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A Review on Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles — an Ecofriendly Approach

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A Review on Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles — an Ecofriendly Approach International Journal of Nanomedicine Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW Green nanotechnology: a review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles — an ecofriendly approach This article was published in the following Dove Press journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine Shabir Ahmad1 Background: Nanotechnology explores a variety of promising approaches in the area of Sidra Munir1 material sciences on a molecular level, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are of leading interest Nadia Zeb1,2 in the present scenario. This review is a comprehensive contribution in the field of green Asad Ullah1 synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of AgNPs using different biological sources. Behramand Khan1 Methods: Biosynthesis of AgNPs can be accomplished by physical, chemical, and green Javed Ali3 synthesis; however, synthesis via biological precursors has shown remarkable outcomes. In available reported data, these entities are used as reducing agents where the synthesized NPs Muhammad Bilal3 are characterized by ultraviolet-visible and Fourier-transform infrared spectra and X-ray Muhammad Omer4 diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Muhammad Alamzeb5 For personal use only. Results: Modulation of metals to a nanoscale drastically changes their chemical, physical, and 1 Syed Muhammad Salman optical properties, and is exploited further via antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, and 5 Saqib Ali cardioprotective activities. Results showed excellent growth inhibition of the microorganism. 1Department of Chemistry, Islamia Conclusion: Novel outcomes of green synthesis in the field of nanotechnology are appreci- College University, Peshawar 25120, able where the synthesis and design of NPs have proven potential outcomes in diverse fields. Pakistan; 2Department of Chemistry, Government Girls Degree College, The study of green synthesis can be extended to conduct the in silco and in vitro research to Peshawar, Pakistan; 3Department of confirm these findings. Chemistry, Kohat University of Science Keywords: green synthesis, plant mediated synthesis, silver bioactivity, microorganism and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan; 4Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19201, Pakistan; 5Department of Chemistry, University of Kotli 11100, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Introduction fi International Journal of Nanomedicine downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 54.70.40.11 on 19-Oct-2019 Nanotechnology offers elds with effective applications, ranging from traditional chemical techniques to medicinal and environmental technologies. AgNPs have emerged with leading contributions in diverse applications, such as drug delivery,31 ointments, nanomedicine,37 chemical sensing,41 data storage,47 cell biology,54 agri- culture, cosmetics,60 textiles,17 the food industry, photocatalytic organic dye–degra- dation activity,64 antioxidants,66 and antimicrobial agents.68 Despite the contradictions reported on the toxicity of AgNPs,69 its role as a disinfectant and antimicrobial agent has been given considerable appreciation. The available documented data73,74 and the interest of the community in this field prompted us to work on plant-mediated green synthesis and biological activities of AgNPs. Correspondence: Shabir Ahmad Department of Chemistry, Islamia College Different types of nanoparticles University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan Some distinctive reported forms of nanoparticles (NPs) are core–shell NPs,76 photo- Tel +92 345 307 3759 78 80 Email [email protected] chromic polymer NPs, polymer-coated magnetite NPs, inorganic NPs, AgNPs, submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com International Journal of Nanomedicine 2019:14 5087–5107 5087 DovePress © 2019 Ahmad et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms. php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the http://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S200254 work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 1 / 1 Ahmad et al Dovepress CuNPs,82 AuNPs,85 PtNPs,86 PdNPs,88 SiNPs,89 and has an exclusive set of characteristics and applications, and NiNPs,91 while others are metal oxide and metal dioxide can be synthesized by either conventional or unconventional NPs, such as ZnONPs,94 CuO NPs,95 FeO,97 MgONPs,100 methods. An extensive classification of NPs is provided in 102 103 104 105–111 TiO2 NPs, CeO2 NPs, and ZrO2NPs. Each of these Figure 1. Bare NPs: iron oxide, aluminum oxide On the basis of functionalization Capped/Coated Nps:nanowire, nanotube, nanorod Functionalized NPs:post functionalized NPs, in-situ functionalized NPs core-shell Nps On the basis of High aspect ratio:nanowire, nanotube, nanorod surface morphology Low aspect ratio:suspension, colloids, powders Organic NMs:polymer, dendrimers, liposomes, micelles On the basis of chemical nature Inorganic NMs:composite, metal and alloy, semimetal, metal oxide, semimetal oxide Lipid based NMs: triglycerides based Carbon basedNMs:single, double and multi-walled C nanotubes On the basis of Metallic NMs :alkali and noble metal NPs, quantum dots physicochemical Semiconductor NMs:SiO2,CdSe-ZnS For personal use only. properties Polymeric NMs:nanoomposites, nanocapsules, nanospheres Nanomaterials Ceramic NMs:aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide based Zero dimensional:fullerene, atomic clusters, quantum dots, Hollow spheres On the basis of One dimensional:nanowire, nanotube, nanofiber, nanorod dimension Two dimensional:nanodisc, nanofilm, nanolayer Two dimensional:nanodisc, nanofilm, nanolayer Natural:C-containing NPs,inorganic NPs(SnS, Poly vinyl On the basis of pyrolidone) International Journal of Nanomedicine downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 54.70.40.11 on 19-Oct-2019 origin/source Anthropogenic:engineered, incidental On the basis of Paramagnetic: iron oxide, cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide magnetic properties Diamagnetic: titanium oxide, magnesium ferrite Amorphous NMs :glasses etc. On the basis of Crystalline NMs : single extended domain structures crystalinity Polycrystalline NMs :multi-extended domain structures Figure 1 Different approaches to nanomaterial (NM) classification. Abbreviation: NPs, nanoparticles. 5088 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com International Journal of Nanomedicine 2019:14 DovePress Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 1 / 1 Dovepress Ahmad et al Table 1 Chemical and physical synthesis of AgNPs Type Reducing Characterization Biological Reference agent activities Chitosan-loaded AgNPs Polysaccharide TEM, FTIR, XRD, DSC, Antibacterial 114 chitosan TGA PVP-coated AgNPs Sodium UV-vis, TEM, EDS, DLS, Fl- NANA 115 borohydrine FFF AgNPs Ascorbic acid UV-vis, EFTEM Antibacterial 116 AgNPs Hydrazine, D- UV-vis, TEM Antibacterial 117 glucose Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride_ and poly- Methacrylic acid UV-vis, reflectance Antimicrobial 118 methacrylic acid–caped AgNPs polymers spectrophotometery Abbreviations: NPs, nanoparticles; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared; XRD, X-ray diffraction; DSC, differential scanning calorimetry; TGA, thermogravimetric analysis; UV-vis, ultraviolet-visible (spectroscopy); EDS, energy-dispersive spectroscopy; DLS, dynamic light scattering; Fl-FFF, flow field-flow fractionation; EFTEM, energy-filtered TEM; NA, not applicable. Nanoparticle synthesis Comprehensive approaches available for NP synthesis are bottom-up and top-down.112 The latter approach is immoderate AgNPs and steady, whereas the former involves self-assembly of atomicsize particles to grow nanosize particles. This can be 113 achieved by physical and chemical means, as summarized Non biological Biological methods methods (conventional in Table 1. However, ecofriendly green syntheses are econom- (non conventional methods) ical, and proliferate and trigger stable NP formation, as shown methods) For personal use only. in Figure 2. Green approach (biological/ Plants microorganisms Templates conventional methods) The surging popularity of green methods has triggered synth- esis of AgNPs using different sources, like bacteria, fungi, Leaves, stem, latex, Yeast, fungi, bacteria, DNA, cell line, viruses flowers, seeds, roots, algae, and plants, resulting in large-scale production with less algae etc fruits, peel contamination. Green synthesis is an ecofriendly and bio- compatible process,119 generally accomplished by using a capping agent/stabilizer (to control size and prevent Figure 2 Various approaches to the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles (NPs). 120 121 International Journal of Nanomedicine downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 54.70.40.11 on 19-Oct-2019 agglomeration), plant extracts, yeast, or bacteria. of 20–40 nm.126 Phenolic compounds of pyrogallol and oleic Green synthesis using plant extracts acid were reported to be essential for the reduction of silver In contrast to microorganisms, plants have been exhaustively salt to form NPs.127 Pepper-leaf extract acts as a reducing and used,as apparent from Table 2. This is because plant phyto- capping agent in the formation of
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