another environmental organization was also concerned: should have been much more success over the life of the Agreement. In a written submission, one Waterkeeper I think the lack of progress on the most key argued that, “the reason the objectives of the Great Lakes principle, which is virtual elimination in the Water Quality Agreement have not yet been met is because Great Lakes, is the major failure of the Agree- the Agreement has been poorly implemented. We do not ment. In fact, we pioneered this principle in the believe there is a fundamental flaw with the document.” Great Lakes, and other regions have taken it and run with it and integrated it into their programs, Many pointed to the fact that only two Areas of Concern like the REACH program in Europe [European have so far been delisted, that some problems persist Union regulatory framework for the Registra- despite the efforts to date, and some problems have hardly tion, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemi- been addressed, if at all. As one expert, a former senior cals] that requires the substitution of safer federal government official, put it during the Web dialogue: chemicals for ones known to be harmful. And we have virtually eliminated virtual elimination. Unfortunately, the concept of virtual elimina- We’ve made very little progress on getting rid of tion of the discharge of [persistent bioaccumu- chemicals that we know are in the Great Lakes, lative] toxics morphed into a virtual elimination but also on the 20,000 chemicals that are added approach to all toxics themselves, as well as a each year to our environment. zero discharge approach, both of which mired the Agreement in controversy and hostile op- Some, however, were more tempered in their remarks position in many quarters. This, in part, con- about the effectiveness of the Agreement. “I can’t think tributed to the gridlock over the AOCs/RAPs of any rivers that have caught fire in my lifetime,” said [Areas of Concern and Remedial Action Plans]. one outdoors enthusiast. “I have actually canoed on the The perfect became the enemy of the possible. upper Cuyahoga, which is the one that caught fire, and it Finally, the Agreement did not take a broad was quite lovely. But tern species going extinct, continu- ecosystem approach which truly addressed the ing problems, unknowns going into the future — I would chemical, physical and biological integrity of the say that the Agreement is succeeding, not succeeded.” Great Lakes. Rather, it was viewed as merely an ecosystem approach in the service of chemical reductions. Thus, issues like aquatic invasive Lack of Progress in Restoring species, flow regime disruption, habitat loss and Areas of Concern (AOCs) land use were largely overlooked. Regarding the topic of effectiveness, Remedial Action The chair of one environmental organization was equally Plans attracted the most attention and were often used forthright: “From our perspective in the past few years, as examples of shortcomings in Agreement implementa- despite very fine words — and I applaud the language in tion: “They were probably the source of greatest hope the document — we believe that it has failed:” for visible, tangible improvement on an AOC-by-AOC level,” said one retired government official who is still 16 active in environmental issues. “Over 15 years later, with the paper work. Public and political awareness no delistings on the U.S. side and only two on the Cana- of priorities for what needs to be done is lost. dian side, there is much disappointment.” While some projects muddle along, they are picked up because they have some interest. Oth- Many questions were raised in connection with Remedial ers, that may benefit the water more, go unad- Action Plans (RAPs). “Is the concept of RAPs funda- dressed — especially in the core urban areas mentally flawed?” asked one participant. “Did we not in- where the political will is tough to come by. vest enough money? Were they not high priority enough? Did they not fit with other programs? Did we not man- Overall, there was widespread frustration that progress age them effectively enough? Were the local government in remediation has been slow, that problems apparent people not involved enough?” Overall, insufficient fund- when the 1987 Protocol was put in place continue to ing, bureaucratization, inadequate or ineffective public persist. “We’ve been to dozens if not hundreds of meet- participation, and a lack of accountability provisions ings on the Fox River cleanup, and yet the process is just were the factors most often cited in the public meetings, dragging along, dragging,” said one participant. Others during the Web dialogue and in written submissions: spoke in a similar vein with respect to Areas of Concern in general: “We need action on this. We need a sense of My view is that the RAPs and AOCs have evolved urgency from the IJC, from the U.S. federal Govern- from being initially effective to now being bogged ment, from the Government in Canada, pushing for down in bureaucracy. There is this plan and that these sites to be cleaned up.” plan, and this evaluation and that evaluation — meanwhile, there are no water, sediment, fish tissue A general view, too, was that a number of important issues and aviary samples for literally the past ten years. have not been addressed. Many of them were proposed for inclusion in a revised Agreement (see section below on Virtually every time a study showed impairment Scope), but they were also cited as evidence that the Agree- due to pollution, habitat loss, beach closings, etc., ment has not been nearly as effective as it could have been. the person responsible for the impairment would ask for another study to delay remediation or try to shift the responsibility onto someone else. Effectiveness of the What do the citizens of both countries have to International Joint Commission show for all of this? Millions of taxpayer dollars wasted, millions of cubic feet of polluted water In similar fashion, some of the criticisms expressed still flowing … and acres of our precious wet- during the public meetings, and in the Web dialogue as lands are still being turned into developments. well, were directed at the Commission. One participant, making a point that was shared by others, noted that the The underlying cause is money. Governments 1987 Protocol gives the Commission responsibilities to cannot allocate the large sums needed for review and evaluate progress under the Agreement: remediation over long enough periods to assign competent people to the task at hand. Many in- The Commission must take seriously this dividuals must participate in too many programs responsibility to review and evaluate. It should to ensure some will be funded. They spend too not be simply viewed as a general responsibility much time seeking partners and funding. Too to review and comment. To be effective, review much worrying, submitting projects, sharing and evaluation must be rigorous, quantitative, resources, report presentations, etc. In our RAP, measurable, accountable, relevant, well-ground- it took forever to decide whether to dredge, then ed in practical experience and value-added … where to dredge to what concentration, and then In essence, the Commission needs to fulfill its how to dredge, only to decide not to dredge. role and responsibility like the U.S. Govern- Citizen input in the process has dwindled and ment Accountability Office fulfills its role and coordinators want volunteers to keep up with responsibility. 17 Comments were also made about the potential for the Many participants proffered government decisions at all Commission to be more active in implementing the levels as examples of what they described as diminishing Agreement. “For example,” one wrote during the Web commitment to the Agreement’s call for zero discharge dialogue, “the Commission could assist the Govern- and virtual elimination of persistent toxic substances3: ments on Remedial Action Plan and Lakewide Mange- ment Plan issues (e.g., delisting targets, best management Just recently, we learned of a permit issued to practices, sediment remediation technologies, habitat one of our local paper mills that allows a 10,000 rehabilitation techniques, benefits assessment, etc.) and pound increase in their discharge of phospho- help measure and celebrate progress.” This individual rous and an increase in their mercury releases. argued that the Agreement makes the Commission a And it is being permitted! This is clear degrada- legitimate leader in the Great Lakes basin ecosystem and tion. We’re moving in the wrong direction with that the Governments welcome its assistance and advice. some of these permits and we need to stop it. “Therefore,” he concluded, “the Commission must clearly assume with more vigor the important role that Zero discharge is not happening. And, with that, they have been given for RAPs and LaMPs.” enforcement is not taking place.

We need to reinforce and reemphasize the Failure to Act and Anticipate Agreement’s call for zero discharge of toxic substances or the virtual elimination of [persis- Many people pointed to those responsible for imple- tent] toxic problems in the Great Lakes. menting the Agreement, not to the Agreement itself, in order to explain failures or shortcomings. “Overall, the At least in the case of the U.S., we’re going present language of the Agreement very clearly tells us backwards. A 2003 report by the Associated what we need to do,” said one participant. “The Agree- Press found that three-quarters of the nation’s ment can be looked at as tools, and the tools will help largest 6,500 industrial and sewer plants violated the artist to excel, but you can’t blame the tools for the their permits with little fear of punishment. The failure of the artist.” result for the Great Lakes, according to state and federal agencies, is a six-year increase in A member of a binational organization that was par- toxic water pollution. ticipating in a study of Remedial Action Plan achieve- ments reported a finding that Governments are generally Despite a Congressional request for a mercury blamed for shortcomings: “A theme that’s really come control strategy in 1990, no strategy is forth- out very quickly already is people saying to us that a ma- coming. Mercury … plagues both the Great jor part of why the implementation of the Agreement Lakes and Michigan’s inland lakes, with fish con- goes up and down is the failure of the Governments to sumption advisories existing in every location. consistently support the process.” I’d like to encourage you and to urge you to The spokesperson for an environmental group agreed push forward to continue in advancing zero dis- with this assessment: “I think the failures of the Gov- charge goals, both by reviewing old strategies to ernments to act on the goals and on the recommenda- see what has worked and will continue to work, tions that the IJC has made are key, and also the dimin- ishment of public involvement over time.” 3 Article II of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement states it is the policy of the Governments that: “The dis- In another part of the basin, a union representative took charge of toxic substances in toxic amounts be prohibited the same position: “For the most part, it’s still a fantastic and the discharge of any or all persistent toxic substances Agreement. What we need, however, is a commitment be virtually eliminated.” Annex 12 states that: “The phi- on behalf of the Canadian and American Governments losophy adopted for control of inputs of persistent toxic to be serious about implementing the Agreement.” substances shall be zero discharge.” 18 and to look and see what hasn’t worked and one participant in the Web dialogue. “But it can only what needs to be reinvigorated or new strategies meet its full potential if it includes stronger mechanisms developed. The calling for zero discharge cannot for accountability and enforcement, which can help keep be weakened in any way. progress moving through changes in political administra- tions and the ebb and flow of public and political will.” Echoing a theme heard from many participants, the ex- Many others agreed with this assessment. “First, it [the ecutive director of a large regional environmental group Agreement] can and should include very specific goals, said that the Agreement needs to be preventative of objectives and timelines, and it should be clear about future problems, not just reactive to existing ones. “For which entity is responsible for implementing the various example, we knew that the zebra mussel was about ready pieces of the Agreement,” wrote another participant in to enter the Great Lakes long before it ever did. There’s the Web dialogue. “That would enable the IJC to be more no reason that we couldn’t have and shouldn’t have specific in measuring the progress of the U.S. and Canada stopped that threat, which we now know is costing prob- in implementing the Agreement and holding them ac- ably hundreds of millions of dollars to us as taxpayers.” countable.” Enforcement rules, mechanisms to sue the federal Governments, and more transparency to and In fact, the presence of invasive species was the most engagement of the public were among the provisions frequent example of the Agreement’s failure to antici- recommended for inclusion in a revised Agreement. So pate and respond to threats: was including deadlines for eliminating municipal and industrial pollution in Articles VI of the Agreement. The biological integrity of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem is under siege of ‘terrorist’ invasive species that the Agreement was supposed to pre- Other Suggestions vent, and all levels of government are responsible. … International ships with invasive species- Other proposals were put forward for increasing the contaminated ballast water should have been effectiveness of the Agreement, often from technical prevented from entering our Great Lakes water experts. For example, the head of a municipal water system by being forced to unload their cargoes division suggested that a modified or revised Agreement at a ‘sea’ port. … The Water Quality Agreement could contain the Hazard Analysis and Critical Con- lacks proactive, enforceable regulations that trol Points (HACCP) approach used in food and drug could be used to prevent future invasions. manufacturing. “HACCP manages biological, physical and chemical risks, and permits defining environmental, Zebra mussels were first documented in the Great health and esthetical impacts,” he noted. Lakes in 1987, and yet we are still haggling over how to comprehensively prevent future invasions. Another suggestion came from someone who recalled the reference to “Compatible Regulations” in Article I(e) For the most part, responsibility for the Agreement’s of the Agreement4 and said this defined a principle that failures was seen to rest with governments, especially the should be applied to other relevant agreements and en- two federal Governments. However, many people also vironmental regulations: “To ensure that compatible and pointed to the other levels of government as well. consistent approaches to environmental effectiveness occur across the basin, GLNPO [U.S. EPA’s Great Lakes A common view was that shortfalls in progress can be National Program Office] should certify all sections of attributed, in part, to a lack of accountability provisions the Water Resources Development Act for the Great Lakes in the Agreement, such as timelines, milestones, deadlines in compliance with Annex 2 of the Great Lakes Water and responsibilities and other ways to measure perfor- mance: “The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement offers tremendous potential in serving as a blue print or a 4 Article I(e) of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement roadmap for the long-term protection and restoration of states: “‘Compatible regulations’ means regulations no less re- this vital, vulnerable and irreplaceable resource,” wrote strictive than the agreed principles set out in this Agreement.” 19 Quality Agreement5 and the principle of ‘Compatible I’d like to see the Great Lakes Water Quality Regulations’ under the Coastal Zone Management Act.” Agreement with at least some flexibility in the future to look not only at issues of concern and Updating the list of Areas of Concern was also pro- objectives, setting objectives, but also Areas of posed by some participants, who felt that the Agreement Concern that may be changing, so that we don’t is too rigid and, hence, does not facilitate funding for have necessarily a situation where there’s fund- other areas that require action. For example: ing being channeled to one Area of Concern and then we somehow remediate that, and then we see, just further up the road, that we’re 5 Annex 2 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement emerging with a new Area of Concern but it defines Remedial Action Plans and Lakewide Management can’t be addressed through the Great Lakes Plans. Water Quality Agreement.

20 Scope

Participants were asked whether they thought that the albeit somewhat hesitantly; and (3) those who are enthu- Agreement deals with everything it should, and three siastic about adding to the Agreement. By and large, the questions were used to probe for responses: second and third categories outweighed the ﬁrst.

• Are the purpose and scope of the Agreement ap- One binational environmental group put it, “The review propriate for 2006 and beyond? If not, how should should not be so broad in its intent as to be looking at they be expanded or limited in a revised Agreement? scrapping the Agreement or doing a wholesale rewrite and renegotiation of it. But it should also be seen as more • Are parts of the Agreement out of date? If so, what than a simple tinkering exercise.” This organization also are they and should they be revised or deleted? urged that the focus of the Agreement not be changed:

• Does the Agreement address all critical issues? If The Agreement should remain as the Great not, what is missing and what are the most impor- Lakes Water Quality Agreement. It should not tant two or three of these? be changed to the “sustainability” agreement or some other intent that strives to solve all the problems in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Framing the Issue River basin. The focus of the Agreement should remain on water quality. With the understanding One expert, a retired senior government official, recalled that we have developed over the past decades, that the general purpose of the Agreement is “to restore we may find that we need to add additional top- and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integ- ics to the Agreement (probably through annexes) rity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem” in order to more adequately address water quality (Article II) and he framed the issue of scope as follows: problems. This includes topics such as climate change impacts, urban development, invasive Although not an official vision for the future of the species, etc. But they should always be looked at resource, it [the purpose] seemed to be something from the perspective of impact on quality. that people could remember and work toward in their day-to-day activities. In hindsight, it is a bit narrow A retired government scientist, with many years of and stovepipe in its approach. … Perhaps now is the experience in the basin, articulated reasons, which were time to articulate a better vision for the future. Do shared by others, for not expanding the current scope of we need to consider such things as the full ecosystem the Agreement: rather than just water quality? Do we need to look at the St. Lawrence River as well? Perhaps we should The Governments have never been able to find consider the economic and social aspects that flow sufficient funding to address Great Lakes water from the resource. The original version served us well quality, let alone the ecosystem or the watershed. for the first 20 years, but it is time to move on. If we are not careful, we will find ourselves with an Agreement whose mandate is so large that it Participants expressed widely divergent views on wheth- will be meaningless, nothing more than ‘mother- er the Agreement should deal with more than it does hood and apple pie.’ We will not have the per- today and three streams of thought emerged: (1) those sonnel, science, knowledge, wisdom or political who want no expansion of the Agreement but, rather, will to do anything but talk. I do not believe that an intensified effort toward implementing the current the citizens of the basin want that. Nor do I one; (2) those who appear to support an expansion, believe it is what responsible stewardship entails. 21 Among other participants, outright opposition to a Many other people — from environmentalists to ordi- broader scope gave way to hesitant support — with the nary citizens — made similar comments: caveat that the Agreement not become too broad. This position was well expressed by a member of a binational The review of the Great Lakes Water Quality environmental group: Agreement affords an excellent opportunity to update the list of problems that must be taken Specifically on whether or not and how the Agree- into account in the management of the Great ment should be reviewed, the NGO community is Lakes basin. in discussions right now to figure out how to advise you in more detail on how that should happen. We Does the Agreement cover everything it should? are in concert, in unity together saying that ‘Yes, the No, we don’t believe it does. Agreement must remain a vital, crucial force in the region, it must be revived and it must be invigorated.’ The Water Quality Agreement should be revital- But there are concerns that if the review is too ized, as it can and should reflect how far we broad, it could weaken the Agreement, or milestones have come in understanding the science of wa- and timelines could be lost, or the rewriting and the ter quality issues and how much our new under- renegotiation could take a very lengthy amount of standing tells us about what we don’t know and, time. But there is also concern that because of so lastly, what this means in the context of our many of the emerging issues, such as invasive spe- Great Lakes experience over the last century. cies, that we shouldn’t just keep it restricted to the scope that it was originally founded on. The list of additional issues proposed for inclusion in the Agreement was fairly extensive, and best summarized by Another group stated its case as follows: a county executive who made the following intervention:

We, as an organization, have opposed changing [We recommend] that any update to the Agree- the Agreement in the past. … We’re not strongly ment recognizes the serious threat from bio- opposed to it today, and I think there are many logical pollution by invasive species and takes a good arguments that can be made. We could use much stronger position on control of existing this opportunity to re-invigorate and re-elevate invasive species and prevention of further intro- the prominence of the IJC and its role in the duction; includes a greater focus on processes region and the Agreement as an important part occurring in the near-to-shore areas of the of the institutional fabric we have to protect and lakes that are causing continued problems with restore the Great Lakes. eutrophication and growth of nuisance algae; develops some method of addressing atmo- In a public meeting, the city’s mayor argued for expan- spheric transport from outside the Great Lakes sion: “The Agreement should take a full ecosystem ap- basin as a serious source of contaminants and proach and not be limited to water quality. Invasive spe- recognizes the difﬁculty presented to localities cies, water levels, water diversions and other issues are of when expectations for remediating these sub- great importance to the future integrity of the resource stances are placed at the local level; continues and should be recognized in the Agreement.” in its strong support for remedial actions both within the Areas of Concern and within the The regional coordinator of a binational environmental Lakes proper; and incorporates greater emphasis group also supported expansion, noting that, in addition on the impact of the contributing watersheds of to some persistent problems, new ones have emerged such the Lakes into the language of the Agreement. as invasive species, climate change and urban development: “We have reached a point where we have to wonder Others, however, worried that, as a result of the review, about the integration of all this into the Agreement.” the Agreement would be revised to encompass too much. “I think we need some criteria for deciding what

22 the scope of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Dealing with Aquatic Invasive Species should be,” said one participant during the Web dialogue. “The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement cannot be The problem of aquatic invasive species was the sub- everything for everyone.” Since the Agreement is based ject of widespread concern and the issue most often on the Boundary Waters Treaty, this person’s criteria for proposed for inclusion in the Agreement by those who inclusion included scale (transboundary aspect, not local supported broadening its scope: nature), injury (potential for injury to health and property) and water quality (water pollutants): One of the main reasons for including the issue of aquatic invasive species in the Great Lakes [The] enabling legislation is water-focused, pollu- Water Quality Agreement is because they are the tion-focused and injury-focused, whether we like most significant threat to biodiversity. it or not. The upshot is that any revisions in the language [of the Agreement] must respect the Non-indigenous species are a severe threat to constitutional powers and abilities of the Gov- biodiversity and ecological integrity and every ernments to implement and deliver the Agree- possible measure should be taken to stop the ment. If you couch the Agreement in vague, introduction of new species or at least reduce ambitious terms that involve needed actions that the introduction rate, which is about one new are not within the powers of the Governments, species every seven to eight months. Nowadays, the federal Governments, then you will, in fact, very little is done to protect our systems from kneecap the Agreement. If you couch the Agree- non-indigenous species. This has to change. ment in terms that the Governments cannot deliver, then the Agreement will fail.” I argue that AIS [aquatic invasive species] cover a broad spectrum of taxonomic groups (mus- This cautionary note was explicitly sounded in connec- sels, Eurasian water milfoil, spiny water flea) and tion with proposals to have the Agreement take more of that prevention and control should be part of an ecosystem approach than it does at present: the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Many utilities spend millions of dollars to combat The ecosystem concept is already in the Agree- zebra and quagga mussel infestations, which clog ment. To call it a Great Lakes Ecosystem water intake valves. Also, beds of Eurasian water Management Agreement is to use language milfoil clog recreational waterways, requiring that has an inherent imprecision of meaning. either mechanical removal or chemical treatment. ... People know clearly what water is, but not many understand with any corresponding clarity However, there were some dissenting voices. One, for what an ecosystem is. The Governments have example, insisted that the Agreement is not the appro- clear jurisdiction over transboundary waters, priate vehicle for addressing the problem. “Most of the but certainly not over the ecosystem, which is damage from the inadvertent introduction of exotic spe- in essence everything. A similar critical view cies seems to be to fisheries resources,” he wrote during can be applied to the ideal of a sustainability the Web dialogue, and continued: agreement. Again, with a lot of discussion and debate, it’s another vague and ambitious concept The Great Lakes Fishery Convention is a well- that’s a buzzword. We don’t have any agreement established existing bilateral instrument that on what sustainability means. The Governments could be used to address these threats to fisher- don’t have jurisdiction over Great Lakes sustain- ies. The Great Lakes Fishery Commission could ability. The jurisdictional issues are Byzantine, take on the full responsibility for protecting as are the policy disconnections, contrary to any the fisheries from exotic species introductions. notion of sustainability. Surely, this is where the biodiversity responsibility lies and not with trying to reframe the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. 23 Another participant, who works in the shipping industry, So market forces might well result in most ocean reported reading that 20,000 new species of animals were shipping into the Lakes ending if the industry was discovered around the world last year alone: “I would liable for any damages resulting from those inva- suggest the researchers are finding one new species every sives. If they were, you know, subject to fines for eight months in the Great Lakes not because new species biological pollutants, there’s a good chance that are continually arriving, but because researchers are look- much of the ocean shipping would end. ing for them more diligently than ever before and finding species that may have been here for a long time,” he said. A marketing and transportation expert advised looking at whether it makes sense to continue to have ocean Overwhelmingly, though, the view was that the issue ships come into the Great Lakes: “Is the benefit of of invasive species should be addressed by a separate ocean shipping in the Lakes worth the cost?” he asked, Annex to the Agreement. There were also many who stating that it accounts for less than seven per cent of argued that the scope of the Agreement should include total tonnage moving on the Great Lakes in a given year terrestrial invasive species as well as aquatics. And one and that annual transportation cost savings to manu- expert in a Coast Guard advised: “If AIS is to be in- facturers, retailers and others on the U.S. and Canadian cluded in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, all sides of the basin amounts to just $55 million. vectors and pathways [not just ballast water] should be discussed (aquaculture, pet industry, etc.) for inclusion.” Some questioned completeness of this economic esti- mate associated with ocean-going shipping in the Great Measures related to ocean-going ships in the Great Lakes. Another transportation expert put it this way dur- Lakes were often suggested as a way to address aquatic ing the Web dialogue: invasive species, given the linkage between their discharge of ballast water and the introduction of exotic I would cautiously suggest an examination of species. The ideas ranged from more regulations and actual feasibility — and examine it in the context control technologies to using market forces to change of other modes. At the present time the railroads shipping practices: (both U.S. and Canadian) are already at capacity in that corridor, and while they would gladly move Invasive species … invasions could be mini- the cargo, they would be looking at governments mized by the exchange of ballast water prior to foot the bill for infrastructure improvements to ships entering the Great Lakes basin. ... The needed — at considerably more than $55 million. Agreement should require that federal Govern- The trucks are at over capacity. The cargo moved ments will put in place laws requiring compli- is predominantly steel, which is going to the steel ance and take steps to monitor same. mills around the Great Lakes, of which only two of 16 are not in some form of financial difficulty. As you consider the Great Lakes Water Quality The outgoing cargo is predominantly grain, which Agreement, I would urge that there be careful is moving at increased levels [on the Great Lakes] consideration to … what can be done to control because of the hurricane-induced problems … . additional introduction of invasive species …We really have to look very carefully at additional Others cautioned against taking action that might have control measures on ocean shipping. Now that unintended trade and economic consequences. It was may involve ballast water treatment. That does noted that the sea lamprey — the first exotic known to not deal, however, with ship … hull fouling that have taken up residence in the Great Lakes — was dis- can result in invasives coming in. There are a covered in Lake Ontario in the 1830s, at about the time number of measures that can be taken [such as the Erie Canal first connected Lake Erie to the Hudson fines for ballast water discharges]. River, and that the Welland Canal and Lake Michigan Diversion at Chicago opened other potential conduits There is just a very, very marginal benefit for most to the Great Lakes for invasive species. All this was long companies using ocean shipping into the Lakes. before the St. Lawrence Seaway opened in 1959:

24 “My point is that the problem we confront To ensure that the ecosystem approach is taken, started a long time ago. … Closing the Welland we do need to look not just in the Great Lakes Canal [now] would not eradicate the zebra mus- basin but also into the St. Lawrence River ecosys- sel or the spiny water flea or the round goby, tem as well, and whether or not the Agreement nor would it serve any other useful purpose. I needs to have a greater impact downstream, as suspect that whatever environmental peril was well as assessing threats that are coming into the invited by the opening of the Great Lakes to the basin, such as air pollution and global warming. rest of the world’s commercial waterways, the peril is already an irrevocable fait accompli. In In addition to the ecosystem perspective, pragmatic argu- retrospect, the decision to build the St. Law- ments were made based exclusively on water quality is- rence Seaway and its predecessors may well have sues: “Some studies indicate that the Great Lakes account been environmentally unsound, but to close it for between 33 and 40 per cent of the pollutants in the now would be economically unsound and quite Saint Lawrence,” said one participant who called the river probably environmentally irrelevant. … One can the spillway of the Great Lakes. “As a result, everything hardly evaluate the costs and benefits of closing that is done there or that isn’t done there has an impact the Great Lakes to foreign shipping without ad- on the river.” Many people echoed these comments: dressing the larger question of whether foreign trade per se is beneficial or harmful. The Agreement needs to go beyond old borders. As an example, persistent contaminants introduced in the Lake Superior watershed near Including the St. Lawrence River Duluth or Thunder Bay will pass through the different lakes, come in the St. Lawrence River, In Quebec, not surprisingly, there were calls for the pass the old border of the Agreement near St. Lawrence River, downstream of the international Massena and Cornwall, and end up in the St. boundary at Cornwall, Ontario and Massena, New York, Lawrence Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence. to be included in the Agreement. Even in Quebec City, The same holds true for nutrients causing eu- 500 kilometres from the Great Lakes, the view was trophication in the St. Lawrence. … Everything that the region was an integral part of the larger Great done in the Great Lakes has an effect on the Lakes–St. Lawrence River system. As one elected official functioning of the downstream waters. There- put it: “These two entities [the Great Lakes and the St. fore, these downstream waters should be (in one Lawrence River] constitute one and the same ecosystem, way or another) included in the Agreement. one and the same ecological unit, completely indivisible. We think that they must be dealt with together.” Every day, thousands of residents [of our area] drink water that comes from the St. Lawrence. The ecosystem perspective was the general rationale for Similarly, many demand access to beaches that are including the St. Lawrence River, and calls to do this safe for swimming. All this underscores the need came from outside Quebec as well, including from vari- for an improvement in the quality of the water of ous locations in the United States: the Great Lakes, especially through a revision in the Canada-U.S. accord [Great Lakes Water Quality The Agreement should be revised to include Agreement]. the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River to ensure a full ecosystem approach. There is no Invasive species were cited as an example of why manage- way to separate these two connected waterways. ment of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River basins The water quality and quantity of the Great needs to be better integrated: “Invasive species, introduced Lakes is the water quality and quantity of the St. by accident or deliberately, impact equally on aquatic life Lawrence. The problems and solutions must be in the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes.…Many of these considered for the entire system. species migrate toward Quebec; other species, introduced into the St. Lawrence, make their way to the Great Lakes.” 25 A program manager for a regional environmental group There are many, many new chemicals of concern in Quebec looked to the IJC to help bring groups that regular, routine environmental tests aren’t together in the two areas: “We would very much like even available for. These chemicals need to be that you had a capacity to establish a network of AOCs, addressed in a process. Because there are so many LaMPs, RAPs, the ZIP (zone d’intervention prioritaire) com- chemicals coming out and so many new substanc- mittees in Quebec and the conservation authorities; this es being created, it is requested that, over the long would give us the ability to exchange [information] and term, there be a process to deal with emerging provide a better integration of upstream and down- synthetic chemicals of concern and that this be stream environmental forces.” represented in the revised Agreement.

Proposed strategies for addressing issues related to Other Issues Proposed for Inclusion emerging chemicals included updating the beneficial use impairments section in Annex 2 of the Agreement One environmental organization prepared a detailed by replacing what are perceived as less important issues review of issues and identified their top three priorities: [such as taste and odor problems in drinking water] with an annex to deal with pharmaceuticals and endocrine “more significant issues, such as endocrine-disrupting disrupters (see discussion of emerging chemicals below); chemicals and other contaminants of emerging con- a specific annex to address the threat posed by road cern.” Others proposed a variety of initiatives, including salts (see below); and the addition of a public petition take back and disposal programs for pharmaceuticals, mechanism on the effectiveness and implementation of improved treatment of domestic sewage and manage- the Agreement. ment of biosolids, better treatment and management of livestock waste and regulation of select contaminants. Emerging Chemicals Precautionary Principle Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors attracted a lot of attention, especially on the Web dialogue, and The precautionary principle6 was widely endorsed as an gave rise to suggestions that a new Annex be devoted to operating principle of the Agreement: “If there is one el- these. “But,” asked one participant, “why limit it to just ement that could stand to be improved,” one participant pharmaceuticals? There is a whole host of chemicals advised, “I would think it would be the incorporation of that enter the Great Lakes through our municipal sewage this [the precautionary principle] into the Agreement, this systems.” Provisions to deal with new chemicals were whole concept and not just as it relates to toxic pollut- also proposed for inclusion: ants, but as it relates to the protection of streams and watersheds.” Or another: “The specific thing that I would The Agreement must address emerging chemical like to encourage the IJC to do is to consider incorporat- threats to the Great Lakes in a preventative way. ing the precautionary principle into the ecosystem ap- This need is urgent, as certain emerging chemical proach if you do open up the Agreement for revision.” threats have already been shown to adversely affect wildlife, and we still know little about syner- gistic, additive or interactive effects of legacy and emerging contaminants. High production volume 6 flame retardants such as decabrominated diphe- A popular definition of the precautionary principle was articulated in a consensus statement from a January 1998 conference nyl ethers and halogenated flame retardants, per- organized by the Science and Environmental Health Network fluorinated compounds, certain pharmaceuticals and others in Racine, Wisconsin: “When an activity raises and personal care products are some examples threats of harm to human health or the environment, precau- of relatively newer and known contaminants and tionary measures should be taken even if some cause-and- chemical threats to Great Lakes water quality. effect relationships are not fully established scientifically. In this context the proponent of an activity, rather than the public, should bear the burden of proof.”

26 An attorney and scientist from an environmental orga- Incorporating a reference to the Climate Change Con- nization suggested that greater international collabora- vention into the Agreement, for example, was seen as fa- tion might be one approach to implementing a precau- cilitating basinwide action to address climate change. As tionary approach in the management of persistent toxic another participant put it, “In our view, changes in water substances: levels and water quality that climate change will eventu- ally entail need to be part of the analysis undertaken by “It is neither efficient nor effective to have two the International Joint Commission.” similar countries conducting separate assessments if the same scientific principles are being Another proposal for making the Agreement consistent used. Greater collaboration and cooperation is with other agreements was to incorporate into it such needed to quickly assess the ever-growing list of principles as the precautionary principle, the polluter potential chemical risks to ecosystems like the pays principle and the principle of public participa- Great Lakes. With respect to the Great Lakes tion in decision-making. Specific instruments have been Water Quality Agreement, it is recommended designed to give effect to these principles. All this, it was that the Governments collaborate on research suggested, would make the Agreement “more effective into chemical risks and take a precautionary and consistent with global developments.” approach to management of substances in the absence of complete assessments. … Until the In addition to international agreements, it was proposed time when an assessment of a substance is com- that the Agreement make reference to and be made plete, the Governments should adapt the assess- consistent with other developments in the Great Lakes ment of another comparable jurisdiction, such basin and other organizations such as the Commission as another OECD [Organization for Economic on Environmental Cooperation, the Great Lakes Fishery Coopertion and Development] country.” Commission, the Great Lakes Commission and the Council of Great Lakes Governors. Others talked about the idea behind the precautionary principle, even if they did not cite it specifically: “We Road Salts should be assuming that chemicals are guilty and pre- venting their release until we fully understand their ef- Two organizations recommended that a specific annex fect,” said one person. “We should be testing for the full be added to the Agreement to address the threat from range of possible effects — immune system, reproduc- the application of road salts. Findings from a five-year tion, cancer, all of the possible health effects — before study by Environment Canada and Health Canada were they are allowed in any discharges to the system.” cited that road salts are harming the environment and biological diversity, and that they should be considered Consistency with Other Agreements toxic under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. It was noted that once chloride is in our water, it can A number of participants pointed to the number of only be diluted and not removed. Therefore, the use of important developments in international and other road salts should be minimized and alternative practices environmental agreements since the Great Lakes Water and substances used to maintain road safety. It was Quality Agreement was last reviewed. “At the least,” one proposed that the annex include strategies to review best wrote during the Web dialogue, “it ought to be revised management practices, the regulatory context, thresholds to make explicit reference to and to be made consistent for loadings of chlorides and sodium, and to establish with leading ones such as the Rio declaration, the Biodi- monitoring and reporting that will ensure a consistent versity and Climate Change Conventions, the Stockholm basinwide approach over time. Convention on POPs [persistent organic pollutants], UNECE [United Nations Economic Commission for Land Use Europe] Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution Agreement, the Aarhus Convention on Public Participa- Specific standards to encourage better land-use plan- tion, as well as others.” ning practices were suggested for inclusion in a revised 27 Agreement. One expert put it this way: from coal-fired power plants.” Several people recommended that a specific annex to the Agreement deal with It might be possible to incorporate into the mercury pollution from coal-fired power plants. Agreement some specific objectives for land use best practices. For example, the Center for Wa- Groundwater tershed Protection has demonstrated unequivo- cally that irreversible ecosystem damage occurs Meeting participants noted that, since the Agreement within urban river systems when land cover deals primarily with the surface waters of the Great Lakes is more than 20 percent impervious surfaces. and the tributaries to them, groundwater, which is addressed There appears to be a very solid scientific basis in Annex 16 of the Agreement, has generally been ignored. for this, so I wonder whether we might incor- They suggested that both groundwater quality and quantity porate something into the Agreement that says, need to be included in a revised agreement. “Aquifers are for example, that “impervious surfaces should being pumped dry and ponds have dried up,” “groundwater not exceed 20 percent of the land surface in flows are a concern in the Lake Simcoe region because of any watershed within the Great Lakes basin. … their direct connection to the lake,” “many of these aquifers Recent work by the Great Lakes Science Advi- discharge directly into streams, lakes and other such areas, sory Board suggests that we can also be explicit so if they were contaminated it would get into the water about the kinds of activities allowed in head- sources,” “aquifers are being depleted and mined so Lake water reaches and groundwater recharge zones Michigan is under threat of reduced water quantity and Cli- versus other parts of a watershed. mate change will just make it worse,” and, “any Annex 2001 diversions to replace groundwater with Lake Michigan water One watershed council said that an improved understand- should be under the control of the Commission” were typi- ing of the relationship between urbanization, water and cal of the comments heard during the Great Lakes Water environmental quality is critical: Quality Agreement Review meetings.

It is important to do this because urbanization as Monitoring a multi-faceted phenomenon appears to be rap- idly outstripping the capacity of our institutional Many participants spoke about the need to improve moni- forms of governance to manage it in a sustain- toring (see section on Expectations above). It was noted able manner to protect vital ecological values. that the Agreement creates an important surveillance and Much of our ecological and socio-economic monitoring program, but that this relies heavily on infor- future in the Great Lakes basin is tied to how mation provided by the Governments. It was recommend- well public and private institutions can manage ed that the Annex 11 be updated to explicitly empower the the urbanization process. Commission to collect independent data and encourage the public to participate in a surveillance, monitoring and The council urged implementation of the Commission’s reporting program. recommendations for urban growth management as outlined in the Commission’s Twelfth Biennial Report. Sewage

Mercury Emissions In a similar vein, many participants identiﬁed issues or products that should be taken into account by the Agreement: “It Numerous participants in the public meetings, Web dia- absolutely surprises me that in the Water Quality Agreement, logue and written comment process expressed concern there’s a list of a couple of hundred chemicals that are dan- about the human health effects from the consumption of gerous, but sewage and manure are not in there — nowhere.” mercury-contaminated ﬁsh. As one environmental group noted: “Overall, mercury emissions to the environment The head of a watershed organization suggested that the have dropped in recent years. While this is good news, Governments commit to making needed investments in one important source continues to increase: emissions wastewater treatment as they review the Agreement:

28 Accordingly, we urge the Governments to Other participants made similar points: refocus their efforts on the control of pollution from municipal sources to the Great Lakes I’d like to see more explicit requirements incorpo- with particular emphasis on addressing com- rated into the updated Agreement for the develop- bined and storm sewer overflow problems in ment and implementation of watershed manage- a renewed Agreement. It is clear that a major ment plans. And these plans must require clear funding effort is required to bridge the growing identification of major ecological issues to be ad- gap in wastewater infrastructure investment and dressed in the watershed, the measures to be taken to accelerate the clean-up of long-standing pol- to alleviate the issues, and a proposed schedule of lution problems in urban areas throughout the any implementation actions. basin and especially in Areas of Concern. Local processes haven’t got the scientific resource Further reductions in phosphorus loadings and mea- base to discover the appropriate things to do. Nor sures to reduce the influx of nitrates, including from can they afford to go out and hire the talent. They atmospheric deposition and subsequent runoff caused need manageable reference points and technical by emissions of nitrous oxides from fossil-fuel burning support that they can draw on to support their sources were also recommended by an environmental processes. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agree- organization. ment should support the provision of that technical support to local processes. Lake Simcoe Natural hydrologic regimes A Canadian Member of Parliament asked that the Com- mission recommend that Lake Simcoe be designated The natural range of variation in lake levels and tributary as an Area of Concern: “My request to you today is to flows was an issue with some participants, who raised exercise that jurisdiction and recognize the critical envi- questions about the Agreement’s protection of them: ronmental needs of one of the largest bodies of water “There is growing recognition of the importance of these within the Great Lakes basin, a body of water that’s natural flow patterns and their influence on the chemical fully connected with the boundary waters that the Great and biological integrity of freshwater aquatic systems,” Lakes represent, and that’s Lake Simcoe….[T]he health said one expert during the Web dialogue. of Lake Simcoe is both affected by impacts from other parts of the Great Lakes basin and also has downstream Another participant made a similar point: “Despite their impact on the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence waterway.” importance to the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River basin ecosystem, Watershed Approach hydrology and watershed hydraulics are absent from the current Water Quality Agreement.” Citing a 1984 article in The need to link local watershed plans to the Agreement a scientific journal, this individual proposed a new purpose was an issue that often arose. On the Web dialogue, a statement: “To restore and maintain the conditions of air, county official reported that there are 11 sub-watershed water, land and metabolic activities, consistent with the in- management plans in his county: “Although they are all tegrity of chemical, physical, biological, human and aesthet- within the Great Lakes Basin, they have been developed ic elements comprising the hydrological cycle of the Great independently and devoid of any input from Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem, so to achieve their highest use.” Lakes issues and initiatives. The Water Quality Agree- ment and Great Lakes programs and regional initiatives Wetlands have not made it down to a local planning level where these watershed plans are being written .… It seems to As the earlier section on expectations indicated, the pres- me that the Agreement needs to recognize these water- ervation of wetlands was a widespread issue of concern shed management plans and planning process.” among participants. Some translated this concern into proposals for specific language in a revised Agreement. 29 For example: Cargo Sweeping

I would very much like to see … wetland protec- The practice of “cargo sweeping” from ships7 was said tion be explicitly incorporated into the Agree- to violate the provisions of Annex 4 of the Agreement, ment in stronger language than currently exists which prohibits the discharge of oil and hazardous pol- in Annex 12, which does not mention recre- luting substances from vessels. It was proposed that the ational impacts (marinas, boating activities, etc.) Commission study the practice on the Great Lakes and or cottage development. I would also like to see issue a report clarifying how common cargo sweeping is Annex 17 strengthened to include research that and the ways that Canada and United States can halt it. deals with predicting impacts of climate change (warmer water, lower water levels, higher runoff) Aboriginal Representation on wetland ecology. These Great Lakes coastal wetlands are critical habitat to ﬁsh, mammals and Although the Governments indicated that they would waterfowl, and once they’re gone, they’re gone. undertake direct consultations with Tribes and First Nations, a number of participants in the Commission’s The Agreement has to leap a hurdle in rehabili- public meetings represented aboriginal communities. tating the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence ecosys- Several proposed that the Agreement contain provisions tem in a way that protects [in advance] against for interfacing with Tribes and First Nations, such as the effects of problems that endanger water including Aboriginal people in planning processes, repre- quality. Clearly, the lakes have to be cleaned up, sentation and public appointments. but we must go farther than that. This means, for example, considering the establishment of Role of Local Governments riparian zones as a means of reducing pollution brought on by runoff. Not surprisingly, a number of mayors argued that cities and towns play an important role in the protection and Interbasin Transfers of Water rehabilitation of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River and, consequently, should be formally recognized by Some concern was expressed about importations of the Agreement. “The ﬁrst recommendation I’d like to water into the Great Lakes: “The absence of the term make here this evening is that the Agreement should be ‘interbasin transfer’ from the Agreement strongly implies revised to recognize and include local governments as that this form of replenishing the Great Lakes water is full partners with other governments,” said one mayor, considered to be a viable option,” said one participant, who went on to state: who felt that the only practical source would be Canada’s Arctic watershed and that any such activity would be Local governments must be at the same table catastrophic to the region’s ecosystem. “Can anyone state as the federal governments of the U.S. and categorically in writing that no such diversions are or will Canada, the province of Quebec and Ontario, be considered now or in the future?” A scientist was one and the American Great Lakes states to identify of many people who agreed with this position: the problems and determine solutions. This is

One area that still appears to need some reﬁne- 7 ment is interbasin transfers, taking water from Cargo sweeping is described in the U.S. Coast Guard’s 2002 one Great Lake and dumping it into another Enforcement Policy for Cargo Residues on the Great Lakes Great Lake. In my mind, as a biologist, good as “the incidental discharge of cargo residues, what are commonly called ‘cargo sweepings,’ from commercial dry ecosystem management would suggest that cargo carriers.” The Enforcement Policy “does not alter the water should be returned to the point of taking, strict prohibition of any discharge of oily waste, untreated and that’s something that needs to be incorpo- sewage, plastics, dunnage, or other things commonly under- rated a little further into the Agreement. stood to be “garbage,” from vessels on the Great Lakes.”

30 critical because local governments are respon- This participant also pointed out that the charge to the sible for implementing many, if not most, of the Commission under Article VII to “assist in the imple- solutions through everything from stormwater mentation of the Agreement” is an important role, but runoff to wastewater treatment to land use and its definition is vague. “The Governments must make to dealing with initiatives … that threaten water clear the meaning and expectations embodied in Articles quality in our area. Local governments also VII and VIII so that the Commission’s actions regarding effectively and directly communicate with and the bilateral institutions and the [Great Lakes] Regional engage communities about issues like water con- Office satisfy the expressed requirements of the Gov- servation and invasive species. It is only through ernments through these articles.” full partnership with local governments that Great Lakes policies and programs can attain the Radionuclides desired results on the ground and in the water. Several participants commented on the need for stronger This recommendation was also made in a written provisions in the Agreement to address the release of submission by the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Cities radionuclides, such as updating the limits on radioactivity Initiative, representing mayors and other local officials in drinking water in Annex 1, reassessing environmental across the basin in both countries. monitoring at nuclear facilities as recommended by the Commission’s 1997 Nuclear Task Force Report, and the Agreement Institutions management of nuclear wastes. One written submission stated that, due to the porous nature of the limestone Others commented on the need to review the structure formations in southern Ontario, the potential under- and functions of the Commission’s Agreement boards. ground disposal of high-level waste in the Lake Huron As one former government official suggested: coastal zone could be one of the most critical issues for the long-term quality of Lake Huron and the lower The chairs of the Water Quality Board are from Great Lakes. Another pointed out that little has been Environment Canada and the U.S. Environmen- done to establish the programs called for in Article VI tal Protection Agency and the remainder of the regarding the discharge of radioactive materials into the board is populated with government officials. Great Lakes system. Hence, the Water Quality Board members are charged with reviewing the programs and policies of themselves. It is an objectionable para- dox that must be addressed during the review of Article VIII.

Public Engagement

Participants were asked whether people are aware of or review. Precedents for this were established in involved in the Agreement, and three questions were the 1980s and led to the 1987 Protocol. used to probe for responses: At the same time, there was a widespread sense that • Is the public sufficiently informed about programs more people should have taken part in the Commission’s and progress to achieve the goals of the Agreement? process. One expert in Great Lakes public participation What approaches worked well and what other tech- wrote during the Web dialogue: niques could be used? As the IJC solicited comments via email, tele- • Has the public been involved in developing the phone, postal mail and in-person meetings, did Agreement’s goals and actions? Are there ways to we participate (or rally others to participate) in improve the situation? a meaningful and passionate manner? Spotty participation in generally well advertised meet- • Are there examples of how the public has been ings, limited participation in these very Web dia- involved that could serve as a model in the Great logues, and other evidence from this fall’s public Lakes–St. Lawrence River basin? hearing process suggests that we the ‘public’ have not demonstrated the level of engagement that it would take to move our governments Engagement during the Agreement Review toward greater accountability on binational environmental protection. A large number of participants expressed the hope that the public’s engagement carried out by the Commission in the Spring and Fall of 2005 would continue after the Governments’ review of the Agreement commences in Barriers to Public Engagement the Spring of 2006. “The review process should ensure Several barriers to public engagement were said to exist that there are ample opportunities for full and meaning- in the Agreement review process, and more generally in ful engagement of the public,” said the leader of an Great Lakes policy. Among those identified by partici- environmental organization. Many presumed that any pants were a lack of information — the general public public engagement process during the review would be may not know enough about the problems facing the led by the Commission. Some suggested that citizens be lakes or the solutions to those problems to get them to given a place at the table: engage — and lack of confidence that governments will be responsive to their concerns and that funding for We’d like also to encourage you to ensure that meaningful local public involvement will be sufficient. the public has a strong role in the development and assessment of the Agreement’s review and With respect to the perceived lack of information, many the change therein. Perhaps citizen observers, as participants cited fish consumption advisories as an have been used in the 1980s, should be appoint- example: ed to the review process. There’s a lot of misinformation or lack of in- The public has to have an important role to play formation. Fish consumption advisories are still in the development of the Agreement and the not well publicized because governments seem evaluation of its effectiveness. We would like too concerned about discouraging tourists and citizens to be designated as observers during the

33 not concerned enough about protecting people As for addressing the perceived lack of government re- and protecting public health. sponsiveness, accountability provisions in the Agreement were often proposed as a solution: Insufficient funding was widely seen as a key barrier to more extensive public engagement. “People are very The IJC should do everything possible to ensure interested in getting involved to help restore these sites that any future version of the Great Lakes [Areas of Concern],” stated a program manager for one Water Quality Agreement includes enforcement regional environmental group. “On the other hand,” he measures that allow outside entities to hold added, “there is always a financial impediment to help governments accountable, in court, if they fail make this happen.” Generally, governments were looked to meet the specific goals, action and timelines to for financial support, but other sources were identi- that should be part of the new Agreement. This fied as well: increase in meaningful accountability might help rebuild public trust in the institutions charged From a practical standpoint, unfortunately, there with protection of the Great Lakes — if people was a true lack of funds from the foundation understand the problems and think that they can community to support NGO [non-governmental make a difference by engaging, they will engage. organization] involvement. Long-term commitment to participating in such a large effort … Many people called on the Commission to help ensure takes a huge amount of resources, persistence that adequate funding is available to support public and time. But without the NGOs, there will be involvement: less overall involvement of the broader public The IJC can help ensure that meaningful invest- In some cases, the calls for greater access to public ments in public involvement are a yardstick in participation were directed at the Commission as well the new Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. as the Governments: “We would very much appreci- By this, I mean that the two Governments ought ate a greater involvement of the public in your working to hold primary responsibility for funding public groups and scientific committees,” said one participant. involvement in decisions about the future of the Great Lakes, whether at the local/RAP level or more broadly. They should invest in meaningful Education, Accountability and Funding public involvement early on in these processes and should take care to engage the right set of Educational programs, including some in the school people. The IJC’s role should be to make sure system, were seen by many as a key to improving the that public involvement is part of all aspects of public’s understanding. At the same time, many believed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and that the IJC has a role to play. As one person put it: that the Agreement includes measurable objectives to that end. The IJC could do more to help ‘market’ the Great Lakes and the need for investments in Great Lakes protection and restoration to the general public. Using the Review Process In doing so, the IJC should work with communications groups to take advantage of current Among the experts in public participation, there was a research and message development to ensure that common view that the review process itself could be a its messages and the mechanisms for outreach are way to reinvigorate public involvement in the Agreement. targeted to key audiences within the Great Lakes public. I believe that this type of more general [The] first order of business is to change the ‘marketing’ should be the IJC’s primary responsi- traditional public involvement mindset and bility on this issue, as opposed to having the IJC ask, ‘If we want to reach ordinary citizens and fund public involvement in particular AOCs, etc. engage them, how do we do that?’ We consider 34 this an educational opportunity to present the If we were to select from the thousands of Agreement and review process in layperson’s passionate (easily nudged) citizens around the terms. It is essential to define a clear process, Great Lakes basin who have engaged in these points at which the public has a responsibility processes over time (and many have become and opportunity to participate, and an evalu- political leaders or joined nongovernmental ation piece. During and after these, ordinary organizations) and assemble a citizens panel citizens need to be connected to local programs who could work alongside the boards and other in their own areas that have distinct relation- implementing agencies, advise on public engage- ships to the Agreement. Local involvement with ment mechanisms, create local linkages, we may specific, concrete programs is the best way to in- get somewhere. terest and maintain the engagement of citizens. The ultimate goal, said many people, is to realize sustain- Part of the way to do this is for the public dis- able behaviour change over time, and public education cussion not to be about the Agreement. Instead, and participation were seen as tools to achieve that goal. the public discussion is about eating fish. Drink- ing the water. Being able to swim at the beaches Public engagement, when designed to be inclu- without worrying about pathogenic pollution. sive, is ultimately about public education. If the Having habitat places to view birds and wild- goal of our engagement is merely to capture life. Stopping sewage. Then, the Agreement is a public attention for our policy decisions, then tool — a means to an end — to get us to those we miss an opportunity to build public support things. The ends are what will really bring ‘ordi- for lakes conservation, something that would nary’ people to the table. Not the Agreement. help all lakes policies — from the Annex agreement to restoration, invasive species and more. Another suggestion was to establish an advisory panel And, most importantly, we can help the lakes to assist governments and other agencies in the basin in themselves. engaging the public. However, rather than being ad hoc, project-specific and disbanded after the review of the Agreement, this one should be ongoing, with membership refreshed on a scheduled basis. As participant in the Web dialogue wrote:

Conclusion

There is no question that people are inspired by the that citizens are equal stakeholders, capable Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River, and this appears of and responsible for affecting decisions and to have animated a great many people who took part in policies that directly impact the future of their the Commission’s events. “This is one of my favorite communities, the quality of their health and places on the planet,” said one person said at a public their children’s health. These forums … exist meeting. Others expressed similar views: as a vital component to the Agreement’s review and, perhaps more importantly, as a first step I recently moved to Ashland, Wisconsin, because in a renewed vision for the Great Lakes, one of Lake Superior. I love being around the water. where the policies and experiences of the Great The lake has so much majestic beauty that I find Lakes and the commitment of the Great Lakes myself walking the shores, taking in the sights of citizens and governments can once again make the water. The bells clanging from the ships in the an unprecedented effort to protect water quality marina are music to my ears. If more is not done … and compel ecosystem restoration. to protect our Great Lakes, our future generations may never be able to enjoy these fine lakes. A county commissioner made the same point more suc- cinctly: “It’s very important that you come out and talk The Great Lakes can be considered as a treasure to us and allow us to have some input. We find that to be which is essential for human survival. Aside extremely important.” A member of the public, unaffili- from providing many essential vegetation and ated to any organization, had a similar sentiment: life forms, its natural beauty adds to the quality of life for the basin inhabitants and a source of Thank you for coming to [our community]. spiritual inspiration for all. Friends and relatives For me, it’s really comforting to know that you visiting from all over the world are amazed and incorporated a public component into your re- jealous of the scenic beauty so close to where view process, and that should be recognized and we live. We have lived here for 33 years and much appreciated. Frequently, that’s overlooked would not trade this place for any other spot … when we’re making decisions about community . resources such as this, and I think it’s an essen- Because of sentiments like these, there was widespread tial component of your work. appreciation for the public comment process was expressed from all the sectors that participated — state, The relative roles and responsibilities of the federal provincial and local governments, non-government orga- Governments and the Commission, respectively, were nizations and members of the public at large. A repre- not always clearly understood. Most participants did sentative of a large binational organization put it this appreciate that the two federal Governments are the way in one of the public meetings: Parties to the Agreement, that they will be undertaking the review and that the Commission was conducting I’d like to thank the Commissioners for hold- public engagement activities on their behalf. However, a ing these public consultations across the basin,8 significant number seemed to think that the Commission as these public forums for comment recognize directs activities to implement the Agreement and would be managing the review. The following comments are representative of this confusion and reflect the need for 8 At all public meetings, the presiding Commissioners made more effective communication by the Commission and clear that the public consultations were being undertaken at the Governments: the request of the two federal governments.

37 We know that the Commission has worked very For some people, frustration gave rise to cynicism that hard to clean up all of the non-point source the forthcoming review would not make any difference. polluters. As one participant said, “I noticed that in 1987, there was supposed to have been every six years a revisiting We’re very hopeful that the Commission will of the Agreement. And with my calculations … it’s been be able to continue to work in the cleanups of three times that is has not been reviewed … . 1987 plus these Areas [of Concern]. six, that’s 1993. Nothing was done. Add six years, 1999. Nothing was done. Add six more years, 2005. Nothing What are the consequences to the Commission was done.” … if you don’t follow the promises that you make to us [about reviewing the Agreement More broadly, though, there was real hope that the two every six years]? federal Governments would pay attention to the ideas put forward by participants in the public meetings and At times, a sense of frustration was detected when other public involvement forums. As one person said, some said there has been an overabundance of outreach speaking on behalf of a large constituency: initiatives in the basin, with insufﬁcient evidence that the Governments have taken the public’s views into account All of these people have devoted their Monday in developing programs or making funding decisions. night to coming out here, and I would certainly At the same time, complaints were voiced that while like to see these comments taken very seriously, the public is routinely asked for comments, it does not because we certainly have put a lot of effort into always receive the information it requires. As one par- this and there’s lots of groups out here tonight ticipant put it, to loud applause: “What I sense is a little that have done a lot of work on these issues bit frustrating: A lot of times in these meetings, you’re and continue to do a lot of great work, and we asking for input and we’re asking for answers, and there’s want to see our work not be disregarded or not nobody ever there to give us answers.” utilized.

The Commission wishes to thank the over 4,100 people who took part in the public comment process. In the Commission’s view, the synthesis report is a fair and even-handed reﬂection of the comments received during the public meetings, Web dialogue and other consultation activities. Since a number of participants prepared detailed, substantive comments on the forthcoming review of the Agreement, however, the Commission also notes that the full, unedited record of public comment is available on CD-ROM and strongly encourages Governments and the public to examine this record.

38 Appendices Appendix A: Letters of reference

41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Appendix B: Tables

Table 1: Participation in public meetings, by country and location

Percent each Percent both Number country countries Kingston Biennial Meeting (Ontario): June 9-111 434 n/a 41.9 Public meetings in the USA2 Duluth (Minnesota): Monday, October 24 35 15.2 3.4 Bay City (Michigan): Tuesday, November 1 20 8.7 1.9 Green Bay (Wisconsin): Tuesday, November 1 88 38.1 8.5 Chicago (Illinois): Wednesday, November 2 18 7.8 1.7 Detroit (Michigan): Wednesday, November 2 14 6.1 1.4 Cleveland (Ohio): Thursday, November 3 35 15.2 3.4 Rochester (New York): Thursday, November 10 21 9.1 2.0 Total 231 100.0 22.3 Public meetings in Canada2 Montréal (Quebec): Monday, October 17 50 13.4 4.8 Thunder Bay (Ontario): Tuesday, October 25 12 3.2 1.2 Sault Ste Marie (Ontario): Thursday, October 273 32 8.6 3.1 Windsor (Ontario): Wednesday, November 2 38 10.2 3.7 Quebec City (Quebec): Tuesday, November 8 20 5.4 1.9 Midland (Ontario): Tuesday, November 8 120 32.3 11.6 Toronto (Ontario): Wednesday, November 9 100 26.9 9.6 Total 372 100.0 35.9 TOTAL BOTH COUNTRIES 1037 100.0

1. Registered participants, excluding IJC commissioners and staff, translators and contractors. 2. Informal head count (does not include IJC commissioners or staff, translators or contractors). 3. Includes 7 people from the Binational Public Advisory Committee for the St. Marys River RAP who met with commissioners separately because of a timing conﬂict.

Table 2: Participants, by channel1

Percent excluding Channel Number Percent third-party submits

Kingston Biennial Meeting 434 10.5 30.1 Public meetings2 603 14.6 41.8 Mail or fax 42 1.0 2.9 Telephone 12 0.3 0.8 Web dialogue3 247 6.0 17.1 email from IJC website submit form 45 1.1 3.1 email directly to [email protected] or IJC public affairs 60 1.5 4.2 email from third-party website submit forms4 2690 65.1 TOTAL 4133 100.0 100.0

1. None of these counts includes IJC commissioners and staff, translators or other contractors. Those who participated in a single channel more than once (e.g., they called several times or sent several emails) are counted only once in that channel. On the other hand, those who participated in more than one channel are included in the total for each of those channels. 2. Informal head count. 3. The number of people who registered for the Web dialogue, as opposed to the number who actually joined the online discussion. 4. Emails sent to [email protected] via submit forms on third parties’ websites, including PIRG Illinois, PIRG Wisconsin and PENNEnvironment. 49 Table 3: Online participation, by type

Percent excluding Channel Number Percent third-party submits Web dialogue2 247 8.1 70.2 email from the IJC website submit form 45 1.5 12.8 email directly to [email protected] or IJC public affairs 60 2.0 17.0 email from third-party website submit forms3 2690 88.4 Total online participation 3042 100.0 Total excluding emails from third-party submit forms 352 11.6 100.0

1. None of these counts includes IJC commissioners and staff, translators or other contractors. Those who participated in a single online channel more than once (e.g., they several emails via a third-party website) are counted only once in that channel. On the other hand, those who participated in more than one online channel are included in the total for each of them. 2. The number of people who registered for the Web dialogue, as opposed to the number who actually joined the online discussion. 3. Emails sent to [email protected] via submit forms on third parties’ websites, including PIRG Illinois, PIRG Wisconsin and PENNEnvironment.

Table 4: Participants by state/province, including those who participated through third-party websites1

Number Percentage

AK 1 0.0% TN 1 0.0% AL 2 0.1% TX 3 0.1% AZ 4 0.1% UT 1 0.0% CA 12 0.3% VA 8 0.2% CO 3 0.1% VT 5 0.1% CT 2 0.1% WI 504 12.7% DC 9 0.2% WV 1 0.0% DE 3 0.1% State not speciﬁed 10 0.3% FL 10 0.3% Total United States 3257 81.8% GA 2 0.1% HI 1 0.0% AB 1 0.0% IA 1 0.0% BC 10 0.3% ID 5 0.1% ON 627 15.7% IL 1182 29.7% QC 50 1.3% IN 21 0.5% Province not speciﬁed 1 0.0% KY 1 0.0% MA 4 0.1% Total Canada 689 17.3% MD 4 0.1%

MI 599 15.0% Country not speciﬁed 37 0.9% MN 41 1.0% MT 2 0.1% TOTAL PARTICIPANTS 3983 100.0% NC 3 0.1% NH 2 0.1% 1. Includes only those meeting participants who completed NJ 10 0.3% registration forms at the Kingston Biennial Meeting and at NM 4 0.1% the other 14 public meetings. Does not include IJC NY 72 1.8% commissioners or staff, translators or other contractors at the meetings, but does include those who registered for the OH 56 1.4% Web dialogue. OK 2 0.1% OR 2 0.1% PA 662 16.6% PR 1 0.0% SC 1 0.0%

50 Table 5. Participants by state/province, excluding those who sent emails via third-party submit forms1

Number Percentage DC 9 0.7% DE 1 0.1% FL 1 0.1% GA 2 0.2% IL 111 8.6% IN 17 1.3% MA 1 0.1% MD 2 0.2% MI 139 10.8% MN 35 2.7% NC 2 0.2% NH 2 0.2% NJ 2 0.2% NM 2 0.2% NY 61 4.7% OH 48 3.7% OK 1 0.1% OR 1 0.1% PA 34 2.6% UT 1 0.1% VA 6 0.5% VT 2 0.2% WI 86 6.7% State not speciﬁed 10 0.8% Total United States 576 44.5%

AB 1 0.1% BC 10 0.8% ON 627 48.5% QC 48 3.7% Province not speciﬁed 1 0.1% Total Canada 687 53.1%

Country not speciﬁed 30 2.3%

TOTAL 1293 100.0%

Participants from Great Lakes states and provinces 1206 93.3%

1. Includes only those meeting participants who completed registration forms at the Kingston Biennial Meeting and at the other 14 public meetings. Does not include IJC commissioners or staff, translators or other contractors at the meetings, but does include those who registered for the Web dialogue.

51 Table 6: Participants, by type of location and closest body of water

Participants1 882 Respondents2 610 Response rate 69.2%

Number Percentage Type of location Rural 119 19.5% Small town 91 14.9% Suburban 125 20.5% Urban 220 36.1% Not speciﬁed 55 9.0% Total 610 100.0% Body of water St. Lawrence River 63 10.3% Lake Ontario 91 14.9% Niagara River 4 0.7% Lake Erie 67 11.0% Detroit River 42 6.9% Lake St. Clair 15 2.5% St. Clair River 4 0.7% Lake Huron 90 14.8% St. Mary’s River 5 0.8% Lake Superior 54 8.9% Lake Michigan 132 21.6% Did not live in the Great Lakes basin, or not speciﬁed 43 7.0% Total 610 100.0%

1. Number of participants counted at the meetings (does not include IJC personnel or contractors) and who registered for the Web dialogue (includes IJC personnel or contractors who registered for the dialogue). 2. Respondents to a voluntary, non-identifying survey that was handed out at the meetings and on registration in the Web dialogue. Not all those who attended the meetings completed the survey, though all the Web dialogue participants did. Some respondents did not answer all the questions.

52 Table 7: Demographic characteristics of participants1

Participants1 882 Respondents2 610 Response rate 69.2%

Number Percentage Age 17 or younger 7 1.1% 18-29 32 5.2% 30-49 120 19.7% 50-64 158 25.9% 65 and older 68 11.1% Not specified 225 36.9% Total 610 100.0% Education Less than secondary school 6 1.0% Secondary 18 3.0% Some higher education 57 9.3% First higher education degree 88 14.4% Some post-graduate 81 13.3% Masters 101 16.6% Doctorate 23 3.8% Not specified 236 38.7% Total 610 100.0% Language3 English 281 46.1% French 38 6.2% Not specified 291 47.7% Total 610 100.0%

53 Table 8: Participants’ interest and involvement in the Great Lakes

Participants1 882 Respondents2 610 Response rate 69.2%

Number Percentage Interest3 Boating 213 34.9% Cottage 118 19.3% Fishing 167 27.4% Hunting 38 6.2% Swimming 230 37.7% Wildlife-watching 190 31.1% Agriculture 32 5.2% Environment 429 70.3% Commercial fishing 60 9.8% Industry 48 7.9% Shipping 48 7.9% Other 80 13.1% Not specified 43 7.0% Group membership3 Environment 187 30.7% Recreation 50 8.2% Professional 31 5.1% Industry 19 3.1% Other non-governmental organization 56 9.2% Intergovernmental group 32 5.2% Government 58 9.5% Other 126 20.7% Not specified 84 13.8%

54 Appendix C: List of participants

Jackie Abbatiello, IL Russ Allen, PA Joanne Armintrout, PA Barton Bakaley, PA John Abbott, ON Shelley Allen, CA John Armstrong, IL Jocelyn Baker, ON Syazwani Abdul Kadir, WI Alliance for the Great Lakes, Nanette Arndts, PA John Baker, WI Paul Abell, ON IL John Arnold, MI Michael Baker, PA Bill Abernethy, IL Jonathan Almer, IL Julie Arnold, MI Scott Baker, IL Jeff Abrahamson, PA Milton Alter, PA Michelle Arnold, IL Taylor Baker, PA Ira Abrams, IL Maryanne Amadio, ON Victoria Arnold, IL Rebecca Balavitch, MI Susan Abramson, PA Laura Amatulli, MI Nancy Arnosti, PA Karen Baldwin, IL Glenn Abuja, ON Dougla Ament, FL Sharyl K. Aruck, NY Rena Baldwin, IL Alicia Acken Daniel Amick, IL Joe Arvin, WI Rosiland Baldwin, IL Tony Acquaviva, PA Kay Amland, WI Frances Ashenhurst, ON Thomas Balint, ON Jan Adamczyk, IL Clark Andelin, IL Ashfield-Colbourne Lake- Jeff Ball, IL Walter Adamovich, ON Aaron Andersen, WI front Association, ON Meredith Ballad, MI Beth Adams, MI Beth Andersen, MI Neva Asplundh, PA Dave and Tami Ballard, WI Betty Adams, MI John Andersen, IL Kathleen Assiff, MI Deanna Ballinger, WI George Adams, PA Kara Andersen, WI Association de la Savegarde Maureen Balluff, IL Anna Adamson, PA Anne Anderson, IL du Lac St-François, QC Alana Balogh, PA Donna Adamson Curlis, PA Chris Anderson, ON Michele Aston, NC Alana Balogh, PA Susan Adelizzi, PA David Anderson, IL Ralph Athey, IL Katherine Balpataky, ON Debra Adelson, IL David Anderson, ON Linda Aubel-Edick, IL Emil Bandeji Steve Adler, IL Helen Anderson, ON Andre Aubin, QC Claire Bangasser, PR Susan Agate, IL Janette Anderson, ON Madeleine Aubrey, ON Mickey Bannon, PA Erin Agee, MI John Anderson, IL Emily Audette, MI Todd Bapton, IL Russ Agee, CO Kelly Anderson, MI Audubon Ohio, PA Barbara, MN Jean Agneessens, WI Mark Anderson, ON Kris Aune, IL Felix Barbetti, ON Stephanie Aguila, PA Patti Anderson, IN Sara Ausloos, WI Julie Barbosa, IL Mary Ann Ahearn, PA Robert Anderson, MI Candi Ausman, CA Jason Barbose, MI David Aiken, PA Ryan Anderson, IL Alexandra Avenius, MI Karin Barden, IL Ian Albough, ON Sue Anderson, MI William Avery, ON Rick Bare, WI John Albrecht, IL Peter Andras, ON Anna Aydinyan, CT Sushma Barewal, ON Paul Albrecht, PA Sarah Andras, ON E. Daniel Ayres, MI Julie Barker, ON Ken Albrough, ON Alissa Andrew, IL Joe Azzarello, MI Jessica Barman, WI Jonathan Aldrich, PA David Andrew, ON Caitlin Ba, MI Clifford Barnard, MI Eugene Aleci, PA Beverley Andrews, PA Elizabeth Babcock, IL Jason Barnes, MI Sheryl Alef, MI Carol Andrews, MN Leslie Babson, IL Kathryn Barnes, MI Jamie Alexander, PA Kristyn Annis, ON Trevor Bach, WI Robert Barnes, MI Lauren Alexander, DC Blair Anundson, PA Rose Bachi, IL Brett Baron, IL Anasatasia Alexopoulos, ON Helen Appell, PA Karen Bacula, MI Helen Baron, MI Maria Alexopoulos, ON Yvonne Appeltans, PA Carl Bade, PA Anthony Barr, PA Algonquin ECO Watch, ON Aquaculture Committee, Mary Baechle, IL Martin Barr, IL Allison Allen, WI Georgian Bay Association, David Bagby, IL Jean Barre Dufresne, QC Carol S. Allen, PA ON William Bailey, VA Drew Barrett, IL Caroline Allen, PA Brynn Arenz, WI Susan Baillie, WI Kate Barrett Cate Allen, IL Gereme Ariss John Bain, ON Michael Barrett, IL John Allen, IL Jane Ariss, ON Colin Baird, ON Ashley Barrie, ON MaryJean Allen, IL Christina Arlt, PA Marcia Baisiello, IL Rhonda Barron, IL 55 Richard Barron, MI Katherine Beehler, ON Barbara Beyers, IL Joe Anne Boike, MI Anne and Peter Bray, MI James Bruce, ON Caller, ON Patrick Cejka, IL Barbara Barta, IL Lisa Beemsterboer, IL Bill Bialkowski, ON Paloma Boiles, IL Sue Brayer, IL Robert Bruckman, PA Debbe Callesen, Wi Matt Cenci, MI Charles Bartholomew, PA Shaindel Beers, FL Sue Bialostosky, PA Julie Boland, MI Peggy Breckenridge Debbie Bruening, MI Calumet Ecological Park Center for Environmental M. Bartnik, MI Robert Beese, WI Nicholas Bianchi, IL Vaughan Boleky, PA Stephen Brede, MI Penelope Brumm, IL Association, IL Information, NY Mary Ann Bartoli, IL Sheldon Behensky, IL Marla Biederman, MI Teresa Bondavalli, IL Jim Bredin, MI James Brusslan, IL Jim Camasto, IL Dante Centuon, OH Marilyn Baster Richard Behnlander, MI Marlena Bielski, IL Karina Bongaarts, PA Mark Breederland, MI Lincoln Bryant, ON Kath Camasto, IL Joseph Cerami, IL Rhonda Bateman, ON Merette Behow-Rimhard, WI Victoria Bielski, IL Mary Jo Bonner, WI Anne Brennan, MI Wendy Bryant, ON Susan Campanini, IL Martha Cetina, IL Patricia Teresa Battersby, MI Dan Behrens, PA Chris Bierbrauer, WI Patricia Bonner, DC Jean Brennan, IL Sharon Buazard, IL Christopher Campbell, IL Darcy Chadwick, IL Lee Batts, IL Thomas Bekele-Arcuri, PA Marjorie Bierbrauer, WI Gregory Bookhultz, PA Jennifer Brennan, IL Rose Buchanan, IL Debby Campbell, IL Joanna Challacombe, IL Theresa Bauer, WI Nancy Belanger, MI P. Chris Bierbrauer, WI Jean Booms, MI Mike Brennan, MI Peter Buchholz, WI Ian Campbell, ON Ron Challis, ON Mary Frances Baugh, PA Barbara Belasco, NY Theresa Biesiada, IL Brad Borchers, IL Jesse Brenner, PA Andy Buchsbaum, MI Linda Campbell, ON Luce Chamard, QC Geri Baumblatt, IL Aldric Belchak, MI The Big Cleanup: The Bay Donna Boris, MI Ree Brennin, ON Karen Buck, ON Mayor Jane Campbell, OH Chamber of Maritime Andy Baumgart, WI David Bell, ON of Quinte, ON Dena Borman, IL Kathy Brewer, MI Damiel Buerkle, PA Jeffrey Camplin, IL Commerce , ON Andy Baumgart, WI Chris Bellovary, WI Sandy Bihn, ON Heather Bosman, IL Boulanger Brian, OH Simone Bullen, IL Gayla Campney, ON Sarah Chambers, IL Fred Baurer, PA Dennis Belogorsky, IL Valerie Binder, MI Lee Botts, IN Valerie Brice, WI Julia Bunn, IL Canadian Auto Workers Sarah Chambers, MN Michael Baurer, PA Robert Bembenek, WI Sarah Binks, ON Paul Muldoon and Lee Botts Lee Bridges, IN Joy Bunton, IL Local 1520, ON Rachel Chang, IL Marilyn Baxter, ON Nancy Bender, IL Sarah Biondich, WI Bruce Bouchard, PA Joseph Bridy, AIA, PA Jonathan Burden, IL Canadian Environmental Law Emily Chapin, MI Matt Baxter, ON Debra and Ron Bendis, IL John Birnbaum, ON Marie-Amélie Boucher Jennifer Briggs, PA Sarah Burden, IL Association, ON Harold Chard, ON Bay Area Restoration Council, Michael-David BenDor, MI Konrad Bis, IL Lori Boughton, PA Ted Briggs, ON Caroline Burdett, IL Canadian Yachting Louis Charest ON Hugh Benevides, ON Jeffery Biss, IL Cassidy Boulan, MI Lesley Brill, MI Linda Burdett, IL Association, ON Murray Charlton, ON Bay County Department of Brian Bengry, WI Chauna Black, MI Wood Bouldin, PA Mary Anne Brinchman, IL William Burdett, IL Michael Canning, IL Marie-Peir Charron, ON Environmental Affairs and Ilene Beninson, MI Kathryn Black, IL Michelle Bourbonniere, ON Michelle Brinckerhoff, IL Karen Burgess, MD Frances Canonizado, IL Keith Charvat, IL Community Development, Nabila Benkherouf, QC Ken Black, ON Edward Bourguignon, OH Dana Brink, IL John Burhani, WI John Cara, IL Edith Chase, OH MI David Benner, PA Lawrence Black, IL Ian Boussy, IL Jeff Brink, IL Paul Burik, PA Tom Caravette, IL Mohan and Sobha Gina Bayer, WI Frieda Bennett, MI Randall Blackwell, PA Matthew Bower, PA Mark Huaser and Dana Brink, Meghan Burke, IL John Carey, ON Chathampally Randall Bayless, IN Lorna Bennett, IL Helen Bladholm, WI Ted Bowering, ON IL Terri Burke, MI George Carlisle, PA Cynthia Chelius, MI Catherine M. Bayne, ON Mary Bennett, IL David Blair, MI Alicia Bowles, WI Darrin Britting, PA Steven Burkhard, IL Ann Carlson, WI Mary Susan Chen, IL Justine Bayod-Espoz, IL Bennett Beechgrove Shana Blair, IL Trisha Boyce, IL Karmel Brlhaj, QC Greg Burnet, IL Karen Carlson, WI Pei Ling Chen, PA Janet Bazzett, IL Community Group, ON Pierrette Blanchard, ON Duncan Boyd, ON Elizabeth Brockhaus, MI Pat Burnette, MI Melissa Carlson, NY Daphne Cheng, IL Fran Beach, WI Nadine Benoit, ON Darcy Bland, IL David Boyle, MI Bill Brodeur Abudullah Bob Burns, ON Karen Carney, PA LIsa Chermack, PA Wilma Beacher, PA Catherine Benson, IL Henry S. Bland, IL Mary Boyle, WI Fern Brodkin, PA Dorothy Burns, PA Peggy Carpenter, PA Steven Chester, MI Beacon Bay Marina, ON Gretchen Benson, PA Jeremiah Blatz, PA John Braden, IL David Brodnax, Sr., IL Joan Burns, MI Corey Carpentier, WI Sasha Chetyrkina, OH Susan Beattie, MI Melissa Benson, MI Terry Blaylock, MI Lincoln Bradford, IL Eric Brodsky, IL Robert Burns Amy Carr, IL Chief Shining Turtle Clifford Beatty, ON Virginia Benson, WI Skip Bleecker, MI Janis Bradish, WI Alan Broglin, MI Steve Burns, IL Bill Carr, ON Mathew Child, ON Lorne Beatty, MI Barb Bentley, ON Earl G. Bley Jr., IL Claudette Bradley, AK Kate Bronstein, PA Thomas J. Burns, IL David Carr, WI Trudy Chin, ON Émile Beauchamp, QC Mary Ann Bentz, PA Charles Blickhan, IL Michelle Bradley, IL Maggie Brooks Paul Burroughs, PA Mark Carroll, WI Vinni Chomeau N. J. Beaulieu, MI Hugh Benvicles, IL Eleanor Blitzer, FL Michael Bradstreet, ON Brenda Brouillet, MI Stuart Burstein, IL Trenia Carroll, IL Patricia Chow-Fraser, ON Robert Beauvais, MI Catherine Beres, ON Jeanette Blize, PA Alta Bragg, WI Bridget Brown, WI Marilyn J. Burton, ON Carol Carson, IL Carol Christensen, MI Cheryl Beboer, ON Tom Bergen, WI Chuck Block, WI Marianne Braid, ON Carrie Brown, AZ Dan Busemeyer, IL Tasha Carson, PA Claudia Christensen, IL Christopher Beck, PA Dale Bergeron, MN Regan Blomshield, OH Finlay Braithwaite, ON David Brown, IL Butler Family Fund, WI Nicole Carter, ON Steve Christi, MI Joe Beck, IL Mark Berggren, IL Blue Mountain Watershed Harry Brakeman, MI Jeff Brown, PA Luretta Bybee, PA Chris Casper, WI Gavin Christie, MI Judy Beck, IL Holly Bergren, IL Trust, ON Jon Brams, PA Jeremy Brown, MI Tanya Cabala, MI Beata Castaneda, IL Danielle Christoffel, IL Mary Beck, WI Mayor Herb W. Bergson, MN Leslie Boardman, PA Mariah Branch, MI Ken Brown, IL Charles Caccia, ON Mary Beth Castillo, PA Lisa Christopherson, WI David Becker, IL Mark Berkheimer, PA Alex A. Bobroff, IL Hillel Brandes, PA Mark Brown, IL Laura Caffentzis, WI Matthew Catania, IL Winifred Chrzanowski, MI Judith Becker, PA Nicole Berkheimer, PA Jeffrey Bocchini, IL Jane Brandley, WI Patrick Brown, IL Kristina Caggiano, PA Rebecca Cate, PA Jan Ciborowski, ON Lois Becker, OH Steven Berlinski, IL Amilcar Boddie-Willis, IL Alice Brandon, IL Paul Brown, PA Sara Cagno, PA Jolene Catron, NM Barbara Cicalese, PA Mary Lynn Becker, MI Penny Bernard Schaber, WI Margaret Bodnovich, IL Nancy Brandt, IL Richard Brown, MI Irene Cahill, MI Charlotte Caudill, IL Richard Cichon, MI Mimi Becker, NH Diana Bernardi, IL Susan Boehnke, ON Stephen Brandt, MI Scott Brown, ON Britt Cain, IL Melinda Caughill, MI Geraldine Ciesielski, PA Warren Becker, IL Laura Bernstein, IL Dora Boersma, ON Brian Branfireun, ON Tim Brown, IL Jamie Caito, PA Melinda Caughill, WI Diana Cirafesi, PA Jim Beckwith, IL Rosalie Bertell, PA Cindi Bogacz, IL Ann and Kelly Brant, ON Brown County Land Henry Calamia, Jr, IL Hilary Caws-Elwitt, PA Elizabeth Cisar, IL Kimberly Beebe, MI Dominique Betancourt, IL Donna Bogosh, IL Jane Branyan, PA Conservation Lake Michigan Ruth Calandriello, IL Jonathan Caws-Elwitt, PA Rachel Cisler, WI Robert and Kathy Beecher, Catherine Bettcher, OH Jennifer Bogseth, IL Beth Braun, IL Forum, WI Elizabeth Calhoun, MI Shawn Cecchi, IL Citizens Concerned for ON Gayle Bettega, MI Mary Bohling, MI Darryl Braun, MI Beth Brownson, ON Caller, IL William Ceisel, IL Michipicoten Bay, ON 56 Richard Barron, MI Katherine Beehler, ON Barbara Beyers, IL Joe Anne Boike, MI Anne and Peter Bray, MI James Bruce, ON Caller, ON Patrick Cejka, IL Barbara Barta, IL Lisa Beemsterboer, IL Bill Bialkowski, ON Paloma Boiles, IL Sue Brayer, IL Robert Bruckman, PA Debbe Callesen, Wi Matt Cenci, MI Charles Bartholomew, PA Shaindel Beers, FL Sue Bialostosky, PA Julie Boland, MI Peggy Breckenridge Debbie Bruening, MI Calumet Ecological Park Center for Environmental M. Bartnik, MI Robert Beese, WI Nicholas Bianchi, IL Vaughan Boleky, PA Stephen Brede, MI Penelope Brumm, IL Association, IL Information, NY Mary Ann Bartoli, IL Sheldon Behensky, IL Marla Biederman, MI Teresa Bondavalli, IL Jim Bredin, MI James Brusslan, IL Jim Camasto, IL Dante Centuon, OH Marilyn Baster Richard Behnlander, MI Marlena Bielski, IL Karina Bongaarts, PA Mark Breederland, MI Lincoln Bryant, ON Kath Camasto, IL Joseph Cerami, IL Rhonda Bateman, ON Merette Behow-Rimhard, WI Victoria Bielski, IL Mary Jo Bonner, WI Anne Brennan, MI Wendy Bryant, ON Susan Campanini, IL Martha Cetina, IL Patricia Teresa Battersby, MI Dan Behrens, PA Chris Bierbrauer, WI Patricia Bonner, DC Jean Brennan, IL Sharon Buazard, IL Christopher Campbell, IL Darcy Chadwick, IL Lee Batts, IL Thomas Bekele-Arcuri, PA Marjorie Bierbrauer, WI Gregory Bookhultz, PA Jennifer Brennan, IL Rose Buchanan, IL Debby Campbell, IL Joanna Challacombe, IL Theresa Bauer, WI Nancy Belanger, MI P. Chris Bierbrauer, WI Jean Booms, MI Mike Brennan, MI Peter Buchholz, WI Ian Campbell, ON Ron Challis, ON Mary Frances Baugh, PA Barbara Belasco, NY Theresa Biesiada, IL Brad Borchers, IL Jesse Brenner, PA Andy Buchsbaum, MI Linda Campbell, ON Luce Chamard, QC Geri Baumblatt, IL Aldric Belchak, MI The Big Cleanup: The Bay Donna Boris, MI Ree Brennin, ON Karen Buck, ON Mayor Jane Campbell, OH Chamber of Maritime Andy Baumgart, WI David Bell, ON of Quinte, ON Dena Borman, IL Kathy Brewer, MI Damiel Buerkle, PA Jeffrey Camplin, IL Commerce , ON Andy Baumgart, WI Chris Bellovary, WI Sandy Bihn, ON Heather Bosman, IL Boulanger Brian, OH Simone Bullen, IL Gayla Campney, ON Sarah Chambers, IL Fred Baurer, PA Dennis Belogorsky, IL Valerie Binder, MI Lee Botts, IN Valerie Brice, WI Julia Bunn, IL Canadian Auto Workers Sarah Chambers, MN Michael Baurer, PA Robert Bembenek, WI Sarah Binks, ON Paul Muldoon and Lee Botts Lee Bridges, IN Joy Bunton, IL Local 1520, ON Rachel Chang, IL Marilyn Baxter, ON Nancy Bender, IL Sarah Biondich, WI Bruce Bouchard, PA Joseph Bridy, AIA, PA Jonathan Burden, IL Canadian Environmental Law Emily Chapin, MI Matt Baxter, ON Debra and Ron Bendis, IL John Birnbaum, ON Marie-Amélie Boucher Jennifer Briggs, PA Sarah Burden, IL Association, ON Harold Chard, ON Bay Area Restoration Council, Michael-David BenDor, MI Konrad Bis, IL Lori Boughton, PA Ted Briggs, ON Caroline Burdett, IL Canadian Yachting Louis Charest ON Hugh Benevides, ON Jeffery Biss, IL Cassidy Boulan, MI Lesley Brill, MI Linda Burdett, IL Association, ON Murray Charlton, ON Bay County Department of Brian Bengry, WI Chauna Black, MI Wood Bouldin, PA Mary Anne Brinchman, IL William Burdett, IL Michael Canning, IL Marie-Peir Charron, ON Environmental Affairs and Ilene Beninson, MI Kathryn Black, IL Michelle Bourbonniere, ON Michelle Brinckerhoff, IL Karen Burgess, MD Frances Canonizado, IL Keith Charvat, IL Community Development, Nabila Benkherouf, QC Ken Black, ON Edward Bourguignon, OH Dana Brink, IL John Burhani, WI John Cara, IL Edith Chase, OH MI David Benner, PA Lawrence Black, IL Ian Boussy, IL Jeff Brink, IL Paul Burik, PA Tom Caravette, IL Mohan and Sobha Gina Bayer, WI Frieda Bennett, MI Randall Blackwell, PA Matthew Bower, PA Mark Huaser and Dana Brink, Meghan Burke, IL John Carey, ON Chathampally Randall Bayless, IN Lorna Bennett, IL Helen Bladholm, WI Ted Bowering, ON IL Terri Burke, MI George Carlisle, PA Cynthia Chelius, MI Catherine M. Bayne, ON Mary Bennett, IL David Blair, MI Alicia Bowles, WI Darrin Britting, PA Steven Burkhard, IL Ann Carlson, WI Mary Susan Chen, IL Justine Bayod-Espoz, IL Bennett Beechgrove Shana Blair, IL Trisha Boyce, IL Karmel Brlhaj, QC Greg Burnet, IL Karen Carlson, WI Pei Ling Chen, PA Janet Bazzett, IL Community Group, ON Pierrette Blanchard, ON Duncan Boyd, ON Elizabeth Brockhaus, MI Pat Burnette, MI Melissa Carlson, NY Daphne Cheng, IL Fran Beach, WI Nadine Benoit, ON Darcy Bland, IL David Boyle, MI Bill Brodeur Abudullah Bob Burns, ON Karen Carney, PA LIsa Chermack, PA Wilma Beacher, PA Catherine Benson, IL Henry S. Bland, IL Mary Boyle, WI Fern Brodkin, PA Dorothy Burns, PA Peggy Carpenter, PA Steven Chester, MI Beacon Bay Marina, ON Gretchen Benson, PA Jeremiah Blatz, PA John Braden, IL David Brodnax, Sr., IL Joan Burns, MI Corey Carpentier, WI Sasha Chetyrkina, OH Susan Beattie, MI Melissa Benson, MI Terry Blaylock, MI Lincoln Bradford, IL Eric Brodsky, IL Robert Burns Amy Carr, IL Chief Shining Turtle Clifford Beatty, ON Virginia Benson, WI Skip Bleecker, MI Janis Bradish, WI Alan Broglin, MI Steve Burns, IL Bill Carr, ON Mathew Child, ON Lorne Beatty, MI Barb Bentley, ON Earl G. Bley Jr., IL Claudette Bradley, AK Kate Bronstein, PA Thomas J. Burns, IL David Carr, WI Trudy Chin, ON Émile Beauchamp, QC Mary Ann Bentz, PA Charles Blickhan, IL Michelle Bradley, IL Maggie Brooks Paul Burroughs, PA Mark Carroll, WI Vinni Chomeau N. J. Beaulieu, MI Hugh Benvicles, IL Eleanor Blitzer, FL Michael Bradstreet, ON Brenda Brouillet, MI Stuart Burstein, IL Trenia Carroll, IL Patricia Chow-Fraser, ON Robert Beauvais, MI Catherine Beres, ON Jeanette Blize, PA Alta Bragg, WI Bridget Brown, WI Marilyn J. Burton, ON Carol Carson, IL Carol Christensen, MI Cheryl Beboer, ON Tom Bergen, WI Chuck Block, WI Marianne Braid, ON Carrie Brown, AZ Dan Busemeyer, IL Tasha Carson, PA Claudia Christensen, IL Christopher Beck, PA Dale Bergeron, MN Regan Blomshield, OH Finlay Braithwaite, ON David Brown, IL Butler Family Fund, WI Nicole Carter, ON Steve Christi, MI Joe Beck, IL Mark Berggren, IL Blue Mountain Watershed Harry Brakeman, MI Jeff Brown, PA Luretta Bybee, PA Chris Casper, WI Gavin Christie, MI Judy Beck, IL Holly Bergren, IL Trust, ON Jon Brams, PA Jeremy Brown, MI Tanya Cabala, MI Beata Castaneda, IL Danielle Christoffel, IL Mary Beck, WI Mayor Herb W. Bergson, MN Leslie Boardman, PA Mariah Branch, MI Ken Brown, IL Charles Caccia, ON Mary Beth Castillo, PA Lisa Christopherson, WI David Becker, IL Mark Berkheimer, PA Alex A. Bobroff, IL Hillel Brandes, PA Mark Brown, IL Laura Caffentzis, WI Matthew Catania, IL Winifred Chrzanowski, MI Judith Becker, PA Nicole Berkheimer, PA Jeffrey Bocchini, IL Jane Brandley, WI Patrick Brown, IL Kristina Caggiano, PA Rebecca Cate, PA Jan Ciborowski, ON Lois Becker, OH Steven Berlinski, IL Amilcar Boddie-Willis, IL Alice Brandon, IL Paul Brown, PA Sara Cagno, PA Jolene Catron, NM Barbara Cicalese, PA Mary Lynn Becker, MI Penny Bernard Schaber, WI Margaret Bodnovich, IL Nancy Brandt, IL Richard Brown, MI Irene Cahill, MI Charlotte Caudill, IL Richard Cichon, MI Mimi Becker, NH Diana Bernardi, IL Susan Boehnke, ON Stephen Brandt, MI Scott Brown, ON Britt Cain, IL Melinda Caughill, MI Geraldine Ciesielski, PA Warren Becker, IL Laura Bernstein, IL Dora Boersma, ON Brian Branfireun, ON Tim Brown, IL Jamie Caito, PA Melinda Caughill, WI Diana Cirafesi, PA Jim Beckwith, IL Rosalie Bertell, PA Cindi Bogacz, IL Ann and Kelly Brant, ON Brown County Land Henry Calamia, Jr, IL Hilary Caws-Elwitt, PA Elizabeth Cisar, IL Kimberly Beebe, MI Dominique Betancourt, IL Donna Bogosh, IL Jane Branyan, PA Conservation Lake Michigan Ruth Calandriello, IL Jonathan Caws-Elwitt, PA Rachel Cisler, WI Robert and Kathy Beecher, Catherine Bettcher, OH Jennifer Bogseth, IL Beth Braun, IL Forum, WI Elizabeth Calhoun, MI Shawn Cecchi, IL Citizens Concerned for ON Gayle Bettega, MI Mary Bohling, MI Darryl Braun, MI Beth Brownson, ON Caller, IL William Ceisel, IL Michipicoten Bay, ON 57 Citizens for a Safe Québec, QC Robert Coulas Thomas W. Daggett, IL Mario Del Vicario, NY Victor DiGiacomo, NY Sigrid Dralle-Allen, WI Karen Eble, PA Environment, ON Richard Comito, MI Melanie Coulter, ON Louis Daher, MI Judith Delestienne, PA Jerry Digilio, IL Lee Ann Draud, PA Tim Ed Citizens for Renewable Comité ZIP Jacques- Melanie Coulter Jesse Dahir, WI Antonia Delgado-Poust, PA Leu DiGironimo, ON Waly Draves, WI Heath Eddy, PA Energy, ON Cartier, QC Council of Canadians, ON Sally Dahir, WI Marianna Delinck, IL Kristin DiGregorio, PA Paul Drca, ON Robin Edelmayer, MI Robert Civettini, IL Communities Quality Council of Great Lakes Abbie Daigle, WI Mark Dello Stritto, PA James Dike Erin Dreelin, MI James Eder, MI Frank Cizek, MI Improvement, ON Industries, MI Philippe Daigle, QC Christine Deloria, IL F. Ned Dikmen Dennis Dreher, IL Tim Eder, MI Alan Clark, ON Vincent Como, IL Nancy L. Cowger, IL Melissa Daimaschke, MI Tom Delsart, WI Donna Diller, MI Mark Dreher, IL Tim Edev Brooks Clark, PA Craig Compton, IL Dave Cowgill, IL Devon Dal Degan, IL Rocco DelVecchio, MI John Dillon, WI Lara Dreier, WI Angelique Edgerton, WI Edythe Clark, ON James Connell, WI Catherine Cox, IL Adrienne Dale, MI Nicholas DeMarsh, WI Laura Dillon, MI Bunny Driban, PA Carol Edgerton, WI Jeanine Clark, IL Eileen Conner, PA Jack Cox, OH Bev Dale, ON Diane Demers, IL Margaret Dillon, PA J. Gary Dropcho, PA Edmore-Georgian Heights Norman Clark, MI Iona Conner, PA Judith Cox, MI Glen Dale, ON Anthony Demma, IL Richard DiMaio, IL Vicki Druchniak, MI Beach Association, ON Sanford Clark, ON Carrie Connie, MN Nick Cox, ON Scott Dalebroux, IL David Dempsey, MN Rick DiMaio, IL Jim Drummond and Tom Karen Edmund, WI Dave Clark Huber, CA Phillippa Connon, IL Brett Coy, IL Katherine Daley, PA Kimberly Dempsey, IL Angela Dinello, ON Henderson David Edsey, IL Karen Claus, IL Mary Connors, IL Greg Coy, PA Mayor Richard Daley, IL Rebecca Denison, PA Stephane Dion, QC Paul Dubeau, ON Eve Edwards, PA Clean Water Action, IL Ann Conroy, PA Sarah Coyle, WI Lou DalMonte, IL Alec Denys, ON Margie Dittoe, PA Alice Dubroff, PA Naomi Edwards, IL Clean Wisconsin, WI Conservation Ontario, ON Donna Craig, IL Tommy DaMario, IL Ali Denys, IL Scott Ditzenberger, OH Maria Duca, PA Penny Edwards, IL Helen Cleaver, PA Marie Considine, IL Gabriel Craig, IL Lucy Dames, NY Department of Natural Barbara Dively, PA Katie Dudley, WI Ron Edwards, PA Sherri Cleaves, ON Caroline Constant, MI Thomas Crame, MI Michael D’Andrea, ON Resources, State of Norine Dobiesz, ON Michael Duerr, PA Barb Eglinton, MI Kimberly Clemens, PA Holly Conte, DE Tom Crane, MI Bonnie Danes, ON Wisconsin, WI Patricia Docker-Ford, PA Scott Duff, ON R. Michael Ehr, WI Melanie Clevert, IL Judy Contin Sean Cranley, WI Susan Daniel, IL Jessica DePete, PA Barbara Docs, PA Joshua Duffy, PA Richard Eichmann, IL Mary Jo Clewley, MI Amy Converse, IL Alastair Crawford, ON William Daniels, PA Michele DePhilip, IL Phillip Dodd, PA Julie Duffy, IL Heidi Eickstadt, DE Nancy J. Cline, IL Mary Conway, IL Susan Crawford, IL David Dankert, IL Stew Depuis, WI Lynn Dodson, MI Susan Duffy, SC Harry G. Eisenbise, PA Ed and Jessie Clinton, MT Ann Cook, IL Nicola Crawhall, ON Elizabeth Darovic, IL Cathy Dermody, WI Sarah Doelling, IL Julia Dugan, PA Jane Elder, WI Stephanie Cloak-Sander, WI Carol Cook, IL Dan Craycraft, OH Katy Darr, IL Thomas Dermody, WI Jeanne Doherty, IL Alice Dugar, OH Lorelei Elding, WI Stephanie Cloutier, WI Janice Cook, IL Catherine Creber, ON George Darrow, WI Louise Dernehl, WI Anne Dolan, MI Gary Dukart, PA Debbie Elholm, WI Emily Cloyd, NY Lindal Cook, IL Amelia Crenshaw, IN Nancy Darrow, WI Betty Derr, PA Garry Doll, PA Sheila Dukelsky, IL Karen Elias, PA Leslie Cochran Samuel Cooke, WI Kathryn Crestani, OH Beth Daubert, PA Anna DeSellas, ON Diane Dombeck, IL Mary Dumlao, IL Anastasia Eliason, CT Barbara Cochrane, IL John Coon, NH Christopher Cretella, PA Erin Daughton, IL Zack DeSwarte, WI Leona Dombrowski, ON Edward Dunar, WI Lisa Elkins, IL Joseph Coco, IL Jim Cooper, OH Carey Crocker, MI Pamela David, IL Detroit River Canadian Don Watershed Thomas Duncan, IL Amy Elledge Rita Cocquyt, MI John Cooper, ON Patricia Croom, MI Anne Davidson, MI Cleanup, ON Regeneration Council, ON Jerry Duncanson, WI Kate Ellingson, WI Dennis Coffman, PA Ruth Cooper, MI Daniel Crosby, WI Erin Davidson, IL Detroit Riverkeeper and Karen Donahue, MI David Dunkleberger, PA Geewadin Elliot, ON Harold Cohen, PA Brian Cope, PA Don Cross Robert Davies, WI Friends of the Detroit Michael Donahue, MI Christine Dunleavy, WI Lyn Elliot, PA Mark Cohen, MD Sarah Coppinger, PA Warren Cross, WI Ryan Davies, IL River , MI Amanda Dones, IL Erin Dunleavy, PA Cynthia Elliott, IL Pamela Cohen, MI Daria Corbett, IL Susan Crothers-Gee, IL Adam Davis, IL Michael Dever, OH Anna Donovan, WI Lesley Dunn, IL Lucy Elliott, IL Sharon Cohen, IL Lois Corbett, ON Tammy Crouthamel, PA Amanda Davis, IL Justin DeVore, PA Door County Paul Dunn, WI Rosanne Ellison, MI Nancy Cohn, PA Lowell D. Corbin, MI Lindsay Crowder, NY Amy Davis, WI Lori DeWalt, PA Environmental Council, WI Sondra Dunne, WI Ron Elloit, IL Mathew Cole, WI Kristian Corby, WI Michelle Crowder, VT Cameron Davis, IL Julia Dewey, PA Liza Dore, IL David Duorak, OH Mark Elster, IL Lewis Colello, PA James Corcoran, MI Gloria Crowe, ON Emily Davis, IL Alec di Mauro, IL Linda Dorken, IL Robert DuPlessis, PA Christine Elwell, ON Bruce Coleman, NY J. Alex Cordaro, PA Betty Cruz, PA Michele Davis, PA Heather Diamond, IL Andrew Dorman, PA Rosamond DuPont, PA Ainslee Emerson, ON Carmen Coleman, NY Brian Corie, PA Laura Cryderman, MI Patrick Dawdy, MI Laura Dick, IL Sofi Dorrano, WI Mary Durando, PA Karen Endres, MI Gilbert Coleman, PA Lynda Corkum, ON Julianna Cuevas, IL Maureen Dawley, PA Laura Dick, WI Judy Dorsey, IL Diane Durante, IL Krissy English, IL Phil Coleman, PA Lynda Corkum, ON Mary Jo Cullen and Jennifer Day, MI Jeremy Dicken, MI Monte Doty, MI Mary Durfee, MI Hannah-Lee Enright, IL Robert Coleman, IL Karen Cornelius, WI Torfinn Hansen, ON Bonnie De Bold, PA Benjamin Dickey, WI Nancy Doubleday, ON Barbara Durkin, PA Environmental Research Linda Coleman Shirkey, MI Abigail Corso, IL Kathleen Cummings, IL Elizabeth de la Baume, IL Bill Dickinson, ON Heather Dougherty, ON Jennifer Dutcher, WI Foundation, IL Mark Colemen, IN Jenni Cortinas, WI James Cunningham, ON Susan De Vos, WI Pamela Dickinson, PA Linda Dougherty, IL Melissa Dyas, PA Larry Epke, IL Lori Colgan, VT Patriche Cosette, QC Randy Cunningham, OH Rachel Dean, IL Patricia Dickmann, IL Gayle Doukas, WI Angel Dybas, WI David Eppelsheimer, Sr., WI Sister Kathleen Coll, SSJ, PA George Costaris, MI Linda Curry, PA Danny Deao, PA Lynne Diebel, WI Christine Dow, ON Amanda Dyelle, MI Jay Erb, PA Christine Collard, ON Lanie Costeas, IL Anne Cusack, MI Conrad Debarros, ON Tom Diederich, PA Diantha Dowdelw, ON Betsy Dynako, IL Mike Ericksen, MI David Collins, WI Jennifer Costello, PA Cuyanoga River RAP, OH Ryan Debniak, MI Carolyn Diem, MI Elizabeth Dowdeswell, ON Susan Dziekan, IL Sheila Erlbaum, PA Peggy S. Collins, MI Katherine Costin, IL Patricia Czach, IL Rosalie DeFino, WI Jim Diener, OH Cassandra Dowling, MI John Eakin, IL Kathleen Ernst, WI Maritza Colon, IL James Cotner, MN Shelley Czeizler, MI Nicholas Dehning, IL Ngan Diep, ON Kevin Doyle, IL David Earley, IL Leyla Eryuzlu, ON Comité exécutif de la Com- Joseph Cotruro, DC Meghan D., PA Michael Deitz, IL Trudy Diepholz, IL Dan Dozier Thomas Easterly, IN Sheniz Eryuzlu, ON munauté métropolitaine de Patricia Cotter, IL Alexandre da Silva, IN Joe Del Vecchio, NY Paul Dieterle, IL Michael Drake, PA Bruce Easton, ON Jodi Escalante, WI 58 Citizens for a Safe Québec, QC Robert Coulas Thomas W. Daggett, IL Mario Del Vicario, NY Victor DiGiacomo, NY Sigrid Dralle-Allen, WI Karen Eble, PA Environment, ON Richard Comito, MI Melanie Coulter, ON Louis Daher, MI Judith Delestienne, PA Jerry Digilio, IL Lee Ann Draud, PA Tim Ed Citizens for Renewable Comité ZIP Jacques- Melanie Coulter Jesse Dahir, WI Antonia Delgado-Poust, PA Leu DiGironimo, ON Waly Draves, WI Heath Eddy, PA Energy, ON Cartier, QC Council of Canadians, ON Sally Dahir, WI Marianna Delinck, IL Kristin DiGregorio, PA Paul Drca, ON Robin Edelmayer, MI Robert Civettini, IL Communities Quality Council of Great Lakes Abbie Daigle, WI Mark Dello Stritto, PA James Dike Erin Dreelin, MI James Eder, MI Frank Cizek, MI Improvement, ON Industries, MI Philippe Daigle, QC Christine Deloria, IL F. Ned Dikmen Dennis Dreher, IL Tim Eder, MI Alan Clark, ON Vincent Como, IL Nancy L. Cowger, IL Melissa Daimaschke, MI Tom Delsart, WI Donna Diller, MI Mark Dreher, IL Tim Edev Brooks Clark, PA Craig Compton, IL Dave Cowgill, IL Devon Dal Degan, IL Rocco DelVecchio, MI John Dillon, WI Lara Dreier, WI Angelique Edgerton, WI Edythe Clark, ON James Connell, WI Catherine Cox, IL Adrienne Dale, MI Nicholas DeMarsh, WI Laura Dillon, MI Bunny Driban, PA Carol Edgerton, WI Jeanine Clark, IL Eileen Conner, PA Jack Cox, OH Bev Dale, ON Diane Demers, IL Margaret Dillon, PA J. Gary Dropcho, PA Edmore-Georgian Heights Norman Clark, MI Iona Conner, PA Judith Cox, MI Glen Dale, ON Anthony Demma, IL Richard DiMaio, IL Vicki Druchniak, MI Beach Association, ON Sanford Clark, ON Carrie Connie, MN Nick Cox, ON Scott Dalebroux, IL David Dempsey, MN Rick DiMaio, IL Jim Drummond and Tom Karen Edmund, WI Dave Clark Huber, CA Phillippa Connon, IL Brett Coy, IL Katherine Daley, PA Kimberly Dempsey, IL Angela Dinello, ON Henderson David Edsey, IL Karen Claus, IL Mary Connors, IL Greg Coy, PA Mayor Richard Daley, IL Rebecca Denison, PA Stephane Dion, QC Paul Dubeau, ON Eve Edwards, PA Clean Water Action, IL Ann Conroy, PA Sarah Coyle, WI Lou DalMonte, IL Alec Denys, ON Margie Dittoe, PA Alice Dubroff, PA Naomi Edwards, IL Clean Wisconsin, WI Conservation Ontario, ON Donna Craig, IL Tommy DaMario, IL Ali Denys, IL Scott Ditzenberger, OH Maria Duca, PA Penny Edwards, IL Helen Cleaver, PA Marie Considine, IL Gabriel Craig, IL Lucy Dames, NY Department of Natural Barbara Dively, PA Katie Dudley, WI Ron Edwards, PA Sherri Cleaves, ON Caroline Constant, MI Thomas Crame, MI Michael D’Andrea, ON Resources, State of Norine Dobiesz, ON Michael Duerr, PA Barb Eglinton, MI Kimberly Clemens, PA Holly Conte, DE Tom Crane, MI Bonnie Danes, ON Wisconsin, WI Patricia Docker-Ford, PA Scott Duff, ON R. Michael Ehr, WI Melanie Clevert, IL Judy Contin Sean Cranley, WI Susan Daniel, IL Jessica DePete, PA Barbara Docs, PA Joshua Duffy, PA Richard Eichmann, IL Mary Jo Clewley, MI Amy Converse, IL Alastair Crawford, ON William Daniels, PA Michele DePhilip, IL Phillip Dodd, PA Julie Duffy, IL Heidi Eickstadt, DE Nancy J. Cline, IL Mary Conway, IL Susan Crawford, IL David Dankert, IL Stew Depuis, WI Lynn Dodson, MI Susan Duffy, SC Harry G. Eisenbise, PA Ed and Jessie Clinton, MT Ann Cook, IL Nicola Crawhall, ON Elizabeth Darovic, IL Cathy Dermody, WI Sarah Doelling, IL Julia Dugan, PA Jane Elder, WI Stephanie Cloak-Sander, WI Carol Cook, IL Dan Craycraft, OH Katy Darr, IL Thomas Dermody, WI Jeanne Doherty, IL Alice Dugar, OH Lorelei Elding, WI Stephanie Cloutier, WI Janice Cook, IL Catherine Creber, ON George Darrow, WI Louise Dernehl, WI Anne Dolan, MI Gary Dukart, PA Debbie Elholm, WI Emily Cloyd, NY Lindal Cook, IL Amelia Crenshaw, IN Nancy Darrow, WI Betty Derr, PA Garry Doll, PA Sheila Dukelsky, IL Karen Elias, PA Leslie Cochran Samuel Cooke, WI Kathryn Crestani, OH Beth Daubert, PA Anna DeSellas, ON Diane Dombeck, IL Mary Dumlao, IL Anastasia Eliason, CT Barbara Cochrane, IL John Coon, NH Christopher Cretella, PA Erin Daughton, IL Zack DeSwarte, WI Leona Dombrowski, ON Edward Dunar, WI Lisa Elkins, IL Joseph Coco, IL Jim Cooper, OH Carey Crocker, MI Pamela David, IL Detroit River Canadian Don Watershed Thomas Duncan, IL Amy Elledge Rita Cocquyt, MI John Cooper, ON Patricia Croom, MI Anne Davidson, MI Cleanup, ON Regeneration Council, ON Jerry Duncanson, WI Kate Ellingson, WI Dennis Coffman, PA Ruth Cooper, MI Daniel Crosby, WI Erin Davidson, IL Detroit Riverkeeper and Karen Donahue, MI David Dunkleberger, PA Geewadin Elliot, ON Harold Cohen, PA Brian Cope, PA Don Cross Robert Davies, WI Friends of the Detroit Michael Donahue, MI Christine Dunleavy, WI Lyn Elliot, PA Mark Cohen, MD Sarah Coppinger, PA Warren Cross, WI Ryan Davies, IL River , MI Amanda Dones, IL Erin Dunleavy, PA Cynthia Elliott, IL Pamela Cohen, MI Daria Corbett, IL Susan Crothers-Gee, IL Adam Davis, IL Michael Dever, OH Anna Donovan, WI Lesley Dunn, IL Lucy Elliott, IL Sharon Cohen, IL Lois Corbett, ON Tammy Crouthamel, PA Amanda Davis, IL Justin DeVore, PA Door County Paul Dunn, WI Rosanne Ellison, MI Nancy Cohn, PA Lowell D. Corbin, MI Lindsay Crowder, NY Amy Davis, WI Lori DeWalt, PA Environmental Council, WI Sondra Dunne, WI Ron Elloit, IL Mathew Cole, WI Kristian Corby, WI Michelle Crowder, VT Cameron Davis, IL Julia Dewey, PA Liza Dore, IL David Duorak, OH Mark Elster, IL Lewis Colello, PA James Corcoran, MI Gloria Crowe, ON Emily Davis, IL Alec di Mauro, IL Linda Dorken, IL Robert DuPlessis, PA Christine Elwell, ON Bruce Coleman, NY J. Alex Cordaro, PA Betty Cruz, PA Michele Davis, PA Heather Diamond, IL Andrew Dorman, PA Rosamond DuPont, PA Ainslee Emerson, ON Carmen Coleman, NY Brian Corie, PA Laura Cryderman, MI Patrick Dawdy, MI Laura Dick, IL Sofi Dorrano, WI Mary Durando, PA Karen Endres, MI Gilbert Coleman, PA Lynda Corkum, ON Julianna Cuevas, IL Maureen Dawley, PA Laura Dick, WI Judy Dorsey, IL Diane Durante, IL Krissy English, IL Phil Coleman, PA Lynda Corkum, ON Mary Jo Cullen and Jennifer Day, MI Jeremy Dicken, MI Monte Doty, MI Mary Durfee, MI Hannah-Lee Enright, IL Robert Coleman, IL Karen Cornelius, WI Torfinn Hansen, ON Bonnie De Bold, PA Benjamin Dickey, WI Nancy Doubleday, ON Barbara Durkin, PA Environmental Research Linda Coleman Shirkey, MI Abigail Corso, IL Kathleen Cummings, IL Elizabeth de la Baume, IL Bill Dickinson, ON Heather Dougherty, ON Jennifer Dutcher, WI Foundation, IL Mark Colemen, IN Jenni Cortinas, WI James Cunningham, ON Susan De Vos, WI Pamela Dickinson, PA Linda Dougherty, IL Melissa Dyas, PA Larry Epke, IL Lori Colgan, VT Patriche Cosette, QC Randy Cunningham, OH Rachel Dean, IL Patricia Dickmann, IL Gayle Doukas, WI Angel Dybas, WI David Eppelsheimer, Sr., WI Sister Kathleen Coll, SSJ, PA George Costaris, MI Linda Curry, PA Danny Deao, PA Lynne Diebel, WI Christine Dow, ON Amanda Dyelle, MI Jay Erb, PA Christine Collard, ON Lanie Costeas, IL Anne Cusack, MI Conrad Debarros, ON Tom Diederich, PA Diantha Dowdelw, ON Betsy Dynako, IL Mike Ericksen, MI David Collins, WI Jennifer Costello, PA Cuyanoga River RAP, OH Ryan Debniak, MI Carolyn Diem, MI Elizabeth Dowdeswell, ON Susan Dziekan, IL Sheila Erlbaum, PA Peggy S. Collins, MI Katherine Costin, IL Patricia Czach, IL Rosalie DeFino, WI Jim Diener, OH Cassandra Dowling, MI John Eakin, IL Kathleen Ernst, WI Maritza Colon, IL James Cotner, MN Shelley Czeizler, MI Nicholas Dehning, IL Ngan Diep, ON Kevin Doyle, IL David Earley, IL Leyla Eryuzlu, ON Comité exécutif de la Com- Joseph Cotruro, DC Meghan D., PA Michael Deitz, IL Trudy Diepholz, IL Dan Dozier Thomas Easterly, IN Sheniz Eryuzlu, ON munauté métropolitaine de Patricia Cotter, IL Alexandre da Silva, IN Joe Del Vecchio, NY Paul Dieterle, IL Michael Drake, PA Bruce Easton, ON Jodi Escalante, WI 59 Joseph Escher, PA Tom Ferguson, MI Jane Forrington-Burke, ON Barbara Friedrich, PA Sara Gavrell, WI Brian Gillin, PA Kyle Gracey, PA Gale Grossman, IL Ed Eschweiler, WI Mark Ferro, IL Jean Forsberg, PA Joe Friend, PA Jessica Gawlik, IN Sam Gillin, PA Charles Graham, MI Kevin Grothe, WI Helen Escobar, IL Pasquale Feudo, PA Gerry Forsell, ON Kyle Frieschmidt, WI GBA Foundation, ON Richard Gilman, MI Chris Graham, IL Mary Grove, IN Amanda Esrey, PA Kathy Feuillan, IL David Forte, IL Rhonda Fritcher, MI Sister Mary Gebhard, WI Brooke Gilmour, ON Kathy Graham, QC Ravi Grover, IL Candace Esslinger, IL Craig Fick, MI William Fortier, WI Patricia Fron, IL Vladimir Gedgafov, IL Sarah Gingrich, ON Morgan Granata, IL Andreya Grozik, IL April Esterly, PA Betsey Fiddler, IL Christine Fossen-Rades, WI Raymond Frost, IL Jennifer Geelan, IL Mayor Michel Giroux, QC Evan Graner, IL Chris Grubb, MI Hank Estrada, IL Anna Fiedler, MI Pat Foster, MI Kristy Fruth, IL Jennifer Geiger, MI Dale Glabach, MI Norman Grannemann, MI Susan Gruber, WI Margorie and Richard Ettlinger, Betty Fierros, WI Ron Foster, WI Donald Fruzen, WI Paul and Chris Geiselhart, IL Herb Glahn, MI Charles Grant, PA Martha Gruelle, MI IL Diane Figiel, WI Sophie Foster, ON Alison Fruzier, WI Russell Geisthardt, WI Julia Glahn, IL Gordon P. Grant, IL Ben Grumbles, DC Linda Euler, WI Rachel Filippini, PA Traci Foster, IL Marlo Fry Martin Gelfand, PA Dereth Glance, NY Judith Grant Marcella Grunert, IL John Evanco, PA Paul Filteau, ON Jason Fowler, WI Miguela Fry, WI Jean-Marie Gendlin, WI Jane Glassco, ON Laurence Gravin Christina Gubicza, PA Dinda Evans, CA Ruth Fina, WI Glen Fox, ON Ester Fuchs, MI Genesee Valley Audubon Myra Glassman, IL Andrea Gray, MI Sarah Guernsey, IL James L. Evans, WI C. Scott Findlay, ON John Fox, WI Tom Fuhman, PA Society, NY Valerie Glauser, PA Benjamin Gray, IL Anthony Guida, IL Jason Evans, IL Rick Findlay, ON Patricia Fox, IL Sandra Fulton, PA Michael Gentile, IL Bob Glennie, IL Linda Gray, WI Gary Gulezian, IL Russel Evans, WI Rachel Fineman, PA S. Fram, IL Scott Fulton, WI Don George, MI R. Dick Glennie, IL Great Lakes and St. Nick Gullo, IL Kaukima Everhart, MI Mary Fineran, NJ Annette Francis Patrick Furlong, ON John George, WI Jan Glick, WI Lawrence Cities Initiative Robert Gumlock, PA MJ Everhart, PA Brian Fink, PA George Francis, ON Lisa G., IL Karen George, ON Julianne Glista, IL Great Lakes Boating Burak Guneralp, IL Mary Ewart, ON Dennis Fink, MN Mayor Eddie Francis, ON Kemi Gaabo, MI Sandra George, ON Mara Gloor, IL Federation, IL Kenisha Gunn, IL JoEllen Exner, PA Ryan Finlay, IL Linda Francisco, MI Brook Gabel, PA Tara George, ON Michael Glover, MI Great Lakes Futures Peter Gunther, IL Adam Eyring, PA Michael Finley, TN Henry Frank, PA Mark Gaden, MI George, ON Paul Glover, ON Roundtable, ON Nancy Gurny, IL Kenneth Faba, MI Ruth Finley, PA Linda Frankenberg, WI Mary Gage, MI Georgian Bay Association, ON Joan Gluckman, PA Great Lakes Protection Amy Guskin, PA Joan Fabrega, PA Emmett Finneran, IL Lindsey Franks, MI Ruth Gagliano, IL Carol Geraghty, PA Roger Goddard, ON Fund, IL Victor Gutierrez, IL Ronald Fadoir, MI Mark Fiorini, PA Jeff Frantz, IL Aislinn Gagliardi, IL G. Gerdan, MI Alban Goddard-Hill, ON Great Lakes United, NY Glenn Guttman, IL Don Fago, WI Melanie Fisher, PA Sara Frantz, TX Virginia Gajar, MI Joseph Gerding, IL Mary Godwin, MI Great Lakes United, ON Babara Guyes, WI Sara Fahrenholz, WI Roger Fisher, IL Stephanie Frantz, IL Jan Galasso, ON Molly German, ON Michael Goebel, WI Emily Greb, WI Jeremiah Guyes, WI Colette Fahrner, IL Thomas Fisher, PA Elizabeth Fraser, IL Pat Galasso, ON Peggy Gerou, MI Nancy Goedert Carol Green, MI Dan Guzman, IL Dan Farah, WI Lana Fishkin, PA Gillian Fraser, ON John Galdun, IL Nancy Gershman, IL Daniel Goetsch, WI Emily Green, WI Delia Guzman, PA Wendy Farley, FL Mark Fitch, MI Janet and Jim Fraser, ON Kate Gallagher, MI Suzy Gerst, PA Michael Goffin, ON Janet Green, IL Sheridan Haack, MI Elaine Farragher, ON Thomas Fitzpatrick, WI Lynn Fraser, PA Cheryl Gallant, ON Lisa Gervais, NY Katherine Goggins, WI Robert Green, IL Mary Haan, MI Laura Farwell, MI Mary Fitzsimmons, NJ Luckey Frederick, NY Pamela Gallegos, WI Elizabeth Gesicki, WI Keith Goldan, PA Steve Greenbaum, PA Christina Haas, PA Wally Farwell, WI Aletheia Fkiaras, PA Brian Frederickson, IL Diane Galloway, VA Thomas Getz, NY Bruce Goldman, MI Jay Greenberg, NY Gail Haaz, PA Joan Fassett, IL Molly Flanagan, OH Adele Freeman, ON Gerald Galloway, MD Gretchen Gharrett, IL Charles Goldman, IL Ted Greenfield, IL Amy Haberkost, IL Peter Fassett, IL Prof. Harley Flanders, MI Carol Freeman, IL Sarah Galloway, PA Laura Ghiron, MI Ronald Goldsein, IL Cathy Greenland, PA John Hachtel, IL Michael Faubert, ON Reuben Flatt, NM Lorraine Freeman, IL Fairlee Gamble, PA Lori Giagnacova, PA Larry Goldstein, IL Alan Greenspan, PA Pamela Hackney, MI Eric Faussurier, QC Fred Fleischer, ON Barton French, PA Patricia and Martin Gamble, Robert Giammanco, IL Libby J. Goldstein, PA Ilene Greenstone, PA Nicholas Hade, WI Marc Favreau, ON Ron Fleming, ON Ellis French, CA ON Mark Giampietro, VA Ronald Goldstein, IL Janet Greenwald, IN Gene Hafermann, WI Peter Fawcett, ON Gary Flesher, IL Shirley French, ON Bjorn Gangeness, MN N. Elda Gibbs, WI Sidney Goldstein, PA Richard Greenwood, IL Bill Hafs David Fay, ON Pamela Flick, MI Todd French, ON Jerzy Gangi, PA Boyd Gibson, PA Kenneth Golub, IL Christopher S. Greer, TX MaryEllen Hagel, MI Erika Fay, IL Fred Flood, ON Karen Fresco, IL Harold Garabedian, VT Brian Gibson, ON Elizabeth Goneau, BC Jan Gregorcich, WI Robert Hagele, IL Mark Fedak, MI Rose Flood, PA Fresh Creek Technologies, Dan Gardiner, ON Lucy Gibson, WI Patricia Gong, PA Karin Gregory, MI Glenn Hagemann, IL Federation of Tiny Township Frank Florin, WI Inc., NJ Linda Gardiner, ON Raymond and Christine Gicela, Loner Gonnon, OH Joe Greig, MI John Hagen, MA Shoreline Associations, ON Cherrill Flynn, MI Jeff Frey, IL Mark Gardiner, ON IL John Good, BC Gary Grice, IL Lori Hahn, WI Féderation québécoise du canot Lindsay Focht, WI Richard Frey, PA Charles Gardner Karen Gierach, PA Craig Goodrich, PA Georgia Griffin, IL Mary Hahn, WI et du kayak, QC Elzbieta Foeller-Pituch, IL Mac Frick, MI Gabriel Gardner, IL Mark M. Giese, WI Thomas Goodwill, MI Michael Grill, IL Shirley Haiduk, IL Rebecca Fedewa Frank Fohr, ON Tim Frick, IL Art Gareau, IN Gladys Gifford, NY Rev. Rebecca Gordon, IL Bruce G. Grimes, PA Julia Haines, PA Fednav Limited, QC Mark Foisy, IL Zoe Friedberg, PA Michael Garman, IL Nick Gigante, PA David Gorman, IL Patrick Grimes, MI Sarah Hakala, PA Elizabeth Feeney, PA Gary Foley, NC Louise Friedeonson Kathleen Garness, IL Jim Gignac, IL Jack Gorro, MI Benjamin Grimshaw, MI Milad Hakimbashi, WI Rebekah Feeser, PA Christina Fong, MI Bernard Friedman, IL Kay Garrity-Roth, PA Susan Gigot-Klein, WI Richard Gorud, WI Elizabeth Grimwade, IL Sandra Hale, IL Dennis Feichtinger, MI J. D. Forbes, IL Elyse Friedman, IL Kathleen Gasperine, PA Michael Gilbertson, ON Susan Gotwals, PA Kim Grittner, WI Shirley Hale, ON Charles Feinstein, PA Richard Ford, WI Uri Friedman, CA Michelle Gasperine, PA Joellen Gilchrist, MI Julianne Gould, PA Frank Groll, PA Molly Hales, IL Alissa Feller, IL Roberta Ford, ON William B. Friedman, PA Sandra Gates, IL John Giles, ON Thomas Gould, MI Ralph Grose Angela Hall, MI Jennifer Fenne, WI Jack Forgosh, PA Jacqueline Friedman, MD, MI Zachary Gaugush, WI Margaret Giles, ON William Gould, IL Jeffrey Grossberg, IL John Hall, ON Paul Fenton, ON Peter Forma Andrea Friedmann, IL Roger Gauthier, MI Linda Gillespie, MI Stafanie Goure, ON Alfonso Grossi, ON Kate Hall, PA 60 Joseph Escher, PA Tom Ferguson, MI Jane Forrington-Burke, ON Barbara Friedrich, PA Sara Gavrell, WI Brian Gillin, PA Kyle Gracey, PA Gale Grossman, IL Ed Eschweiler, WI Mark Ferro, IL Jean Forsberg, PA Joe Friend, PA Jessica Gawlik, IN Sam Gillin, PA Charles Graham, MI Kevin Grothe, WI Helen Escobar, IL Pasquale Feudo, PA Gerry Forsell, ON Kyle Frieschmidt, WI GBA Foundation, ON Richard Gilman, MI Chris Graham, IL Mary Grove, IN Amanda Esrey, PA Kathy Feuillan, IL David Forte, IL Rhonda Fritcher, MI Sister Mary Gebhard, WI Brooke Gilmour, ON Kathy Graham, QC Ravi Grover, IL Candace Esslinger, IL Craig Fick, MI William Fortier, WI Patricia Fron, IL Vladimir Gedgafov, IL Sarah Gingrich, ON Morgan Granata, IL Andreya Grozik, IL April Esterly, PA Betsey Fiddler, IL Christine Fossen-Rades, WI Raymond Frost, IL Jennifer Geelan, IL Mayor Michel Giroux, QC Evan Graner, IL Chris Grubb, MI Hank Estrada, IL Anna Fiedler, MI Pat Foster, MI Kristy Fruth, IL Jennifer Geiger, MI Dale Glabach, MI Norman Grannemann, MI Susan Gruber, WI Margorie and Richard Ettlinger, Betty Fierros, WI Ron Foster, WI Donald Fruzen, WI Paul and Chris Geiselhart, IL Herb Glahn, MI Charles Grant, PA Martha Gruelle, MI IL Diane Figiel, WI Sophie Foster, ON Alison Fruzier, WI Russell Geisthardt, WI Julia Glahn, IL Gordon P. Grant, IL Ben Grumbles, DC Linda Euler, WI Rachel Filippini, PA Traci Foster, IL Marlo Fry Martin Gelfand, PA Dereth Glance, NY Judith Grant Marcella Grunert, IL John Evanco, PA Paul Filteau, ON Jason Fowler, WI Miguela Fry, WI Jean-Marie Gendlin, WI Jane Glassco, ON Laurence Gravin Christina Gubicza, PA Dinda Evans, CA Ruth Fina, WI Glen Fox, ON Ester Fuchs, MI Genesee Valley Audubon Myra Glassman, IL Andrea Gray, MI Sarah Guernsey, IL James L. Evans, WI C. Scott Findlay, ON John Fox, WI Tom Fuhman, PA Society, NY Valerie Glauser, PA Benjamin Gray, IL Anthony Guida, IL Jason Evans, IL Rick Findlay, ON Patricia Fox, IL Sandra Fulton, PA Michael Gentile, IL Bob Glennie, IL Linda Gray, WI Gary Gulezian, IL Russel Evans, WI Rachel Fineman, PA S. Fram, IL Scott Fulton, WI Don George, MI R. Dick Glennie, IL Great Lakes and St. Nick Gullo, IL Kaukima Everhart, MI Mary Fineran, NJ Annette Francis Patrick Furlong, ON John George, WI Jan Glick, WI Lawrence Cities Initiative Robert Gumlock, PA MJ Everhart, PA Brian Fink, PA George Francis, ON Lisa G., IL Karen George, ON Julianne Glista, IL Great Lakes Boating Burak Guneralp, IL Mary Ewart, ON Dennis Fink, MN Mayor Eddie Francis, ON Kemi Gaabo, MI Sandra George, ON Mara Gloor, IL Federation, IL Kenisha Gunn, IL JoEllen Exner, PA Ryan Finlay, IL Linda Francisco, MI Brook Gabel, PA Tara George, ON Michael Glover, MI Great Lakes Futures Peter Gunther, IL Adam Eyring, PA Michael Finley, TN Henry Frank, PA Mark Gaden, MI George, ON Paul Glover, ON Roundtable, ON Nancy Gurny, IL Kenneth Faba, MI Ruth Finley, PA Linda Frankenberg, WI Mary Gage, MI Georgian Bay Association, ON Joan Gluckman, PA Great Lakes Protection Amy Guskin, PA Joan Fabrega, PA Emmett Finneran, IL Lindsey Franks, MI Ruth Gagliano, IL Carol Geraghty, PA Roger Goddard, ON Fund, IL Victor Gutierrez, IL Ronald Fadoir, MI Mark Fiorini, PA Jeff Frantz, IL Aislinn Gagliardi, IL G. Gerdan, MI Alban Goddard-Hill, ON Great Lakes United, NY Glenn Guttman, IL Don Fago, WI Melanie Fisher, PA Sara Frantz, TX Virginia Gajar, MI Joseph Gerding, IL Mary Godwin, MI Great Lakes United, ON Babara Guyes, WI Sara Fahrenholz, WI Roger Fisher, IL Stephanie Frantz, IL Jan Galasso, ON Molly German, ON Michael Goebel, WI Emily Greb, WI Jeremiah Guyes, WI Colette Fahrner, IL Thomas Fisher, PA Elizabeth Fraser, IL Pat Galasso, ON Peggy Gerou, MI Nancy Goedert Carol Green, MI Dan Guzman, IL Dan Farah, WI Lana Fishkin, PA Gillian Fraser, ON John Galdun, IL Nancy Gershman, IL Daniel Goetsch, WI Emily Green, WI Delia Guzman, PA Wendy Farley, FL Mark Fitch, MI Janet and Jim Fraser, ON Kate Gallagher, MI Suzy Gerst, PA Michael Goffin, ON Janet Green, IL Sheridan Haack, MI Elaine Farragher, ON Thomas Fitzpatrick, WI Lynn Fraser, PA Cheryl Gallant, ON Lisa Gervais, NY Katherine Goggins, WI Robert Green, IL Mary Haan, MI Laura Farwell, MI Mary Fitzsimmons, NJ Luckey Frederick, NY Pamela Gallegos, WI Elizabeth Gesicki, WI Keith Goldan, PA Steve Greenbaum, PA Christina Haas, PA Wally Farwell, WI Aletheia Fkiaras, PA Brian Frederickson, IL Diane Galloway, VA Thomas Getz, NY Bruce Goldman, MI Jay Greenberg, NY Gail Haaz, PA Joan Fassett, IL Molly Flanagan, OH Adele Freeman, ON Gerald Galloway, MD Gretchen Gharrett, IL Charles Goldman, IL Ted Greenfield, IL Amy Haberkost, IL Peter Fassett, IL Prof. Harley Flanders, MI Carol Freeman, IL Sarah Galloway, PA Laura Ghiron, MI Ronald Goldsein, IL Cathy Greenland, PA John Hachtel, IL Michael Faubert, ON Reuben Flatt, NM Lorraine Freeman, IL Fairlee Gamble, PA Lori Giagnacova, PA Larry Goldstein, IL Alan Greenspan, PA Pamela Hackney, MI Eric Faussurier, QC Fred Fleischer, ON Barton French, PA Patricia and Martin Gamble, Robert Giammanco, IL Libby J. Goldstein, PA Ilene Greenstone, PA Nicholas Hade, WI Marc Favreau, ON Ron Fleming, ON Ellis French, CA ON Mark Giampietro, VA Ronald Goldstein, IL Janet Greenwald, IN Gene Hafermann, WI Peter Fawcett, ON Gary Flesher, IL Shirley French, ON Bjorn Gangeness, MN N. Elda Gibbs, WI Sidney Goldstein, PA Richard Greenwood, IL Bill Hafs David Fay, ON Pamela Flick, MI Todd French, ON Jerzy Gangi, PA Boyd Gibson, PA Kenneth Golub, IL Christopher S. Greer, TX MaryEllen Hagel, MI Erika Fay, IL Fred Flood, ON Karen Fresco, IL Harold Garabedian, VT Brian Gibson, ON Elizabeth Goneau, BC Jan Gregorcich, WI Robert Hagele, IL Mark Fedak, MI Rose Flood, PA Fresh Creek Technologies, Dan Gardiner, ON Lucy Gibson, WI Patricia Gong, PA Karin Gregory, MI Glenn Hagemann, IL Federation of Tiny Township Frank Florin, WI Inc., NJ Linda Gardiner, ON Raymond and Christine Gicela, Loner Gonnon, OH Joe Greig, MI John Hagen, MA Shoreline Associations, ON Cherrill Flynn, MI Jeff Frey, IL Mark Gardiner, ON IL John Good, BC Gary Grice, IL Lori Hahn, WI Féderation québécoise du canot Lindsay Focht, WI Richard Frey, PA Charles Gardner Karen Gierach, PA Craig Goodrich, PA Georgia Griffin, IL Mary Hahn, WI et du kayak, QC Elzbieta Foeller-Pituch, IL Mac Frick, MI Gabriel Gardner, IL Mark M. Giese, WI Thomas Goodwill, MI Michael Grill, IL Shirley Haiduk, IL Rebecca Fedewa Frank Fohr, ON Tim Frick, IL Art Gareau, IN Gladys Gifford, NY Rev. Rebecca Gordon, IL Bruce G. Grimes, PA Julia Haines, PA Fednav Limited, QC Mark Foisy, IL Zoe Friedberg, PA Michael Garman, IL Nick Gigante, PA David Gorman, IL Patrick Grimes, MI Sarah Hakala, PA Elizabeth Feeney, PA Gary Foley, NC Louise Friedeonson Kathleen Garness, IL Jim Gignac, IL Jack Gorro, MI Benjamin Grimshaw, MI Milad Hakimbashi, WI Rebekah Feeser, PA Christina Fong, MI Bernard Friedman, IL Kay Garrity-Roth, PA Susan Gigot-Klein, WI Richard Gorud, WI Elizabeth Grimwade, IL Sandra Hale, IL Dennis Feichtinger, MI J. D. Forbes, IL Elyse Friedman, IL Kathleen Gasperine, PA Michael Gilbertson, ON Susan Gotwals, PA Kim Grittner, WI Shirley Hale, ON Charles Feinstein, PA Richard Ford, WI Uri Friedman, CA Michelle Gasperine, PA Joellen Gilchrist, MI Julianne Gould, PA Frank Groll, PA Molly Hales, IL Alissa Feller, IL Roberta Ford, ON William B. Friedman, PA Sandra Gates, IL John Giles, ON Thomas Gould, MI Ralph Grose Angela Hall, MI Jennifer Fenne, WI Jack Forgosh, PA Jacqueline Friedman, MD, MI Zachary Gaugush, WI Margaret Giles, ON William Gould, IL Jeffrey Grossberg, IL John Hall, ON Paul Fenton, ON Peter Forma Andrea Friedmann, IL Roger Gauthier, MI Linda Gillespie, MI Stafanie Goure, ON Alfonso Grossi, ON Kate Hall, PA 61 Lauren Hall, IL John Hartig, MI David Henry, QC Mary Beth Hoerner, IL Clifford Hritz, PA Elaine Isabelle, ON Anthony Johnson, ON Jay Kalawadia, IL Vickie Hall, WI Michael Hartke, IL Brian Henshaw, ON Richard Hoesch, PA Patricia Hruby Powell, IL Dawn Ishida, IL Bernie Johnson, ON Joellen Kames, IL Patty Halls, IL Jerry Hartman, PA Mary Herbeck, MI Michele Hoffer Nicholas Hryniw, IL Steven Jablonowski, PA Douglas Johnson, WI Earl Kammerud, WI Dr. Paul F. Hamblin, ON Julie Hartmann, WI David Herbert, ON Paul Hofferkamp, IL Lawrence Hsu, IL Sharon Jabs, WI Emily Johnson, PA Steve Kamp, IL Andrew Hamilton, ON Joanna Hartung, IL Nancy Herbig, MI Shirlee Hoffman, IL Mark Hubert, IL Anne Jackson, PA Holly Johnson, IL Tressie Kamp, WI Jewell Hamilton, IL Blair Harvey, IL Dan Herman, PA Jennie Hoffmann Mark Hubert, MN Candace Jackson, IL Jim Johnson, MI Christine Kamradt, IL Nancy Hamilton, MI John Harvey, PA Mary Lou Herman, WI Steve Hogg, ON Christiane Hudon, QC John Jackson, NY Jimmy Johnson, IL Shobhana Kanal, PA Hamilton, IL Nathan Haselhorst, IL Renee Herman, CA Audrey Hois, PA Kenda Hudson, MI John Jackson, ON Judy Johnson, IL Cara Kane, IL Hamilton Bay Sailing Club, ON Amber Hassinger, MI John Hermanson, WI Julian Holenstein, ON Leonard Hudson, IL Karen Jackson, PA Kambria Johnson, MN Kelly Kane, IL Jennifer Hammer, IL Janice Hastert, IL Jessica Hermsen, WI Suzanne Holguin, CA Jeanne Huebner, WI Togwell A. Jackson, ON Karen Johnson, MI Michael Kangas, OH Virginia Hammer, PA Ingrid Haugen, IL Veronica Heron, AZ Clint Holland Andrew Huffer, IL Tom Jackson, MN Kim Johnson, MI Nadia Kanhai, IL Ross Hammersley, MI E. D. Hauser, OH Wayne Herrick, ON Fonda Hollenbaugh, PA Brendan Hughes, IL Charles Jacobs, PA Lawrence Johnson, MI Roxanne Kania, MI Mike Hammersmith, IL Sandy Hausman, IL Megan Herrit, ON Jeri Hollister, MI Dan Hughes, IL Dean Jacobs, Lowell Johnson, IL Alexandra Kanoff, PA William Hance, PA Sheryl Havelka, IL Courtney Herritt, ON Jay and Tony Holmes, ON Nancy Hughes, IL Alan Jacobson, IL Michele Johnson, IL Chris Kapcar, IL Robert Handelsman, IL Jennifer Havelock, ON David Hersh, PA David Holst, IL Alicia Huguelet, IL Kari Jacobson Hedin, MN Russell Johnson, NY Susan Kapcar, OH Moyra Haney, ON Kate Hawkins, MI Mary Catherine Hess, IL Amy Holt, WI Charles Huiting, WI Joy Jaeger, IL Stan Johnson, IL Jules Kaplan, IL Jennifer Hanis, IL Wilburn Hayden, PA Neal Hess, PA Kathy Holt, IL Ben Huizenga, IL John Jakary, MI Tim Johnson, MI Diane Kargahi, IL Ed Hanna, ON Jennifer Hayes, MI Phyllis Hess, MI Edwin Homeier, IL Philip Hult, IL Al Jamal, ON Mayor William A. Johnson, John Karl, WI Eric Hanna, IL Jillian Hayes, ON Mairin Hesselbein, WI Honey Harbour Humber Etcetera, ON Clark James, IL Jr., NY Mohamed Abdulhamid Gloria K. Hannas, IL Gail Haynes, IL Robert Hester, ON Association, ON Susan Humphrey, ON Krista James, WI Allan Johnston, IL Karmali, ON Mary Hanney, WI Liz Haythorne, IL Charlon Hibbard, MI Bo Hong, ON Tom Huneke, MI Lois James, ON David Johnston, ON David Karowe, MI Paul Hansknecht, MI Michael Hazdra, IL Simone Hickens, BC Robert Hooper, IL Ronald Hunt, MI Mike James, PA John Johnston, GA Jeff Kart, MI Art Hanson, MI Dorothy Hazel, PA Jeanne Hickey, IL Shelly Hope, IL Robert Hunter, MI Thia James, ON Judy Johnston, WI Natalie Kashian, MI David Hanson, WI Harry Hazelton, IL Lisa Hickok, MI Aaron Hopkins, OR Tom Huntley, MN Carina Janas, ON Anne Johnstone, MI Mike Kaszynski, IL Katie Hanson, MI Gretchen Heacock, PA Heraline Hicks, GA John Hopkins, ON Shoshana Hurand, MI Andrew Janicki, WI Christopher Johnstone, PA Walt Katall, IL Lynelle Hanson Mark Head, ON William Higbee, IL Yvonne Hopkins, ON Huronia Historical Parks, ON Mary Jansen, IL Mary Johnstone, MI Alberta Kateiva, PA Natalie Hanson, MI Simone Healey, NJ Ben Highan, ON Alex Hoppe, WI Edith Hurst, MI Janet Jardine, ON Allan Jones, ON Rebecca Katers, WI Sue Haralson, MI Isobel Heathcote, ON David J. Hildner, WI Gina Horine, IL Linda Hurst, IL Richard Jardine, IL Andrea Jones, IL Mayor Robert J. Katt, MI Harbour West Marina, ON Dan Hebreard, IL David Hilkes, IL Sherlyn Horn, MI Seth Hurwitz, IL David Jarrard, IL Ann Jones M. Katz, IL Gregory Hardigan, IL Joel Hecker, PA Nicole Hilkovitch, IL Kristin Horne, IL Moe Hussain, ON Edward Jasiewicz, PA Damon Jones, PA Lynna Kaucheck, MI Gordon Harding, ON Rachel Heckl, NY Bradley Hill, MI Sharon Horner, IL Lisa Hustad, WI Saad Y. Jasim, ON Duncan Jones, ON Robert Kavetsky, MI Raymond Hardy, WI Robert Hecky, ON Chris Hill, ID Tina Horowitz, PA Jeanne Hutchinson, PA Deborah Jasinski, IL James Jones, MI Beatrice Kay, FL Chief Glen Hare, ON Yvonne Hedeker, IL Janet Hill, IL John Horvath, IL Kathryn Hutchinson, IL Tommy Jasmin, WI Karl Jones, PA Verna Kayser, WI Julia Hare, ON Gretchen Heeren, IL Jeremy Hill, WI Michael Horvath, IL Peggy Hutchinson, MI Alejandra Javiera Caballero, IL Keith Jones, OH Michael Keating, IL Karen Harger, IL Bill Hefferwan, WI Katherine Hill, MI Paul Horvatin, IL Dave Hutchison, IL James Jedibudiah, WI LaWanna Jones, OK Elizabeth Keech, PA Andrea Hargrave, MI George Heid, PA Robert Hill, WI Lawrence Horwitz, PA Robert Hutchison, ON Rebecca Jeffries, IL Ronald Jones, PA Julie Keefer, MI Chris Hargreaves, ON Kelsey Heida, WI Pat Hillard, MI Robert Hospadaruk, MI Barbara Hutt-Clarke, MI Mirjana Jelic, PA Scott Jones, PA Keefe Keeley, WI May Haris, IL Ron Heiman, IL Carol Hilton, MI Dan Hosper, MI Annie Hwang, MI Glen Jenkins, WI Virginia Jones, MI Bernadette Kegelman, PA Edward Harkins, PA Carolyn Heines, MI Jim Hinckley, IL Ann Hoswill, WI Aaron Hyde, WI Herb Jenkins, FL Lauren Jonik, PA Ken Kehl, WI Mollie Harms, MI Richard Heinlein, WI Elenita Hinds, IL Ric Hotchkiss, MI Robert Hyde, ON Paul Jennetten, IL Jean Jost, IL Linda Kehres, IL Adam Harney, MI Jackie Heirbaut, IL Holger Hintelmann, ON Seth Hothem, OH Adele Iannantuono, ON Margaret Jennings, ON Aireen Joven, IL Tina Keitel, IL Gail Harpstead, MI Steve Heitzenrater, PA Erin Hinton, IL David Houck, PA Anita Ilika, IL Precious Jennings, IL Doug Joy Patricia R. Keith, ON Ed Harpthey, ON Robert Helliar, ON Veronique Hiriart-Baer, ON Bernie Housdale, IL Illinois Dunesland Kristine Jensch, WI Julie, ON Joe Keithley, IN Jean Harrington, WI Paul Helm, ON Deborah Hirsch, WI Jonathan Houseman, MI Preservation Society, IL Heather Jensen, PA Gail Jurgella, CA Barb Keller, MI Beatrice Harris, WI Rosie Helper-Caup Karen Hitchcock, ON Kate Houston, WI Illinois Public Interest Steve Jerzyk, IL Amanda Jurinen, IL Dawn Keller, PA John Harris, IL J. Michael Hemsley, VA Karl Hjerpe, IL Mary Ellen Howard, MI Research Group, IL Laura Jeske, MI Brooke Jurkowski, IL John Keller, IL Joshua Harris, IL Brian Henderson, PA Elizabeth Hoch, WI Theresa Howard, MI Daniel Injerd, WI Tim Jessop, MI Suzanne K., IL Martin Keller, Reed Harris, ON Dona Henderson, IL Bradley Hochberg, PA Keith Howarth, MI International Institute of Kaitlin Jeziak, MI K.V., NY Werner Keller, IL Sharon Harris, IL Dale Hendricks, PA Wayne Hochstaetter, WI Janice Howell, MI Concern for Public Health, Joanne, IL Lin Kaatz Chary, IN Jane Kelley, IL Frank Harrison, IL Roshen Hendrickson, IL Linnzi Hodel, IL Pat Howell, PA ON Tom Jodelka, IL Kathleen Kaeding Amie Kellogg, MI Cherie Hart, WI Bertrand Henne, IL Ward J. Hodge, MI Helen R. Hoyt, MI Michael Iott, MI Noreen Jodlowski, IL Turner, WI Rodney Kellogg, MI Karen Hart, IL Amy Hennings, WI Xaviera Hodge, IL Dolores Hrdina, WI Dominic Irpino, IL Adam Johnson, MI Matthew Kaercher, PA Mike Kelly, MI Katei Hart, IL Dawn Henretty, MI Peter Hodson, ON Jacqueline Hrebicek, ON Maureen Irvin, IL Andrew Johnson, WI Paul Kakuris Sean Kelly, WI 62 Lauren Hall, IL John Hartig, MI David Henry, QC Mary Beth Hoerner, IL Clifford Hritz, PA Elaine Isabelle, ON Anthony Johnson, ON Jay Kalawadia, IL Vickie Hall, WI Michael Hartke, IL Brian Henshaw, ON Richard Hoesch, PA Patricia Hruby Powell, IL Dawn Ishida, IL Bernie Johnson, ON Joellen Kames, IL Patty Halls, IL Jerry Hartman, PA Mary Herbeck, MI Michele Hoffer Nicholas Hryniw, IL Steven Jablonowski, PA Douglas Johnson, WI Earl Kammerud, WI Dr. Paul F. Hamblin, ON Julie Hartmann, WI David Herbert, ON Paul Hofferkamp, IL Lawrence Hsu, IL Sharon Jabs, WI Emily Johnson, PA Steve Kamp, IL Andrew Hamilton, ON Joanna Hartung, IL Nancy Herbig, MI Shirlee Hoffman, IL Mark Hubert, IL Anne Jackson, PA Holly Johnson, IL Tressie Kamp, WI Jewell Hamilton, IL Blair Harvey, IL Dan Herman, PA Jennie Hoffmann Mark Hubert, MN Candace Jackson, IL Jim Johnson, MI Christine Kamradt, IL Nancy Hamilton, MI John Harvey, PA Mary Lou Herman, WI Steve Hogg, ON Christiane Hudon, QC John Jackson, NY Jimmy Johnson, IL Shobhana Kanal, PA Hamilton, IL Nathan Haselhorst, IL Renee Herman, CA Audrey Hois, PA Kenda Hudson, MI John Jackson, ON Judy Johnson, IL Cara Kane, IL Hamilton Bay Sailing Club, ON Amber Hassinger, MI John Hermanson, WI Julian Holenstein, ON Leonard Hudson, IL Karen Jackson, PA Kambria Johnson, MN Kelly Kane, IL Jennifer Hammer, IL Janice Hastert, IL Jessica Hermsen, WI Suzanne Holguin, CA Jeanne Huebner, WI Togwell A. Jackson, ON Karen Johnson, MI Michael Kangas, OH Virginia Hammer, PA Ingrid Haugen, IL Veronica Heron, AZ Clint Holland Andrew Huffer, IL Tom Jackson, MN Kim Johnson, MI Nadia Kanhai, IL Ross Hammersley, MI E. D. Hauser, OH Wayne Herrick, ON Fonda Hollenbaugh, PA Brendan Hughes, IL Charles Jacobs, PA Lawrence Johnson, MI Roxanne Kania, MI Mike Hammersmith, IL Sandy Hausman, IL Megan Herrit, ON Jeri Hollister, MI Dan Hughes, IL Dean Jacobs, Lowell Johnson, IL Alexandra Kanoff, PA William Hance, PA Sheryl Havelka, IL Courtney Herritt, ON Jay and Tony Holmes, ON Nancy Hughes, IL Alan Jacobson, IL Michele Johnson, IL Chris Kapcar, IL Robert Handelsman, IL Jennifer Havelock, ON David Hersh, PA David Holst, IL Alicia Huguelet, IL Kari Jacobson Hedin, MN Russell Johnson, NY Susan Kapcar, OH Moyra Haney, ON Kate Hawkins, MI Mary Catherine Hess, IL Amy Holt, WI Charles Huiting, WI Joy Jaeger, IL Stan Johnson, IL Jules Kaplan, IL Jennifer Hanis, IL Wilburn Hayden, PA Neal Hess, PA Kathy Holt, IL Ben Huizenga, IL John Jakary, MI Tim Johnson, MI Diane Kargahi, IL Ed Hanna, ON Jennifer Hayes, MI Phyllis Hess, MI Edwin Homeier, IL Philip Hult, IL Al Jamal, ON Mayor William A. Johnson, John Karl, WI Eric Hanna, IL Jillian Hayes, ON Mairin Hesselbein, WI Honey Harbour Humber Etcetera, ON Clark James, IL Jr., NY Mohamed Abdulhamid Gloria K. Hannas, IL Gail Haynes, IL Robert Hester, ON Association, ON Susan Humphrey, ON Krista James, WI Allan Johnston, IL Karmali, ON Mary Hanney, WI Liz Haythorne, IL Charlon Hibbard, MI Bo Hong, ON Tom Huneke, MI Lois James, ON David Johnston, ON David Karowe, MI Paul Hansknecht, MI Michael Hazdra, IL Simone Hickens, BC Robert Hooper, IL Ronald Hunt, MI Mike James, PA John Johnston, GA Jeff Kart, MI Art Hanson, MI Dorothy Hazel, PA Jeanne Hickey, IL Shelly Hope, IL Robert Hunter, MI Thia James, ON Judy Johnston, WI Natalie Kashian, MI David Hanson, WI Harry Hazelton, IL Lisa Hickok, MI Aaron Hopkins, OR Tom Huntley, MN Carina Janas, ON Anne Johnstone, MI Mike Kaszynski, IL Katie Hanson, MI Gretchen Heacock, PA Heraline Hicks, GA John Hopkins, ON Shoshana Hurand, MI Andrew Janicki, WI Christopher Johnstone, PA Walt Katall, IL Lynelle Hanson Mark Head, ON William Higbee, IL Yvonne Hopkins, ON Huronia Historical Parks, ON Mary Jansen, IL Mary Johnstone, MI Alberta Kateiva, PA Natalie Hanson, MI Simone Healey, NJ Ben Highan, ON Alex Hoppe, WI Edith Hurst, MI Janet Jardine, ON Allan Jones, ON Rebecca Katers, WI Sue Haralson, MI Isobel Heathcote, ON David J. Hildner, WI Gina Horine, IL Linda Hurst, IL Richard Jardine, IL Andrea Jones, IL Mayor Robert J. Katt, MI Harbour West Marina, ON Dan Hebreard, IL David Hilkes, IL Sherlyn Horn, MI Seth Hurwitz, IL David Jarrard, IL Ann Jones M. Katz, IL Gregory Hardigan, IL Joel Hecker, PA Nicole Hilkovitch, IL Kristin Horne, IL Moe Hussain, ON Edward Jasiewicz, PA Damon Jones, PA Lynna Kaucheck, MI Gordon Harding, ON Rachel Heckl, NY Bradley Hill, MI Sharon Horner, IL Lisa Hustad, WI Saad Y. Jasim, ON Duncan Jones, ON Robert Kavetsky, MI Raymond Hardy, WI Robert Hecky, ON Chris Hill, ID Tina Horowitz, PA Jeanne Hutchinson, PA Deborah Jasinski, IL James Jones, MI Beatrice Kay, FL Chief Glen Hare, ON Yvonne Hedeker, IL Janet Hill, IL John Horvath, IL Kathryn Hutchinson, IL Tommy Jasmin, WI Karl Jones, PA Verna Kayser, WI Julia Hare, ON Gretchen Heeren, IL Jeremy Hill, WI Michael Horvath, IL Peggy Hutchinson, MI Alejandra Javiera Caballero, IL Keith Jones, OH Michael Keating, IL Karen Harger, IL Bill Hefferwan, WI Katherine Hill, MI Paul Horvatin, IL Dave Hutchison, IL James Jedibudiah, WI LaWanna Jones, OK Elizabeth Keech, PA Andrea Hargrave, MI George Heid, PA Robert Hill, WI Lawrence Horwitz, PA Robert Hutchison, ON Rebecca Jeffries, IL Ronald Jones, PA Julie Keefer, MI Chris Hargreaves, ON Kelsey Heida, WI Pat Hillard, MI Robert Hospadaruk, MI Barbara Hutt-Clarke, MI Mirjana Jelic, PA Scott Jones, PA Keefe Keeley, WI May Haris, IL Ron Heiman, IL Carol Hilton, MI Dan Hosper, MI Annie Hwang, MI Glen Jenkins, WI Virginia Jones, MI Bernadette Kegelman, PA Edward Harkins, PA Carolyn Heines, MI Jim Hinckley, IL Ann Hoswill, WI Aaron Hyde, WI Herb Jenkins, FL Lauren Jonik, PA Ken Kehl, WI Mollie Harms, MI Richard Heinlein, WI Elenita Hinds, IL Ric Hotchkiss, MI Robert Hyde, ON Paul Jennetten, IL Jean Jost, IL Linda Kehres, IL Adam Harney, MI Jackie Heirbaut, IL Holger Hintelmann, ON Seth Hothem, OH Adele Iannantuono, ON Margaret Jennings, ON Aireen Joven, IL Tina Keitel, IL Gail Harpstead, MI Steve Heitzenrater, PA Erin Hinton, IL David Houck, PA Anita Ilika, IL Precious Jennings, IL Doug Joy Patricia R. Keith, ON Ed Harpthey, ON Robert Helliar, ON Veronique Hiriart-Baer, ON Bernie Housdale, IL Illinois Dunesland Kristine Jensch, WI Julie, ON Joe Keithley, IN Jean Harrington, WI Paul Helm, ON Deborah Hirsch, WI Jonathan Houseman, MI Preservation Society, IL Heather Jensen, PA Gail Jurgella, CA Barb Keller, MI Beatrice Harris, WI Rosie Helper-Caup Karen Hitchcock, ON Kate Houston, WI Illinois Public Interest Steve Jerzyk, IL Amanda Jurinen, IL Dawn Keller, PA John Harris, IL J. Michael Hemsley, VA Karl Hjerpe, IL Mary Ellen Howard, MI Research Group, IL Laura Jeske, MI Brooke Jurkowski, IL John Keller, IL Joshua Harris, IL Brian Henderson, PA Elizabeth Hoch, WI Theresa Howard, MI Daniel Injerd, WI Tim Jessop, MI Suzanne K., IL Martin Keller, Reed Harris, ON Dona Henderson, IL Bradley Hochberg, PA Keith Howarth, MI International Institute of Kaitlin Jeziak, MI K.V., NY Werner Keller, IL Sharon Harris, IL Dale Hendricks, PA Wayne Hochstaetter, WI Janice Howell, MI Concern for Public Health, Joanne, IL Lin Kaatz Chary, IN Jane Kelley, IL Frank Harrison, IL Roshen Hendrickson, IL Linnzi Hodel, IL Pat Howell, PA ON Tom Jodelka, IL Kathleen Kaeding Amie Kellogg, MI Cherie Hart, WI Bertrand Henne, IL Ward J. Hodge, MI Helen R. Hoyt, MI Michael Iott, MI Noreen Jodlowski, IL Turner, WI Rodney Kellogg, MI Karen Hart, IL Amy Hennings, WI Xaviera Hodge, IL Dolores Hrdina, WI Dominic Irpino, IL Adam Johnson, MI Matthew Kaercher, PA Mike Kelly, MI Katei Hart, IL Dawn Henretty, MI Peter Hodson, ON Jacqueline Hrebicek, ON Maureen Irvin, IL Andrew Johnson, WI Paul Kakuris Sean Kelly, WI 63 Marie Kelsey, PA Debora Knutson, WI Christopher Krohn, IL Gina Lambert, IL Trish Lea, PA Andrew Lewis, IL Lone Tree Council, MI Marlene MacDonald, ON Clay Kelterborn, MI Sunny Knutson, WI Anjuli Kronheim, PA Kalyn Lambert, IL Bob Leach, WI Clare Lewis, WI Tim Long, IL Mary MacDonald, ON Alison Kennedy, ON David and Betty Knutzen, WI Colleen Kronquist, WI Ruth Lampe, NY League of Women Voters Eileen Lewis, WI David Lonsdale, MN Mayor George J. MacDonald, John Kennedy, WI Manfred Koechlin, ON George Kruchten, IL Jeff Landis, PA of Michigan, MI Jane Lewis, IL Marnie Lonsdale, MN ON Janet Keough, MN Scott Koerber, PA Fred and Betty Krueger, IA Emily Landsburg, PA League of Women Voters, John Lewis, IL Andrea Lopez, IL Sheila Macfeeters, ON Terrie Kepley, PA Bob Koeshall, WI Matthew Krueger, WI Ruth Anne Landsverk, WI Rochester Metropolitan Donna Libbey, IL Joyce Lopez, IL Patricia MacGregor, IL Barbara Kerlin, IL Renee’ Koeune, IL Briana Krull, MI Betsy Lane, IL Area, NY Julien Libert, IL Erica Lopez-Jarecki, IL Bill Mack, IL Bailey Kermath, WI Anne Kohut, MI Tamara Krupp, ON Mary Lane, IL Colleen Leary, PA Diane Libman, IL Christina Lord, ON Nathaniel Macke, IL Stephaney Keroson, MI Gayle Kolivras, PA Kashka Kubzdela, VA Alice M. Lang, PA Frances Leary, PA Madeleine Liebman, NJ Chad Lorenz, WI Kathleen Mackerer, PA Donald Kerr Michael Komba, WI Thomas Kuczmarski, IL Marla Lang, WI Sandra LeBarron, NY Judith Lihota Eric Lorenz, MI Ramona Mackessy, IL Gregory Kerr, ON Charles Konsitzke, WI Julie Kuczynski Susanna Lang, IL Mary Lebert, MI Jessica Likens, CA Anthony Lorts, MI Jane Mackey, MI Blair Kerrigan, ON Bill Kooyer, MI Peter Kuehnel, IL Debra Langer, PA Jo-Ann Ledger, IL Cynthia Lilagan, IL Sonia Losaces, PA Scudder Mackey, IL Tiffany Kersten, WI Doris Kooyer, MI Steve Kuemmerle, IL J. Langston, IL Charles R. Ledin Sherry Liles, IL Donald Love, ON Annie MacLachlan, MI Tracy Kesler, WI Loretta Koperdak, IL Richard Kuenkler, IL Glendora Lanning, IL Erin Lee, WI Eric Lilius, ON Ellis Love, IL Patricia MacLaughlin, WI Daniel Kesselring, MI Donna Koranek, IL Katherine Kuffner, IL Mario Lanoie Garrett Lee, WI Kristin Lilly, MD Virginia Lovell, IL Gillian MacLeod, ON William A. Kessler, IL Tom Korey, PA Mary Jo Kuffner, IL Gerry Lapeer, ON Gerald Lee, MI Nikki Limper, IL Roxanne Lovell-Olson, WI Scott MacLeod, ON Amy Ketchum, IL John Kornowski, WI Marita Kuhl, IL Mary Lapeer, ON Kevin Lee, IL LeRoger Lind, MN David and Marsha Low, PA Marci Madary, WI Peter Ketchum James Kosharsky, IL Peter Kumble, UT Craig Lapekas, ID Nancy Lee, IL Amelie Lindberg Livingstone, Margo Lowenstein, MI Bill Maddex, IL Vera Kettnaker, ON Herman Koss, MI Katie Kunde Gregory Lapin, IL Richard Lee, ON ON Alice Lubinski, IL Patricia Maddox, IL Ada Kidd, MI Chantal Kouleau Tracy Kunstmann, WI Betsey laPointe, WI Mary-Elaine Leeds Wilson, MI Kristin Lindemann, WI D. Jean Lubonovich, PA Robert Maddox, IL Donna Kilgore, PA Judy Kovacs, ON George Kuper, MI Patricia LaPointe, WI Linda Leeuwrik, PA Charles Lindquist, MI Nancy Luc, ON Mary Madeira, PA Willard Kille, IL Christopher Kowal, IL Dominik Kureh Teresa Larocca, IL Luc Lefebvre, ON Peter Linett, IL Allen Lucas, ON Gregory Madsen, WI Jane Kilmer, MI B. J. Kowaleski, MI Nancy Kurtz, MI Laurent Laroche, QC Eugent Lefrancois, IL William Linkenheimer III, PA Brenda Lucas, ON Kenneth Madsen, IL Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, MI Allison Kozdron, IL Carol Kurz, IL Stiig Larsen, ON Anne Legars, QC Mark Linkhorst, PA Dania Luck, IL Mary F. Magis, IL Rupert Kindersley, ON Summer Kozisek, WI Carlton Kutzke, WI Jonathan Larson, MI Sandra Lehner, IL Gregory Linn, PA Angela Ludovici, PA Sachin Mahajan, IL Charles King, ON Thomas Kozlovsky, WI Ed Kwedar, PA Tim Larson, MN James Leiby, MI Anastasia Lintner, ON James P. Ludwig, PhD Robert Maheux, Paul King, IL Mary Kozorys, ON Jackie L., WI Ben Lasee, WI Nancy Leinwand, PA Jessica Lipinski, IL Jenifer Lugar, IL James Mahon, ON John Kingsmill, IL Mary Kozub, IL Kenneth La Ford, MI Inna Lasen, WI Mike Lenkowski, IL Charles Lippert, MN Shelly Lukon, PA Jim Mahon Julie Kinzelman, WI Kathleen Kraft, IL Émie Labercque Atis Lasis, ON Paul Lennon, MI Brad Liptrot, ON Rita Lundell, MI Ryan Mahoney, IL Nancy Kirchstein, WI Lowell Kraft, MI Linda LaBuda, IL Brian Laskey, IL Patricia L. Lent, MI Jill Lis, PA Rose Lundemo, IL Ronald Maichle, OH Katie Kirkorian, MN Karen Kraft Sloan, ON Claude-André Lachance, ON Noreen Lassandrello, IL Nicole Lentendre Mary Liss, IL Mark Lundholm, IL Nabil Mailloux, ON Clare Kirkpatrick, IL Fritz Kraly, WI Paula Ladin, IL Julie Laster, MI Steven Leopoldo, IL Michael Littmann, IL Dana Lundin, IL Jane Majewski, IL Jan Kirsch, IL Katie Kramer, IL Dan Laesch, IL Walt Lastewka Peter Leoschke, IL Brian Lively, PA Katie Lundy, ON Lisa Majkrzak, WI Elinda Kiss, PA Katherine Kramp, MI Julie Laffin, IL Linore Latham, MI Sally Leppard, ON Allison Liwanag, IL Rody and Judy Lundy, ON Oan Malcore, WI Linda Klaamas, ON Stephan Kramp, ON Michel Lagace, QC Sheila Lathe, ON William LeRette-Kauffman, Kyrie Lizik, WI Caroline Luongo, MI Gaspar Mallaya, ON Greg Klaiber, IL Gail Krantzberg, ON Karen Nadder Lago, NY ML Lathrop, MI IL Carmen Llanes, IL Jeremy Lupo, PA Michelle Malley-Campos, NY Nancy Klaiber, IL Kay Krasin, IL William E. Lahti, MI Gregory Latiak, ON Sally Lerner, ON Beatrice Lmpkin, IL Michael Lupo, IL Robin Mallor, MI David Kleiman, ON Sarah Kraszewski, WI Lake County, IL Jeanne Lauber Les Amis de la terre de Alison Lo, IL Pat Lupo, PA William Malone, MI David Klein, NY Kauren Kraws, WI The Lake Huron Centre for Wayne Laubscher, PA Québec, QC Kaaren Lobel, PA Marcel Lussier, QC Sandra Mancini, ON Bert Klein, QC Kirstie Kraws, WI Coastal Conservation, ON David Lauder, IL Les Amis de la Valée du Ellen Loch, PA Karl Luttrell, MI Josephine Mandamin, ON Daniel Klein, PA Steve Kregel, IL Lake Ontario Waterkeeper, ON Marian Laughlin, MI St. Laurent, QC Andrew Locke, IL Dave luzenske, MI Steven Mandel, IL Deb Klein, IL Judith Kreipe, PA Maggie Lakota-Ryan, IL Kate Lauzon, ON Melissa Leshko, PA Kim Locke, VT Todd Lynch, PA Bill Mania, IL Jeanne Klein, IL Russu G. Kreis, MI Mayor Jean-Paul L’Allier, QC Yanik Lavallée, QC Sabrina Leshko, PA Michele Locke, ON Dale and Kathleen Lyndahl, John T. Maniatis, PA Mary Klein, IL M. Sharon Kreitzberg, PA Charles Lalonde, ON Cindy LaVean, NY Edward Leslie, WI Kathleen Lockwood, PA WI Renee Mann, IL Thomas Klein, PA Arleen Kreusch, NY Florence LaLonde, MI Douglas Laver, ON Wayne Lessard, ON Graham Lodge, ON Don Lynn, ON Paul Manning, IL Siggy Kleinau Michael Kreuser, IL Judith LaLonde, PA Michael Lawell, PA Leon Leszcrynski, MI Rosie Loeffier-Kemp, MN Nancy Lyon Stadler, OH Jack Manno, NY David Klien, PA Raymond Krick, ON Monica Lalor, PA John Lawrence, ON Gina Lettiere, IL Nicole Loerzel, NY Denise Lytle, NJ Chris Manoleas, MI Joanna Kling, IL Richard Krieg, WI Elizabeth LaManna, MI Katherine Lawrence, MI Isabelle Levesque Janice Loftus, PA Barbara Mabee, ON Jill Manske, MI Sarah Kloecker, PA John Kriegshauser, IL Michael LaMark, PA Ted Lawrence, MI Jon Levin, MI Alice Logan, PA Susan Mabrey, IL William Manteris, PA Mike Klupchak, IL David Kriger, ON Pamela Lamaster-Millett, IL Jack Lawson, PA Rob Levin, IL Michael Lohmiller, MA Graeme MacDonald, IL Diana Marable, MI Laura Knapp, IL Jamie Krishphil, ON Charles Lamb, NY Ric Lawson, MI Sharon Levin, PA Mary Kay Loncar, IL Janet MacDonald, IL Ken Marable, MI Charles Knauf, NY Philip Kritzman, IL Lynne Lamb, MI Carey Lea, WV Michael Levine, MI London District Labour Kathleen MacDonald, MI Katie Marach, WI Marcy Knoll, MI Zoe Kroeker, IL Charles Lambert, IL Reinelde Lea, WI Allen Lewis, IL Council, ON Ken Macdonald, IL Joy Marburger, IN 64 Marie Kelsey, PA Debora Knutson, WI Christopher Krohn, IL Gina Lambert, IL Trish Lea, PA Andrew Lewis, IL Lone Tree Council, MI Marlene MacDonald, ON Clay Kelterborn, MI Sunny Knutson, WI Anjuli Kronheim, PA Kalyn Lambert, IL Bob Leach, WI Clare Lewis, WI Tim Long, IL Mary MacDonald, ON Alison Kennedy, ON David and Betty Knutzen, WI Colleen Kronquist, WI Ruth Lampe, NY League of Women Voters Eileen Lewis, WI David Lonsdale, MN Mayor George J. MacDonald, John Kennedy, WI Manfred Koechlin, ON George Kruchten, IL Jeff Landis, PA of Michigan, MI Jane Lewis, IL Marnie Lonsdale, MN ON Janet Keough, MN Scott Koerber, PA Fred and Betty Krueger, IA Emily Landsburg, PA League of Women Voters, John Lewis, IL Andrea Lopez, IL Sheila Macfeeters, ON Terrie Kepley, PA Bob Koeshall, WI Matthew Krueger, WI Ruth Anne Landsverk, WI Rochester Metropolitan Donna Libbey, IL Joyce Lopez, IL Patricia MacGregor, IL Barbara Kerlin, IL Renee’ Koeune, IL Briana Krull, MI Betsy Lane, IL Area, NY Julien Libert, IL Erica Lopez-Jarecki, IL Bill Mack, IL Bailey Kermath, WI Anne Kohut, MI Tamara Krupp, ON Mary Lane, IL Colleen Leary, PA Diane Libman, IL Christina Lord, ON Nathaniel Macke, IL Stephaney Keroson, MI Gayle Kolivras, PA Kashka Kubzdela, VA Alice M. Lang, PA Frances Leary, PA Madeleine Liebman, NJ Chad Lorenz, WI Kathleen Mackerer, PA Donald Kerr Michael Komba, WI Thomas Kuczmarski, IL Marla Lang, WI Sandra LeBarron, NY Judith Lihota Eric Lorenz, MI Ramona Mackessy, IL Gregory Kerr, ON Charles Konsitzke, WI Julie Kuczynski Susanna Lang, IL Mary Lebert, MI Jessica Likens, CA Anthony Lorts, MI Jane Mackey, MI Blair Kerrigan, ON Bill Kooyer, MI Peter Kuehnel, IL Debra Langer, PA Jo-Ann Ledger, IL Cynthia Lilagan, IL Sonia Losaces, PA Scudder Mackey, IL Tiffany Kersten, WI Doris Kooyer, MI Steve Kuemmerle, IL J. Langston, IL Charles R. Ledin Sherry Liles, IL Donald Love, ON Annie MacLachlan, MI Tracy Kesler, WI Loretta Koperdak, IL Richard Kuenkler, IL Glendora Lanning, IL Erin Lee, WI Eric Lilius, ON Ellis Love, IL Patricia MacLaughlin, WI Daniel Kesselring, MI Donna Koranek, IL Katherine Kuffner, IL Mario Lanoie Garrett Lee, WI Kristin Lilly, MD Virginia Lovell, IL Gillian MacLeod, ON William A. Kessler, IL Tom Korey, PA Mary Jo Kuffner, IL Gerry Lapeer, ON Gerald Lee, MI Nikki Limper, IL Roxanne Lovell-Olson, WI Scott MacLeod, ON Amy Ketchum, IL John Kornowski, WI Marita Kuhl, IL Mary Lapeer, ON Kevin Lee, IL LeRoger Lind, MN David and Marsha Low, PA Marci Madary, WI Peter Ketchum James Kosharsky, IL Peter Kumble, UT Craig Lapekas, ID Nancy Lee, IL Amelie Lindberg Livingstone, Margo Lowenstein, MI Bill Maddex, IL Vera Kettnaker, ON Herman Koss, MI Katie Kunde Gregory Lapin, IL Richard Lee, ON ON Alice Lubinski, IL Patricia Maddox, IL Ada Kidd, MI Chantal Kouleau Tracy Kunstmann, WI Betsey laPointe, WI Mary-Elaine Leeds Wilson, MI Kristin Lindemann, WI D. Jean Lubonovich, PA Robert Maddox, IL Donna Kilgore, PA Judy Kovacs, ON George Kuper, MI Patricia LaPointe, WI Linda Leeuwrik, PA Charles Lindquist, MI Nancy Luc, ON Mary Madeira, PA Willard Kille, IL Christopher Kowal, IL Dominik Kureh Teresa Larocca, IL Luc Lefebvre, ON Peter Linett, IL Allen Lucas, ON Gregory Madsen, WI Jane Kilmer, MI B. J. Kowaleski, MI Nancy Kurtz, MI Laurent Laroche, QC Eugent Lefrancois, IL William Linkenheimer III, PA Brenda Lucas, ON Kenneth Madsen, IL Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, MI Allison Kozdron, IL Carol Kurz, IL Stiig Larsen, ON Anne Legars, QC Mark Linkhorst, PA Dania Luck, IL Mary F. Magis, IL Rupert Kindersley, ON Summer Kozisek, WI Carlton Kutzke, WI Jonathan Larson, MI Sandra Lehner, IL Gregory Linn, PA Angela Ludovici, PA Sachin Mahajan, IL Charles King, ON Thomas Kozlovsky, WI Ed Kwedar, PA Tim Larson, MN James Leiby, MI Anastasia Lintner, ON James P. Ludwig, PhD Robert Maheux, Paul King, IL Mary Kozorys, ON Jackie L., WI Ben Lasee, WI Nancy Leinwand, PA Jessica Lipinski, IL Jenifer Lugar, IL James Mahon, ON John Kingsmill, IL Mary Kozub, IL Kenneth La Ford, MI Inna Lasen, WI Mike Lenkowski, IL Charles Lippert, MN Shelly Lukon, PA Jim Mahon Julie Kinzelman, WI Kathleen Kraft, IL Émie Labercque Atis Lasis, ON Paul Lennon, MI Brad Liptrot, ON Rita Lundell, MI Ryan Mahoney, IL Nancy Kirchstein, WI Lowell Kraft, MI Linda LaBuda, IL Brian Laskey, IL Patricia L. Lent, MI Jill Lis, PA Rose Lundemo, IL Ronald Maichle, OH Katie Kirkorian, MN Karen Kraft Sloan, ON Claude-André Lachance, ON Noreen Lassandrello, IL Nicole Lentendre Mary Liss, IL Mark Lundholm, IL Nabil Mailloux, ON Clare Kirkpatrick, IL Fritz Kraly, WI Paula Ladin, IL Julie Laster, MI Steven Leopoldo, IL Michael Littmann, IL Dana Lundin, IL Jane Majewski, IL Jan Kirsch, IL Katie Kramer, IL Dan Laesch, IL Walt Lastewka Peter Leoschke, IL Brian Lively, PA Katie Lundy, ON Lisa Majkrzak, WI Elinda Kiss, PA Katherine Kramp, MI Julie Laffin, IL Linore Latham, MI Sally Leppard, ON Allison Liwanag, IL Rody and Judy Lundy, ON Oan Malcore, WI Linda Klaamas, ON Stephan Kramp, ON Michel Lagace, QC Sheila Lathe, ON William LeRette-Kauffman, Kyrie Lizik, WI Caroline Luongo, MI Gaspar Mallaya, ON Greg Klaiber, IL Gail Krantzberg, ON Karen Nadder Lago, NY ML Lathrop, MI IL Carmen Llanes, IL Jeremy Lupo, PA Michelle Malley-Campos, NY Nancy Klaiber, IL Kay Krasin, IL William E. Lahti, MI Gregory Latiak, ON Sally Lerner, ON Beatrice Lmpkin, IL Michael Lupo, IL Robin Mallor, MI David Kleiman, ON Sarah Kraszewski, WI Lake County, IL Jeanne Lauber Les Amis de la terre de Alison Lo, IL Pat Lupo, PA William Malone, MI David Klein, NY Kauren Kraws, WI The Lake Huron Centre for Wayne Laubscher, PA Québec, QC Kaaren Lobel, PA Marcel Lussier, QC Sandra Mancini, ON Bert Klein, QC Kirstie Kraws, WI Coastal Conservation, ON David Lauder, IL Les Amis de la Valée du Ellen Loch, PA Karl Luttrell, MI Josephine Mandamin, ON Daniel Klein, PA Steve Kregel, IL Lake Ontario Waterkeeper, ON Marian Laughlin, MI St. Laurent, QC Andrew Locke, IL Dave luzenske, MI Steven Mandel, IL Deb Klein, IL Judith Kreipe, PA Maggie Lakota-Ryan, IL Kate Lauzon, ON Melissa Leshko, PA Kim Locke, VT Todd Lynch, PA Bill Mania, IL Jeanne Klein, IL Russu G. Kreis, MI Mayor Jean-Paul L’Allier, QC Yanik Lavallée, QC Sabrina Leshko, PA Michele Locke, ON Dale and Kathleen Lyndahl, John T. Maniatis, PA Mary Klein, IL M. Sharon Kreitzberg, PA Charles Lalonde, ON Cindy LaVean, NY Edward Leslie, WI Kathleen Lockwood, PA WI Renee Mann, IL Thomas Klein, PA Arleen Kreusch, NY Florence LaLonde, MI Douglas Laver, ON Wayne Lessard, ON Graham Lodge, ON Don Lynn, ON Paul Manning, IL Siggy Kleinau Michael Kreuser, IL Judith LaLonde, PA Michael Lawell, PA Leon Leszcrynski, MI Rosie Loeffier-Kemp, MN Nancy Lyon Stadler, OH Jack Manno, NY David Klien, PA Raymond Krick, ON Monica Lalor, PA John Lawrence, ON Gina Lettiere, IL Nicole Loerzel, NY Denise Lytle, NJ Chris Manoleas, MI Joanna Kling, IL Richard Krieg, WI Elizabeth LaManna, MI Katherine Lawrence, MI Isabelle Levesque Janice Loftus, PA Barbara Mabee, ON Jill Manske, MI Sarah Kloecker, PA John Kriegshauser, IL Michael LaMark, PA Ted Lawrence, MI Jon Levin, MI Alice Logan, PA Susan Mabrey, IL William Manteris, PA Mike Klupchak, IL David Kriger, ON Pamela Lamaster-Millett, IL Jack Lawson, PA Rob Levin, IL Michael Lohmiller, MA Graeme MacDonald, IL Diana Marable, MI Laura Knapp, IL Jamie Krishphil, ON Charles Lamb, NY Ric Lawson, MI Sharon Levin, PA Mary Kay Loncar, IL Janet MacDonald, IL Ken Marable, MI Charles Knauf, NY Philip Kritzman, IL Lynne Lamb, MI Carey Lea, WV Michael Levine, MI London District Labour Kathleen MacDonald, MI Katie Marach, WI Marcy Knoll, MI Zoe Kroeker, IL Charles Lambert, IL Reinelde Lea, WI Allen Lewis, IL Council, ON Ken Macdonald, IL Joy Marburger, IN 65 Rebecca Marchiel, IL Jason Maxwell, CO John McGovern, OH Kate Mendeloff, MI Pat Miller, WI Paul H. Morgan, ON Steve Murphy, IL Eileen Newman, WI Beth Marchioni, PA Douglas May, IL Janice McGrane, PA Yuliana Mendieta, IL Sarah Miller, ON Emiko Morimoto, MA Tara Murphy, IL Susan Newman, IL John Marchioni, PA Jasmine May, IL Joe McHahon, MI Durango Mendoza, IL Terrie Miller Joyce Morimoto, IL Terry Murphy Michael Newmark, WI Carrie Marcis, IL Lana May, IL Cornelius McHugh, PA Denise Mennitt, PA Brenda Millett, MI John Morinarty, IL Theresa J. Murphy- C. J. Newton, IL Eric Marcus, IL Maria Maybee, NY Sarah McHugh, IL Sukumaran Menon, NY David Millett, IL Bill Morley, OH Pennington, NY Jeff Newton, IL Katherine Margo, PA Bernard Mayer, ON Toni McIntosh, PA Viji Menon Claire Milloy, ON Samuel Morningstar, WI Dale Murray, MI G. Nicholas, MI Asher Margolis, IL Bryan Mayes, MI Jennifer McKay, ON Patricia Mensing, PA Edward Mills, NY Debra Morris, PA Chad Murren, PA M. Nichols, MI Aaron Marheien, WI Eleanor Mayfield, PA Cathy McKee, IL Kevin Mercer John Mills, ON Gerald Morris, MI Kathy Mutch, AZ Paul Nicholson, IL Patti Marino, IL Melissa Mays, PA Brenda McKelvey, ON Gail Merritt, IL Odakwei Mills, PA Karen Morris, WI Mary Mutch, WI Susan Nicholson, WI Sridhar Marisetti, ON Adrienne Mazique, IL Paul McKenna, PA Orrin Merritt, IL Victoria Mills, IL Roberta Morris, PA Mary Muter, ON Lorne Nicklasson, BC Carole Mark, IL Sarah Mazur, MI Stephanie McKenna, PA Cynthia Merrow, MI Isla Milne, ON Tom Morris, ON John Muther, WI Linda Nicks, ON Barbara Markoff, WI Said Mbwana, ON Mike McKeown Stephanie Mertens, IL Jennie Milojevic, IL Bruce Morrison, ON Ann Myers, WI David Niemi, QC Christine Marrese, PA Charlaine McAnany, IL David McLaren, ON Kim Merville, PA Robert Miltner, OH Lois Morrison, IL Curtis Myers, IL Jill Niemi, IL David Marriott, MI Damien McAnany, IL Chris McLaughlin, ON Michelle Merz, MI Natalie Minkovsky, PA Peter Morrison, FL Frank Myers, WI Diane Niesman, IL Elaine Marsh, OH Karen McAnnally, MI Rachelle Mclaughlin, MI Karen Mesmer, WI Connie Minoa, ON Elaine Morse, MI Mary Myers-Koellhofer, MI James Nikora, WI Andrew Marshall, ON Jenny McBride, IL Hannah McLimans, WI Rob Messervey, ON Michelle Minyon, PA Jen Morse, PA Khrys Myrddin, PA Hal Nixon, MI Jeanne Marshall, WI Don McCabe, ON Mary McMahon, PA Mark Messing, MI Debby Mir, IL Stephan Morse, MI Marty Nachel, IL Bridget Nolan, OH Lisa Marshall, TX Valerie McCallum, MI Michael McMahon, ON Debra Metcalf, PA Lee Mishkin, IL Jamie Morton, MI Brett Nadan, PA Julie Nold, IL Allee Martell, IL Andrew McCammon, ON Don McMaster, ON Chris Metcalfe, ON Barbara Mistichelli, PA Shawn Morton, ON Brad Nahill, PA Noojimawin Health Andrew Martens, IL Mike Mccelhone, ON Ann McMillan, QC Janice Metelak, WI Kerry Mitchell, NY Rebecca Moschorak, IL Jennifer Nalbone, NY Authority, ON Claude Martin, QC Susie McCInaghan, MI Gerard McMullen, WI Alexander Metz, WI Tammy Mitchell, IL Kathy Moseley, IL Jason Nales, IL Pamela Nordhof, MI Deb Martin, IL Ken McClain, IL William McMullin, MI John Metzger, IL Ticia Mitchell, ON Lisa Moss, IL Melanie Napoleon, IL Dan Norris Erika Martin, PA Rachel McClain, IL Robin McNamara, MA Harold Meyer, WI Michael Mittermann, IL Roy Moss, OR Masoud Naseri, IL Laura Northcraft, IL Janae Martin, WI Robin McClellan, NY Karen McNeill, MI Mary Meyer, OH Bill Mittlefewdt, MN Robert Mossman, MI Roberta Nash, IL Patricic Northey, ON Jeff Martin, MI Simon Mcleod, ON Calium McPhail, IL Carol Meyers, PA Julie Mix, MI Hanna Mott, WI Sarah Nash, MI Shawn Northwood, ON Jere Martin, PA Susie McClnaghan, MI Rob McRae, ON Greg Michael, WI Cliff Mizzen, ON A. Moyer, PA Nelson Nave, MI Lindray Notzl, ON Bulmaro Martinez, IL Kevin McClure, IL Alexandra McRobert, ON Eric Michals, IL Steve Mladic, IL Lisette Mroz, IL Steve Naylor, ON Louis Novak, MI Jody Martiniak, IL Mike McClure, MI David McRobert, ON Laura Michals, IL Milton Modjeski, IL Jason Much, WI Lenore Neadly, IL Margaret Novitski, MI Ernest Martinson, ON Jerome McCollom, WI Emily McRobert, ON Erin Michel, OH Jonathan Moll, AL Benjamin Mudry, PA Gemma Neal, ON Russell Novkov, WI Maureen Martinuk, ON Mike McComb Ed Mead, ON Eric Michelson, WI Katherine Moll, MI Katherine Mueller, MI Lorena Neal, IL Glenn Novotny C. Marusich, IL Laura McCormac, IL Ilona Meagher, IL Michigan Audubon Society, Mike Molnar, IN Halimah Muhammad, IL Rebecca Neborsky, PA Natalia Nowacki, PA Kim Maser, PA Mary McCormac, CO Shawn Meagher, IL MI Mark Mondrala, IL Derek Muir, ON Lucy Neider, WI Mariette Nowak, WI Greg Mason, ON Cheryll McCormick, WI Tamara Means, OH Richard Micka, MI Sylvia Mongold, PA Tom Muir, ON Mark Neigh, IL Sarah Nowak, WI Bennoit Massiotte, QC J. Howard McCormick, MN Mark Meccia, IL Gregory Mierle, ON Lynn Monroe, WI Paul Muldoon, ON Erin Neise, IL Carol Nudelman, IL Catherine Masson, ON Robert McCormick, MI Lindy Mechefske, ON Vladimir Mikhelson, IL Monroe County Executive, Sappho Mullins, ON Nina Neitzke, IL Todd Nunes, PA Michael Masters, IL W. Jason McCune-Sanders, Stephen Medd, ON Greg Mikkelson, WI NY Ellen Multack, IL Bryan Nelson, WI Dr. Gertrud Nurnberg, ON Richard Masur, MN VT Kathy Medic, IL Beth Mikon, MI Tim Montague, IL Joseph Multhauf, WI Dennis Nelson, IL David Nuttall, ON Susan Matassa, IL Elaine McDonald, ON Larry Meehan, PA Kathleen Mikulski, IL Tania Monteiro, ON Benjamin Mumma, MI Dylan Nelson, WI Jeannie Nye, WI Craig Mather, ON John McDonald, ON John Meek, ON Idalia Milan, ON Susan Montella, PA Antoinette Munafo, PA Jeffrey Nelson, MI Frances Oanonizaado, IL Barbara Mathers, PA Mark McDonald, ON Mike Meeker, ON Joan Miles, ON Helen Montgomery, IL Greg Mund, MI Jim and Caroline Nelson, IL Rebecca O’Brien, PA Emmy Mathis, IL Michael McDonald, MI Carol Meers, IL Margaret Milhaupt, MI Kelly Montgomery, ON Gary Mung, IL Kerry Nelson, IL Enid O’Brien Sue Matloch, MI Susan McDonald, IL Richard Meers, IL Tamara Miljevic, ON Malcolm Montgomery, ON Mary Munn, MN Lauren Nelson, WI Greg, Ann and Evan O’Brien, Darko Matovic, ON Dan McDonell, ON Stan Mehaffey, IL Beverly Miller, MI Andrea Moonsammy, IL Carlos Munoz, IL Michael Nelson, ON IL Priscilla Mattison, PA Kelly McElheny, NY Tracy Mehan, VA Carl Miller, PA David Moore, ON Joanne Munroe, ON Nancy Nelson, DC John O’Brien, IL Mark Mattson Donalee McElrath, PA Susan Meiers, IL Debra Miller, IL Patricia Moore, PA Steve Muntz, IL William Nelson, PA Kris O’Brien, PA Karen Mauch, PA Suzanne McElroy, PA Michelle Meinhardt, MI Edmund Miller, IL Melissa Moos, ON Bob and Anne Murcek, PA Karin Nelson-Rogers, IL Peter Obris, IL David Maughan, ON Dana McElwee, PA Margaret Meiser, IL Eric Miller, PA Bianca Morales, PA John H. Murchison, ON Katherine Nemanich, IL Carole O’Connell, IL Marcia Maule, IL Greg McGarvey, PA Paul Meister, PA Eric Miller, WI William Moran, MI Dan Murphey, MI Joseph Nerone, MI Joe O’Connor, PA Janice Maulick, PA Patrick McGee, PA James Melnychuk, IL Henry Miller, MI Jean Morand Ben Murphy, IL Pamela Nesbit, MI Marilyn O’Connor, MI Jim Maurer, WI Thomas McGeehin, PA Rachel Melzer, ON Janet Miller, PA Phyl Morello, PA Catherine Murphy, MI Sonia Ness, IL Margaret O’Dell, IL Margaret S. Maurin, PA Lesley McGillivray, ON John Memahon, MI Judy Miller, MI Angela Moreno, ID Juliann Murphy, MI Glenn Neumann, IL Glenn Odenbrett, OH Cree Max, IL Margaret McGinley, MI Don and Joan Memastoa, Kevin Miller, IN Daniel Morgan, MI Leo Murphy, IL Madeleine Newfield, IL Molly O’Donnell, IL Glenn Maxham, MN Thomas McGinn, MI ON Mayor David Miller, ON Paul Morgan, ON Mary W. Murphy Cheri Newman, IL Patty O’Donnell, MI 66 Rebecca Marchiel, IL Jason Maxwell, CO John McGovern, OH Kate Mendeloff, MI Pat Miller, WI Paul H. Morgan, ON Steve Murphy, IL Eileen Newman, WI Beth Marchioni, PA Douglas May, IL Janice McGrane, PA Yuliana Mendieta, IL Sarah Miller, ON Emiko Morimoto, MA Tara Murphy, IL Susan Newman, IL John Marchioni, PA Jasmine May, IL Joe McHahon, MI Durango Mendoza, IL Terrie Miller Joyce Morimoto, IL Terry Murphy Michael Newmark, WI Carrie Marcis, IL Lana May, IL Cornelius McHugh, PA Denise Mennitt, PA Brenda Millett, MI John Morinarty, IL Theresa J. Murphy- C. J. Newton, IL Eric Marcus, IL Maria Maybee, NY Sarah McHugh, IL Sukumaran Menon, NY David Millett, IL Bill Morley, OH Pennington, NY Jeff Newton, IL Katherine Margo, PA Bernard Mayer, ON Toni McIntosh, PA Viji Menon Claire Milloy, ON Samuel Morningstar, WI Dale Murray, MI G. Nicholas, MI Asher Margolis, IL Bryan Mayes, MI Jennifer McKay, ON Patricia Mensing, PA Edward Mills, NY Debra Morris, PA Chad Murren, PA M. Nichols, MI Aaron Marheien, WI Eleanor Mayfield, PA Cathy McKee, IL Kevin Mercer John Mills, ON Gerald Morris, MI Kathy Mutch, AZ Paul Nicholson, IL Patti Marino, IL Melissa Mays, PA Brenda McKelvey, ON Gail Merritt, IL Odakwei Mills, PA Karen Morris, WI Mary Mutch, WI Susan Nicholson, WI Sridhar Marisetti, ON Adrienne Mazique, IL Paul McKenna, PA Orrin Merritt, IL Victoria Mills, IL Roberta Morris, PA Mary Muter, ON Lorne Nicklasson, BC Carole Mark, IL Sarah Mazur, MI Stephanie McKenna, PA Cynthia Merrow, MI Isla Milne, ON Tom Morris, ON John Muther, WI Linda Nicks, ON Barbara Markoff, WI Said Mbwana, ON Mike McKeown Stephanie Mertens, IL Jennie Milojevic, IL Bruce Morrison, ON Ann Myers, WI David Niemi, QC Christine Marrese, PA Charlaine McAnany, IL David McLaren, ON Kim Merville, PA Robert Miltner, OH Lois Morrison, IL Curtis Myers, IL Jill Niemi, IL David Marriott, MI Damien McAnany, IL Chris McLaughlin, ON Michelle Merz, MI Natalie Minkovsky, PA Peter Morrison, FL Frank Myers, WI Diane Niesman, IL Elaine Marsh, OH Karen McAnnally, MI Rachelle Mclaughlin, MI Karen Mesmer, WI Connie Minoa, ON Elaine Morse, MI Mary Myers-Koellhofer, MI James Nikora, WI Andrew Marshall, ON Jenny McBride, IL Hannah McLimans, WI Rob Messervey, ON Michelle Minyon, PA Jen Morse, PA Khrys Myrddin, PA Hal Nixon, MI Jeanne Marshall, WI Don McCabe, ON Mary McMahon, PA Mark Messing, MI Debby Mir, IL Stephan Morse, MI Marty Nachel, IL Bridget Nolan, OH Lisa Marshall, TX Valerie McCallum, MI Michael McMahon, ON Debra Metcalf, PA Lee Mishkin, IL Jamie Morton, MI Brett Nadan, PA Julie Nold, IL Allee Martell, IL Andrew McCammon, ON Don McMaster, ON Chris Metcalfe, ON Barbara Mistichelli, PA Shawn Morton, ON Brad Nahill, PA Noojimawin Health Andrew Martens, IL Mike Mccelhone, ON Ann McMillan, QC Janice Metelak, WI Kerry Mitchell, NY Rebecca Moschorak, IL Jennifer Nalbone, NY Authority, ON Claude Martin, QC Susie McCInaghan, MI Gerard McMullen, WI Alexander Metz, WI Tammy Mitchell, IL Kathy Moseley, IL Jason Nales, IL Pamela Nordhof, MI Deb Martin, IL Ken McClain, IL William McMullin, MI John Metzger, IL Ticia Mitchell, ON Lisa Moss, IL Melanie Napoleon, IL Dan Norris Erika Martin, PA Rachel McClain, IL Robin McNamara, MA Harold Meyer, WI Michael Mittermann, IL Roy Moss, OR Masoud Naseri, IL Laura Northcraft, IL Janae Martin, WI Robin McClellan, NY Karen McNeill, MI Mary Meyer, OH Bill Mittlefewdt, MN Robert Mossman, MI Roberta Nash, IL Patricic Northey, ON Jeff Martin, MI Simon Mcleod, ON Calium McPhail, IL Carol Meyers, PA Julie Mix, MI Hanna Mott, WI Sarah Nash, MI Shawn Northwood, ON Jere Martin, PA Susie McClnaghan, MI Rob McRae, ON Greg Michael, WI Cliff Mizzen, ON A. Moyer, PA Nelson Nave, MI Lindray Notzl, ON Bulmaro Martinez, IL Kevin McClure, IL Alexandra McRobert, ON Eric Michals, IL Steve Mladic, IL Lisette Mroz, IL Steve Naylor, ON Louis Novak, MI Jody Martiniak, IL Mike McClure, MI David McRobert, ON Laura Michals, IL Milton Modjeski, IL Jason Much, WI Lenore Neadly, IL Margaret Novitski, MI Ernest Martinson, ON Jerome McCollom, WI Emily McRobert, ON Erin Michel, OH Jonathan Moll, AL Benjamin Mudry, PA Gemma Neal, ON Russell Novkov, WI Maureen Martinuk, ON Mike McComb Ed Mead, ON Eric Michelson, WI Katherine Moll, MI Katherine Mueller, MI Lorena Neal, IL Glenn Novotny C. Marusich, IL Laura McCormac, IL Ilona Meagher, IL Michigan Audubon Society, Mike Molnar, IN Halimah Muhammad, IL Rebecca Neborsky, PA Natalia Nowacki, PA Kim Maser, PA Mary McCormac, CO Shawn Meagher, IL MI Mark Mondrala, IL Derek Muir, ON Lucy Neider, WI Mariette Nowak, WI Greg Mason, ON Cheryll McCormick, WI Tamara Means, OH Richard Micka, MI Sylvia Mongold, PA Tom Muir, ON Mark Neigh, IL Sarah Nowak, WI Bennoit Massiotte, QC J. Howard McCormick, MN Mark Meccia, IL Gregory Mierle, ON Lynn Monroe, WI Paul Muldoon, ON Erin Neise, IL Carol Nudelman, IL Catherine Masson, ON Robert McCormick, MI Lindy Mechefske, ON Vladimir Mikhelson, IL Monroe County Executive, Sappho Mullins, ON Nina Neitzke, IL Todd Nunes, PA Michael Masters, IL W. Jason McCune-Sanders, Stephen Medd, ON Greg Mikkelson, WI NY Ellen Multack, IL Bryan Nelson, WI Dr. Gertrud Nurnberg, ON Richard Masur, MN VT Kathy Medic, IL Beth Mikon, MI Tim Montague, IL Joseph Multhauf, WI Dennis Nelson, IL David Nuttall, ON Susan Matassa, IL Elaine McDonald, ON Larry Meehan, PA Kathleen Mikulski, IL Tania Monteiro, ON Benjamin Mumma, MI Dylan Nelson, WI Jeannie Nye, WI Craig Mather, ON John McDonald, ON John Meek, ON Idalia Milan, ON Susan Montella, PA Antoinette Munafo, PA Jeffrey Nelson, MI Frances Oanonizaado, IL Barbara Mathers, PA Mark McDonald, ON Mike Meeker, ON Joan Miles, ON Helen Montgomery, IL Greg Mund, MI Jim and Caroline Nelson, IL Rebecca O’Brien, PA Emmy Mathis, IL Michael McDonald, MI Carol Meers, IL Margaret Milhaupt, MI Kelly Montgomery, ON Gary Mung, IL Kerry Nelson, IL Enid O’Brien Sue Matloch, MI Susan McDonald, IL Richard Meers, IL Tamara Miljevic, ON Malcolm Montgomery, ON Mary Munn, MN Lauren Nelson, WI Greg, Ann and Evan O’Brien, Darko Matovic, ON Dan McDonell, ON Stan Mehaffey, IL Beverly Miller, MI Andrea Moonsammy, IL Carlos Munoz, IL Michael Nelson, ON IL Priscilla Mattison, PA Kelly McElheny, NY Tracy Mehan, VA Carl Miller, PA David Moore, ON Joanne Munroe, ON Nancy Nelson, DC John O’Brien, IL Mark Mattson Donalee McElrath, PA Susan Meiers, IL Debra Miller, IL Patricia Moore, PA Steve Muntz, IL William Nelson, PA Kris O’Brien, PA Karen Mauch, PA Suzanne McElroy, PA Michelle Meinhardt, MI Edmund Miller, IL Melissa Moos, ON Bob and Anne Murcek, PA Karin Nelson-Rogers, IL Peter Obris, IL David Maughan, ON Dana McElwee, PA Margaret Meiser, IL Eric Miller, PA Bianca Morales, PA John H. Murchison, ON Katherine Nemanich, IL Carole O’Connell, IL Marcia Maule, IL Greg McGarvey, PA Paul Meister, PA Eric Miller, WI William Moran, MI Dan Murphey, MI Joseph Nerone, MI Joe O’Connor, PA Janice Maulick, PA Patrick McGee, PA James Melnychuk, IL Henry Miller, MI Jean Morand Ben Murphy, IL Pamela Nesbit, MI Marilyn O’Connor, MI Jim Maurer, WI Thomas McGeehin, PA Rachel Melzer, ON Janet Miller, PA Phyl Morello, PA Catherine Murphy, MI Sonia Ness, IL Margaret O’Dell, IL Margaret S. Maurin, PA Lesley McGillivray, ON John Memahon, MI Judy Miller, MI Angela Moreno, ID Juliann Murphy, MI Glenn Neumann, IL Glenn Odenbrett, OH Cree Max, IL Margaret McGinley, MI Don and Joan Memastoa, Kevin Miller, IN Daniel Morgan, MI Leo Murphy, IL Madeleine Newfield, IL Molly O’Donnell, IL Glenn Maxham, MN Thomas McGinn, MI ON Mayor David Miller, ON Paul Morgan, ON Mary W. Murphy Cheri Newman, IL Patty O’Donnell, MI 67 Patricia O’Donnell, SSJ, PA Amy Padua, IL Whitney Paxson, PA Clara Piecuch, IL Karin Pozsogar, ON Peter Reagel, IL Vernon Rieckmann, WI David Rombout, ON Laura Ogar Shari Paglia, PA Nick Payida, IL Patrick Pierce, IL David Pratt, PA Jody Rebek, ON Barbara Rieffel, IL J. Romell, IL Kim Ogle, IL Dorothy Pagosa, IL Harvey Payne, ON Justyna Pilarek, ON Stephen Prevenas, IL becky Redelings, WI Allen G. and Kathryn A. Melissa Romick, IL Jo O’Grady, IL Melissa Pahlke, IL Kory Payne, HI Mary Pilling-Engberts, IL Mitchell Price, PA Marybeth Redheffer, NJ Riegel, WI Barbara Ronfleck, MI Mary O’Grady, IL Carol Pain, ON Lauri Peacock, NM Tom Pilutti, MI Joseph Priebe, MN Sharon Redheffer, NJ Erik Riemer, WI Bob Ronkese, DE David Ogren, WI Peter Pain, ON Margaret Peacock, WI Scott Pingel, WI Bill Proir, OH John Redmon, PA Mollie Riess, IL Mary Roobol, MI Mike Ogren, MI Jean Painchaud, QC Tim Pearce, PA Robert Pinknei, ON Maria Prokopowycz, MI Kenneth Redsell, BC Christopher Riff, IL Olive M. Root, ON Brian O’Hare, PA Alison Paine, MI Don Pearson Doreen Pinkney, ON Andrew Promaine, ON Cornelia Redy, PA Timothy Rigby, ON John Rorabeck, ON Jason O’Higgins, IL Gregory Pais, PA John Pearson, IL Claudette Pintwala, ON Paula Propst, IL Mick Reed, WI Carrie Riley, WI Barbara Rosalik Kristopher O’Higgins, WI Ed Paleczny, ON Matthew Pearson Patrick Pipek, IL John R. Provancher, MI Stephanie Reed, PA Kelly Riley, PA Jack Rose, PA Tracy O’Higgins, IL Marta Palm, PA Patricia Pearson, IL Carroll Piper, IL Beth Prudden, MI William Reed, PA Paul Riley, PA Joan Rose, MI Ohio Coastal Resource Eric Palmer, PA Shawn Peek, IL Patricia Piper, IL Dorota Pruski, WI Beth Reeder, PA Ruth A. Rin, PA Robert Rose, PA Management Project, OH Melanie Palmer, WI Leslie Peet, IL Abdul Pirani Juliette Pryor, PA Angeline Reeks, IL Anita Rinehart, PA Susan Rose, PA Ohio Department of Natural Robert Palmer, ON David Pellissier, IL Amy Pischke, PA Kristen Pryor, MI David Reese, IL Mike Ripley, ON Mitch Rosefelt, WI Resources, OH Robert Palms, MI Kim Pelo, WI Daniel Piser, PA Dan Puetz, IL Mark Reese, IL Lilia Rissman, IL Harvey Rosen, ON Cindy Olds, MI Bridget Palushek, IL Denis Péloquin, QC Kristen Pitts, WI Andy Puls, WI Henry Regier, ON Cindy Risvold, WI Mayor Harvey Rosen, ON Julie O’Leary, MN Maureen Palushek, IL Patricia Pennell, MI Forrest Piver, PA Jennifer Puls, WI Dorothy Reichardt, PA Kristina Risvold, IL Suzanne Rosenblatt, WI Maurice Oliver, IL Mary Pandolfo, MI Jane Penzien, MI Troy Piwowarski, MI Christian Pupp, ON Donald Reid, ON Beverley Ritchie, ON Louis Rosenfeld, MI Corey E. Olsen, WI Olga Papayanis, ON Patricia Pepitone, OH Vanessa Pizarro, NY Rob Putnam, IL Karen Reid, IL Anne Ritchie-Nahuis, ON Julia Rosenthal, IL Judy Olsen-Hodges, MI Kristina Pappademos, IL John Pepperell Joel Platt, PA Matthew Putnick, IL Erin Reinl, WI Sarah Rittenhouse, IL Rachel Rosner, IL Barb Olson, WI John Pappas, IL Samuel Pepple, OH Ryan Platte, IL Theresa Quain, IL Tauni Reinschmidt, IL Helen Ritter, IL Trisha Ross, WI Chris Olson, IL Marielle Paquette, QC Christa Perdue, MI Jeremy Plecko, MN Christopher Qualiardi, IL Shaloma Rella, PA Benjamin Rivera, IL Victoria Ross, PA Dave Olson, MN Janet Pariza, IL Fred T. Perel, ON Mel Plewes, ON Matthew Quinn, PA Kathy Reller, IL M. Rivera, IL Mary Rossiter Edwin Olson, WI Brian Parker, IL Jason Perkins, PA Andrew Plier, WI Christine Quintero, IL Katie Remensnyder, MI Riversides Stewardship Rebecca Rossof, IL Joanne Olson, MN Derek Parker, WI Marie Perkins, IL J. Pliskow, MI Leah Quiring, ON Joyce Remillard, PA Alliance, ON Cara Rosson, IL John Onaclia, OH Karen Parker, MI Gery Perkowski, MI Campbell Plowden, PA Chuck Quirmbach, WI Rachelle Renaud, QC Adam Rix, ON Richard Rouse, IL Carolyn O’Neill, MI Kent Parker, WI Mark Perlaky, IL Claudia Pogreba, WI Cynthia Radcliffe Ellen Rendulich, IL Nick Rizzo, IL William Rouster, MI Bridget O’Neill, IL Rachael Parker, WI Judith Perlinger, MI Mathew Poherty, ON Deborah Radcliffe, MI Kelly Rentscher, WI Morris Robert, ON Les Rout, MI Carolyn O’Neill, ON Suzanne Parker, PA Franca Pernatozzi Ellen Poist, PA Shawn Radcliffe, PA Anna Reseigh, MI Jess Roberts, WI Donald and Connie Roux, IL Debbie O’Neill, IL Steve Parkes, IL Amy Person, WI Kenneth Poladian, MI Loretta Radeschi, PA Rosemary Reshetar, PA Judith Roberts, PA Philip J. Rovang Ontario Federation of Diana Parmeter, IL Mary Jo Pesano, MI Paul Politis, PA Bret Radke, WI Leah Retherford, MI L. Ray Roberts, PA Murray Rowan, ON Agriculture, ON Yednesh Parnaik, MI Deborah Pestrak, PA Jill Pollack, IL Kathleen Radtke, WI Brian Revak, PA Leslie Roberts, IL Jen Rowen, IL Linda Opipari, MI Ian Parrish, ON Matt Petering, WI John/Nancy Pollock, WI Raging Grannies of Detroit, Joyce Rhea, IL Toni Roberts, MI Mayor John Rowswell, ON Peter Ormond, ON Sally Parry, IL Lisa Peterman, PA Susan Pollock, PA MI John Rhoades, ON David Robertson, WI John Roxworthy, IL Ellen O’Rourke, IL Brooke Parry Hecht, IL C.A. Peters, WI PollutionWatch, ON Linda Raines, MN Megan Rhymer, ON Jeanette Robertson, PA Jean-Yves Roy, IL Jenne Orr, WI Lynne Parson, IL Wayne Peters, WI Beatriz Ponce de Leon, IL Jamie Rake, WI Chris Rice, PA Mikaela Robertson, WI David Rubin, IL Sarah Osborne, PA Ian Parsons, IL Andrew Petersen, IL Lorraine Poore, PA Maja Ramirez, IL Julia Rice, WI Marija Robey, IL David Ruch, PA Esther Osche, ON Thomas Paschke, WI Brett Peterson, IL Kara Popowich, PA Bob Ramlow, WI Julie Rice, IL Georges Robichon Katy Ruckdeschel, PA Janet Oser, PA Greg Pasquarello, PA Karen Peterson, IL Abigail Popp, IL Marguerite Ramlow, WI Waub Rice, ON Cheryl Robinson, ON Sue Rucker, IL Dianne O’Shea, MI Grace Pasquarello, SSJ, Mayor Lynn Peterson, ON Nadine Porter, MI Jenna Randerson, WI Bryn Richard, PA Sandra Robinson, IL Antoinette Ruedisueli, MI Thane Ostroth, MI KY Norma Peterson, MI Layna Portugal, MI Walt Randolph Caitlin Richardson, MI David Robson, IL Rita Ruetz, MI Mary Lynn Ostrum, PA Sam Passmore, MI Alan Peterson, MD, PA Carol Portwine, WI Nicholas Rankin, WI Janie Richardson, PA Beth Rockwell, PA Philip Ruffolo, WI David Ostwald, PA Susan Patel, IL Natalia Petraszczuk, IL Larry Posatko, PA Ron Rashid, IL Mark Richardson, MI Mathew Roder, IL Deborah Rumsey, MI Michael Otto, MI David Patenaude, WI John Petrelli, PA David Posther, MI Amanda Raster, WI Nancy Richardson, IL Wade Rodgers, IL Kathy Ruopp, IL Arnold Overby, ON Connie Paterson, MI Pete Petrouske, WI C. Postuma, WI Gerrie A. Rath, WI Stacey Richardson, MI Don Rodriguez, IL Pamela Rups, MI Gary Overby, IL Jason Patinkin, IL Dale Phenicie, MI Jeffrey Potter, WI Genevieve Ray, MI Lisa Richman, ON Janet Roe-Darden, MI Sandy Rusch, IL Dennis Overmyer, MI Bivan Patnaik, DC Greg Philliban, ON Tom Potter, WI Mike Ray, WI Jack Richmond, IL Teresa Roeder, IL Paul Rushton, BC Amy Owen, WI Lydia Patton, IL Alison Phillips, PA K.C. Poulos, IL Thomas Rayburn, PA Robert Richter, IL Michelle Roesler, MI Elsa Russell Lichtenberg, PA Cindy Owen, WI Frank Paulo, IL Doug Phillips, ON Barry Pounder, PA Sofia Raymundo Jerome Rickert, IL Bridgit Roeth, WI Kris Rust, PA Danielle Owens, IL Lisa Paulof, ON Linda Phillips, ON Darlene Powell Jawairia Razi, IL Loretta Ridge, IL Charles Rogers, IL Ann Ruth, IL Jay Owens, IL Jerry Pauze, ON Richard Phillips, WI Flora Powell, PA Barbara Reader, IL Riding of St. Catharines, ON Eric Rogers, IL Thomas Rutlin, WI Susan P., FL Leanne Pavel, IL Ron Philp, ON Barbara Power, IL Chris Reagan, IL Riding of York-Simcoe, ON Rochelle Rollenhagen, MI Jill Ryan, MI Brian Padjen, IL Natalia Pavlov, IL Edward Piche, ON Tom Pozen, IL Shannon Reagan-Shaw, WI David Rieckmann, WI Dieter Rollfinke, PA Kevin Ryan, PA 68 Patricia O’Donnell, SSJ, PA Amy Padua, IL Whitney Paxson, PA Clara Piecuch, IL Karin Pozsogar, ON Peter Reagel, IL Vernon Rieckmann, WI David Rombout, ON Laura Ogar Shari Paglia, PA Nick Payida, IL Patrick Pierce, IL David Pratt, PA Jody Rebek, ON Barbara Rieffel, IL J. Romell, IL Kim Ogle, IL Dorothy Pagosa, IL Harvey Payne, ON Justyna Pilarek, ON Stephen Prevenas, IL becky Redelings, WI Allen G. and Kathryn A. Melissa Romick, IL Jo O’Grady, IL Melissa Pahlke, IL Kory Payne, HI Mary Pilling-Engberts, IL Mitchell Price, PA Marybeth Redheffer, NJ Riegel, WI Barbara Ronfleck, MI Mary O’Grady, IL Carol Pain, ON Lauri Peacock, NM Tom Pilutti, MI Joseph Priebe, MN Sharon Redheffer, NJ Erik Riemer, WI Bob Ronkese, DE David Ogren, WI Peter Pain, ON Margaret Peacock, WI Scott Pingel, WI Bill Proir, OH John Redmon, PA Mollie Riess, IL Mary Roobol, MI Mike Ogren, MI Jean Painchaud, QC Tim Pearce, PA Robert Pinknei, ON Maria Prokopowycz, MI Kenneth Redsell, BC Christopher Riff, IL Olive M. Root, ON Brian O’Hare, PA Alison Paine, MI Don Pearson Doreen Pinkney, ON Andrew Promaine, ON Cornelia Redy, PA Timothy Rigby, ON John Rorabeck, ON Jason O’Higgins, IL Gregory Pais, PA John Pearson, IL Claudette Pintwala, ON Paula Propst, IL Mick Reed, WI Carrie Riley, WI Barbara Rosalik Kristopher O’Higgins, WI Ed Paleczny, ON Matthew Pearson Patrick Pipek, IL John R. Provancher, MI Stephanie Reed, PA Kelly Riley, PA Jack Rose, PA Tracy O’Higgins, IL Marta Palm, PA Patricia Pearson, IL Carroll Piper, IL Beth Prudden, MI William Reed, PA Paul Riley, PA Joan Rose, MI Ohio Coastal Resource Eric Palmer, PA Shawn Peek, IL Patricia Piper, IL Dorota Pruski, WI Beth Reeder, PA Ruth A. Rin, PA Robert Rose, PA Management Project, OH Melanie Palmer, WI Leslie Peet, IL Abdul Pirani Juliette Pryor, PA Angeline Reeks, IL Anita Rinehart, PA Susan Rose, PA Ohio Department of Natural Robert Palmer, ON David Pellissier, IL Amy Pischke, PA Kristen Pryor, MI David Reese, IL Mike Ripley, ON Mitch Rosefelt, WI Resources, OH Robert Palms, MI Kim Pelo, WI Daniel Piser, PA Dan Puetz, IL Mark Reese, IL Lilia Rissman, IL Harvey Rosen, ON Cindy Olds, MI Bridget Palushek, IL Denis Péloquin, QC Kristen Pitts, WI Andy Puls, WI Henry Regier, ON Cindy Risvold, WI Mayor Harvey Rosen, ON Julie O’Leary, MN Maureen Palushek, IL Patricia Pennell, MI Forrest Piver, PA Jennifer Puls, WI Dorothy Reichardt, PA Kristina Risvold, IL Suzanne Rosenblatt, WI Maurice Oliver, IL Mary Pandolfo, MI Jane Penzien, MI Troy Piwowarski, MI Christian Pupp, ON Donald Reid, ON Beverley Ritchie, ON Louis Rosenfeld, MI Corey E. Olsen, WI Olga Papayanis, ON Patricia Pepitone, OH Vanessa Pizarro, NY Rob Putnam, IL Karen Reid, IL Anne Ritchie-Nahuis, ON Julia Rosenthal, IL Judy Olsen-Hodges, MI Kristina Pappademos, IL John Pepperell Joel Platt, PA Matthew Putnick, IL Erin Reinl, WI Sarah Rittenhouse, IL Rachel Rosner, IL Barb Olson, WI John Pappas, IL Samuel Pepple, OH Ryan Platte, IL Theresa Quain, IL Tauni Reinschmidt, IL Helen Ritter, IL Trisha Ross, WI Chris Olson, IL Marielle Paquette, QC Christa Perdue, MI Jeremy Plecko, MN Christopher Qualiardi, IL Shaloma Rella, PA Benjamin Rivera, IL Victoria Ross, PA Dave Olson, MN Janet Pariza, IL Fred T. Perel, ON Mel Plewes, ON Matthew Quinn, PA Kathy Reller, IL M. Rivera, IL Mary Rossiter Edwin Olson, WI Brian Parker, IL Jason Perkins, PA Andrew Plier, WI Christine Quintero, IL Katie Remensnyder, MI Riversides Stewardship Rebecca Rossof, IL Joanne Olson, MN Derek Parker, WI Marie Perkins, IL J. Pliskow, MI Leah Quiring, ON Joyce Remillard, PA Alliance, ON Cara Rosson, IL John Onaclia, OH Karen Parker, MI Gery Perkowski, MI Campbell Plowden, PA Chuck Quirmbach, WI Rachelle Renaud, QC Adam Rix, ON Richard Rouse, IL Carolyn O’Neill, MI Kent Parker, WI Mark Perlaky, IL Claudia Pogreba, WI Cynthia Radcliffe Ellen Rendulich, IL Nick Rizzo, IL William Rouster, MI Bridget O’Neill, IL Rachael Parker, WI Judith Perlinger, MI Mathew Poherty, ON Deborah Radcliffe, MI Kelly Rentscher, WI Morris Robert, ON Les Rout, MI Carolyn O’Neill, ON Suzanne Parker, PA Franca Pernatozzi Ellen Poist, PA Shawn Radcliffe, PA Anna Reseigh, MI Jess Roberts, WI Donald and Connie Roux, IL Debbie O’Neill, IL Steve Parkes, IL Amy Person, WI Kenneth Poladian, MI Loretta Radeschi, PA Rosemary Reshetar, PA Judith Roberts, PA Philip J. Rovang Ontario Federation of Diana Parmeter, IL Mary Jo Pesano, MI Paul Politis, PA Bret Radke, WI Leah Retherford, MI L. Ray Roberts, PA Murray Rowan, ON Agriculture, ON Yednesh Parnaik, MI Deborah Pestrak, PA Jill Pollack, IL Kathleen Radtke, WI Brian Revak, PA Leslie Roberts, IL Jen Rowen, IL Linda Opipari, MI Ian Parrish, ON Matt Petering, WI John/Nancy Pollock, WI Raging Grannies of Detroit, Joyce Rhea, IL Toni Roberts, MI Mayor John Rowswell, ON Peter Ormond, ON Sally Parry, IL Lisa Peterman, PA Susan Pollock, PA MI John Rhoades, ON David Robertson, WI John Roxworthy, IL Ellen O’Rourke, IL Brooke Parry Hecht, IL C.A. Peters, WI PollutionWatch, ON Linda Raines, MN Megan Rhymer, ON Jeanette Robertson, PA Jean-Yves Roy, IL Jenne Orr, WI Lynne Parson, IL Wayne Peters, WI Beatriz Ponce de Leon, IL Jamie Rake, WI Chris Rice, PA Mikaela Robertson, WI David Rubin, IL Sarah Osborne, PA Ian Parsons, IL Andrew Petersen, IL Lorraine Poore, PA Maja Ramirez, IL Julia Rice, WI Marija Robey, IL David Ruch, PA Esther Osche, ON Thomas Paschke, WI Brett Peterson, IL Kara Popowich, PA Bob Ramlow, WI Julie Rice, IL Georges Robichon Katy Ruckdeschel, PA Janet Oser, PA Greg Pasquarello, PA Karen Peterson, IL Abigail Popp, IL Marguerite Ramlow, WI Waub Rice, ON Cheryl Robinson, ON Sue Rucker, IL Dianne O’Shea, MI Grace Pasquarello, SSJ, Mayor Lynn Peterson, ON Nadine Porter, MI Jenna Randerson, WI Bryn Richard, PA Sandra Robinson, IL Antoinette Ruedisueli, MI Thane Ostroth, MI KY Norma Peterson, MI Layna Portugal, MI Walt Randolph Caitlin Richardson, MI David Robson, IL Rita Ruetz, MI Mary Lynn Ostrum, PA Sam Passmore, MI Alan Peterson, MD, PA Carol Portwine, WI Nicholas Rankin, WI Janie Richardson, PA Beth Rockwell, PA Philip Ruffolo, WI David Ostwald, PA Susan Patel, IL Natalia Petraszczuk, IL Larry Posatko, PA Ron Rashid, IL Mark Richardson, MI Mathew Roder, IL Deborah Rumsey, MI Michael Otto, MI David Patenaude, WI John Petrelli, PA David Posther, MI Amanda Raster, WI Nancy Richardson, IL Wade Rodgers, IL Kathy Ruopp, IL Arnold Overby, ON Connie Paterson, MI Pete Petrouske, WI C. Postuma, WI Gerrie A. Rath, WI Stacey Richardson, MI Don Rodriguez, IL Pamela Rups, MI Gary Overby, IL Jason Patinkin, IL Dale Phenicie, MI Jeffrey Potter, WI Genevieve Ray, MI Lisa Richman, ON Janet Roe-Darden, MI Sandy Rusch, IL Dennis Overmyer, MI Bivan Patnaik, DC Greg Philliban, ON Tom Potter, WI Mike Ray, WI Jack Richmond, IL Teresa Roeder, IL Paul Rushton, BC Amy Owen, WI Lydia Patton, IL Alison Phillips, PA K.C. Poulos, IL Thomas Rayburn, PA Robert Richter, IL Michelle Roesler, MI Elsa Russell Lichtenberg, PA Cindy Owen, WI Frank Paulo, IL Doug Phillips, ON Barry Pounder, PA Sofia Raymundo Jerome Rickert, IL Bridgit Roeth, WI Kris Rust, PA Danielle Owens, IL Lisa Paulof, ON Linda Phillips, ON Darlene Powell Jawairia Razi, IL Loretta Ridge, IL Charles Rogers, IL Ann Ruth, IL Jay Owens, IL Jerry Pauze, ON Richard Phillips, WI Flora Powell, PA Barbara Reader, IL Riding of St. Catharines, ON Eric Rogers, IL Thomas Rutlin, WI Susan P., FL Leanne Pavel, IL Ron Philp, ON Barbara Power, IL Chris Reagan, IL Riding of York-Simcoe, ON Rochelle Rollenhagen, MI Jill Ryan, MI Brian Padjen, IL Natalia Pavlov, IL Edward Piche, ON Tom Pozen, IL Shannon Reagan-Shaw, WI David Rieckmann, WI Dieter Rollfinke, PA Kevin Ryan, PA 69 Raymond S., ON Roland Schaedig, MI Georgene Schumacher, IL Karen Sewick, IL Debra Shipway, IL Virginia Skrdlant, PA Tammy Spangler, IL Judith Stevens, IL Lisa Saaf, MI David Schalliol, IL Henry Schumacher, PA Robert Sexsmith, ON Daniel Shively, PA Debra Skup, WI David Sparrow, ON Heidi Stevenson, MI Poune Saberi, PA Tina Schankula Joellen Schutz, WI Bruno Sfallin, ON David Shoemaker, NY Lindsay Slaughter, MI Nikolas Spayne, IL Gail Stewart, ON Maria Teresa Saenz Robles, PA Roy Schatz, ON Gregor Schuurman, WI Mike Shackleford, ON David Shoemaker, PA Deborah Sleight, MI Daniel Spear, MI Jacquline Stockmann, ON Safe Sewage Committee, ON Edward J. Schaul, OK Alan Schwartz, NY Roxann Shadrick, IL Scott Shoemaker, WI Kristi Sloniger, IL Antoinette Spears, MI Georgina Stockton, MI Joan Sage, PA Robert Scheele, WI Ginny Schwartz, NY Toni Shaffer, MI Amy Shook, PA Bob Slow, ON Casey Spencer, WI Patty Stodola, IL Grant Salada, MI Derek Scheer Hy Schwartz, ON Raymond Shaheen, NY Debra Shore, IL Phillip Slyfield, ON Cindy Spencer, WI Craig Stoehr, MI Oksana Salamaca, WI Elizabeth Scheet, IL Robert Schwarz, MI Kyra Shair, IL Robert C. Short, MI Judith Smeltzer, PA James Speta, IL Thor Stolen, WI Julie Salgado, QC Barbara Scheid, MI Robert Schwed, OH Ira Shakman, IL Natasha Shpiller, IL Raymond Smerz, WI Paul Spetz, WI Greg Stolzer, IL Phyllis Saliture, WI Lori Schell, PA Charlynn Schweingruber, IL Elise Shalda, IL Mike Shriberg, MI Margaret Smillie, MI Eric Spielman, IL Sue Stolzer, IL Richard Sam Salmon, WI Sally Schemanski, MI Pat Schwenk, MI Vonnie Shallenberger, IL Jennifer Shroder, IL Alice Smith, IL Joseph Spilberg, IL Cassy Stone, IL Michele Salsburg, PA M. Schenker, IL Richard Schwermin, IN Frank Shannon, IL Bhagwan Shukla, ON Alison Smith, IL Lucia Spinelli, IL Deborah Stone, WI Sarna Salzman, MI Craig Scheunemann, IL Leanne Scicluna, QC Lynn Shannon, IL Mark Shumow, IL Andrea Smith, IL Jennifer Sprinkman, WI George Stone, WI Emmanuel Samayoa, MI Steven Schey, PA Adam Scott, ON Kate Shapero, PA Christine Shwed, PA Brian Smith, MI Matt Sprissler, WI Lori Stone, IL Gregory Sammarco, IL Joyce Schiavo, PA Jim Scott, ON Barbara Shapiro, IL Mary Sieber, IL Della Smith, MI Charles Sprunger, PA Peter Stone, PA Clare Sammells, IL Jay Schieber, IL Joy B. Scott, WI Cindy Shapiro, PA L. Sieffert, PA Ellen Smith, PA Jessica Spruyt, IL Peter Stone, PA John Samonsky, PA Randall Schietzelt, IL Kevin Scott, PA Craig Shapiro, IL Russell Sieg, MI Heather Smith, ON Alida Spry, PA Alexis Storch, NY Cecelia Samp, IL Wilgard Schiffers, ON Peter Scott, MI Hazel Shapiro, WI Howard Siegel, IL Ian Smith, ON Joe St. John, MI Lou Storino, IL Audrey Samuelson, IL Jeffrey Schimpff, WI Travis Scott, WI Milton Shapiro, PA Brad Siegfried, WI James Smith, ON St. Louis River Citizens Elizabeth Story, IL Elizabeth Sanborn Dana Schindler Carolyn Scoville, IL Michelle Sharp, WI Erika Siemsen, WI Jim and Mary Jean Smith, Action Committee, MN Evelyn Strader, MI Linda Sandberg, WI David Schindler, AB John Seagram, ON Patience Sharp, PA Clare Sierawski, IL WI M. J. Stach Stach, IL Susan Straley, WI Dwight Sanders, MI Barbara Schlafer, ON Marian Seagren Hall, WI Suzanne Sharp, IL Sierra Legal Defence Fund, ON Judith Smith, IL Cindy Stachowski Morgyn Stranahan, WI Peggy Sanders, IL Kathleen Schlagel, IL Rich Seaman, IL Martha Sharples, PA Elaine Sigler, ON Kevin Smith, IL James Stachowski, MI Nancy Strand, IL Scott Sanders, PA Susan Schlitz, IL Anne Searl, PA John Shaw, ON Vito Signorile, IL Megan Smith, IL Sunshine Stadelman, PA Jeanne Straw, WI Trey Sandlin, NM Lucia Schlossberg, PA Howard Seaton, PA Mara Shaw, ON Roseanne Silva, IL Russ Smith, ON André Stainer, QC Sarah Stredny, PA Dave Sanner, PA Ken Schmidt, ON Sally Sedgwick, IL Marilyn Shaw, MI Carl Silverman, WI Sharon Smith, WI Eugene Stalchiv, VA Allen Streicker, IL Ron Sansom, IL Kenneth Schmidt, IL John Sedia, PA Patrica Shaw, IL Barbara Silverstein, PA Stephen Smith, IL Devin Standard Nan Streicker, IL Roger Santiago, ON Joan Schmitt, PA Kim Seeley, MI Maureen Sheahan, MI Simcoe Muskoka Health Unit, Virginia Smith, NC Marsh Stanek, WI James Strick, PA Carrie Santulli Schudda, WI Mayor James Schmitt, WI Jane Seibert, IL Harvey Shear, ON ON Walter Smith, PA Elizabeth Stange, IL Chris Striegel, PA Michelle Sarley, IL Natalie Schmitt, IL Kathy Seidler, IL Derek Shearer Katie Simenson, WI Thomas Smyczek, WI Karen Stanlaw, WI Dee Strnisa, NY Robert Sarwark, WI Thomas Schmitt, WI David Seidman, IL Molly Shearer Gabel, PA Terry Simmons, BC Ruth Snedic, WI Alison Staples, WI Darren Stroh, PA Syed Sattar, ON Anne Schneider, IL Martha Seijas, MI Brian Sheehan, IL Verlena Simms, IL Nancy Snell, IL Fran Staret, PA Steve Strohmaier, WI Daniel Sauder, PA Jeff Schneider, IL James Seitz, PA Karen Shelley, MI Frederick Simon, IL Bill Snodgeam, ON Greg Stark, WI Art Strom, FL Adele Saunders, MI Thomas Schneider, MI Linda Sekura, PA Chris Shelton, ON Roger Simon, IL Debbie Snow, PA Catherine Starrs, ON Marylyn Stroup, WI Brenda Saunders, ON Wendy Schneider, WI Laura Selesky, IL Todd Shelton, OH Sam Simon, PA Jennifer Snyder, PA Linda Stat, PA Marlene Strukel, MI Ed Saunders, MI Christianne Schoedel, PA Richard Selfridge, IL Jason Shepherd, IL Tanya Simon, WI Jeffrey Sobek, IL Burton Steck, IL Harriet Stucke, PA Graham Saunders, ON Randy Schoedler, WI Hendrik Selles, ON John Sheppard, PA Suzanne Simoneit, IL Carleton Sobol, WI T.L. Steck, IL James Stuhlmacher, IL Sharon Sauro, PA Adam Schofield, MI Robert Sellke, IL Richard Sherill, NY Leah Simoni, IL Mary Sobol, WI Theresa Stefanoski, WI Carla Stull, PA Save Lake Superior Trevor Scholtz, ON Clark Sells, IL Deena Sherman, IL Robert Simons, MI Marianna Sokol, PA Dick Steffen, QC Fester Stumpe, OH Association, MN Eric Schoonveld, IL George Seman, PA Keith Sherman, ON Peter Sinanian, PA Barbara Solarz, AL Sharon Steffensen, IL Pat Sturgis, WI Tony Savino Christine Schopieray, MI Jordan Semark, MI John Sherman-Jones, MI Kathleen Sinclair, MI Travis Solberg, IL David Steffenson, WI Bill Sturk, MI Russ Savit, PA Nancy Schottey, MI James Senhauser, IL Elizabeth Sherr, NY Richard Sindiga, ON Ann McCommon Soltis, WI William Stegman, PA Doreen Sturtevant, OH Paul Sawko, PA Lisa Schrag, IL Irene Senn, WI Justin Sherrill, PA Barbara Singer, IL Grace Soltis, PA Gerald Stein, IL Raymond Suazas, ON Bonita Saxbury, IL Peggy Schramm, IL Judy Sereni, PA Stephanie Shetler, IL David Singer, MI William Somerville, MI Meryl Steinberg, CA Lisa Sugent, IL Kate Scalzi, MI David Schreiner, PA Claudia Serrano, IL Joanne Shields Alexandra Sipiora, IL Julie Sommerfreund, ON Carol Steinbrecher, PA Jill Sullivan, IL Mary Ellen Scanlon, ON Jean B. Schrieber, IL Genia Service, MI Cristina Shiffman, PA Tibor Sipos, MI Cadey Sontag, MI Phil Steinfelbt, PA Margaret Sullivan, MI Lara Scarborough, IL Macie Schriner, MI Bria Servoss, IL Elizabeth Shillingburg, WI Audrey Skaja, IL Ann Sorensen, WI Kim Steininger, PA Meaghan Sullivan, IL Magdelena Scarlat, ON Julie Schroeder, ON Ernest Sesski, PA John Shillinglaw, WI Doris Skaja, IL Gerald Soslau, PA Inge Stekl, IL Nicole L. Sullivan, IL Scott Schaafma Pam Schroeder, IL Barry Seth, IL Ron Shimizr, IL Lisa Skaryd, IL Gregor Sosnowski, IL Pamela Stella, IL Andrew Summa, PA Scott Schaafsma, IL Rachel Schubert, WI Ken Setimdt, IL Karey Shinn David Skellie, PA Ahmat Souleymane Imrane Vetta Stephanyan, PA Audrey Summa, PA Nicole Schabes Anna Schuetz, IL Nancy Seubert, MI Nicole Shipley, IL Chris Skelton, ON Frank Souza, MI Laura Stephenson, WI Bonnie Summers, IL John Schad, IL Robert Schultz, IL Severn Sound PAC, ON Carissa Shipman, PA Matthew Skjonsberg, WI Anthony Spadaro, PA Mary Stephenson, MI June Summers Laura Schad, IL William Schultz, WI Jessica Sevilla, MI Dave Shipman, MI Catherine Skokna, IL Michelle Spala, MI Barbara Steph-Kollath, IL Marlene Sund, WI 70 Raymond S., ON Roland Schaedig, MI Georgene Schumacher, IL Karen Sewick, IL Debra Shipway, IL Virginia Skrdlant, PA Tammy Spangler, IL Judith Stevens, IL Lisa Saaf, MI David Schalliol, IL Henry Schumacher, PA Robert Sexsmith, ON Daniel Shively, PA Debra Skup, WI David Sparrow, ON Heidi Stevenson, MI Poune Saberi, PA Tina Schankula Joellen Schutz, WI Bruno Sfallin, ON David Shoemaker, NY Lindsay Slaughter, MI Nikolas Spayne, IL Gail Stewart, ON Maria Teresa Saenz Robles, PA Roy Schatz, ON Gregor Schuurman, WI Mike Shackleford, ON David Shoemaker, PA Deborah Sleight, MI Daniel Spear, MI Jacquline Stockmann, ON Safe Sewage Committee, ON Edward J. Schaul, OK Alan Schwartz, NY Roxann Shadrick, IL Scott Shoemaker, WI Kristi Sloniger, IL Antoinette Spears, MI Georgina Stockton, MI Joan Sage, PA Robert Scheele, WI Ginny Schwartz, NY Toni Shaffer, MI Amy Shook, PA Bob Slow, ON Casey Spencer, WI Patty Stodola, IL Grant Salada, MI Derek Scheer Hy Schwartz, ON Raymond Shaheen, NY Debra Shore, IL Phillip Slyfield, ON Cindy Spencer, WI Craig Stoehr, MI Oksana Salamaca, WI Elizabeth Scheet, IL Robert Schwarz, MI Kyra Shair, IL Robert C. Short, MI Judith Smeltzer, PA James Speta, IL Thor Stolen, WI Julie Salgado, QC Barbara Scheid, MI Robert Schwed, OH Ira Shakman, IL Natasha Shpiller, IL Raymond Smerz, WI Paul Spetz, WI Greg Stolzer, IL Phyllis Saliture, WI Lori Schell, PA Charlynn Schweingruber, IL Elise Shalda, IL Mike Shriberg, MI Margaret Smillie, MI Eric Spielman, IL Sue Stolzer, IL Richard Sam Salmon, WI Sally Schemanski, MI Pat Schwenk, MI Vonnie Shallenberger, IL Jennifer Shroder, IL Alice Smith, IL Joseph Spilberg, IL Cassy Stone, IL Michele Salsburg, PA M. Schenker, IL Richard Schwermin, IN Frank Shannon, IL Bhagwan Shukla, ON Alison Smith, IL Lucia Spinelli, IL Deborah Stone, WI Sarna Salzman, MI Craig Scheunemann, IL Leanne Scicluna, QC Lynn Shannon, IL Mark Shumow, IL Andrea Smith, IL Jennifer Sprinkman, WI George Stone, WI Emmanuel Samayoa, MI Steven Schey, PA Adam Scott, ON Kate Shapero, PA Christine Shwed, PA Brian Smith, MI Matt Sprissler, WI Lori Stone, IL Gregory Sammarco, IL Joyce Schiavo, PA Jim Scott, ON Barbara Shapiro, IL Mary Sieber, IL Della Smith, MI Charles Sprunger, PA Peter Stone, PA Clare Sammells, IL Jay Schieber, IL Joy B. Scott, WI Cindy Shapiro, PA L. Sieffert, PA Ellen Smith, PA Jessica Spruyt, IL Peter Stone, PA John Samonsky, PA Randall Schietzelt, IL Kevin Scott, PA Craig Shapiro, IL Russell Sieg, MI Heather Smith, ON Alida Spry, PA Alexis Storch, NY Cecelia Samp, IL Wilgard Schiffers, ON Peter Scott, MI Hazel Shapiro, WI Howard Siegel, IL Ian Smith, ON Joe St. John, MI Lou Storino, IL Audrey Samuelson, IL Jeffrey Schimpff, WI Travis Scott, WI Milton Shapiro, PA Brad Siegfried, WI James Smith, ON St. Louis River Citizens Elizabeth Story, IL Elizabeth Sanborn Dana Schindler Carolyn Scoville, IL Michelle Sharp, WI Erika Siemsen, WI Jim and Mary Jean Smith, Action Committee, MN Evelyn Strader, MI Linda Sandberg, WI David Schindler, AB John Seagram, ON Patience Sharp, PA Clare Sierawski, IL WI M. J. Stach Stach, IL Susan Straley, WI Dwight Sanders, MI Barbara Schlafer, ON Marian Seagren Hall, WI Suzanne Sharp, IL Sierra Legal Defence Fund, ON Judith Smith, IL Cindy Stachowski Morgyn Stranahan, WI Peggy Sanders, IL Kathleen Schlagel, IL Rich Seaman, IL Martha Sharples, PA Elaine Sigler, ON Kevin Smith, IL James Stachowski, MI Nancy Strand, IL Scott Sanders, PA Susan Schlitz, IL Anne Searl, PA John Shaw, ON Vito Signorile, IL Megan Smith, IL Sunshine Stadelman, PA Jeanne Straw, WI Trey Sandlin, NM Lucia Schlossberg, PA Howard Seaton, PA Mara Shaw, ON Roseanne Silva, IL Russ Smith, ON André Stainer, QC Sarah Stredny, PA Dave Sanner, PA Ken Schmidt, ON Sally Sedgwick, IL Marilyn Shaw, MI Carl Silverman, WI Sharon Smith, WI Eugene Stalchiv, VA Allen Streicker, IL Ron Sansom, IL Kenneth Schmidt, IL John Sedia, PA Patrica Shaw, IL Barbara Silverstein, PA Stephen Smith, IL Devin Standard Nan Streicker, IL Roger Santiago, ON Joan Schmitt, PA Kim Seeley, MI Maureen Sheahan, MI Simcoe Muskoka Health Unit, Virginia Smith, NC Marsh Stanek, WI James Strick, PA Carrie Santulli Schudda, WI Mayor James Schmitt, WI Jane Seibert, IL Harvey Shear, ON ON Walter Smith, PA Elizabeth Stange, IL Chris Striegel, PA Michelle Sarley, IL Natalie Schmitt, IL Kathy Seidler, IL Derek Shearer Katie Simenson, WI Thomas Smyczek, WI Karen Stanlaw, WI Dee Strnisa, NY Robert Sarwark, WI Thomas Schmitt, WI David Seidman, IL Molly Shearer Gabel, PA Terry Simmons, BC Ruth Snedic, WI Alison Staples, WI Darren Stroh, PA Syed Sattar, ON Anne Schneider, IL Martha Seijas, MI Brian Sheehan, IL Verlena Simms, IL Nancy Snell, IL Fran Staret, PA Steve Strohmaier, WI Daniel Sauder, PA Jeff Schneider, IL James Seitz, PA Karen Shelley, MI Frederick Simon, IL Bill Snodgeam, ON Greg Stark, WI Art Strom, FL Adele Saunders, MI Thomas Schneider, MI Linda Sekura, PA Chris Shelton, ON Roger Simon, IL Debbie Snow, PA Catherine Starrs, ON Marylyn Stroup, WI Brenda Saunders, ON Wendy Schneider, WI Laura Selesky, IL Todd Shelton, OH Sam Simon, PA Jennifer Snyder, PA Linda Stat, PA Marlene Strukel, MI Ed Saunders, MI Christianne Schoedel, PA Richard Selfridge, IL Jason Shepherd, IL Tanya Simon, WI Jeffrey Sobek, IL Burton Steck, IL Harriet Stucke, PA Graham Saunders, ON Randy Schoedler, WI Hendrik Selles, ON John Sheppard, PA Suzanne Simoneit, IL Carleton Sobol, WI T.L. Steck, IL James Stuhlmacher, IL Sharon Sauro, PA Adam Schofield, MI Robert Sellke, IL Richard Sherill, NY Leah Simoni, IL Mary Sobol, WI Theresa Stefanoski, WI Carla Stull, PA Save Lake Superior Trevor Scholtz, ON Clark Sells, IL Deena Sherman, IL Robert Simons, MI Marianna Sokol, PA Dick Steffen, QC Fester Stumpe, OH Association, MN Eric Schoonveld, IL George Seman, PA Keith Sherman, ON Peter Sinanian, PA Barbara Solarz, AL Sharon Steffensen, IL Pat Sturgis, WI Tony Savino Christine Schopieray, MI Jordan Semark, MI John Sherman-Jones, MI Kathleen Sinclair, MI Travis Solberg, IL David Steffenson, WI Bill Sturk, MI Russ Savit, PA Nancy Schottey, MI James Senhauser, IL Elizabeth Sherr, NY Richard Sindiga, ON Ann McCommon Soltis, WI William Stegman, PA Doreen Sturtevant, OH Paul Sawko, PA Lisa Schrag, IL Irene Senn, WI Justin Sherrill, PA Barbara Singer, IL Grace Soltis, PA Gerald Stein, IL Raymond Suazas, ON Bonita Saxbury, IL Peggy Schramm, IL Judy Sereni, PA Stephanie Shetler, IL David Singer, MI William Somerville, MI Meryl Steinberg, CA Lisa Sugent, IL Kate Scalzi, MI David Schreiner, PA Claudia Serrano, IL Joanne Shields Alexandra Sipiora, IL Julie Sommerfreund, ON Carol Steinbrecher, PA Jill Sullivan, IL Mary Ellen Scanlon, ON Jean B. Schrieber, IL Genia Service, MI Cristina Shiffman, PA Tibor Sipos, MI Cadey Sontag, MI Phil Steinfelbt, PA Margaret Sullivan, MI Lara Scarborough, IL Macie Schriner, MI Bria Servoss, IL Elizabeth Shillingburg, WI Audrey Skaja, IL Ann Sorensen, WI Kim Steininger, PA Meaghan Sullivan, IL Magdelena Scarlat, ON Julie Schroeder, ON Ernest Sesski, PA John Shillinglaw, WI Doris Skaja, IL Gerald Soslau, PA Inge Stekl, IL Nicole L. Sullivan, IL Scott Schaafma Pam Schroeder, IL Barry Seth, IL Ron Shimizr, IL Lisa Skaryd, IL Gregor Sosnowski, IL Pamela Stella, IL Andrew Summa, PA Scott Schaafsma, IL Rachel Schubert, WI Ken Setimdt, IL Karey Shinn David Skellie, PA Ahmat Souleymane Imrane Vetta Stephanyan, PA Audrey Summa, PA Nicole Schabes Anna Schuetz, IL Nancy Seubert, MI Nicole Shipley, IL Chris Skelton, ON Frank Souza, MI Laura Stephenson, WI Bonnie Summers, IL John Schad, IL Robert Schultz, IL Severn Sound PAC, ON Carissa Shipman, PA Matthew Skjonsberg, WI Anthony Spadaro, PA Mary Stephenson, MI June Summers Laura Schad, IL William Schultz, WI Jessica Sevilla, MI Dave Shipman, MI Catherine Skokna, IL Michelle Spala, MI Barbara Steph-Kollath, IL Marlene Sund, WI 71 Alan Sundby, WI Marcia Thibodeau, ON Ethan Trana, IL Marcia Valiante, ON Daniel Volz, PA John Waud, PA Linda White, MI Betty Wolcott, WI Elsie Sunderland, DC Lynne Thimm, IL Peter Trappen, MI Alfredo Vallejo, IL Shelly VonGlahn, WI Richard Wawronowicz, IL Whitefish River First Nation, ON Sara Wolf, WI Shea Suskin, IL Diane Thodos, IL Marsha Traxler, MI John Vallentyne, ON Brian Vosburg, MI Edward Waxman, PA Hugh Whiteley, ON Pamela Wolff, PA Gene Susky, PA Angela Thomas, WI Anett Trebitz, MN Jessica Van Antwerp, PA Nancy Voss, IL Jim Weakley, OH Todd Whiteman, IL Marilyn Wollenmann, IL Doris Sutherland, BC Auden Thomas, PA Luc Tremblay, QC Barbara van Davis, IL Rhonda Vote, WI Jean Weaver, PA Robert Whitesides, MI Alice Wonderchek James Sutherland, BC Autumn Thomas, PA Mayor Gérald Tremblay, QC Jeffrey van Davis, IL Kelly Vresilovic, PA Kingsley Weaver, IL Parker Whiteway, WI Daniel Wong, IL Susan Sutherland, WI David Thomas, WI David Trevarthen, IL Gordon Van Fleet, ON Allan Waffle, ON Lisa Webb, ON Bob and Beverly Whitney, ON Anna Marie Wood, DC Abigail Sutkus, IL Rebecca Thomas, IL Kay Trevarthen, IL Paul van Ginkel, WI Linda Wagenet, NY Karyn Webber, MI David Whorley, QC Anne Wood, PA Scott Sutton, ON Stephanie Thomas, PA Lucy Trevino, IL Julie Van Klooster, WI D.A. Wagner, PA Bernard Weber, PA Therese Wick, WI Bill Wood, PA David Suzuki, BC Vicki Thomas, IL Brando Triantafillou, IL Mary Van Leeuwen, PA Mary Wagner, IL Jennifer Weber, MI George Wicks, IL Donald W. Wood, IL Marti Swanson, IL Elaine Thomopoulos, IL Nancy Trimble, IL Peter Van Loan, ON Robert Wagner, MI Leonard Weber, MI Sarah Wiedel, IL Margaret Wood, IL Kristina Swarner, IL Bill Thompson, ON Shirley Trostle, PA Erin Van Ness, IL Ronald Wagner, PA Margaret Weber, MI Sean Wiedel, IL Stephen L. Wood, PA John Swartout, IL Carey Thompson, IL Scott Trotter, IL Joel Van Vanderen, WI Samantha Wagner, PA Steve Weber, WI Dean Wiegert, WI Jean Woodman, IL Jay Sweeney, PA Gordon Thompson, MI G. Trubow, IL Daniel Van Wert, PA Vickie Wagner, MI Margaret Wedoff, IL Angela Wieserman, MI Brent Woodruff, IL Joseph Sweeney, PA Janice Thompson, IL Michelle Trudeau, MI Marva Vance, MI David Walch, PA Aaron Wegner, WI Joseph Wiesner, WI Ernest Woods, MI Jacqulyn Swenson, MI Maydine Thompson, MI Scott Trudeau, MI Scott Vandehey, WI Bargara Waldron, IL Bethann Weick, PA Daniel Wiest, MI Anita Wooton, MI Andy Swindler, IL Patrick Thompson, MI Owen Trunk, ON Ronald Vander Loop, WI Patricia Walker, MI Michael R. Weiler, MI Cheri Wilcox, IL Peter Wormley, WI Charles Swisher, PA Peter Thompson, ON Nathan Trust, PA Betsy Vandercook, IL Jenn Wall, WI Randi Weinberg, PA David Wilcox, IL Brian Wozniak, MI Ted Symons, ON Robert Thompson, PA Melissa Trustman, ON Gary Vandergaast, ON Kari Wall, IL Anna Weisberg, PA Chris Wiley, ON James Wray, PA Joan Szalacinski, WI Ron Thompson, IL Jackie Tryggeseth, WI Diane Vandiver, IL Julianna Walo, IL John Weiss, WI Christopher Wiley, ON Kasey Wray, MI Circus Szalewski, IL Wayne Thompson, PA Anthony Tsoknas, ON Jeana VanDorp, MI Walpole Island First Nation, Pamela Welbourn, ON P. Wilkerson, MI Danielle Wright, PA Angela Szesciorka, PA Edward Thornton, PA Krystyn Tully Debra Vanermen, WI ON Ruth Ann Weldon, ON Daniell Wilkinson, PA Heather Wright, MI Tony Szilagye, OH Beverley Thorpe, ON Jules Tuper, ON Gary Vaness, WI Gail Walter, MI James Welker, IL Laura Will, ID Jamie Wright, AZ Samantha Szosszorek, PA Robert Threlkeld, IN Karen Turek, IL Mary VanGilder, MI James Walters, WI Neil Wellington, IL Charles Willems, WI Jean Wright, PA Johanna Tabin, IL Kelly Thundercloud, WI Catherine Turley, IL Dommimick Vanvlodrop, IL G. and C. Waltershausen, WI Tennyson Wellman, PA William, QC Robert Wright, ON Sandra Taenzer, IL James Tibensky, IL William Turnbull, IL Raymond Vaughan, NY Donald Waltman, PA Brian Wells, IL Coleen Williams, PA William Wright, MI Frederick Taft, OH Andrea Tiernan, WI Damien Turner, IL MK Vazquez, IL Eric Walton, ON Philip Wells, WI Daniel Williams, PA Al Wright, ON Caron Allen Taira, IL Matt Tierney, MI Lisa Turner, MI Margaret Veach, IL Jimmy Walz, WI Paul Welsh, ON Donna Williams, IL Robert Wyatt, MI K. Taira, IL Alicia Tietje, IL Shirley M. Turner, PA David Veenstra, MI John Wambede, ON Francine Wendorff, IL Joanne Williams, ON Sara Wykes, ID Linda Tam, IL Daniel Tietzer, IL Michael Turns, PA Eberhard Veit, IL Linda Wang, IL Erin Wendt, MI Lisa Williams, PA Kathy L. Wyller, IL Jerry Tamburino, PA Anna Tilman, ON Richard Turzaniski, ON Mari Veliz, ON Sheng-Wei Wang, NJ Quentin Wenzel, PA Marolyne Williams, IL Elizabeth Wyman, IL Theresa Tarantino, WI Dawn Timberlake, IL Katherine Tweedale, MI Srinivasan Venkatesh, ON Richard Warburton, IL Preston Wertheimer, MI R. Bruce Williams, IL Greg Wyser-Pratte, IL Alexander Tarsi, IL Lisa Tincknell, MI Karen Tykol, IL Eric Vergith, WI Beth Ward, IL Joseph Werzinski, PA Sue Willis, IL Shan Xie-Eryuzlu, ON Dennis Taylor, OH Christine Tindall, MI Liz Tymkiw, PA Frank Jeff Verito, MI David Ward, ON Angela West Blank, IL Diane Wilson, MI Ben Yahr, WI Gord Taylor, ON Tiny Township, ON Nikolai Tymkiw, PA Jeanine Vermillion, PA Gillian Ward, ON James Westcott, IL Eric Wilson, IL Michelle Yakel, PA Gretchen Taylor, WI Susan Tobias, ON Maureen Ugolini, IL George Verney, ON Jennifer Ward, WI Western Lake Erie Gary Wilson, IL Kevin Yam, MI Harriet Taylor, PA Aaron Tobin, MI David Ullrich, IL Kelly Veronico, IL Sheron Ward, ON Waterkeeper, OH Kelli Wilson, PA Tara Yaney, PA John Taylor, MI Morton Tobin, FL Jerry Umlauf, IL Mary Anne Vestal, IL Christine Ware, PA Lisa Westerterp, PA Mike Wilton, ON Michael Yannell, IL John Taylor, MI William Tobler, MI Union Saint-Laurent– Walter Vestal, IL Nan Warhsaw, IL Sarah Westlund, IL Ed Windeler, MI David Yard, ON Keith Taylor, ON Victoria Todd, PA Grands Lacs, QC Thomas Vicek, IL Leslie Warner, IL Carol Weston, IL Jonathan Winder, PA Rachel Yenkinson, PA Patrica Taylor, ON Ben Tollenaar, MI Jay Unwin, MI Lyndsay Vidito, ON M. Zoe Warner, PA Brian Westphal, MI Gilbert Winer, PA John Yerger, PA Kathy Taylor Norby, IL Taryn Toma, PA Michael Uram, ON Kay Vim, NY Aaron Warren, NY Lisa Wetherby, PA Norman Winggrove, ON Ram Yerubandi, ON Gina Temple-Rhodes, MN Shirley Tomaserllo, OH Marilyn Urban, MI David Vincent, IL Gigez Warren, QC Amanda Wettergren, MI Kim Winter, MI Walter Yetter, PA Aliss Terpstra, RNCP Greg Tompkins, WI Janine Urbaszewski, IL Nancy Vintilla, PA Glenn Warren, IL Roy Wetterholt, PA Steven Winters, WI M. Jesse Ynclan, MI Scott Terry, IL Jacob Tompkins, WI Karen Ure, ON Faith Vis, PA Lindsay Warren, MI Marine Whelan, IL Wisconsin Department of Mark Yokim, PA Ann Terwilliger, WI Hannah Torgoley, CA Donald Urquhart, ON Melvin Visser, MI Rosemary Warren, ON Janet Whetsel, MI Natural Resources, WI Ashley Yonker, MI Jim Teselle, ON Kathleen Torrisi, PA Sarah Urquhart, ON Jerry Viste Dennis Warrsilow, ON Jeremy Whiddon, MI Peter Wise, PA Terry Yonker, NY Diane Tetley, IL Mark Tortoriello, IL Marnie Urso Stacey Vivirito, IL Yasmine Wasfi, PA Tom Whillans, ON Cheri Wiseman, PA Carli Younce, PA Christopher Thawley, PA Town of Midland, ON Michelle Uting, IL Beth Vlad, IL Mark Watchman, PA Cheryl White, MI Jack Wishnow, PA Anthony Young, IL Alan Thayer, MI Joanne Townsend, MI Rory Utter, IL Anett Vllani, PA Alexander Waters, WI Heather White, MI Diana Witcher, WI Charlotte Young, ON Thomas Thein, IL Robert Townsend, NY Janet Vail, MI John Vogenthaler, IL J. Waters, MI James White Susan Witkowski, IL Emily Young, PA Wayne Thein, IL Township of the Archipelago, Magdalene Valavanis, IL Darren Vollmar, WI Janiece Waters, IL Jeff White, IL Pete Woiwode, MI Selina Young, ON Maria L. Therese, IL ON Marica Valiane, ON Stella Volpe, PA Tiffany Watts, WI Jeffrey M. White, MI Kyra Wojcik, MI Susan Young, IL 72 Alan Sundby, WI Marcia Thibodeau, ON Ethan Trana, IL Marcia Valiante, ON Daniel Volz, PA John Waud, PA Linda White, MI Betty Wolcott, WI Elsie Sunderland, DC Lynne Thimm, IL Peter Trappen, MI Alfredo Vallejo, IL Shelly VonGlahn, WI Richard Wawronowicz, IL Whitefish River First Nation, ON Sara Wolf, WI Shea Suskin, IL Diane Thodos, IL Marsha Traxler, MI John Vallentyne, ON Brian Vosburg, MI Edward Waxman, PA Hugh Whiteley, ON Pamela Wolff, PA Gene Susky, PA Angela Thomas, WI Anett Trebitz, MN Jessica Van Antwerp, PA Nancy Voss, IL Jim Weakley, OH Todd Whiteman, IL Marilyn Wollenmann, IL Doris Sutherland, BC Auden Thomas, PA Luc Tremblay, QC Barbara van Davis, IL Rhonda Vote, WI Jean Weaver, PA Robert Whitesides, MI Alice Wonderchek James Sutherland, BC Autumn Thomas, PA Mayor Gérald Tremblay, QC Jeffrey van Davis, IL Kelly Vresilovic, PA Kingsley Weaver, IL Parker Whiteway, WI Daniel Wong, IL Susan Sutherland, WI David Thomas, WI David Trevarthen, IL Gordon Van Fleet, ON Allan Waffle, ON Lisa Webb, ON Bob and Beverly Whitney, ON Anna Marie Wood, DC Abigail Sutkus, IL Rebecca Thomas, IL Kay Trevarthen, IL Paul van Ginkel, WI Linda Wagenet, NY Karyn Webber, MI David Whorley, QC Anne Wood, PA Scott Sutton, ON Stephanie Thomas, PA Lucy Trevino, IL Julie Van Klooster, WI D.A. Wagner, PA Bernard Weber, PA Therese Wick, WI Bill Wood, PA David Suzuki, BC Vicki Thomas, IL Brando Triantafillou, IL Mary Van Leeuwen, PA Mary Wagner, IL Jennifer Weber, MI George Wicks, IL Donald W. Wood, IL Marti Swanson, IL Elaine Thomopoulos, IL Nancy Trimble, IL Peter Van Loan, ON Robert Wagner, MI Leonard Weber, MI Sarah Wiedel, IL Margaret Wood, IL Kristina Swarner, IL Bill Thompson, ON Shirley Trostle, PA Erin Van Ness, IL Ronald Wagner, PA Margaret Weber, MI Sean Wiedel, IL Stephen L. Wood, PA John Swartout, IL Carey Thompson, IL Scott Trotter, IL Joel Van Vanderen, WI Samantha Wagner, PA Steve Weber, WI Dean Wiegert, WI Jean Woodman, IL Jay Sweeney, PA Gordon Thompson, MI G. Trubow, IL Daniel Van Wert, PA Vickie Wagner, MI Margaret Wedoff, IL Angela Wieserman, MI Brent Woodruff, IL Joseph Sweeney, PA Janice Thompson, IL Michelle Trudeau, MI Marva Vance, MI David Walch, PA Aaron Wegner, WI Joseph Wiesner, WI Ernest Woods, MI Jacqulyn Swenson, MI Maydine Thompson, MI Scott Trudeau, MI Scott Vandehey, WI Bargara Waldron, IL Bethann Weick, PA Daniel Wiest, MI Anita Wooton, MI Andy Swindler, IL Patrick Thompson, MI Owen Trunk, ON Ronald Vander Loop, WI Patricia Walker, MI Michael R. Weiler, MI Cheri Wilcox, IL Peter Wormley, WI Charles Swisher, PA Peter Thompson, ON Nathan Trust, PA Betsy Vandercook, IL Jenn Wall, WI Randi Weinberg, PA David Wilcox, IL Brian Wozniak, MI Ted Symons, ON Robert Thompson, PA Melissa Trustman, ON Gary Vandergaast, ON Kari Wall, IL Anna Weisberg, PA Chris Wiley, ON James Wray, PA Joan Szalacinski, WI Ron Thompson, IL Jackie Tryggeseth, WI Diane Vandiver, IL Julianna Walo, IL John Weiss, WI Christopher Wiley, ON Kasey Wray, MI Circus Szalewski, IL Wayne Thompson, PA Anthony Tsoknas, ON Jeana VanDorp, MI Walpole Island First Nation, Pamela Welbourn, ON P. Wilkerson, MI Danielle Wright, PA Angela Szesciorka, PA Edward Thornton, PA Krystyn Tully Debra Vanermen, WI ON Ruth Ann Weldon, ON Daniell Wilkinson, PA Heather Wright, MI Tony Szilagye, OH Beverley Thorpe, ON Jules Tuper, ON Gary Vaness, WI Gail Walter, MI James Welker, IL Laura Will, ID Jamie Wright, AZ Samantha Szosszorek, PA Robert Threlkeld, IN Karen Turek, IL Mary VanGilder, MI James Walters, WI Neil Wellington, IL Charles Willems, WI Jean Wright, PA Johanna Tabin, IL Kelly Thundercloud, WI Catherine Turley, IL Dommimick Vanvlodrop, IL G. and C. Waltershausen, WI Tennyson Wellman, PA William, QC Robert Wright, ON Sandra Taenzer, IL James Tibensky, IL William Turnbull, IL Raymond Vaughan, NY Donald Waltman, PA Brian Wells, IL Coleen Williams, PA William Wright, MI Frederick Taft, OH Andrea Tiernan, WI Damien Turner, IL MK Vazquez, IL Eric Walton, ON Philip Wells, WI Daniel Williams, PA Al Wright, ON Caron Allen Taira, IL Matt Tierney, MI Lisa Turner, MI Margaret Veach, IL Jimmy Walz, WI Paul Welsh, ON Donna Williams, IL Robert Wyatt, MI K. Taira, IL Alicia Tietje, IL Shirley M. Turner, PA David Veenstra, MI John Wambede, ON Francine Wendorff, IL Joanne Williams, ON Sara Wykes, ID Linda Tam, IL Daniel Tietzer, IL Michael Turns, PA Eberhard Veit, IL Linda Wang, IL Erin Wendt, MI Lisa Williams, PA Kathy L. Wyller, IL Jerry Tamburino, PA Anna Tilman, ON Richard Turzaniski, ON Mari Veliz, ON Sheng-Wei Wang, NJ Quentin Wenzel, PA Marolyne Williams, IL Elizabeth Wyman, IL Theresa Tarantino, WI Dawn Timberlake, IL Katherine Tweedale, MI Srinivasan Venkatesh, ON Richard Warburton, IL Preston Wertheimer, MI R. Bruce Williams, IL Greg Wyser-Pratte, IL Alexander Tarsi, IL Lisa Tincknell, MI Karen Tykol, IL Eric Vergith, WI Beth Ward, IL Joseph Werzinski, PA Sue Willis, IL Shan Xie-Eryuzlu, ON Dennis Taylor, OH Christine Tindall, MI Liz Tymkiw, PA Frank Jeff Verito, MI David Ward, ON Angela West Blank, IL Diane Wilson, MI Ben Yahr, WI Gord Taylor, ON Tiny Township, ON Nikolai Tymkiw, PA Jeanine Vermillion, PA Gillian Ward, ON James Westcott, IL Eric Wilson, IL Michelle Yakel, PA Gretchen Taylor, WI Susan Tobias, ON Maureen Ugolini, IL George Verney, ON Jennifer Ward, WI Western Lake Erie Gary Wilson, IL Kevin Yam, MI Harriet Taylor, PA Aaron Tobin, MI David Ullrich, IL Kelly Veronico, IL Sheron Ward, ON Waterkeeper, OH Kelli Wilson, PA Tara Yaney, PA John Taylor, MI Morton Tobin, FL Jerry Umlauf, IL Mary Anne Vestal, IL Christine Ware, PA Lisa Westerterp, PA Mike Wilton, ON Michael Yannell, IL John Taylor, MI William Tobler, MI Union Saint-Laurent– Walter Vestal, IL Nan Warhsaw, IL Sarah Westlund, IL Ed Windeler, MI David Yard, ON Keith Taylor, ON Victoria Todd, PA Grands Lacs, QC Thomas Vicek, IL Leslie Warner, IL Carol Weston, IL Jonathan Winder, PA Rachel Yenkinson, PA Patrica Taylor, ON Ben Tollenaar, MI Jay Unwin, MI Lyndsay Vidito, ON M. Zoe Warner, PA Brian Westphal, MI Gilbert Winer, PA John Yerger, PA Kathy Taylor Norby, IL Taryn Toma, PA Michael Uram, ON Kay Vim, NY Aaron Warren, NY Lisa Wetherby, PA Norman Winggrove, ON Ram Yerubandi, ON Gina Temple-Rhodes, MN Shirley Tomaserllo, OH Marilyn Urban, MI David Vincent, IL Gigez Warren, QC Amanda Wettergren, MI Kim Winter, MI Walter Yetter, PA Aliss Terpstra, RNCP Greg Tompkins, WI Janine Urbaszewski, IL Nancy Vintilla, PA Glenn Warren, IL Roy Wetterholt, PA Steven Winters, WI M. Jesse Ynclan, MI Scott Terry, IL Jacob Tompkins, WI Karen Ure, ON Faith Vis, PA Lindsay Warren, MI Marine Whelan, IL Wisconsin Department of Mark Yokim, PA Ann Terwilliger, WI Hannah Torgoley, CA Donald Urquhart, ON Melvin Visser, MI Rosemary Warren, ON Janet Whetsel, MI Natural Resources, WI Ashley Yonker, MI Jim Teselle, ON Kathleen Torrisi, PA Sarah Urquhart, ON Jerry Viste Dennis Warrsilow, ON Jeremy Whiddon, MI Peter Wise, PA Terry Yonker, NY Diane Tetley, IL Mark Tortoriello, IL Marnie Urso Stacey Vivirito, IL Yasmine Wasfi, PA Tom Whillans, ON Cheri Wiseman, PA Carli Younce, PA Christopher Thawley, PA Town of Midland, ON Michelle Uting, IL Beth Vlad, IL Mark Watchman, PA Cheryl White, MI Jack Wishnow, PA Anthony Young, IL Alan Thayer, MI Joanne Townsend, MI Rory Utter, IL Anett Vllani, PA Alexander Waters, WI Heather White, MI Diana Witcher, WI Charlotte Young, ON Thomas Thein, IL Robert Townsend, NY Janet Vail, MI John Vogenthaler, IL J. Waters, MI James White Susan Witkowski, IL Emily Young, PA Wayne Thein, IL Township of the Archipelago, Magdalene Valavanis, IL Darren Vollmar, WI Janiece Waters, IL Jeff White, IL Pete Woiwode, MI Selina Young, ON Maria L. Therese, IL ON Marica Valiane, ON Stella Volpe, PA Tiffany Watts, WI Jeffrey M. White, MI Kyra Wojcik, MI Susan Young, IL 73 Julie Yu, PA Donald Zelazny, NY Jeff Yurkanin, IL Christine Zelzer, WI Ed Zaborski, IL Gerald Zemens, MI Richard Zaccone, PA Cornelia Zerban, WI Barbara Zaha, IL Robert Zerban, WI Josh Zaharoff, WI Melissa Ziemer, IL Caitlyn Zahour, IL Christine Zimmer, ON Kathy Zalenko, MI Jean Zimmermann, PA Larry Zalewski, PA David Zinder, IL Paul Zamodits, ON Sharon Zinkula, IL William Zanoni, MT ZIP les 2 rives, QC Michael Zarull, ON Matthew Zipin, PA Claudia and Sam Zaslavsky, Matt Zivich, IL NY Jeremy Zorns, IL Rich Zavoda, OH Michael Zuckerman, PA Matt Zebell, WI Catherine Zukowski, IL Mike Zeitler, WI

74 “As you review the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement please make sure that it eliminates emerging threats to the lakes, that it encourages ecological recovery and restoration, and it enables members of the public like myself to be a part of the decision-making process.”