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Sce Sawsen BOUREZZANE.Pdf REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE EL HADJ LAKHDAR-BATNA 1 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA MATIERE DEPARTEMENT DE CHIMIE THESE DE DOCTORAT SPECIALITE CHIMIE ORGANIQUE Présentée par : Mme BOUREZZANE Sawsen Thème : Métabolites secondaires de Astragalus monspessulanus L. et Hedysarum carnosum (Fabaceae) Soutenue le 21/06/2018 Devant le JURY Hamada HABA Pr, Université de Batna 1 Président Mohammed BENKHALED Pr, Université de Batna 1 Rapporteur Salah AKKAL Pr, Université de Constantine 1 Examinateur Djebbar ATMANI Pr, Université de Béjaia Examinateur Ammar DIBI Pr, Université de Batna 1 Examinateur Fatma BITAM MCA, Université de Batna 2 Examinatrice Année Universitaire : 2017-2018 Remerciements Avant tout, merci à Dieu tout puissant qui a permis que je sois ce que je suis aujourd’hui. Car l’homme propose mais Dieu dispose. Seigneur, veuille toujours diriger mes pas. Cette thèse de doctorat a été réalisée au sein du Laboratoire de Chimie et Chimie de l’Environnement (LCCE) de la Faculté des Sciences de la Matière de l’Université de Batna 1, sous la direction du Professeur BENKHALED Mohammed. Je tiens à lui exprimer toute ma reconnaissance et profonde gratitude pour m’avoir accueilli au sein de son laboratoire et de m’avoir permis de faire évoluer ce sujet dans les meilleures conditions. Je tiens à le remercier pour l'honneur qu'il m'a fait en m'encourageant, m'orientant et me soutenant, ainsi que pour sa patience avec moi tout au long de l'élaboration de ce mémoire. Mes vifs remerciements vont à Monsieur Hamada HABA Professeur à l’Université de Batna 1, pour m’avoir également suivi, orienté dans l’accomplissement de ce travail et fait profiter de ses grandes compétences dans le domaine des substances naturelles, et également pour l’honneur qu’il nous a fait en acceptant de présider le jury de cette thèse. J’adresse également tous mes remerciements à Messieurs les Professeurs Ammar DIBI, Salah AKKAL et Djebbar ATMANI, ainsi qu’au Docteur Fatma BITAM pour avoir accepté d’examiner et de juger ce travail de thèse. Je remercie le Docteur Christophe Long, du Centre de Recherche sur les Substance Naturelles CNRS-Pierre Fabre, pour la réalisation des spectres de RMN et masse. Je tiens enfin à redire le plaisir que j'ai eu à travailler au sein du laboratoire LCCE, et j'en remercie ici tous les membres. Toutes les personnes m’ayant permis de mener à bien ce travail sont assurées de ma gratitude. Un merci du cœur tout particulier à tous mes collègues de l’Université de Batna 1. Dédicace Je dédie ce modeste travail A mes parents, sources constantes d’encouragement, de soutien, de confiance et d’affection. Un grand merci pour m’avoir permis de réaliser mes longues études et pour tous leurs sacrifices consentis. Sans vous, je n’aurais jamais pu aller jusqu’au bout. A mon Mari, pour tes précieux conseils et surtout ta patience pendant toute la durée de ce travail. A mes très chères enfants Jana, Roudaina et Ahmed Nassif que j’adore A ma chère sœur Awatef, un merci à vous, pour ton encouragement et ton soutien, souvent discret, mais toujours efficace. Un merci à vous, mes chères frères Naim, Rabi et Mouhcen; pour avoir partagé tous ces moments avec moi, pour m’avoir réconforté mais aussi pour votre soutien de tous les instants. A ma tante Meriem, merci pour ton aide constant et votre soutien et affection A ma famille pour leurs encouragements Abréviations AcOEt Acétate d’éthyle ACN Acétonitrile Arab Arabinose CCM Chromatographie sur Couche Mince CCE Chromatographie sur Couche Epaisse CHCl3 Chloroforme CH2Cl2 Dichlorométhane CDCl3 Chloroforme deutéré CD3OD Méthanol deutéré CHI Chalcone isomérase CHS Chalcone synthase CLMP Chromatographie Liquide Moyenne Pression CLHP Chromatographie Liquide Haute Performance CLV Chromatographie Liquide sous Vide COSY H-H Correlated spectroscopy COX-1 Cyclo-oxygénase 1 d Doublet dd Doublet de doublets ddd Doublet de doublets de doublets dl Doublet large dq Doublet de quadruplets DEPT Distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer DMSO diméthylsulfoxyde DMSO-d6 diméthylsulfoxyde deutéré DPPH 1,1-diphényl-2-picrylhydrazyle EC50 Concentration efficace médiane EDTA Acide éthylène diamine tétra-acétique EP Ether de pétrole ESI Electrospray Spray Ionisation EtOH Ethanol FHT Flavanone-3-hydroxylase FLS Flavonol-synthase J Constante de couplage exprimée en Hz HMBC Heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation HSQC Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation IC50 Concentration inhibitrice à 50% IFS Isoflavone synthase gal Galactose glc Glucose gl gluc Acide glucuronique m Multiplet MeOH Méthanol MS Mass spectrometry m/z Masse/Charge d’un ion n-BuOH n-butanol nd Non déterminée R Radical rha Rhamnose RMN Résonance magnétique nucléaire RMN 13C Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire du carbone 13 RMN 1H Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire du proton RP-18 Silice greffée en C-18 (Reverse Phase-18) s Singulet sl Singulet large SEM Standard Error of Mean SiO2 Gel de silice normale t Triplet uma Unité de masse atomique Xyl Xylose δ Déplacement chimique exprimé en ppm Sommaire Introduction……………………………………………………………..…………………………….… 1 Chapitre I - Rappels bibliographiques 3 Partie I I.1 Présentation de la famille Fabaceae…………………………………………………………………... 3 I.1.1 Généralités……..…………………………………………………………….......................………. 3 I.1.2 Description botanique…..…………………………………………………………………..………. 3 I.1.3 Intérêt de la famille Fabaceae……………………………………………………...............………. 4 I.2 Présentation du genre Astragalus………………………………………………….................………. 4 I.2.1 Généralités……………………………………………………………………….................………. 4 I.2.2 Description botanique du genre Astragalus………………………………………………..………. 5 I.2.3 Toxicité des plantes du genre Astragalus…………………………………………………..………. 5 I.2.3.1 Astragales toxiques…….…………………………………………………………….......………. 5 I.2.3.2 Astragales non toxiques…..………………………………………………………………………. 6 I.3 Usage traditionnel et propriétés biologiques du genre Astragalus……..………..………........………. 7 I.3.1 Utilisation en médecine traditionnelle...………………...…………………………………. ……… 7 I.3.2 Activités biologiques…..……….…………………………………………………………..………. 7 I.4 Autres intérêts………………………………………………………………………………...………. 8 I.5 Etudes phytochimiques antérieures sur le genre Astragalus………….……………………...………. 8 - Flavones………………………………………………………………………………...……… 8 - Flavanones…………………………….………………………………...……………...………. 10 - Isoflavones…………………….………………………………………………….…….……… 11 - Chalcones…………………………………………………………………………........………. 12 - Flavanes…………………………………………………………………………..…….………. 12 - Ptérocarpanes………………………..……………………………………….................……… 13 - Saponines à squelette cycloartane……………………...…………………………........………. 13 - Saponines à squelette oléanane……………………………….………………………..………. 17 - Stérols…………………………………………………………………………………..………. 20 - Carbohydrates…………………………………………………………………………..………. 20 - Autres composés………………………………………………….……….....................……… 21 Partie II 22 II.1 Présentation du genre Hedysarum…………………………………………………………...………. 22 II.1.1 Généralités………………………………………………………………………………...………. 22 II.1.2 Description botanique du genre Hedysarum…………………………………………........………. 22 II.2 Usage traditionnel et propriétés biologiques des plantes du genre Hedysarum………………..……. 22 II.2.1 Utilisation en médecine traditionnelle……………………………….………….................………. 22 II.2.2 Activités biologiques……………………………………………………………..……….………. 22 II.3 Autres intérêts du genre Hedysarum………………………………………………………...………. 23 II.4 Etudes phytochimiques antérieures sur le genre Hedysarum………………………………..………. 23 - Flavones...…..………………………………………………………………………... ……… 23 - Flavanones……………………………………….………………………….………...……… 25 - Isoflavanones……………………………………………………….……… ………..………. 25 - Chalcones………………………………………………..……………………………………. 26 - Flavanols……………………………………………...……………………………....………. 27 - Xanthones……………………………………………………………………….……………. 27 - Ptérocarpanes...………………………………………………………..……………... ……… 27 - Triterpénoïdes………...………………………………………………………………………. 28 - Coumarines…………………………………………………………………………...………. 29 - Lignanes………………………………………………….…………………………... ……… 29 - Alcaloïdes..…………………………………………...………………………………………. 29 - Stérols……………………………………….………………………………………...……… 30 - Carbohydrates…………………………...………….………………………………...………. 30 - Composés gras……………...………………………………………………………...………. 30 - Benzofuranes………………………………….……………………………………………… 31 - Autres composés……….……………………………………………………………..………. 31 Chapitre II-Généralités sur les composés phénoliques et les dérivés terpéniques II.1 Composés phénoliques……………………….………………………………….…………………... 32 II.1.1 Définition……………………………………………………………..…………………................ 32 II.1.2 Classification……………………………………………..………………………………………... 32 II.1.2.1 Acides phénoliques……………………………..………………………………………………... 32 II.1.2.2 Lignanes………………………………..……………………………………………………..….. 33 II.1.2.3 Flavonoïdes…………………………………...……………………………………..…………… 34 II.1.2.3.1 Définition………………………………………………………...…………………… 34 II.1.2.3.2 Classification…………………………………………………………………………. 35 II.1.2.3.2.1 Flavonoïdes au sens strict…………………………………………………………... 36 A. Flavones, flavonols………………….…………………………………………… 36 B. Flavanones et dihydroflavonols……..…………………………………………… 37 C. Chalcones et dérivés……………………………………………………………… 39 D. Aurones et dérivés………..……………………………………………................. 40 II.1.2.3.2.2 Isoflavonoïdes………………………………………………………………………. 40 A. Définition…………………………………………………………………………. 40 B. Classification……………………………………………………………………... 40 Isoflavones……………………………………………………………………. 41 Isoflavanes……………………………………………………………………. 42 Coumestanes………………………………………………………………….. 42 C. Biosynthèse des isoflavonoïdes…………………………...…………………….
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