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竹类植物生物多样性及开发利用biodiversity and Utilization Of

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竹类植物生物多样性及开发利用biodiversity and Utilization Of 竹类植物生物多样性及开发利用 Biodiversity and Utilization of Bamboos 中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所 Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry 马乃训 Ma Nai-xun 目录Contents 1．竹类植物生物多样性 Bamboo biodiversity 1－1 竹类植物物种多样性 Species diversity 1－2 竹类植物分布多样性 Distribution diversity 1－3 竹林类型多样性 Forest type diversity 1－4 研究和保护竹类植物生物多样性 Conservation of bamboo biodiversity 2．竹类植物开发利用 Bamboo utilization 2－1 竹材 Bamboo timber 2－2 竹笋 Shoots ——人造板 Man-made board 2－3 竹子有效成分化学利用 Chemical components ——竹浆造纸 Pulp and paper 2－4 竹林的利用 ——竹建筑 architecture —— 观赏绿化 Horticulture and landscape ——竹编织 weaving —— 水土保持、生态保护 Ecological function ——竹炭 Charcoal 2－5 竹文化 Bamboo civilization ——竹纤维 Fibre 3．重要价值丛生竹介绍 Big-value sympodial bamboos 4. 发展中的中国竹业 Developing Chinese bamboo section 1 竹类植物生物多样性 Bamboo biodiversity 生物多样性是一个可供选择的自然资源，是人类赖以生存的物 质基础和人类社会实现可持续发展的战略资源。 生物多样性包括物种、基因、生态系统和景观4个层次，其中物 种多样性是生物多样性研究的核心和纽带，也是最明显和最容易测定 的。 Biodiversity is a natural resource, it’s a material base for the sustainable development of mankind. Biodiversity consists 4 points, namely, species diversity, gene diversity, ecological diversity and landscape diversity, among which species diversity is the most important and evident one. A．竹类植物是一个古老和迷人的植物类群 Bamboo is an ancient and attractive plant group 似草非草，似木非木 like grass, like wood 草本植物 herbaceous 木本秆茎不似草 木本植物 woody 开花死亡不似木 独特的生长方式 special growth 顶生分生组织 apical meristem 侧生分生组织 lateral meristem 居间分生组织 intercalary meristem B. 竹类是出类拔萃的植物类群 1 最快的生长速度—— 毛竹在2个月内完成高达20m的生长 最大日生长量： Phyllostachys bambusoides 109cm (日本） Phyllostachys heterocycla var.pubescens 118cm (中国） 2 最高的经济产量（生物量（t/hm2.a) 杨树 I-69Populus 35.1 m3/hm2.a 粉单竹 Bambusa chungii 33~45 尾叶桉 eucalypt 30.75 麻竹（笋）Dedrocalamus latiflorus >36 马占相思 Acacia mangium 23.78 高节竹（笋）Phyllostachys prominens 55 青皮竹 Bambusa textilis 37.5 3 天然异龄林，年年发笋成竹、年年砍伐（择伐作业），收获 竹材是 经济产出、又是竹林抚育 ——自然的可持续经营生态系统 Natural sustainable system 1－1 竹类植物物种多样性Species diversity A. 竹类植物的分类学地位The lineage of bamboos （德国）恩格勒系统 (Germany) A.Engler(1964) （英国）哈钦松系统 (Britain) J.Hutchinson(1959) 单子叶植物纲——禾本目——禾本科 Monocotyledoneae Graminales Gramineae （俄罗斯）塔赫他间系统 (Russia) A.Takhtajan(1980) 木兰纲——禾本目——禾本科 Magnolipsida Poales Poaceae （美国）柯朗奎斯特系统 (U.S.A.) A.Cronquist(1981) 木兰纲——莎草目——禾本科 Magnoliopsida Cyperales Poaceae B．禾本科内禾草类和竹类的主要区别 Main difference of bamboos to grass in Gramineae 禾草 grass in Gramineae 竹类 bamboo 多为草质 herby 多为木质 woody 一般一年生（芦竹属少数属为多年生）one year 一般为多年生 living can live more than one year 除花序外不分枝 no branch except anthotaxy 分枝 branch 叶片和叶鞘不具关节 no node in leaves 具关节 have node in leaves 叶片枯死不脱落 leaves do not fall after death 叶片从关节处脱落 leaves fell after dying 叶片细长成线形，无叶柄 叶片宽大披针形具叶柄 slim leaf broad leaf 叶鞘上不具肩毛 叶鞘上常具肩毛 no tassel on leaf have tassel on leaf 花序的枝、花的基部或颖片和稃片之间具关节 不具关节 have nodes in anthotaxy no anthotaxy 种子淀粉粒复合 种子淀粉粒单一 seed powder compound seed powder simple 秆箨和叶鞘无区别 竹箨和叶鞘有区别 sheath is same on culm and leaves sheath is different on culm and leaves 箨叶及叶片，具发达明显的中脉 箨叶缩小，无明显中脉 midrib is evident in leaves midrib is weak C．世界竹类植物分属 Bamboo genera all over the world 自1788年11月瑞典植物学家A.J.Retzius发表刺竹属的先驱属名Bambos以来 ，至今发表的竹属名达150个以上（含草本竹属），中国竹类分类学者已 故南京大学教授，依据“国际植物学命名法规”，参考已发表文献资料， 完成了“世界竹亚科各属的订正”，整理出木本竹类植物有效属75个，草 本竹类有效属28个，属名拉丁学名字母排列顺序如下。 The first bamboo genera is Bambos, it was established by A.J.Retzius in Nov, 1788. From then on, 150 new genera have been published. According to the revision of a late professor in Nanjing University, There are total 103 genera, 75 of them are woody, 28 of them are herbaceous. 木本植物竹属 Woody bamboo genera 1 Acidosasa C.D.Chu et C.S.Chao(1979)酸竹属 2 Actinocladum McClure et Sodestrom(1978)射枝竹属 3 Ampelocalamus Chen, Wen et Sheng(1981)悬竹属 4 Apoclada McClure(1967)离枝竹属 5 Arthrostylidium Rupr.(1839)节柱竹属 6 Arundinaria Michaux(1803)青篱竹属 7 Athroostachys Benth(1883)密穗竹属 8 Atractantha McClure(1973)纺锤花竹属 9 Aulonemia Goudot(1846)牧笛竹属 10 Bambusa Retz.corr.Schreber(1789)刺竹属 11 Bashania Keng f. et Yi(1982)巴山木竹属 continue 12 Bonia Balansa(1890)越南竹属（单枝竹属） 13 Burmabambus Keng f.(1982)缅竹属 14 Butania Kengf. (1982)不丹竹属 15 Cephalostachyum Munro(1868)空竹属 16 Chimonobambusa Makino(1914)寒竹属 17 Chimonocalamus Hsueh et Yi(1979)香竹属 18 Chloothamnus Buse (1854)褐纹竹属 19 Chusquea Kunth(1822)丘斯夸竹属 20 Colanthelia McClure et E.W.Smith (1973)短序竹属 21 Decaryochloa A.Camus (1946)德卡竹属 22 Dendrocalamopsis (Chia et Fung) Keng f. (1983)绿竹属 23 Dendrocalamus Nees (1835)牡竹属 24 Dendrothloa Parkinson (1933) 乔草竹属 25 Dinochloa Buse (1854)藤竹属 26 Drepanostachyum Keng f.(1983)镰序竹属 27 Elytrostachys McClure(1942)甲稃竹属 28 Fargesia Franch.(1893)箭竹属 INFORMACIÓN COMPLETA 204 DIAPOSITIVAS “EXCLUSIVO PARA SOCIOS”.
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