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Home , Equity (finance), Two sets of books

673

Index – 675

Index

Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

Amazon 43–44, 122, 246, 272–273, 275–276, 465, Audit Bureaus of Circulation (ABC) 42, 60, 82, A 481, 487–489, 527, 538, 541, 543–547, 219, 253, 274n273, 346, 357–358, 384, 386, 549–452, 555, 651 596, 604, 609, 620n233, 623 AAA 188–189, 222 AMC 356, 383, 386, 539 Audit committees 587, 587n49 AAF see American Advertising Federation American Advertising Federation (AAF) 316n97 Audits 257–258, 348, 357–358, 577, 583–584, Abacus 94, 109, 260n182–260n183 American National Standards Institute 587–588, 596–597 ABC see Audit Bureaus of Circulation (ANSI) 107n84, 318, 527, 621 Automatic Reporting Management Information ABC network 42, 514, 623 American Society of Composers, Authors and System (ARMIS) 459, 483, 616 Abu Dhabi Media 438, 546 Publishers (ASCAP) 237, 268–269, 311 Average quarter-hour (AQH) 365, 390 Access prices 477, 484 AMPTP see Alliance of Motion Picture and Average revenue per user (ARPU) 592, 600, 624 Accountants 147, 575–577, 586–587, 600, 602, Television Producers Axel Springer 33, 219, 236n2 604, 619, 622n255 Angel financing 203 –– internal 576 Animation 55, 112–113, 166, 550 –– managerial 616, 620 Animators 76, 112, 137–138, 153 –– public 576 B Annual report 39n41, 178n4, 196n77, 214, Accounting 4, 72, 260–261, 406–407, 482, Babbage, Charles 109 402n11, 578, 582, 585n44, 598, 601, 606n145, 575–577, 579–582, 587, 602–605, 611–616, Backdating options 608 606n146, 609n164, 645, 650n62 619–620, 622–624, 668–669 Bain Capital 208–209 ANSI see American National Standards Institute –– financial 579, 584–585, 592–593, 605n137, Bankruptcy 10, 79, 184–185, 191, 202–204, 457, Ansoff, Igor 634 607, 624, 646 480, 510, 539, 577, 591, 631 Anthony, Scott 531, 572, 640, 643 –– real-time 622, 626 Banks 49, 79–80, 179–180, 183–186, 189–190, Anti-trust laws 278, 310, 317, 329, 337, –– regulation of 589 192–194, 196, 198, 212–213, 229, 251, 466, 486, 490 –– royalty 583–584 607, 609 AOL 88, 219, 267, 324, 481, 545, 549, 577, 596, Accounting firms 587 Barnes & Noble 43–44, 273, 439, 541–544, 551, 611, 615 Accounting for intangible assets 94n22, 260n182, 554, 578 APA see Administrative Procedure Act 260n183, 602n119–122 Baskerville, Tim 151n89 APIs see Application program interfaces Accounting practices 239, 575–576, 582, 583, Bass Diffusion Model 383, 409 Apple 115, 117, 120–122, 267–268, 272–273, 283, 615–616, 623 Baumol, William J. 148n67 313, 466, 487, 538, 544–545, 549–553, 555, Accounting principles 326, 586–587 BBC see British Broadcasting Corporation 632, 663–664 Accounting profits 580, 624 BCG see Boston Consulting Group Apple iTunes 34, 121, 546–547 Accounting research 589n67, 607n153 Belch, Michael 135n11, 311n52, 313n72, 316n99, Application program interfaces (APIs) 103 Adjusted consolidated segment operating 327n146, 354n74, 415n70, 418n85, 418n90, Applications service providers 113, 623 income (ACSOI) 594n89, 604, 613 419n95, 420n100, 420n103, 421n106, Applications software 103, 111, 265, 278, 490 Administrative Procedure Act (APA) 321 425n125, 442n232, 443n239 Applied Derivatives, Richard J. 485n126 Advertising 316, 327–328, 346–347, 372–373, Benefits 13–14, 44–46, 133–134, 136–137, AQH see Average quarter-hour 376, 400–403, 410–413, 415–426, 428–429, 154–155, 197–198, 237–240, 289–290, Arbitron 348, 354–356, 387, 391 435–437, 440–445, 468–470, 550–553, 350–352, 512–514, 522–523, 604–608, Architecture 252, 510, 515, 518, 524, 534, 549, 557–558, 565–567 615, 622 561–562 Advertising Age 357n95, 361n120, 362n124, 428, Berger, Allen N. 179n12, 180n17, 184n131, Aris, Annet 6n5, 54n100 441n223 193n68, 203n108, 211n139 ARMIS see Automatic Reporting Management Advertising agencies 135, 281, 316n97, 327, 346, Berger, Charlie 368n151, 369n153, 371n160, Information System 373, 418–419, 428, 430, 448, 518 385n197, 388n211 Arthur Andersen 577, 587–588 –– largest 419 Berger, Robin 314n81 ASCAP see American Society of Composers, Advertising Analysis 444 Berger, Roland 642 Authors and Publishers Advertising billings 42, 538 Bertelsmann 32–33, 35, 38, 44, 121, 209, 216, ASRC see Advertising Self-Regulatory Council Advertising budget 400, 419–422, 424, 445, 447, 329, 508–509, 514, 534–537, 543–546, Assets 51–52, 178–180, 184–187, 192–193, 196, 542, 658 555, 559 201–202, 259–260, 262–263, 315–17, 583–586, Advertising campaigns 328, 406, 413, 432, 618 Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) 268, 537, 592, 600–609, 612–614, 623–626 Advertising platform 427–428, 435, 450, 491 545–546, 559, 585 –– financial 96, 133, 177 Advertising rates 354, 429n128 Better Business Bureau 316–317, 442 –– personal 180, 186, 204 Advertising revenues 33, 75, 255, 348, 357, 359, Bezos, Jeff 44, 204n111 –– total media 217 373, 455, 471, 487, 491, 546, 557, 566, 578 Billboard 152, 213n152, 270n246, 288n375, 359, Asset value 211, 606–607 Advertising Self-Regulatory Council (ASRC) 316, 385n199, 388, 403, 413, 423–425, 432, –– company’s 607 442–443 438n202 –– imputed intellectual 316 Advertising standards (advertising standards Bio-electronics 123, 125–126 Atkinson, Robert 167n222, 178n4 authority (ASA)) 316, 598 BMG, Bertelsmann Music Group AT&T 10, 88–89, 116, 119, 121, 187–189, 277–278, Africa 28, 36, 78, 216, 515–516, 536 BMI see Broadcast Music, Inc. 308–309, 321, 332–333, 344, 346, 491, 525, Aftermarkets 39, 137, 420, 581 Bogart, Leo 345 652–653 AGB 354n72 Bonds 65, 151, 181, 187–188, 190–192, Attention time 14, 384, 423 Albarran, Alan B. 5n2, 6n4, 350n46 202n103, 209, 217, 224, 366, 552, 579, Auctions 265, 267, 333, 431, 433, 462–464, 497, 499 Alleman, James 388n210 602, 607 Audience metrics 364–366, 390–391 Allen, Paul 114, 180 Book clubs 271, 427, 439, 508, 541, 543–544, 559 Audience research 6, 58, 344–346, 386–388, Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Book contracts 271–272 390–392, 668 Producers (AMPTP) 151, 155n125 Book distributors 533 676 Index

Book marketing and promotion 438 Canada 36, 62, 77, 79, 116–118, 150, 197, Circulation 83, 147, 152, 313, 358, 366, 374, 380, Book production 32, 66–67, 402, 543 216–218, 245–246, 273n267, 332, 359, 437, 391, 402, 404, 410, 415, 533–534, 545 Book publishers 5, 32, 42–43, 51, 55–57, 62, 235, 481, 489 CISAC see Confédération Internationale des 264, 272, 430, 508, 514, 556, 557 Capacity 61–62, 68, 70, 116, 202, 217, 278, 316, Sociétés d’Auteurs et Compositeurs Book retailing 541–542, 544 462, 464–465, 504–507, 513, 522–524, 546 Click-through rate (CTR) 385–86, 390, 447, 458 Bookstores 33, 43, 357, 438–439, 519–520, Capacity planning 27, 59, 62, 68, 522 Clubs 279n305, 280, 404, 414, 439, 508, 536, 533–534, 538, 541–544, 554, 565 Capital 73–75, 133, 148, 180, 202, 204, 210–214, 543–545 Book value 259–260, 264, 593, 595, 600–603, 607 216, 221–222, 224, 229–232, 510, 601–602 CMO see Chief marketing officer Boston Consulting Group (BCG) 635, 642–643 Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) 181, 654–655 CNC see Centre Nationale de la Cinematographie Boston Globe 210n134, 251n128, 468, 494n191 Capital assets 5, 169, 593, 604, 612, 615 Coase, Ronald 493n180 Bourgeois, Dominique 38 Capital budgeting 177, 182–183, 230, 619, 663 Cobb-Douglas production function 74, 76n192, Bowen, William 148n67 Capital gain 607, 608, 615 148 Bowie, David 192, 278 Capital investments 72, 124, 133, 230, 605, 609, Collateral 178–179, 184–186, 192, 194, 203, 232, Box office 58, 146, 368 626 274, 278 BPR see Business process reengineering Capital Investments and Valuation 654n75, 655n77 Collusion 266, 322, 463, 473, 487, 647 Brand 291, 400n1, 410–411, 447, 550, 603, 652 Capitalization 94n22, 212, 458, 602, 604, Comb analysis 367, 390–391 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 34, 62–63, 613–615, 624 Comcast 188, 216–218, 298–299, 303–310, 312, 119, 163, 165, 289, 541, 548, 550, 567, 588, 649 Capital markets 212–213 322–323, 328, 332–333, 336, 632–633, 636, British Telecom (BT) 149, 189, 223, 356, 482, 510, CAPM see Capital Asset Pricing Model 643–644, 647–656, 658, 661–662 587 CARP see Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel Commercialization 93, 95, 105, 251, 260n184, Broadband internet 42, 76, 431, 503, 558, 560–561 Cash flows 57, 177, 182–183, 188–189, 192–193, 260n185, 261, 261n188, 262, 262n198, 263, Broadcasters 197, 255, 269, 271, 274, 277, 280, 196, 209–210, 215, 222, 592, 597, 600, 603, 282, 292, 600n109, 600n110, 603n123 312, 326, 416–417, 430, 668 614, 616 Commercial paper (CP) 7, 196, 207–8, 245–49, 255 Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) 268–270, 287, 487 Cave, Martin 524n52 Commodities 124, 201, 202, 330, 410, 464, 467, Broadway 40, 46, 48, 60–61, 150–151, 178, 206, Caves, Richard 42n55, 42n56, 49n86, 56n112, 484–485, 488, 498, 560 252, 648 58n127, 145n42, 146n47, 146n50, 148n68, Common stock 181, 186, 191, 204–205, 585–586, Brock, Gerald W. 512n25 151n86, 168n232, 194n69, 194n70, 201n97, 593 Brodsky, Julian 643 206n118, 431n156, 439n208, 537n106, Communications Workers of America (CWA) Bronfmann, Edgar 536n101 542n129 170–71, 173, 676 BSkyB 202, 276, 651 CBS 44, 211, 218, 219, 253, 274, 276n289, Communication Workers Union (CWU) 149, 170 BT see British Telecom 279n309, 281, 322, 326, 347–348, 423, 587 Compact disc (CDs) 34, 55, 60, 68, 70, 89, Buckweitz, Jason 7 CC see Creative Commons 120–121, 282, 288, 293, 457, 553, 555, 583, 626 Budget 49, 52–53, 58–60, 77–80, 146–147, 186, CCC see Copyright Clearance Center Company value 598–601 194–195, 198, 400–401, 419–420, 422, CDNs see Content delivery network Compensation 133–134, 137, 141–145, 147, 425–426, 577, 581n22, 583, 658 CDs see Compact disc 151–152, 157, 161, 252, 276–277, 482, Buena Vista Home Entertainment International Celebrities 41, 114, 147, 250–251, 253, 411–412, 484n118, 577, 578, 607, 608, 611 (BVHEI) 275 414, 439, 439n213, 442, 639 –– executive 607, 607n154, 608 Buffett, Warren 182, 216 Cellphones 10, 91, 114n103, 267, 344, 387 –– performance-based 419 Bughin, Jacques 6n5, 54n100 Centre Nationale de la Cinematographie Compensation systems 135, 139, 141, 170 Bundling 289, 329, 472, 489, 494, 497 (CNC) 77, 197, 241–242 Competition 13, 15–16, 115–117, 152, 167–169, Burda, Hubert 33 Century Fox 28, 31, 35, 38, 48, 145n44, 204, 278–279, 329–330, 376, 402–403, 456, Burgelman, Robert A. 165n205 216–218, 276, 307, 309, 312, 530, 532, 631–632 478–480, 483–484, 488–489, 493–494, Bushnell, Nolan 114 CEO see Chief executive officer 550–551 Business application 519, 619 CFO see Chief financial officer Competition law 79n207, 79n209, 329, 475, 486 Business models 34, 77, 81–82, 245–246, 457, CGA see Computer-generated animation Competitor analysis 407, 408, 645, 663 495, 546, 548–549, 575–576, 631 Chan-Olmsted, Sylvia 6n5, 6n6, 201n99, 364n135, Complementary products 98, 107, 288, 442 –– advertising-based 547 509n22, 648n56 Completion bonds 49, 200 Business models for online media retailing 546 Charter communications 307, 404, 419–420, 546, Compliance management 302 Business plans 56n113, 184, 186, 218 598n105, 650, 652 Composers 34, 40, 146, 268–269, 277, 290, Business process reengineering (BPR) 639 Chartered public accountant (CPAs) 461, 602–3, 487, 566 Business schools 207, 634, 638–639 612–13, 615–16 Compression 283, 506, 548, 554–555 Business strategy 97–98, 111, 236, 257, 336, 401, Chief executive officer (CEO) 37, 89, 142, Compulsory licenses 277–278, 459, 482 455, 512, 632–640, 641n42, 650 144–145, 217, 218, 272, 302, 345–347, 401, Computer-generated animation (CGA) 46, 112, 137 Buzz 122, 206, 267n230, 366, 414, 416, 434, 465, 508, 577–578, 631, 641–643 ComScore 347, 357, 361–363, 387, 597 437–438, 441, 447–448, 512 Chief financial officer (CFO) 144, 177, 183, 220, Condé Nast 347, 404, 406, 408, 424–426, 436, BVHEI see Buena Vista Home Entertainment 302–303, 485, 577–579, 598, 608, 643, 654n72 447, 548 International Chief human resource officer (CHRO) 134 Confédération Internationale des Sociétés Chief Information Officer 90, 128 d’Auteurs et Compositeurs (CISAC) 269n240 Chief marketing officer (CMO) 346–347, 401, 428 Confidence levels 355, 375, 377–378 C Chief technology officers (CTO) 90–91, 97n33, Congestion 465, 478, 506n12, 515, 522, 524, 113n100, 128, 294, 643 549, 563 Cable channels 35, 193, 238, 276, 279, 298, 326, Children’s Internet Protection Act 326 Conglomerate structure 78, 656 356, 363, 415, 417, 427–429, 643–644, 648, 655 China 32–33, 100, 102, 116–117, 119, 216, 218, Congress 236, 252, 254, 271, 286, 312, 319, 321, Cable companies 299, 306–308, 312, 315, 317, 241n46, 244, 282, 284, 318, 320, 402, 537n103 326, 488–489 332, 443, 513, 560, 661–663 Christensen, Clayton 98n44 Conjoint analysis 381–382, 385–386, 390, 406, Cable TV 6n3, 118, 120, 347–348, 355, 386–387, CHRO see Chief human resource officer 448, 471, 497–498, 637, 645 412n47, 420, 427–429, 482–483, 510, 540–541, Cinema 28n3, 36–37, 77, 80, 198, 331n158, 344, Consortium 209, 267, 283, 559 558, 649–650, 661–662 366, 532–533 Consumer behavior 362, 379, 388 Campaign contributions 306, 308, 333 677 B–D Index

Consumer categories 475, 478–479 Copyright violations 276–77, 308, 310, 327 Data collection 158, 312, 347–349, 351, 353–355, Consumer electronics 35, 90, 96, 138–40, 145, Core competencies 15, 120, 130, 559, 656, 662, 357, 359, 361, 363, 368, 388–390, 444 262, 265, 435, 437–38, 466–67, 561, 563, 667, 675, 691–92 Data mining 328n147, 364, 368, 385, 390, 392, 580–82, 588, 593 Corporate bonds 8, 196, 208–12, 245, 247–48 431, 434, 496, 620, 645 Consumer market 133, 136, 464, 483, 489, 520 Corporate Counsel 263, 326, 360 Davidson, Scott 240n42, 242n53 Consumer products 130, 264, 443, 542, 641 Corporate culture 37, 55, 60, 145–47, 161–62, DBS see Direct broadcast satellite Consumer protection 324, 341, 343–44, 359, 177, 185–87, 219, 221, 228, 232, 324, 532, DCF see Discounted cash flow 500, 688 676, 680 Debt 177, 183–193, 195–197, 202–203, 209–210, Consumers 35–39, 111–13, 141–43, 339–40, Corporate Finance 7, 71, 196, 198, 205, 243, 215, 220–232, 590–592, 594, 609, 612–614, 375–76, 405, 427–28, 458–59, 466–70, 489–92, 510, 616 623–626, 650 496–97, 500–506, 513–15, 562–63, 575–77 Cost functions 93–95, 102 –– convertible 223n189, 224–226 Consumer’s lifetime value 447 Cost per click (CPC) 390, 461, 572 –– hybrid 191, 225, 227 Consumer surplus 17, 33, 40, 354, 491–92, 494, Costs 80–81, 90–96, 157–59, 199–204, 283–84, –– mezzanine 191 496–97, 500 325–30, 374–76, 444–54, 483–85, 496–503, –– senior 185, 191, 210 Consumption 35, 37–39, 157, 189–90, 354, 398, 505–10, 537–39, 572–78, 629–33, 638–45 –– subordinated 185, 231 469, 473, 481, 490–92, 504, 506, 532, 574, 584 –– administrative 199, 293 Debt covenants 184 Content 34–36, 47–51, 58–59, 96–100, 141–42, –– after-tax 243, 249–50 Debt/equity ratios 220, 592 299–303, 310–14, 348–50, 355–57, 359, –– bankruptcy 198, 243 Debt financing 179, 183–185, 200, 209, 229 426–28, 515–17, 572–76, 583–88, 696–97 –– control 24, 91, 325, 327 Debt rating 228 –– impact of debt financing on 8, 197, 221, 253 –– direct 70, 83, 91, 157–58, 643–44 Decision support systems 620 –– impact of distribution on 13, 527–28, 583–84 –– holding 84, 551, 568 Decision tree analysis (DTA) 295, 655–656 –– next-generation 96, 585 –– indirect 14, 91, 177, 273, 326, 600, 643–44 Defamation 323–325, 328 –– popular 74–75, 574 –– legal 220–21, 310, 348 Default rates 189, 231, 277 –– user-generated 123, 349, 572, 574 –– procurement 552, 648 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Content acquisition 575, 662, 664 –– project-related 643 (DARPA) 118 Content creation 24, 48, 101, 108, 480, 528, 538, –– replacement 626 Deficit 39, 73, 179, 290, 455, 475, 581–582, 601, 609 574–75, 586, 662, 682 Cournot, Augustin 674 Delphi methodology 369, 391 Content delivery network (CDNs) 549, 565, 568 Courson, Olivier 98 Demand analysis 68, 342–343, 345, 386, 389–390, Content distributors 307, 532, 563 Courts 265–66, 268–71, 274–79, 288, 290, 469, 645, 663 Content genres 145, 222 308–11, 322–23, 343, 345–46, 348–50, 352, Demand curve 342–343, 460–461, 471, 512 Content industries 5, 30, 45, 47–49, 51, 53, 55, 468, 509, 511–13, 606 Demand factors 371, 373, 389 57–58, 60, 77, 103, 306–7, 359, 433 CP see Commercial paper Demand side platforms (DSPs) 436 Content media 47, 65, 199, 216, 231, 324 CPAs see Chartered public accountant Depreciation 75, 189, 260, 482, 580, 583–584, –– electronic 563, 581–83, 593 CPC see Cost per click 589, 592–594, 594n91, 602, 604–605, 612–614, –– physical 563, 581–83, 593 CPM see Critical path method 622, 624–626 Content portfolios 70, 75 Creative Commons (CC) 89n2, 190, 224, 228, 291 Design patents 243, 267 Content producers 47, 60–61, 64, 154, 206, 262, Creatives 24, 30, 73, 93, 96, 166, 169–70, 172–73, Deutsche Telekom (DT) 183, 192, 330, 411, 587 303, 357, 482 178–84, 187, 189–92, 215, 325, 602, 606 De vany, Arthur 6n3, 16n25, 40n47, 146, 146n51, Content production 5–6, 30, 45–50, 53–54, 56, Credit 183, 205–6, 209, 212, 214–16, 218, 220, 146n52, 146n55 58–60, 64–65, 68, 75–76, 79, 96–97, 101–3, 228, 245, 247–50, 315, 567, 602, 604, 636 Development costs 111, 243, 295, 493, 600, 602 528–29, 538–39, 682 Critical path method (CPM) 16, 20, 86–88, DGA see Directors Guild of America –– commercial 101 102, 389, 404, 445, 448–50, 453–55, 460–61, Digital economy 166–170, 292, 300, 331n160 –– interactive digital 687 572, 578 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) Content providers 34, 37, 60, 74, 98, 140, 239, Cross-licensing 290–91, 317 270, 285 312–14, 348, 356–57, 383–84, 566, 572–74, Cross-marketing 62, 64, 103 Digital rights management (DRM) 104, 115n106, 585, 587 Crowdfunding 235–36, 253 286–288, 292, 546, 549 Content strategy 142, 407, 690 CTO see Chief technology officers Digital video recorder (DVR) 92, 120, 283, 356, 650 Contract-created intellectual assets 8, 259, 265 Current assets 617, 628, 633, 682 Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) 188, 277, 348, Contracts 61–62, 76, 166–67, 169–70, 172, Customer acquisition 408, 446 510, 558 189–90, 215–17, 263–66, 295–96, 298–300, Customer lifetime value (CLV) 446–47 Direct mail and telemarketing 430 324–26, 362, 607–10, 630, 638 Customers 430–32, 437–38, 442–44, 446–47, Directors 31, 37, 45–47, 56, 133, 145–146, 151, Contribution margins 485–87 455–60, 467, 474–76, 492–94, 496–98, 151n87, 160, 194–195, 200, 214, 531–532, Convergence 6, 100, 107–9, 124, 128–29, 138–41, 500–505, 515–18, 532–33, 547–48, 550–53, 579–580, 587, 641 145–48, 355, 482, 586 686–87 Directors Guild of America (DGA) 47 Convertible bonds 206, 211–12, 636 Customer satisfaction 157, 409, 686 Direct public offerings (DPOs) 213 Cookies 381, 384–87, 390, 458, 521 Customer service 184, 187, 339, 405, 429, 545, DirecTV 298, 333, 549 Co-productions 93, 97, 99 559, 581, 662 Discounted cash flow (DCF) 49, 93, 183, 207, 230, Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel (CARP) CWA see Communications Workers of America 262–263, 421, 589, 600, 603 271, 295 CWU see Communication Workers Union Discount rate 57, 94–95, 138, 183, 261–263, 310, Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) 190, 228, 323, 421–422, 449, 466, 600, 603, 621, 654–655 255, 273 Disintermediation 503, 555, 560–561 Copyright holders 279, 296, 299, 308, 319, 577 D Disney, Walt 135, 137–138, 140–142, 144–145, Copyright laws 261, 266, 277–78, 570 153, 160–164, 166, 216–219, 579, 585–588, Daguerre, Louis 30 Copyright licenses 293–94 591–596, 598–599, 604–610, 621–623, 625–626 Damages 118, 195, 200, 240–241, 246–247, 252, Copyright Royalty Board (CRB) 295, 301, 507 Distribution 16, 27–30, 33–34, 41–45, 75–78, 282–283, 285, 323, 327, 443, 487, 489, 651 Copyrights 52, 54, 259, 261–64, 266, 275–80, 80–83, 400, 503–505, 507n17, 508–510, DARPA see Defense Advanced Research Projects 284–85, 292, 295, 297, 308–10, 315–18, 513–515, 525–529, 533–538, 544–547, Agency 323–25, 627–29, 631–32 553–562 Darwin, Charles 576, 662, 670 678 Index

–– international 101, 530, 536, 580 e-books 15, 33, 272, 273, 287, 439, 481, 487, EPS see Earnings per share –– probability 68, 70, 523 551, 567 Epstein, Edward Jay 40n45, 41n49, 41n51, 42n54, Distribution chain 33–34, 525, 527–528, 538, EBU see European Broadcasting Union 43n58, 45n67, 45n68, 47n71, 48n77, 49n84, 55, 555–557, 561 EC see European Commission 55n106, 56n109, 57n117, 197n84, 198n85, Distribution channels 28, 33, 41, 298, 508, 514, Econometric models 392 199n92, 201n101, 274n77, 274n274, 315n90, 535, 544, 554–555 Econometric study 373, 376, 386, 470 315n91, 402n8, 405n23, 406n27, 412n46, 415n71, Distribution companies 41, 205, 503, 513, 519, Economic growth 17, 48, 206n123, 373, 374 415n72, 437n193, 437n198, 530n68, 531n71, 525, 531, 540, 560 Economic order quantity (EOQ) 64, 526 531n74, 531n75, 537n105, 538n107, 539n114, Distribution costs 29, 62, 186, 380, 420, 497, 513, Economics 4–7, 163n189, 164, 179n12, 180n17, 539n115, 540n119, 540n120, 540n123, 580n17, 528–530, 537–538, 557, 580–582, 610 183, 184n31, 192n67, 193, 240n37, 247, 248, 581n22, 582n23–582n26, 615n192, 618n215 Distribution fees 530, 537, 580–582 279n305–279n307, 280n310, 318, 364, Equity 177, 185, 186, 190, 191, 202–204, 208–210, Distribution intermediaries 536, 561 411n39, 411n41, 411n42, 466, 467, 493n180, 215, 217–232, 576, 584, 594–596, 600, 601 –– new 503 493n181, 509, 617n209, 617n210 –– return on 595 Distribution model 17, 515–516, 518 –– behavioral 344, 389 –– shareholder 595, 600, 601, 609 Distribution network architectures 503, 518, 524 Economies of scale 12–14, 32, 34, 119, 120, 300, Equity financing 176, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, Distribution networks 4, 88, 300, 332, 503–504, 302, 480, 509, 510, 512, 513, 519–521, 524, 212, 214, 216, 220, 221, 229 509–511, 513–515, 524–525, 560–561 538, 539, 560, 561, 652, 655 Ericsson 101, 117, 267, 417, 587, 588 Distribution platforms 4, 10, 19, 43, 50, 196, EDI see Electronic data interchange ERP see Enterprise resource planning 271, 281, 346, 386, 508, 513, 554, 558–560, Edison, Thomas 30, 89 ESOs see Employee Stock Options 651–652 Editorial 32, 66, 161, 162, 386, 406 ETSI see European Telecommunications Standards Distribution strategies 652, 665 Einstein, Albert 243 Institute Distribution technology 48, 403, 504, 555, EIS see Enterprise investment scheme European Advertising Standards Alliance 316, 442 557, 559 Eisner, Michael 142, 144, 145, 218, 579, 608 European Broadcasting Union (EBU) 279 Distributors 42–45, 75–76, 184, 194–195, 264, Elastic demand 461, 475, 476, 478, 479, 497 European Commission (EC) 178n6, 198, 266, 280, 268–269, 274–275, 514–518, 529–534, Elasticity 74, 148, 372, 380, 386, 467, 469, 470n73, 317, 326, 329–332, 443n237, 483, 486, 488, 489 536–540, 548–549, 552–553, 555–557, 479, 497 European Patent Office 91n10, 244, 246 565–568, 580–582 Elberse, Anita 146n52, 146n54 European Telecommunications Standards Diversification 48, 50–51, 80, 82–83, 97, 101, Electronic data interchange (EDI) 63, 64, 359, Institute (ETSI) 107n84 133–134, 180, 201, 217n168, 220, 632, 635, 527, 620, 621 Exclusivity 236, 243, 248, 249, 273, 275, 280, 429, 652–653 Electronic distribution 501, 503, 505, 508–510, 517, 553 Dividends 180, 182, 189, 191, 193, 203–205, 513, 515, 524, 528, 532, 555, 560–562 Expected return 16, 51, 52, 181, 182, 207, 210, 214–215, 219, 231, 565, 597, 601, 605n138, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer 222, 603, 604, 654 611, 645–646 (ENIAC) 112, 127 Expected value 50, 51, 96, 138, 304, 305, 523 DMCA see Digital Millennium Copyright Act Electronic technology 238, 505, 631 Expenses 14, 47, 49, 94, 206, 207, 259, 260, 482, 581, Domain names 260, 294, 605 Ellison, Larry 366 582, 584–586, 593, 594, 602, 604–616, 624, 625 Doubleclick 361–363, 435 E-marketing 433, 448 Expensing 94, 458, 594n91, 602, 604, 605, 607, Downloads 34, 76, 268, 284–285, 287, 289–290, Employees 133, 135–145, 147–151, 153–166, 613–615, 624 359, 362, 385, 388, 430, 546–548, 552, 554 168–172, 240–242, 247, 301, 302, 309–311, Experts 7, 27, 63, 91–92, 101, 103, 147–148, 163, DPOs see Direct public offerings 331, 337, 338, 599, 608–610, 658, 661, 662 167n222, 344, 367–368, 374–375, 385–386, DRAM see Dynamic random access memory –– creative 157, 159, 172 391, 641–642 DRM see Digital rights management –– new 165, 242, 609, 661 Extensible Business Reporting Language DSPs see Demand side platforms Employee satisfaction 136 (XBRL) 621, 624 DSS see Decision support systems Employee Stock Options (ESOs) 607, 608 DT see Deutsche Telekom Employment 131, 134, 135, 138, 139, 144, 150, DTA see Decision tree analysis 152, 153, 166–170, 219, 242, 300, 302, 335, 338 F Dumping 486, 488–489, 499, 542 Encarta 457, 458, 474, 490 Fabozzi, Frank J. 182n27, 183n28, 196n74 DVDs 60, 62, 64, 68, 70, 275, 383, 387, 510, 514, Encryption 285–287, 394, 471, 548 Fabrikant, Geraldine 40n46, 145n43 531, 533, 536, 617 Encyclopaedia Britannica (EB) 315, 457–459, 461, Facebook 11, 13, 88, 120, 213, 309, 313–314, 325, DVR see Digital video recorder 462, 472, 474, 477, 479, 480, 486, 490–492, 332, 343, 389, 424n123, 434–435, 549 Dynamic pricing 431, 464–465, 476n90, 494, 495, 547 Factor analysis 59, 380n183, 382n182, 385 496–497 Endorsements 251, 280, 318, 411, 439, 439n213, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) 70–71, 82 Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) 110 442 Fairness 138, 160–161, 166, 485 End-users 332, 483, 490 Fair use 242, 253, 255–256, 309, 317, 319 ENIAC see Electronic Numerical Integrator and FASB see Financial Accounting Standards Board Computer FCC see Federal Communications Commission E Enterprise investment scheme (EIS) 197, 620 FC/MC ratio 510, 561 Earnings 35, 94, 180, 192, 193, 260, 261, 263, 292, Enterprise resource planning (ERP) 63, 574, Feature extraction 319, 369–370 585, 586, 592, 593, 600–604, 606, 611–614, 620–624, 626, 639 Federal Communications Commission 619, 625 Entertainment 7, 10, 15n22, 16n26, 27, 28, 76, 81, (FCC) 308, 310, 312, 319–320, 322, 325–327, – residual 261, 292, 602–604 157, 160, 345, 392, 403, 407, 411, 415, 643 – 332–333, 443–444, 463, 483, 489, 580, 589, 616 Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and Entertainment companies 238, 286, 303, 602 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 316n98, 317, amortization (EBITDA) 189, 231, 575, 594, Entertainment law firms 303 319, 327, 330n151, 415n66, 443, 488n151 594n89, 610, 612–614, 624, 625 Entertainment Software Rating Board 107, 317 Fessenden, Reginald 116 Earnings per share (EPS) 585, 586, 610, 613, 614 Entertainment value 407, 408 Fiber 10, 227, 316, 503, 506, 510, 513n27, 546 Eastman, George 6n5, 405n19, 438n200 Entrepreneurs 45, 47, 109, 154, 161n173, Fiber network 515–516, 560 EB see Encyclopaedia Britannica 162n185, 169, 179–181, 203, 206, 207, 210, FIFO see First in, first out EBITDA see Earnings before interest, taxes, 214, 238, 312, 331, 613 Film industry 27, 30, 32, 35, 40n47, 41n50, 82–83, depreciation and amortization EOQ see Economic order quantity 112, 149–151, 154, 194, 197, 315, 577, 581n19 679 D–I Index

Film producers 28, 44, 56, 76, 78, 242, 255, 264, Games 35, 114–115, 121, 123–124, 276–277, 279, Hopper, Grace 112 268, 416, 514, 530, 632 279n309, 281, 287–288, 317, 350, 352–353, HP see Hewlett-Packard Film production 36–38, 40n45, 44–45, 53, 82, 89, 440, 546–548, 552, 555 HRM 7, 133–137, 147, 170 189, 193–194, 197, 200, 205, 576n2, 617, 618 Game theory 322, 473–474, 497, 634, 647, 663 Huawei 116–117, 244, 267 Film rights 198, 205, 265, 541 Gantt chart 66, 82, 657, 663–664 Human capital 136–138, 170–171, 603 Films 27–31, 34–59, 75–81, 145–1147 Gates, Bill 114, 156, 180, 200, 344, 640, 649 Human Capital Index (HCI) 138 –– international 540 GDPR see General Data Protection Rules Hurdle rate 183, 583, 619, 653 –– licensing of 273–274 GE see General Electric HUT 364 Film theaters 29, 43, 359, 465, 486, 505, 529, General Acceptable Accounting Principles Hybrid debt-equity 190 538–539, 554–555, 636 (GAAP) 94, 262, 584, 589, 606, 609, 611, 613, Finance 79–81, 177, 179–180, 183n30, 184n31, 623–624, 626 185, 189, 190n54, 192–200, 203, 210–211, 216, General counsel (GC) 144, 294, 301–302, 320, 220–221, 650, 653, 655n78, 668–669 336, 578, 585 I Finance theory 5, 51, 141, 177, 220 General Data Protection Rules (GDPR) 388 IATSE see International Alliance of Theatrical and Financial Accounting Standards Board General Electric (GE) 70, 77, 89, 116, 119, 135n10, Stage Employees (FASB) 260, 589, 605, 625 148, 164, 238, 239, 241, 242, 244–247, 250, IBEW see International Brotherhood of Electrical Financial analysis 6n4, 49, 52, 94, 96, 126, 177, 251, 257–259, 262, 263, 263n205, 265, 267, Workers 188, 206n117 268, 291, 292, 482, 527, 610, 619, 621, 637, 642, IBM see International Business Machines Financial Economics 5, 196n75, 220n176, 651, 663 IFRS see International Financial Reporting 221n178, 221n183 General partner (GP) 204–205, 207, 211, 267, 581, Standards Financial Funding Mix 224, 230 583, 625 Income 144–145, 186–187, 192–193, 197–198, Financial information system 588 Germany 32–38, 112–113, 116, 149–150, 202–203, 259, 264–265, 371–375, 577–578, Financial performance 578, 624, 640, 659 197–198, 204–205, 216–219, 316, 327–328, 595–597, 600, 602, 607, 610–612, 615, Financial reports 10, 184, 577, 579, 587, 589, 607, 346–347, 508, 533–536, 541–544, 554 617, 619 619–621, 623 Gilder, George 511 –– operating 594, 604, 610, 613 Financial requirements 91, 650 Golden Years Magazine 347–348, 380, 386 Income and Profit Statements 610–611, 624 Financial Services Commission (FSC) 589 Goldman, William 342, 613 Income elasticity of demand 18 Financial year (FY) 40n41, 585, 593, 595 Goldwyn, Sam 31 Income smoothing 612 Financing 47, 80n221, 177, 179, 182–184, Gomery, Douglas 34n20 Income taxes 197, 204, 607–608, 614 192–197, 199–201, 203, 205–207, 210–212, Goodwill 291, 430, 601–602, 604–606, 626 Independent films 80, 83, 213, 301, 419n93, 437 214–215, 220, 224, 227–231 Google 104, 215–218, 266–267, 298–299, 303, India 55, 62, 72–73, 76, 102, 152, 154, 216, 278, –– internal 180, 227, 229, 232 305, 307–309, 312, 322–323, 328, 387, 432, 282, 303, 482, 489, 578–579, 583 –– mezzanine 191, 230, 232 435–438, 463, 546–547 Individualization 387–388, 390, 422, 431–432, Financing costs 189, 214, 222 Google Analytics 362–363 444, 447, 558, 560 First in, first out (FIFO) 607, 626 Google DoubleClick 361, 363 Industrial organization 248n112, 267n232, First-price auction 463 Government financing 197, 199, 223, 225, 227, 463n36, 580, 635 Fixed costs 12–13, 29–30, 124, 169, 314, 455, 230 Inequality 14n14, 69, 167, 336 459–462, 465, 491, 510, 512, 560, 617, 626, 660 Government regulation 10, 17, 76, 215, 314–315, Inflation 48, 110, 145, 295, 330, 466, 483, 496, 607 Florida, Richard 157 317, 319, 334, 336–338, 443, 576, 588, 662 Information 10–18, 240–242, 362–364, 402–404, FMEA see Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Governments, role of 300, 334, 336–337, 513 412–416, 432–436, 441–445, 455–457, Ford, Henry 89, 135, 166n215, 206, 417, 429, 621 GP see General partner 490–492, 503–508, 513–517, 557–559, France 28, 30, 32–33, 35–38, 40, 77–80, 149–150, Graham, Benjamin 590 575–577, 669–671 167–168, 197–198, 216–219, 269, 273–274, Graphic user interface (GUI) 101, 113 Information assets 20 281–282, 330–331, 541–543 Greco, Albert 6n3, 6n5, 439n207 Information economy 11, 169, 448, 457, 496, 498 France Telecom 150, 191–192, 218, 330–331 –– Albert 6n3, 6n5 Information Firms 108, 578–580, 600–601, Frank J. Fabozzi Associates 196n74 Gross ratings points (GRP) 365, 392 617–620, 623, 648–650, 662–663 Free access 313, 333, 351, 486, 491 Grove, Andrew 109, 649 Information products 4, 6, 15, 400, 406, 409, 455, Freelancers 140, 149, 153–155, 162, 170, 670 GRP see Gross ratings points 457, 469, 471, 496–497 French films 28, 36–37, 77, 80 Gutenberg, Johannes 4, 89, 299 Information resources 5, 7, 669, 671 Friedman, Milton 457 Information revolution 11–12, 18–19, 88, 110, 334 FSC see Financial Services Commission Information sector 4–7, 12, 15–20, 160, 334, 336, FTC see Federal Trade Commission H 400, 405, 455–457, 496, 503–504, 632, 668 Funding 17, 47–49, 79–80, 101, 179–180, 184, Hamel, Gary 636n16, 640 Information systems 5, 134, 163, 177, 526, 193–194, 199–200, 203, 210, 215, 223–224, Hammer, Michael 639 619–620, 669 228–229 Hardware 92, 102, 113–116, 121–123, 125, 127, Information technology 12, 15, 18, 110, 116, 180, Funds 177–181, 183–185, 189, 201, 203, 193, 195–196, 225, 241, 246, 287, 291, 471 197, 206–207, 229, 238, 619–620, 624, 639, 647 205–208, 210–213, 216, 220, 222, 226, 331, Harry Potter 30, 32, 35, 55, 416 Infringement 239, 247, 249–250, 255, 285–286, 603–604, 641 Hedonic prices 469–470 292–293 FY see Financial year Henderson, Bruce 248, 439, 635 Ingram, Paul 43, 264, 533–534, 543 Hewlett-Packard (HP) 104, 106, 115–116, 367, Initial public offering (IPOs) 115, 209–217, 526, 588, 640 225–227, 229–232, 463, 613 G Historical diffusion index (HDI) 382–383 Innovation 88–92, 97–106, 119–121, 124–128, GAAP see General Acceptable Accounting Hollywood production model 80, 83 156–157, 161, 162, 177, 236–240, 243, Principles Hollywood studios 28, 36, 45, 58, 63, 77, 79, 81, 246–249, 290, 407, 409, 650 Gabler, Neal 153n102, 153n104, 160n164 198, 274, 276, 345, 348, 351, 415 Institutional investors 179, 187, 192, 216–219, 230, 575–576, 623 Gallini, Nancy T. 248n99, 248n106, 248n110, –– major 36–37, 45, 80 248n111 Home video 5, 28, 36, 43, 115, 146, 179, 413, Insurance 48, 49, 61, 83, 143, 185, 195, 200–201, Gallup, George 154n117 528–529, 531, 540, 554, 556, 565, 581–582 303, 324, 386, 407, 532, 582 680 Index

Intangible assets 16, 18, 94, 260–261, 291, 586, Investment 50–51, 72–73, 93–96, 136–137, Lehmann, Donald R. 43n61, 554n187 593, 600, 602–606, 614, 617, 624, 626, 631 177–178, 180–184, 201–202, 204–208, Lenders 40, 53, 79, 179, 183–188, 190–191, Intangibles 16, 147, 261, 292, 402, 577, 590, 594, 248–249, 305–306, 594–595, 600, 604–605, 195–196, 200, 220–222, 227, 232, 278 603–605, 624 611–616, 653–654 Lerner, Joshua 267 Intel 45, 97, 101, 104, 105, 109–111, 113, 115, –– return on 51, 93–94, 136, 180, 305, 419, Lerner, Paul J. 239, 247, 257, 260–261, 263–264, 304 124, 211, 244, 261, 353, 603, 610, 632 594–595, 619, 653–655 Lessig, Lawrence 290 Intellectual asset audit map 258 –– strategic 654 Leverage 57, 112, 220–222, 265, 308, 503, Intellectual Assets (IAs) 6–7, 16–17, 236–239, 241, Investment banks 44, 212, 214, 324 519, 591 249, 256–259, 261–265, 277–279, 282–285, Investment center 616, 626 LG 117, 119, 244, 268 290–293, 575–576, 604, 651 Investment funds 76, 180, 183, 205, 217 Liabilities 204, 277, 284, 286, 324, 578, 584–585, Intellectual property (IP) 192, 236–239, 242, 245, Investors 48–50, 178–182, 187–192, 197–198, 589–591, 597, 601–602, 604–605, 607–609 247–248, 253, 257–258, 260–261, 263–265, 200–203, 205–215, 217–223, 229–232, –– current 307, 591, 601–602 267, 269, 278, 292–293, 298, 300–304 575–579, 581–582, 585–587, 590–598, Liberty Media 218, 540, 650 Intellectual property rights (IPRs) 17, 91, 100, 623–624 Libraries 64, 77, 114, 246, 283, 288, 318, 331, 430, 236–237, 240, 244, 247, 254, 264, 269, 278, 293 –– angel 206–207, 229, 231 457–458, 495, 534, 541 Interactive Advertising 357 –– non-accredited 213n150 Licensing 238–239, 243, 246–247, 255, 264–267, Interconnection 14, 114, 118, 298, 332, 459, 492 IOC see International Olympic Committee 271, 273–277, 280, 292, 295, 299, 529, 536, Interest payments 42, 181, 183, 185–186, 189, IP see Intellectual property 540, 579, 581 192, 582, 592, 594 IP laws 237, 253, 265, 300–301 –– compulsory 248, 277–278 Interest rates 48, 181–182, 184–189, 191–193, IPO see Initial public offering –– inbound 239, 276, 651 196–197, 220–221, 224, 485, 592 iPod 92, 120–121, 241, 283, 289, 537, 663 –– outbound 104, 276, 651 Intermediaries 76, 202, 207, 214, 308, 317, 360, IP rights 254, 282, 284–285, 338 –– strategic 265, 292 427, 439, 515, 525, 543, 546, 552–553 IPRs see Intellectual property rights Licensing fees 117, 238, 263, 268, 274, 276–277, Internal audits 588, 663 ISPs see Internet service providers 346 Internal communication 124, 616, 658 iTunes 121, 273, 276, 287–288, 359, 492, 509, 545, Lifetime value 421, 449 Internal funding 179–183, 221, 223–227, 230–231 549, 553–554, 663 Limited partnerships (LPs) 194, 197, 203–208, Internal labor markets 139 210, 223–230, 318, 579, 581–583 International Accounting Standards Board Liquidity ratios 591–592, 624–625 (IASB) 589 J Listeners 34, 54, 271, 351, 365, 414 International Alliance of Theatrical and Stage Litigation 246–247, 284–286, 293, 295, 299, Jacobs, Irwin 649 Employees (IATSE) 149, 153 302–306, 310, 313, 337–338, 641, 645 James Bond 49, 65, 99, 353n67, 417 International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Litman, Barry R. 40–41, 146–147 Japan 34, 89, 113–114, 116–117, 119, 149–151, (IBEW) 149–150, 649 Load factor 517, 522–523 164, 216–219, 243–244, 486–489, 536, International Business Machines (IBM) 88, 91, Loans 49, 143, 179, 184–187, 191, 194, 199, 203, 539–540, 542–544, 554 102, 104, 111–113, 115, 239, 244, 246, 267, 205, 210–213, 227, 609, 612 Journalism 6, 73, 152–153, 156–157, 168, 255, 476, 478, 587, 620, 621 Lobbying 247, 306–308, 310–311, 313, 333, 276, 314, 410 International Financial Reporting Standards 336–337 Junk bonds 188, 230–231 (IFRS) 584, 590, 624, 626 Local area networks (LANs) 507 Just-In-Time (JIT) workers 169 International Olympic Committee (IOC) 278–281, Local people metering (LPM) 348 651 Location-based marketing 431, 433 International Standards Organization (ISOs) Logistics 65, 76, 382, 503, 521, 525, 527, 533, 107, 608 K 535, 560 International Telecommunication Union Kahneman, Daniel 92, 467, 485 London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR) 185, 187 (ITU) 107 Kaplan, Robert 659 Long tail content 558–559, 669 Internet 111–114, 118–120, 165–168, 289–290, Kapor, Mitchell 620 Long-term contracts 429, 604, 612 310–311, 331–333, 389–390, 422–424, Kastelle, Tim 97 Loyalty 71, 159, 272, 365, 421, 447, 449, 465, 471 427–429, 431–438, 447–451, 505–507, Katzenberg, Jeffrey 133 Luce, Henry 219, 345 548–550 Keefe, Jeffrey H. 149–150 Lucent 10, 116–117, 193, 267, 577, 608 Internet access 290, 481 Knowledge management (KM) 91, 106, 125–126 Internet audience measurement 357 Kotler, Philip 405, 442, 445 Internet companies 216, 230, 317, 332, 491, KPMG 484, 588, 617 M 600, 612 MacDonald, Scott 7 Internet content 121, 290, 326, 332 Magazine circulation 147, 357–358 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 107 L Magazines 63–66, 349, 351–352, 356–358, Internet marketing 415, 451 Labels 34, 43, 47, 51, 76, 84, 192, 250, 268, 270, 379–380, 404, 406–410, 423–431, 440, Internet of things (IoT) 103, 120, 634 536–537, 545–546, 552, 566 448–449, 508, 510–511, 544–545, 547–548, Internet pricing 456, 481 Labor unions 149–151, 153, 155, 160, 169, 329, 555–557 Internet service providers (ISPs) 10, 118, 284–285, 331, 579, 658 Magazine test marketing 352, 379 298, 324, 332–333, 361–362, 457, 477, 482, Last in, first out (LIFO) 607, 626 Magee, Christopher L. 92n12, 116n110 504, 511, 546, 641, 648 Lawsuits 195, 200, 205, 241–242, 245–246, Mailing lists 350–351, 430 Internet users 104, 283–284, 381, 418, 525 249–250, 252–253, 255, 264, 267, 275, Malone, John 185, 216–218 Inventions 89, 236–237, 243–244, 246–248, 285–286, 299, 303–304, 311 Malone, Michael 236n6 256–257, 260–261, 266, 293, 600, 601, 603 Lawyers 12, 31, 236, 239–240, 292, 301–305, 314, Management Information Systems (MIS) 619 Inventory 27, 63–64, 110, 169, 429, 435–436, 478, 327, 329, 336, 495–496, 582 Management, scientific 59, 158, 638 520, 526–529, 533–534, 542–543, 602, 607, Layoffs 117, 124, 155, 658 Managerial accounting 5, 7, 579, 616–617, 624, 671 612, 620–622 Lazarsfeld, Paul 346 Managers 4, 6–7, 56–61, 73–75, 140–142, 158, Inventory accounting 607, 624 Leadership 114, 157–158, 161, 166, 311, 440, 457, 161–162, 169–172, 219–220, 458–460, Inventory management 63, 115, 526, 529, 533, 621 648–649 575–576, 616–617, 624, 668, 670 681 I–N Index

Manufacturing 32, 34, 63n148, 81–82, 100, 111, Media creatives 152, 172 MPAA see Motion Picture Association of America 117, 119, 124, 170, 268, 566, 582 Media devices 10, 19, 88, 387, 505, 649 MPEG see Moving Picture Experts Group Maps 98, 139, 258, 384, 491, 494, 519, 622 Media globalization 168, 450 MSO see Multiple-system operator Marginal costs (MC) 12–15, 18, 169, 330, 455, Media industries 4–5, 13, 13n12, 15–16, 18–19, Multimedia 28, 76, 249, 439 458–460, 462, 471–473, 476, 478, 488–489, 47–48, 75, 88, 170–171, 231, 342–343, Multiple-system operator (MSO) 44, 264, 276, 496–497, 499, 510, 512–513 401–402, 455, 509–510, 594–595, 662 346, 490, 532 Market analysis 27, 93 Media managers 4–5, 15, 20, 53, 123, 167n216, Murdoch, Rupert 150, 202, 204, 217 Market areas 519–520 220, 326, 389–390, 471, 623, 668–671 Music 5–6, 14–15, 34–35, 41–42, 47–48, 121–122, Market-based pricing 462, 496 Media marketing 330, 346, 400, 402–404, 268–270, 284, 287–290, 359, 438, 538, Market/book value ratio 593 448–450 544–549, 551–555, 559–561 Market capitalization 138, 188, 260, 602 Media mix models 426n128 –– recorded 30, 45, 68, 121, 283, 401, 528 Market concentration 4, 14, 168, 510, 526, 538, Media price index 374 Music artists 147, 415, 522, 536 560, 647 Media production 14, 17, 27, 75n187, 81, 83, 169, Music business 34, 78, 147, 329, 555, 583n29, Market demand 53, 99, 224, 344 287, 456, 557 583n30 Market failure 17, 19, 456 Media productivity 148 Music clubs 545, 555, 559 Marketing 4–6, 33–34, 58–60, 146–148, 349–350, Media professionals 5, 668 Music companies 42, 47, 147, 165, 249, 270, 400–406, 410–416, 418–421, 427–433, Media profitability 475 285–286, 288, 385, 438, 487, 536, 545, 663 436–443, 445–450, 553–555, 565–568 Media research 279n308, 346–347, 352n54, –– major 255, 487 –– viral 382n192, 414, 434, 448 353n69 Music groups 34, 44, 47, 53, 268, 329, 438, 536, –– web 382n192, 437 Mediaset 77, 216 646 Marketing activities 389, 400, 402, 424–425, 442, Media strategy misjudgments 662 –– major 34, 268, 536 444–447, 557, 635 Media technology 53, 88, 106, 125–126, 390, 407, Musicians 45, 145, 151–153, 264, 529, 552 Marketing audit tools 445 557, 631 Music industry 34, 55–56, 147n57, 159, 170n239, Marketing budget 5, 146, 419–420, 422–424, 437 Media time consumption 14 192, 271, 282, 284–286, 310, 329, 559, 567, 583 Marketing campaigns 43, 114, 368, 402, 414, 416, Mediation 155 Music labels 47, 56, 255, 264, 268, 270, 355, 503, 531, 554, 615, 622 Megastores 44, 439, 541–542 545–546, 555–557, 559 Marketing costs 271, 342, 403, 422, 424, 439, 615 Mergers 13, 17, 83–84, 298, 300, 312, 321–322, Music licensing 268–269 Marketing dashboards 445, 448 328–329, 586–588, 603–604, 640–641, 648, Music producers 47, 78, 536 Marketing performance 400, 444–447 652, 658, 661 Music publishing 508, 536–537 Market niche 351, 593, 644 Metcalfe’s Law 391, 561–562 Music retailer 121, 551 Market penetration 94, 657 Metrics 328, 337, 365–366, 445, 591–593, Music sales 283n340, 359, 438 Market power 42, 44, 118, 120, 298, 300, 595–597, 600, 612, 613, 620, 624, 634, 659–660 –– digital 553 328–330, 332, 335–336, 487–488, 490, 496, Meyer, Phillip 60n137, 381n185, 388n210, 389, Music streaming services 34n23, 551 503, 519, 560 389n214, 410n36 Music videos 438, 549, 553, 561, 583, 646 Market price 42, 190, 202, 215, 250, 330, 338, Microcomputers 111, 113–114, 118, 649 MVNO see Mobile virtual network operator 456, 459, 461–462, 484–485, 492, 593, 600, Micropayments 431, 434, 491–492, 547 607–608 Micropricing 455, 492, 498 Market research, data mining and online 431, 434 Microprocessors 97, 109–110, 113, 115, 456 Market structure 107–108, 299, 332, 421, 510, Microsoft 102–104, 114–116, 140, 154, 244–246, N 560–561, 643, 669 260, 267, 278, 329, 385, 490, 549–550, 591, NABET see National Association of Broadcast Market valuation 215, 260, 603, 650 602, 620, 620n231 Employees and Technicians Marx, Karl 467 Middle managers 141, 149, 151, 155–156, 170 Nagle, Thomas 329n150, 372n161, 381, 455, Maslow, Abraham 159, 159n156, 159n158 Minimum retail price 488, 542 458n17, 459n18, 460n22–460n24, 461n25– Massively multiplayer online role-playing games Minority interests 614 461n27, 462n29, 464n46, 468n71, 470n75, (MMORPGs) 111 Mintzberg, Henry 636, 640 475n89, 476n92, 477n97, 478n100, 482n114, Mass-production 28, 62, 83, 407 Mobile technology 238, 299 486n137, 486n139, 493, 493n183–493n185, –– industrial 30 Mobile telecom companies 422, 592 493n187 –– industrial-style 447 Mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) 652 Nalbantian, Haig 7 Master of Business Administration (MBA) 6, 12, Mohn family 32, 204, 216, 508 Nano-pricing 491, 496–497 346, 636n15 Monopolies 14, 97n37, 219, 243, 261, 279, Napster 283n340, 284, 285, 545–546, 551, 559 Mayo, Elton 159, 638 328–330, 338, 473, 483, 488, 504, 647 Nash, John 647n53 MBA see Master of Business Administration Moore 109, 179, 179n9, 447n253 National Association of Broadcast Employees and MC see Marginal costs Moore’s Law 12, 18, 91–92, 109–110, 125–127, Technicians (NABET) 149 McDonald, Scott 280, 357n99, 360n113, 169, 334, 456, 507, 631, 669 National Broadcasting Company (NBC) 250–51, 360n117, 361n118, 417, 424 Moral right 237, 254 253, 253n143, 256, 274, 276, 279n309, 281, McLuhan, Marshall 557, 557n190 Motion Picture Association of America 283, 289, 315, 329, 636, 643–644, 651, 658 Measurements (MPAA) 80n217, 282, 307, 315, 327, 403 National Cable and Telecommunications –– site-level 360–361, 390 Motivations 4, 17, 158–160, 346, 647 Association (NCTA) 307–309, 490n164 –– user-level 356–357, 359–360, 390 Motorola 10, 70, 116–117, 119, 163, 247n89, National Football League (NFL) 279–280, 549, 586 Measuring productivity 72–73, 172 266n221, 267n233, 307, 414n62, 588 National Football League Properties, Inc. Media cloud 122, 126, 668 Movie industry 40n47, 146n52, 282, 554n188 (NFLP) 280 Media company’s value 602 Moviemod 57, 58n123, 58n125, 376 National Research Group (NRG) 59, 351, 387 Media concentration 334, 337 Movie production schedule 69 National Telecommunications and Information Media conglomerates 15, 210 Movie screens 532n77, 539 Administration 319 Media consumption 13–14, 19, 113, 120, 169, Movie stars 40, 133, 146, 251 NBC Universal 44, 77, 204, 238, 250, 276, 286, 387–388, 456 Movie theaters 10, 29, 43, 196, 287, 329, 347, 406, 298, 588, 632, 643, 648, 651, 658, 661 Media content 5, 13, 15, 18, 27–28, 121, 126, 210, 464, 530, 532, 537–538, 540, 554 NCTA see National Cable and Telecommunications 214, 299–300, 335, 342–343, 345, 352, 389 Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) 267, 283 Association 682 Index

NDAs see Non-disclosure agreements Non-Cash Revenues 611 Options pricing 600 Net asset value 601 Non-Decreasing Asset Value 192n65, 203n106 Option value 95, 262, 305, 600 Net cash flows 57, 182–183, 654–655 Non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) 240–242, OR see Operations research Net earnings 613 252, 415 Ordering 64, 220, 230, 375, 407–408, 490, 534 Netflix 11, 14, 113, 275–276, 283, 359, 506–7, 510, Non-market competition 298–229, 313, 336 Ordinary least square (OLS) 74, 372 532, 538, 540, 544, 547–550, 554–555, 651 Non-maximizers of profit 16–17, 457 Organizational behavior 136, 158–159, 163, 638 Net income 213, 264, 586, 594–596, 611–612, 659 Non-profit organizations 58, 198, 219, 238, Organizational culture 140, 156, 165 Net neutrality 307n33, 308, 310, 312, 333–354, 336, 503 Organizational structure 44, 47, 53, 81, 101, 125, 477, 513, 525, 648 Noyce, Robert 109 134, 165, 657–658 Net Present Value (NPV) 49, 57, 77, 93–96, NPV see Net Present Value Ouchi, William 159n156, 165 99–100, 136, 138, 182–183, 230–231, 260–263, NRG see National Research Group Outlook 7, 125, 170, 292–293, 336, 386–390, 661 319, 323, 600, 602–604, 653–656 Outsourcing 45, 62–63, 100, 102, 104, 125, 140, Net profit margin 462, 594–595, 610 150, 154, 302, 508, 636–637, 640 Net profit participation 581n19, 581n20 Overhead 29, 30, 33–34, 42, 45, 50, 302–303, 351, Net profits 50, 62, 94, 272, 380, 460, 499, 565, O 557, 565–566, 581, 584, 616, 623 580, 584, 594–595, 610, 613, 632, 660 Obligations 185, 190–191, 202–203, 205, 239, Overproduction 456 Net revenues 94, 262, 274, 553, 654 242, 327, 345, 610 Ownership 45n72, 192, 195, 197, 203–204, 210, Net sales 280, 593, 594 Odlyzko, Andrew M. 465n4, 481n111 215–217, 219–220, 236–237, 274, 278, 299, Network analysis 519, 521, 562 OECD see Operation and Development 576, 579, 656 Network architectures 515, 528, 561 Off-balance sheet 94, 220, 259–260, 262, 584, Network companies 178, 202, 459, 483, 561 587, 590, 595, 600–604, 607–609, 615, 622–625 Network economy 4n1, 266n222, 288n378, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 285 289n379, 289n382, 472n79 Oligopoly 47, 473–474, 560, 647 P Networked TV 432n162, 432n164 Oligopoly pricing 473, 497 Packaging 167, 237, 242, 405, 489n161, 503, Network effects 13–14, 17, 19, 102–103, 300, 343, OLS see Ordinary least square 582–584, 645, 655 387, 389, 391, 402, 455, 480, 497, 509–513, Olympics 119, 380–281, 485 Packets 117–118, 299, 332, 360, 492, 506, 522 560–562 OMB see Office of Management and Budget PACs see Political Action Committee Network equipment 126, 196, 546 Online advertising 435 Paley, William 219 Network industries 6n5, 513, 561 Online content 15, 289, 343, 491–493, 513, 548 Panasonic 88, 102, 104, 121 Network infrastructure 187, 196–197, 504 Online Dynamic Pricing 465n50, 465n51, 465n53 Pandora 34n23, 104, 270, 271, 506, 545–548, 552, Network management 524–525 Online marketing 362, 422n111, 433 555 Network models 515, 517 Online market research 431, 434 Paper/paper products 74, 75 Networks 13–14, 116, 274–278, 315–316, 326, Online media 148, 301, 337, 366, 433–434, 538, Parents Television Council (PTC) 317–318, 326 335, 348, 428–430, 435–436, 483, 503–507, 555, 557, 559, 568 Pareto, Alfredo 16n25 507n7, 509–513, 517–519, 524–525, 559–564 Online media advertising 423 Partners 103n62, 107, 193, 195, 200, 204–205, –– internal value 63 Online media products 491 209, 211, 239–240, 242, 468n70, 473, 575, –– mesh 517–518 Online media retailing 546 622–623, 652 –– social media/social 434 Online migration of media and commerce 634 –– general 204–205, 207, 211, 581 Network society 504n1, 507n17 Online music 34, 508, 545, 556–557 Partnerships 77, 117, 197, 203–205, 210, 268, Network television 178, 276, 326n136 Online newspapers 289, 402, 550, 556 300, 546, 609, 625, 649, 652–653, 662 News 34, 36n27, 311, 314, 345, 348, 374–375, Online retail distribution 546–548, 551 Patent applications 91, 243–244, 246, 248, 257, 267 427n129, 438, 440, 469–470, 547–548, Online stores 359, 543, 545 Patent audit map 258, 651, 663 550–551, 559 Online technologies 445, 456 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 244 Newspaper Business 6n3 Online video companies 362 Patent holders 244, 246–247, 266–267, 605 Newspaper companies 161, 374, 534 Openness 106–107, 157, 237, 334–335, 415 Patent infringements 245n74, 246–247, 292 Newspapers 33, 73–74, 147–148, 150, 314, Operating costs 124, 168, 182, 465, 522, 618 Patenting business methods 245 357–358, 371, 423–425, 439–440, 468, Operating expenses 62, 99, 182, 196, 482, Patent lawyers 244, 301 490–491, 504–505, 534–535, 547–548, 550 593–594, 615 Patent licensing 264, 265n218, 301, 577 Newsprint consumption 374 Operating margin 594–595, 610, 624 Patent office 243–244, 294 Newsstands 404, 544–545 Operating results 585, 586 Patent owner 263n193, 278 New York Public Service Commission 319 Operating systems 42, 106–107, 111, 113, Patent pools 257, 266–267, 292 NFL see National Football League 117–118, 237, 267, 278, 288, 291, 329, 490, 511 Patent portfolios 244, 266, 650 NFL Network 279n309 Operation and Development (OECD ) 144n35, Patent protection 237, 245, 248, 253, 261, 263 NFLP see National Football League Properties, Inc. 388n208, 488n12, 542n131 Patent Reform 248n11, 248n99, 248n106, Niche markets 54, 115, 407, 495 Operations 68, 70–71, 89–90, 112–113, 122, 248n110 Nickelodeon 347–348, 356, 384, 391, 411 505–506, 513–514, 544, 546, 586–587, 613, Patents 15, 17, 91, 102, 104–108, 236–241, Nielsen 345–348, 354–357, 359, 362, 366, 615–616, 622–623, 643–644, 648 243–249, 253, 256–268, 277–278, 289–295, 371n158, 387–388, 391, 417, 426, 426n128, 445 Operations management 59–60, 66n155, 299–301, 593, 600–605, 651 –– Gitte 158n148 71n174, 74n173, 523n50 Patent searches 91n10, 244, 293 Nintendo 35, 114, 376, 407, 441, 587 Operations research (OR) 5, 63, 464n41, 521–523, Patent trolls 246–247 Noam, Eli 31, 33n18, 33n19, 111n97, 148, 148n64, 526, 653 Patent value 257, 261 156n128, 157n142, 165n206, 166n209, Optimal capital structure 220–224, 230 Payback period 57, 93, 182, 231, 619, 654 167n216, 216n164, 279n306, 333n167, Optimal mix of marketing activities 424 Pay-per-click (PPC) 361n122, 435n179 333n168, 334n170, 335n171, 457n10, 459n19, Options 137–138, 190–191, 201–203, 206–207, PCA see Principal component analysis 483n116, 484n117, 509n21, 513n27 223–224, 262–263, 272, 288–289, 378–379, PCC see Press Complaints Commission Nodes 13, 504, 510, 515, 517, 519, 521, 524, 562 483–485, 493–494, 607, 652–655 PC for accessing internet content 122 Nokia 10, 101, 104, 116–117, 122, 267, 283, 441, Options approach 50, 82, 262–263 PCs see Personal computers 585, 587 –– real 50, 95, 259, 262, 304n25 PCT see Patent Cooperation Treaty 683 N–P Index

PDAs see Personal digital assistants Prelaunch information 442, 447 Printing companies 195, 202, 526 Peak-load pricing 464–465, 479 Premium products 70, 458, 479 Printing press 30, 82, 88 Penetration pricing 412, 449, 480–481, 493, Preproduction 316, 437 Prior-Art interrelationship of patents 256 497, 499 Pre-release market evaluation 58n123, 58n125 Privacy 250, 287n271, 300, 314, 323–324, Pension funds 179, 187–189, 216, 218, 577 Presales 193, 198 333–336, 431, 443, 448, 550, 669–670 Pension plans 154, 180, 607, 608 Present value (PV) 43, 57, 93, 95, 136, 182, 183, Private equity (PE) 179–180, 184, 203–204, P/E ratio 502, 600, 624 220, 260–261, 263, 305, 421, 449, 466, 472, 602 208–211, 220, 225–226, 228–230, 232, Perelman, Ron 216 Presley, Elvis 251, 366, 438 270, 537 Performance 27–30, 70–71, 109–110, 141–142, Press 143n31, 279–280, 313–314, 317n111, 323, Probability 48, 50, 68, 70–71, 95–96, 201, 146–148, 160–162, 164–165, 270–271, 326, 327n145, 333, 345n7, 345n10, 346n21, 304–305, 310–311, 342, 375, 377, 380, 424, 445–446, 456, 583, 588–589, 592–594, 413n32, 413n52, 415–416, 439, 483n116, 523–524, 654–656 611–614, 620–623, 659–660 487, 645 Probability of success 70, 99, 323, 552, 632, 656 –– company’s 311, 593, 597, 598, 613 Press Complaints Commission (PCC) 314 Processors 109–110, 114, 123, 559 –– employee 142, 159, 659 Price 12–13, 15, 202–203, 272–273, 330, 349, Producers 47–50, 75–76, 171, 184–186, 193–195, Performance rights 268 374–376, 379–382, 428–429, 455–483, 485, 206, 242, 264, 272–275, 515, 525–531, Performance royalties 269n243, 270 487–499, 542–544, 550–551, 615–617 537–538, 552–553, 555–557, 565 Performers 28, 34, 40, 47, 50, 254, 259, 269–270, –– average 15, 117, 539 –– executive 84, 308 274, 312, 366, 405, 553, 566 –– book 487, 542 Product attributes 381, 471, 498 Personal computers (PCs) 88, 104, 111, 113–115, –– cost-based 483 Product & brand management 604n129 123–124, 126, 128, 237, 288–289, 400, 490, –– dynamic fair-market 202 Product categories 124, 421, 429, 636 528, 563 –– exercise 485, 578 Product demand 342, 496 Personal data 289, 312, 334, 388, 444 –– fixed 474, 493, 526 Product design 27, 70, 120, 405–406, 448, 469, Personal digital assistants (PDAs) 113, 115, 121 –– futures 498 493, 496, 637 Personal responsibility 671 –– optimal 380, 386, 457, 467, 473 Product development 44, 53, 58, 81, 90, 96, PERT 68, 82, 84 –– regulated 337, 459, 466, 482–483, 541n125, 579 99n49, 101, 401, 638, 645 Peters, Tom 638, 641 –– spot 498 Product differentiation 15, 432, 447, 470n76, 496, Physical distribution 34, 503, 505, 509–510, 515, –– zero 282, 456, 490 652, 663 526, 538–539, 543, 557, 561–562, 566 Price collusion 473 Product extension 50, 494 Picard, Robert 5n2, 6n3, 6n5, 51n91, 76n190, Price competition 15, 20, 402, 436, 447, 469, Product features 342, 406, 510, 645 147n60, 148, 148n62, 148n65, 201n98, 542, 647 Production 17–18, 27–35, 37–45, 47–49, 58–60, 373n166, 549n160, 662n98 Price deflation 15, 17–20, 178, 400, 402–403, 449, 62–65, 67–77, 100–101, 135–136, 169–170, Piracy 4, 20, 31, 34, 43, 121–122, 255, 261, 278, 456, 460, 496, 499, 513 193, 513–514, 524n52, 525–529, 558–562, 282–284, 286, 288–290, 292–293, 299 Price discrimination 15, 112, 330, 337, 412, 457, 565, 566 Pixar 112, 160, 162–163, 579, 608, 623 473–475, 477–480, 486, 488, 542, 554, 661 Production budget 39, 49, 52, 73, 77, 79, 84, 146, Platforms 78, 80, 213–214, 216, 335–336, 386, Price elasticities 349, 372, 376, 380, 388, 465, 178n7, 194, 200, 272, 530, 580 387, 401, 403, 435–436, 448, 513–514, 544, 467–469, 473, 475–480, 496–497 Production companies 40n45, 42, 49, 78, 80, 83, 552–554, 559–562, 650–651 Price fixing 17, 329, 486–487, 497, 542 197n80, 198, 276n289 –– demand side 436 Price inflation 169, 466 Production control 71, 73 PlayStation Music 104, 546 Price information 329, 487, 498 Production costs 39–41, 48, 55, 57, 65, 76, 105, Political Action Committee (PACs) 307–308, Price leadership 474, 497 194, 197, 423, 429, 437, 467, 615, 618 333 Price regulation 299, 330, 407–498 Production crew 62, 140, 197 Poltorak 7, 239n36, 243n57, 247n60, 257n172, Price sensitivity 342, 349, 438, 461, 468–469, 471, Production design 62 260n186, 261n190–192, 261n194, 261n196, 496, 645 Production facilities 31, 42, 56, 81, 591 263n204, 263n206, 264n208, 304n24 Price squeeze 42–43, 330, 483 Production functions 73–75, 147 Portable People Meter System 355n81, 391 Price trends 374, 466 Production loans 184, 200 Porter 40n46, 145n43, 146n53, 634, 635 Price variations 352, 465, 485, 496 Production planning 27, 59, 61–63, 65, 67, 69, Portfolio 50–53, 55, 79, 96, 98, 201, 210, 217, 219, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) 102n56, 126, 576, 620, 626 266, 281, 640, 662–663 206n124, 576n1, 587, 621n239 Production process 29, 45–46, 62–63, 65, 68, 70, –– efficient 52 Pricing 6–7, 352, 380–381, 400, 410, 412, 455, 83, 136, 194, 240, 513, 652 Positioning 383–384, 405–407, 410, 416n77, 441, 457–462, 464–466, 468, 470–476, 478–483, Production scheduling 27, 62, 65 493, 649 485–493, 495–499 Production strategy 432 Posner, Richard A. 240n40, 243n58 –– competitive 295, 462 Production technologies 4, 460, 558 Post-production 47, 62, 76, 437 –– complementary product 479, 481 Production types 61, 82 Powell, Michael 490 –– differentiated 288, 387, 412, 464–465, 497 Productivity 13, 27, 72–73, 82, 104, 133–134, 138, Power 40–42, 45n67, 45n68, 47n71, 48n77, –– flat rate 449, 481 147–148, 156, 161, 171, 424–425, 625 56n109, 57n117, 58n25, 91, 110–112, 158–159, –– skim 479–480, 490, 493, 496–497 –– information-sector firm’s 133 170–171, 315, 318–321, 359n103, 415, –– tactical 493 –– raising 135, 148 437n193, 437n198, 530n68, 530n73, 531n71, –– two-part 478 –– total factor 72, 148 531n74, 580n17, 581, 582n23, 582n24 –– yield management and dynamic 464, 496–497 –– worker 309 –– economic 38, 560 Pricing function 493, 496–497 Productivity factor 332, 483 –– gatekeeper 332 Pricing of information products 6, 455–457, 471 Productivity growth 18, 147n61, 148 –– monopoly 248, 466 Pricing strategies 448, 455, 457–459, 461, 463, Productivity measurement 72, 170 PPC see Pay-per-click 465, 467, 473, 476–477, 479–480, 493, 497 Product life cycle 446, 449, 493, 499 Predatory pricing 330, 338, 352, 486, 488–489, Prime rate 182, 184–187, 190–191, 199, 207, Product line 62, 97, 101, 259, 435, 494, 529, 616 496, 499 225, 228 Product marketing 399–401 Predictions 57, 92, 342–344, 367, 373–374, 376 Primetime TV 35 Product penetration 383 Preferences 342–343, 345, 346, 349, 381, 386, Principal component analysis (PCA) 369, 381, 390 Product placement 403, 416–417, 425, 432, 441, 389, 402, 405, 407, 432, 434, 444, 446, 467, 670 Printers 11, 66, 73, 95, 150, 299, 508, 515, 526, 543 448–449, 581 684 Index

Product positioning 383n195, 406, 408 Protection strategies 284–285 R&D investments 94–95, 99, 247, 262 Product prices 468, 471 PR spending 313 R&D Management 93n117, 96, 101n51 Product release 417, 441 Ps of marketing 405, 447 R&D Projects 51n90, 92–98, 125, 618 Products 12–19, 48–54, 62–65, 69–73, 97–108, PTC see Parents Television Council Readership 73, 358, 366, 381, 468 287–291, 342–345, 381–384, 400–407, Public equity 179, 203, 208, 212, 214, 225–227, Real options (RO) 50, 57, 93, 95, 259, 262, 264, 410–417, 440–443, 446–449, 466–469, 232, 650 304n25, 602, 619, 654 471–480, 493–499 Public good 17, 456 Real-time accounting (RTA) 622–624 –– branded 68, 135 Public interest 15n20, 299–300, 310, 319n118, Real-Time Bandwidth Marketplace 202n105 –– consumer-market 259 322, 325–328, 443 Recording Industry Association of America –– digital 457, 474, 496, 555 Publicity 80, 250–251, 311, 324, 338, 385, 412, (RIAA) 285–286, 307, 310, 359 –– high-tech 158, 441 415, 426, 434, 437–438, 464, 555 Regulations 212–214, 298, 300, 302, 313–314, –– intangible 404, 456, 562 Public service broadcasters 62, 279 327–328, 330, 332–336, 443–444, 483–484, –– rival 93, 115, 384, 433 Publishers 32–33, 35, 47–48, 55–56, 75, 251–252, 509n21, 519, 589, 615, 670 –– specialized 119, 407 268–273, 438–439, 487–488, 527–528, –– price cap 330, 482–483 –– substitute 468, 635 533–535, 538, 542–545, 550–551 –– rate-of-return 605 Products and services 63, 249, 342, 381, 392, 401, PV see Present value Reith, John 165, 649 406, 456, 469, 472, 489, 503, 525, 635 PwC see PricewaterhouseCoopers Release sequence 42–43, 479, 540, 554 Profitability 15, 17, 41, 57, 99, 141, 161, 169, 178, Rentals 43, 264, 275, 359, 529, 531, 537, 539–540, 421, 461, 464, 594, 596, 615–616 544, 582 –– operation’s 617 Q Resale price maintenance (RPM) 486, 488, 496, 542 – short-term 219, 481 Resource-based view (RBV) 636, 648, 662–663 – QoS see Quality of service Profitability ratios 594 Retail distribution 505, 508, 525, 538–539, 541, Q-rating 161, 365–366, 390 Profit accounting 50, 579–581, 583, 624 543, 545, 548, 554, 645 Qualcomm 104, 110, 117, 244, 267, 309, 587 Profit and investment regulation 330 Retail price 76, 267–268, 272–273, 277n291, 455, Quality levels 53, 477, 480, 497, 499, 508, 522 Profit centers 616, 624–626 487, 519, 537, 542, 552 Quality of service (QoS) 289, 477, 523–524 Profit definitions 612 Retained earnings 179, 181, 221, 225, 601, 649 Profit distribution 275, 579 Retention rate 421–422 Profiteering 455, 485 Return 49–53, 136–138, 144–145, 182–184, Profit incentive 237, 291 R 201–207, 210, 213–214, 243, 272, 411–413, Profit margins 264, 310, 421, 455, 459–460, 474, Radio 6n3, 89, 92, 266, 269–271, 315, 317, 346, 429, 542–544, 594–595, 600, 653–654 494, 553, 557n189, 594–595 348, 354, 354n75, 373–374, 387, 423–425, –– excess 603 Profit maximization 18, 200, 220, 522, 524 428–429, 505 –– expected rate of 181, 222–223, 654 Profit participation 40, 113, 137, 145, 147, 169, Radio Corporation of America (RCA) 10, 116, 119, –– internal rate of 57, 93, 183, 619, 654 204, 211, 420n101, 581, 624–625 121, 244, 266, 508, 536–537, 649 –– median 376 Profit regulation 330 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 64, 360, –– reasonable 482 Profits 16–17, 33–34, 39–42, 47–48, 133, 433 Return on assets (ROA) 51, 594 170–171, 210–212, 263–265, 457–462, Ramirez, Glenn 7 Return on investment (ROI) 49, 57, 73, 93–94, 483–486, 565–567, 579–585, 592–596, 610, Ramsey Pricing 476, 497 136–138, 144, 180, 305, 336, 376, 421, 619, 612–617 Random House Publisher Services (RHPS) 514, 621–622, 653–654 –– gross 581, 594, 610 534, 544 Revenue contribution 146, 361 –– monopoly 263, 338, 483, 647 Rate 12, 12n9, 43n62, 48, 91, 116, 181–182, Revenue generation 178, 193, 335 –– operating 124, 594, 613 185–186, 185n38, 188–190, 264–265, 269–271, Revenue models 669 Profit shares 204, 265, 557, 579, 583 275, 275n281, 334–335, 353–354, 429, 552 Revenue recognition 590, 611 Profit statements 610–612, 615, 624 –– arrival 522–523 Revenue requirement 482 Pro forma earnings 585–586 –– flat 204n112, 270, 428, 478, 481, 496–497 Revenues 33–34, 39–42, 146–147, 261–263, Programming 281, 315, 326–327, 332, 352, 407, –– free 181, 654 268–270, 273–275, 379–380, 419–424, 418n89, 489, 615, 661 –– maximum 410, 607 539–540, 556–557, 577–578, 580–587, –– educational 327 –– risk-free 181, 654 592–593, 608–611, 613–617 –– linear 69, 82, 521 Rate base 482, 616 –– advertising-based 418 Programs 198–199, 274–276, 312n70, 313n73, Rate cards 275, 275n281, 429 –– anticipated 376, 419 314, 315, 324–326, 331, 351–352, 354–356, Rating agencies 188 –– movie 192, 192n65 364, 375–377, 385, 407, 417–418, 427–430, Ratings 52–53, 55, 182, 185, 188–191, 193, 195, –– newspaper 556–557 547, 611 223, 227, 229, 348, 354–356, 364–366, 531, –– patent licensing 258 Project manager 68, 140 653–654 –– retail 34, 47, 272, 557 Projects 40–41, 45–47, 49–51, 55–56, 58–60, Rating services 348, 354, 354n75 –– subscriber 276, 615 66–68, 93n17, 94–96, 98–101, 177–186, Ratio 72, 78, 104, 106, 147, 220, 221, 366, 510, –– theatrical 40, 43, 146 200–201, 213–215, 312–313, 579–581, 521–522, 590–593, 595–597, 600, 606, 610 –– worldwide 10, 267, 535 616–618, 654 –– current 591 Revenue share averages 557 –– financed 36, 609 –– debt-to-equity 198, 220 Revenue shares 147, 537, 561, 565, 567–568, –– long-term 126, 187 –– financial 184, 192, 591, 593, 600 585–587, 617 Project selection 57, 82, 93, 182 –– operating 593–594, 610, 625 Revenue streams 34, 43, 146, 178, 192, 196, 265, Promotion 134, 135n11, 139–141, 144, 170, –– price/earnings 592 278, 455, 472, 530, 580–581, 606, 654 400–401, 412–416, 418–422, 424–425, Ravid, Abraham 40n47, 41n50, 146n52, 147n56 RFID see Radio Frequency Identification 427–430, 437–438, 442–445, 447–448, 540 RBV see Resource-based view RIAA see Recording Industry Association of –– internal 139–141 RCA see Radio Corporation of America America –– on-channel 437 R&D 89–91, 94–98, 100–102, 104–106, 108, 110, Ricardo, David 467 Property rights 17, 236–237, 239, 250–251, 280, 117, 119, 124, 126, 247–249, 602, 605, 637, Rights of publicity 250–251 282n335, 327, 496 650–651 RIM 11, 117, 247, 267, 588, 608 685 P–S Index

Risk 16–17, 47–53, 96–97, 141–145, 180–181, Scheduling 48, 59, 62, 65–66, 68, 112, 525 Sloan, Alfred 97–98, 464 186–187, 191–194, 200–203, 209–212, Scherer 236n4, 237n8, 248n108 Small Business Administration (SBA) 198–199, 214–215, 224–225, 265–266, 600, 653–654 Schiller, Herbert 40 423n117 –– firm-specific 141–142 Schultz, Ivy E. 178n4 Smartphones 15, 97, 110, 113–116, 119, 122, –– high 16, 51, 97, 99, 135, 168, 190, 210, 668 Schumpeter, Joseph 631 124–126, 149, 267, 354, 361, 382, 387, –– lower 49–50, 52, 422, 654 Scope strategies 652, 665 544, 552 –– transfer 196, 609–610 Screen Actors Guild (SAG) 151, 275 Social marketing 433 Risk and employee selection 139 Screenplay 50, 163, 202–203, 242, 252, 272 Social media 121, 311, 349, 360, 366, 385, 387, Risk level 49, 52–53, 63, 71, 211 Screens 30, 36, 119, 124, 249, 324, 413, 417, 532, 433–434, 445–446, 645 Risk management 48, 239n31, 304, 508 539, 555 Society of European Stage Authors and Risk premium 181–182, 189–190, 223 Search 58, 137, 153, 210, 313, 357, 413, 436, 491, Composers (SESAC) 287, 649–270 Risk reduction 30, 44, 48–51, 53, 201 654–655, 669–670 Soft control 157, 162, 170 RO see Real options Search engine marketing 418, 436 Software 15, 91–92, 102–103, 111–115, ROA see Return on assets Search engine optimization (SEO) 225–228, 361, 121–123, 125, 237, 241–243, 245–246, Roberts family 204, 216–217, 632, 651 419, 436, 448 287–288, 290–291, 350–351, 455–456, 618, ROE 6n3, 595 Secondary public offerings (SPO) 215, 217, 232 620–621 Rogers, Everett 156 Second-Degree Price Discrimination 477 Software development costs 178, 615 ROI see Return on Investment Second-price auction 435, 463 Software industries 45, 111, 282 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 578n9 Securities 159–161, 166, 180, 186–187, 192, 196, Software patents 245 Royalties 113–114, 146–147, 246–247, 264–271, 208, 212–213, 300, 309, 485, 492, 532, 589, Software products 70, 73, 291, 511 273–275, 280, 283, 545, 552, 577, 582–584, 622, 623 Songs 11, 13, 34, 56, 59, 121, 268–271, 277, 603, 620 Securities laws 208, 212–213, 302, 311, 578–579 286–288, 343–344, 355, 482, 513, 545–546, Royalty rates 241, 264, 265, 271–273, 277, 283, Securitization 190, 192–193, 223, 225–227, 552–553 438n203, 584 230–231, 278, 603 Songwriters 34, 268–270, 482, 548n158, 566 RPM see Resale price maintenance Self-actualization 159, 163, 166, 172 Sony Ericsson 117, 122, 415 RTA see Real-time accounting Self-distribution 552 Sony Music Group 536, 546 RTL 508, 514, 518, 541 Self-financing 179–182, 230 Sony/(Sony Entertainment Network (SEN) 44, 89, Russel, Steve 114n104 Self-regulation 214, 314–317, 322, 337–338, 102–104, 108, 110–111, 114–117, 119–122, 442–443 124–125, 266–268, 283, 287–288, 530–533, Selznick, David 47 536–537, 546 Semiconductors 10, 13, 15, 88, 91, 109–111, SoundExchange 269n241, 270–271 S 124–126, 244n27, 266n26, 299, 334, 456, Specialization 14–15, 19, 46–47, 54, 82, 88, 97, Sachs, Jonathan 620 478, 507 101, 108, 124–125, 161, 302, 418, 645, 652 SAG see Screen Actors Guild Senge, Peter 165 Spencer, Corey 7 Salaries 40, 47, 84, 108, 113, 133, 136–137, SEO see Search engine optimization Spielberg, Steven 146, 350, 532 144–145, 150–153, 205, 239n33, 239n35, 610, Sequencing 43, 65, 413, 552–554 SPO see Secondary public offerings 614, 617 Servers 111–113, 118, 286, 492, 495, 518, 524, Sponsorships 123, 187, 279, 281, 312, 429, 451 Sales 42, 357–360, 371–372, 401–402, 419–420, 549, 568, 622 Sports leagues 279–280, 549 423–427, 430–431, 433–434, 458–465, Service contracts 113, 117 Sports licensing 278–279, 281, 293 473–476, 542–546, 552–556, 577–578, Service level agreement (SLAs) 522–523, 528, 562 Spotify 34n23, 209, 213, 268, 271, 307, 359, 385, 610–612 Service quality 164n204, 166n211, 317, 332, 477, 491, 506, 518, 545–547, 552–553, 555 –– change in 372, 460, 462, 499 521–522, 524, 559, 575 Stallman, Richard 291 –– direct 450, 471 Services Standard deviation (SD), 51–53, 70, 138, 148– –– elasticity of 372, 469 –– essential 155, 469 n70 201, 263, 355, 371, 377–378 –– foreign 271 –– financial 89, 209, 238, 245, 292 Standards 57, 106–108, 120, 122, 133, 269, –– gross 264–265, 271, 611 –– multimedia 563 313n73, 314–315, 317–319, 326, 337, 576, 585, –– single copy 358, 535, 544n142, 544n143 –– online marketing 418 589, 611, 618 Sales analysis 434, 445, 448, 621 –– phone 191, 298, 632 Standards bodies 106–107, 318 Sales channels 44, 430, 508 –– public 4, 165 –– international 107, 317–318 Sales force 430, 445, 493, 645–646 –– universal 330–331, 337, 648 Standards process 107–108, 318–319 Sales function 400, 430 SESAC see Society of European Stage Authors and Stars 40–42, 47, 56, 133, 137–139, 145–147, Sales history 56, 542 Composers 171, 366, 415–416, 438, 517–518, 531, Sales price 60, 360, 372, 469, 551 Set-top box (STBs) 119–120, 122, 355, 648 581–582, 644 Sales representatives 439, 529 Shannon, Claude 10, 331n357, 521 State ownership 219, 319 –– independent 428 Shareholders 142, 180–181, 183, 203–204, 212, Stations 192, 269, 276, 326–327, 348, 354–355, Sales revenues 62, 104, 264, 277, 424, 460, 580, 214–215, 220, 577–578, 596, 601–602, 641, 365, 407, 411, 414, 427–428, 430, 438, 610, 611 646, 650, 656, 660 521–522, 612 Sales taxes 530, 543, 580, 623 Share price 40, 94, 142, 146, 178, 182, 185, 191, Statistical Tools for Product Design 406 Sales tools 193, 196, 428 209, 212, 215–216, 220–221, 223, 224, 601 STB see Set-top box Sampling 357, 376–378, 390 Shillingaw, Gordon 586n417, 602n114, 605n136, Steers, Richard M. 158n147, 163n190 Samsung 88, 97, 102, 104, 117, 119–120, 124, 615n190, 616n201, 616n202 Steinbeck, John 192 244, 267, 283, 360, 587 Short-term debt 177, 186–187, 189, 211, 225, Steiner, George 641 Samuelson, Paul 17 227, 607 Stephenson, George 247n91, 504 Sargent, John 44, 272 Showtime 37, 80, 540, 549 Stern, Christopher 596n98 Sarnoff, David 649 Siemens 113, 116–117, 119, 244–245, 267 Stern, Howard 315, 366 Satellite radio 99, 269–270, 480, 506 Simon, Herbert 15, 44, 164n200, 204n115, 348 Stern, Sam 162n183 SBA see Small Business Administration SLA see Service level agreement Stewart, James 142n30 Scenes 65, 72, 78n190, 195, 199, 351, 353, 618 Slim, Carlos 216 Stigler, George 472 686 Index

Stock market 51, 141, 182, 191, 299, 600, 609, Target market 347, 376 Traffic 284n347, 361, 430, 438, 457, 459, 477, 481, 616, 656 Target population 351, 363, 379–380, 420, 427 483, 495, 506n13, 522, 524, 525, 540 Stock options 141, 144, 172, 212, 232, 301, Taxable income 197, 205, 227, 619 Transaction costs 43, 46, 63, 102, 105, 155, 180, 577–578, 587, 607, 611, 624 Tax accountants 206, 619–620 192, 207, 214, 402, 464, 468, 605 –– companies issue 607 Tax accounting 579, 619 Transfer pricing 453, 484, 485, 497, 574, 583, Stock prices 89, 181, 185, 190–191, 202, 204, 215, Tax benefits 197–198, 205, 217n168, 221, 604, 616–618, 624 217, 221, 590, 593, 596, 602, 606, 608 607–608 Transistors 109, 110, 278, 456 –– company’s 141, 578 Taxes 177, 187–188, 196–197, 204–205, 221–222, Transmission 10, 116, 118, 483, 492, 505, 506, –– depressed 609 273, 466, 576–577, 580–581, 592–594, 515, 518, 519, 525, 529, 541n125, 549, 661, 670 Strategic planning 4, 319, 634, 640–642, 654, 612–613, 615–619, 627–607 Transmission capacity 505–507, 549 659, 664 Taylor, Frederick 59, 81, 311n55, 638 Transportation 65, 199n89, 244, 292, 517, 519, Strategic pricing 412, 479, 493 Technological determinism 125 521, 528, 534 Strategic process 640–641 Technological progress 92n12, 116, 169, 507n14 Turner, Ted 644, 649 Strategic review 641 Technology 10–12, 15–18, 87–93, 101–103, TV 5, 6, 41–45, 69, 70, 149, 150, 269–271, Strategic tools 305, 640 107–108, 112–113, 115–117, 123–126, 274–276, 279, 354–356, 364, 415–418, Strategy 77–78, 95–97, 412–416, 427–428, 441, 255–263, 265–267, 286–288, 318–319, 422–425, 428–431, 504, 505, 540, 541, 445–447, 460–462, 471–474, 493–495, 497, 448–651, 668–671 541n125, 557, 558 631–634, 638–643, 647–649, 653–659, –– proprietary 106, 604, 647 TV advertisement 380 661–662 –– semiconductor 110, 278 TV Audience Measurement Companies 354n72 –– changing 647n53, 670 Technology assessment 90–91, 125 TV companies 253, 346, 662 –– directors’ role in 641, 663 Technology devices 110, 124–125, 154, 213, 503 Tversky, Amos 92 –– firm’s 634, 641 Technology drivers and trends 88 TV networks 41, 42, 44, 45, 73, 76, 79, 279, –– optimal 472, 647, 656, 662, 670 Telecommunications companies 118, 589 279n309, 346, 417, 418, 427, 429, 430, 485, Strategy groups 305, 664 Telecommunications Industry Association 503, 507, 529–531, 657 Strategy options 652–653, 655 (TIA) 318, 362 TV production 77, 283, 309, 347, 548 Strategy process 640–641, 643, 645, 647 Telecommunications networks 116–118, 121, TV programs 13, 274, 365, 391, 407, 471, 541, 547 Strategy setting 631, 641 193, 299, 332, 342, 401, 457, 513, 517, 562, 605 TV ratings 315, 354, 355n83, 371 Strategy theories 632, 637 Telecommunications services 28, 333 TV sets 89, 100, 101, 119, 120, 124, 352, 354, 355, Streaming music 116, 118, 509, 551, 644 Telecommuting 154 360, 364, 381, 391, 456, 464, 467, 515, 568 Streaming services 275, 477, 506, 545, 552 Telecom sector 149, 587 Tyler, Susan 251n129 Strossen, Nadine 7 Telecom services 298, 330, 431, 513, 645 Students 5, 135, 145, 152, 237–238, 285–286, Telemarketing 167, 334, 430–431 289, 377n175, 409, 472, 475, 477–478, 486, Television 6n3, 35, 44, 45, 119, 135, 268, 274–276, U 490, 494–495 282, 314, 326, 327, 387, 417, 423, 424, UK 32–35, 117, 141–142, 149–151, 191–192, 197, StudioCanal 28, 36, 78–80 428–430, 450 220, 253–254, 276–277, 279, 327, 356, Studios 44–45, 58, 69, 76–77, 133, 150–151, 171, Television content 34, 38 533–535, 540–541, 541n125, 583–584 194–195, 201, 272–274, 314–315, 415–416, Television productions 53, 199 Underwood, Doug 147n59, 345n7, 440n221 529–530, 538–541, 580–581 Test audiences 58, 59, 350, 352 Uniform price 475, 481, 487, 542 Subscribers 104, 271, 276, 277n293, 283, 358, Theaters 27–31, 40, 42, 43, 43n62, 45, 76, 77, 80, Uniform System of Accounts (USOA) 589 360, 379, 419, 421–422, 424, 430–431, 81, 151, 206, 207, 476, 478, 529–532, 537–540, Unions 133, 145n39, 149–155, 170–171, 272–273, 490–491, 544–545, 596, 600 554, 555, 557, 559, 579, 582 280, 580, 582, 649, 658 Subscription revenues 271, 422, 458, 552, 567, 615 Theories and tools of business strategy 629, 632, Unit cost (UC) 71, 110, 403, 459–460, 462, Subscriptions 298, 375, 430–431, 440, 476–477, 633, 635, 636, 638, 639 526, 618 479–480, 490, 491, 508, 535, 544, 546, 547, Third-degree price discrimination 453, 478, 495 United States (US) 154n113, 178n3, 236n4, 555–556, 596–597, 613 TIA see Telecommunications Industry Association 237n8, 248n101–103, 248n109, 254n153, Subsidiaries 28, 58, 121, 124, 196, 238, 250, Tickets 28–30, 39, 40, 47, 53n97, 72, 73, 147, 254n159, 266n224, 285n357, 321n123, 308–309, 330, 609, 617–619, 623, 625 161, 358, 359, 369, 372, 373, 464, 465, 475, 489n155, 532n77, 533n81, 539n110, 543n140, Subsidies 36, 62, 73, 77, 198–199, 330–331, 530, 539, 553 546n151, 617, 621 512–513, 670 Time Inc 219 United States Patent 253n151, 274n268, 301n8, Supercomputers 111–113 Time Warner 31, 32, 34, 35, 44, 178, 181–183, 301n9 Supply chain 27, 62–64, 433, 509, 514, 525–528, 185–191, 193, 196, 197, 209, 215–219, United States Securities and Exchange 534, 537 223–225, 347, 591–596, 641 Commission 214n154, 214n157 Switching costs 248, 412, 472 Time Warner Cable 44, 196, 218, 219, 277, 298, Universal Music Group 78, 288, 385, 474, 546, SWOT analysis 634, 653, 663, 664 312, 316, 404, 632, 649, 650, 661 553, 585 Sylvie, George 648n56 Tirole, Jean 267n229 Universal Studios 250, 286, 413, 643 Syndication 184n33, 274, 276, 283, 293, 347, Tools 6, 11, 12, 103, 134–136, 161, 162, 311, 337, Unsecured debt 185 427n129, 619, 625 388–391, 446–449, 496, 497, 576, 623, 624, UPS 510, 522, 525, 535 Synergies 15, 18, 44, 57, 78, 102, 513–514, 561 633, 634, 651 Usage-based pricing 481–482 Torvalds, Linus 291 Users 13–14, 102–104, 111–114, 120–123, Toshiba 101, 102, 111, 119 283–291, 352–357, 359–363, 412–414, T Tracking 287, 313, 359, 360, 363, 366n144, 388, 432–436, 475–481, 492–495, 510–513, Tablets 97, 101, 113–115, 119, 122, 288, 343, 361, 403n14 515–519, 545–555 433, 544, 550 Trade associations 305, 306, 308, 316, 442, 580 US Supreme Court 45, 245–246, 251–252, 266, Talent 7, 38, 40–41, 50, 105, 133, 146–148, 152, Trade dress 235, 249, 250 275, 315, 319, 321–322, 324–328, 330, 332, 154, 162, 166, 168, 170–171, 301, 303 Trademarks 239, 240, 244, 249, 250, 253, 256, 488–489, 530, 542 Tangible assets 261, 263, 292, 527, 602–603, 621 259, 260, 279, 280, 292–294, 300, 301, Utility 16–17, 37, 169, 209, 329, 381–382, 406, Target audience 58, 115, 311, 313, 363, 383, 386, 600–602, 604, 605 467, 471, 473, 498, 511–512, 593 406, 407, 415, 420, 424–427, 445, 447, 531 Trade secrets 239–242, 249, 252, 266, 292–294, 301 Utility patents 238n18, 243 687 S–Z Index

Video companies 197 Welch, Jack 238n22 V Video game hardware 114 Wernerfelt, Birger 636 Vail, Theodore 165, 649 Video games 35, 37, 38, 42, 45n65, 55, 56, 58, WGA see Writer’s Guild of America Valuation 82, 177, 177n1, 182, 260–264, 291, 293, 114, 115, 115n106, 198, 277, 278, 317, 331, Wholesale prices 483–484 590, 591, 593, 594, 596–598, 600, 602–604, 413, 417, 440, 441, 552–555 Wholesalers 33, 75, 264, 400, 503, 517–518, 605n138, 654, 654n75, 655, 655n77 Video game software 114 528–530, 533–536, 538, 543–544, 552–553, Value 13, 14, 146, 147, 165, 201–203, 220–223, Video Home System (VHS) 89, 120, 121, 318, 383, 557, 560–561, 565–566, 568 259–263, 290–293, 466, 467, 471, 472, 514, 558 Wide area networks (WANs) 507 510–512, 592–596, 600–608, 611, 612, Viewers 27, 29, 30, 345–347, 353–355, 362–365, Wikipedia 121n122, 209n132, 289, 410n37, 636–638, 657 386, 387, 416, 420, 428–430, 432, 437, 438, 432n163, 445n250, 458, 480, 489n157, 471, 472, 489, 541, 619 494–495, 559n191 –– actual 372, 470 Vigil, Shaun 7 Wildman, Steve 5n2, 167n216 –– calculated intangible 261, 603 Violence 54, 153n100, 195, 315, 317, 325–327, Willingness-to-pay (WTP) 290, 463–464, 467, 469, –– commercial 78, 240, 246, 257, 268 334, 346 471–472, 475, 478, 496, 498 –– company 57, 207, 602, 607 Virgin Media 62, 185, 356 Wirth, Michael 6n5, 400n1, 411n39, 411n42, –– copyright 261 Visitors 255, 360–363, 365, 378, 379, 386, 446, 31918 –– customer 310, 419, 471, 664 478, 491, 546, 548, 597 WOM see Word-of-mouth –– estimated 136, 238, 313, 603 – unique 360, 363, 366, 491 Word-of-mouth (WOM) 405, 414, 422, 426, 437, –– fair market 602 – Vivendi 34, 37, 77, 78, 165, 209, 216, 218, 510, 441–442, 448 –– incremental 261, 512 514, 536, 540, 549, 578, 588 Workers 49, 60, 73–74, 100, 133–134, 136, –– shareholder 138, 598 Value-based pricing 412, 467 Vogel, Harold 6n4, 206n117, 206n119, 581n21 138, 143, 148–150, 152, 154, 159, 163–164, Value chain 9, 14, 17, 27, 33, 42, 63, 100, 549, 556, Volatility 51, 141, 143, 179, 181, 183, 201, 263, 169, 172 560, 632, 637, 645 561, 592, 595 Workforce 35, 89, 134, 139, 149, 151–153, 157, Value chain analysis 637, 663 163n191, 597, 670 Value intellectual assets 235, 259 –– creative 54, 134, 151, 157, 167, 170–172 Variable costs 13, 29, 30, 420n101, 460, 660 W –– industrial 133, 149 Variables Wacks, Ken 107n87, 108n88, 108n89, 317n112, –– media-tech 149 – part time 478 –– dependent 372–374, 374n167, 406 318n113, 318n114 – Work rules 150–151 –– explanatory 406, 469 Wages 48, 60, 62, 69n162, 143–145, 150–151, World Trade Organization (WTO) 278, 284, 489 –– independent 372, 374n167 153, 155, 172, 199, 205, 466, 607, 614 Wozniak, Steve 89, 204 –– observed 380, 380n183 Waldfogel, Joel 283n342 Varian, Hal R. 106n83, 107n85, 107n86, 318n117, Wales, Jimmy 458, 494 Writer’s Guild of America (WGA) 151, 155n125, 456n8, 472, 472n79 Walls, David 16n25, 40n47, 41n53, 48n81, 146 272 VCR see Video cassette recorder Walras, Leon 467 WTO see World Trade Organization Vendor financing 193–196, 206, 224–228, 230 Walt Disney Company 135, 142, 153, 160, WTP see Willingness-to-pay Vendors 63, 100, 106, 115, 117, 124, 175, 179, 165–166, 187n48, 218, 252, 345, 411, 530, 579, 190, 193, 194, 196, 200, 223n189, 463, 464 582, 585n44, 592n80, 598, 606n146, 609n165, Venture capital (VCs) 201, 210, 211, 225–228 609n166, 642n45 X Verizon 135n10, 163, 178, 188, 333, 333n166, WAN see Wide area networks XBRL see Extensible Business Reporting 389, 416, 418, 538, 546, 549, 588, 596, 650, 652, Warner Bros. 28, 31, 38, 44, 55, 242, 255n166, Language 653 265, 347, 504, 533 XM 196–197, 255, 480 Vertical integration 41–44, 77, 82, 83, 513, 514, Warner Music 210, 329, 474, 536, 584, 588 530, 534, 560, 634, 652, 655, 656, 662, 669 Warner Music Group 230, 241, 261, 561, 604, Vertical price restraints 488, 542 610, 672 Y VHS see Video Home System Watanabe, Ken 151 YouTube 103, 196, 211, 285, 298–299, 325–326, Viacom 31, 32, 38, 42, 347, 348, 351, 354, 356, Waterman, David 540n120, 638, 639 359–360, 385, 414, 437, 438, 463n37, 538, 548 362, 363, 379, 380, 383, 384, 386, 411, 530, Web pages 207, 352, 354, 357, 363, 432, 435 593, 607 Websites 284–286, 311–312, 316–318, Vickery, William 463 324–325, 351–352, 356–357, 360–361, 378, Video 43, 43n62, 120, 121, 274–276, 283, 284, 386–387, 435–436, 438–439, 457, 477, Z 359, 360, 365, 366, 434, 435, 438, 441, 442, 506, 491–494, 553 Zipf’s Distribution 342 507, 518, 531, 546–555, 650–652 Wedgwood, Josiah 71, 576 Z-score 377–379, 391 Video cassette recorder (VCR) 89, 106, 120, 383 Weinberg, Charles 43n61, 44n62, 554n187 Zucker, Jeff 547 Video channels 298, 511, 660, 662 Weinstein, Harvey 588 Zukor, Adolph 31, 42