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Rajaonsonsandaf SN DNR 11.Pdf UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE BRUXELLES FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE DES ORGANISMES ______________________ THESE EN CO-TUTELLE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLÔME DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES DE LA VIE SPECIALITE : BIOLOGIE VEGETALE (PHYSIOLOGIE VEGETALE) INHIBITION DE L’EXPRESSION DES GENES DE VIRULENCE CHEZ Rhodococcus fascians ET Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAR DES FLAVONOIDES ISOLES CHEZ LES GENRES Dalbergia ET Combretum Présenté par RAJAONSON Sanda Faneva Soutenu le : 16 Décembre 2011 Président : Ramavovololona Professeur Titulaire Directeurs de thèse : El Jaziri Mondher Professeur Ordinaire Ralambofetra Eliane Maître de Conférences Rapporteurs : Raherimandimby Marson Professeur Titulaire Duez Pierre Professeur Ordinaire Examinateurs : Andrianarisoa Blandine Professeur Titulaire Ranomenjanahary Sahondramalala Directeur de Recherche A ma femme Kerri, A mon fils Wyatt A mes parents Alain et Bako A mes frères Rindra et Tahiny REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail a été réalisé en co-tutelle entre le Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles, le Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales de l’Université d’Antananarivo et l’Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées. Cette thèse a été supportée par l’Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (Madagascar), la Commission Universitaire pour le Développement (CUD Belgique) et la Fondation Van Buuren (Belgique). Ce travail entre également dans le cadre du programme PIC 2009 Madagascar (financé par la CUD Belgique). C’est avec mon enthousiasme le plus vif et le plus sincère que je voudrais rendre mérite à tous ceux qui, à leur manière, m’ont aidé à mener à bien cette thèse. Je tiens à remercier tout d’abord Monsieur Mondher El Jaziri de m’avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire et d’avoir mis à ma disposition tous les moyens nécessaires pour la réalisation de ce travail. Ce fut un réel plaisir de venir travailler dans son laboratoire et d’avoir eu la chance de discuter de ce travail avec lui. Je lui sais gré pour la confiance et la liberté qu’il m’a accordé. Je ne le remercierai jamais assez pour toute l’aide qu’il m’a apporté depuis le début jusqu’à la fin de cette thèse malgré ses responsabilités. Un grand merci également à Monsieur Olivier Vandeputte pour son énorme participation à l’encadrement scientifique de ce travail. Je salue son attention, sa patience et sa grande disponibilité. Sa qualité de vision, sa conception de la recherche, son niveau d’exigence et sa rigueur scientifique m’ont fait apprendre beaucoup de choses et restent pour moi un exemple. Qu’il trouve ici l’expression de ma profonde reconnaissance. Je tiens aussi à exprimer ma gratitude envers Madame Eliane Ralambofetra. Je lui suis vivement très reconnaissant pour le temps qu’elle m’a consacré et son énergique contribution à la réalisation de cette thèse malgré ses nombreuses occupations. Son expérience et nos nombreuses discussions m’ont permis de mener à bien ce travail. Je ne saurais oublier Monsieur Billo Diallo, grâce à qui j’ai appris beaucoup sur les techniques chromatographiques. Il a surtout participé à l’identification et l’élucidation des structures des composés chimiques isolés dans ce travail. Sa gentillesse et sa culture générale en font une personne à fréquenter sans modération. Mes remerciements s’adressent également aux membres du jury de soutenance : A Madame Ramavovololona qui n’a pas hésité d’accepter de juger et a fait l’honneur d’être la présidente du jury de ce travail. A Monsieur Pierre Duez, qui a fait l’honneur d’être le président du comité d’accompagnement de cette thèse à l’Université Libre de Bruxelles et d’en être le rapporteur. Je le remercie également d’avoir ouvert la porte de son laboratoire pour la réalisation de certaines parties phytochimiques de ce travail. J’en profite pour remercier son équipe en particulier Madame Caroline Stévigny, Monsieur Gilles Berger et Monsieur Pierre Van Antwerpen pour leur aide sur l’organisation et l’interprétation des données des spectres RMN et de masse ainsi que pour toutes les discussions fructueuses sur la confirmation de la structure de la perbergine. A Monsieur Raherimandimby Marson qui a témoigné de l’intérêt pour cette thèse en acceptant de juger ce travail et d'en être le rapporteur. A Madame Blandine Andrianarisoa qui a eu la gentillesse de bien vouloir accepter le rôle d’examinateur malgré ses nombreuses occupations. A Madame Sahondramalala Ranomenjanahary d’avoir spontanément accepté avec bonne volonté d’examiner ce travail de thèse. A toute l’équipe et collègues du Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale de l’ULB en particulier Madame Marie Baucher pour sa sympathie et ses aides précieuses et Madame Adeline Mol qui m’a initié aux différentes techniques de tests d’activités biologiques. A toutes les personnes qui ont participé à la réalisation et le perfectionnement des articles listés dans les Annexes 11, 12 et 13 de ce travail. A tous les collègues de l’IMRA, en particulier Aro Vonjy Ramarosandratana, qui n’a pas hésité à appuyer mon dossier pour le prolongement de ma bourse de doctorat. Je lui suis très reconnaissant pour son amitié, son soutien, son écoute et ses encouragements. Je remercie également l’équipe du Laboratoire de Phytochimie avec laquelle j’ai effectué mes premières extractions chimiques. Je n’oublie pas la présence et le soutien des personnes qui me sont chères. Kerri, Wyatt, mon père, ma mère, mes frères et ma famille qui m’ont toujours supporté tout au long de cette thèse et grâce à qui j’ai réalisé ce parcours. Mon frère Rindra et son amie Hoby qui m’ont beaucoup aidé pour les procédures administratives et qui m’ont servi de liaison directe avec les contacts à Madagascar pendant tout mon séjour à l’étranger. A tous ceux qui ont participé de près ou de loin à la réalisation de cette thèse. TABLE DES MATIERES CHAPITRE I : ..................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION GENERALE ....................................................................... 1 CHAPITRE II : ................................................................................................... 6 GENERALITES .................................................................................................. 6 I. Généralités sur les plantes étudiées ................................................................... 7 I.1. Le genre Dalbergia ................................................................................. 7 I.1.1. Position systématique des Dalbergia ............................................................. 7 I.1.2. Description morphologique des Dalbergia .................................................... 7 I.1.2.1. L’appareil végétatif ............................................................................ 7 I.1.2.2. L’appareil reproducteur ..................................................................... 8 I.1.3. Exploitation du bois de Dalbergia ................................................................. 9 I.1.4. Rappels sur quelques études scientifiques effectuées au sein du genre Dalbergia ..................................................................................................... 10 I.1.4.1. Quelques informations ethnobotaniques sur le genre Dalbergia .... 10 I.1.4.2. Etudes pharmacologiques réalisées sur le genre Dalbergia ............ 11 I.1.4.3. Propriétés antimicrobiennes du genre Dalbergia ............................ 11 a. Activité antimicrobienne d’extraits de plantes ............................... 11 b. Activité antimicrobienne des composés isolés ............................... 12 I.1.4.4. Les études phytochimiques réalisées sur le genre Dalbergia .......... 12 I.2. Le genre Combretum ............................................................................ 13 I.2.1. Position systématique ................................................................................... 13 I.2.2. Description morphologique .......................................................................... 14 I.2.2.1. Appareil végétatif ............................................................................ 14 I.2.2.2. Appareil reproducteur ...................................................................... 15 I.2.3. Rappel sur quelques études scientifiques effectuées au sein du genre Combretum ................................................................................................... 15 I.2.3.1. Informations ethnobotaniques sur le genre Combretum .................. 15 I.2.3.2. Etudes pharmacologiques réalisées sur le genre Combretum .......... 15 I.2.3.3. Activité antimicrobienne du genre Combretum ............................... 16 a. Activité antimicrobienne des extraits bruts .................................... 16 b. Activité antimicrobienne des molécules isolées ............................. 17 I.2.3.4. Les études phytochimiques réalisées sur le genre Combretum ....... 17 II. Généralités sur les bactéries étudiées ............................................................ 18 II.1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa .................................................................... 18 II.1.1. Position systématique de P. aeruginosa ..................................................... 19 II.1.2. Description, structure et identification........................................................ 19 II.1.3. La pathogénicité de P. aeruginosa ............................................................. 20 II.1.3.1. Les facteurs de virulence
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