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The Ethnic Geography of Kenya on the Eve of Independence: the 1962 Census

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The Ethnic Geography of Kenya on the Eve of Independence: the 1962 Census 76 Erdkunde Band 54/2000 THE ETHNIC GEOGRAPHY OF KENYA ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE: THE 1962 CENSUS With 1figure, 4 tablesand 1 supplement(III) William T W. Morgan am von Zusammenfassung. Ethnogeographie Kenias Vorabend der Unabhangigkeit: Der Zensus 1962 von von Der Zensus Kenia erfaBte 1962 die Bevolkerungszahl 36 verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen auf der Grundlage von war es 510 raumlichen Einheiten. Wahrend die allgemeine Verbreitung der Ethnien bekannt war, jetzt erstmals moglich, zu den ethnischen Homogenitatsgrad der Siedlungsgebiete bestimmen und eine quantifizierende Verteilungskarte dieser zu vor Gruppen auf der Basis kleinerer raumlicher Einheiten entwerfen. Der Zeitpunkt, ein Jahr der Unabhangigkeit, macht man von so das Belegmaterial besonders wertvoll. Benicksichtigt die Definitionsprobleme Stammen, bleiben die Ergebnisse bemerkenswert, daB sie eine Erklarung erfordern. 85% der kenianischen Bevolkerung lebt in landlichen Siedlungsgebieten, in denen inmehr als der Halfte der Falle 95% der jeweiligen Nachbarn demselben Stamm angehoren. Nur drei kleinere Stamme besitzen kein deutlich erkennbares Siedlungsgebiet, in dem sie iiber 50% der Bevolkerung stellen. Haufig konnen die Sied lungsgebiete physischgeographischen oder okologischen Raumeinheiten in groben Ziigen zugeordnet werden. Bemerkens werte Gebiete mit einer ethnischen Mischstruktur sind einzig mit einem geringen Bevolkerungsanteil die Stadte bzw. die zu um Highlands^ in denen sich verschiedene Stamme in der Nachbarschaft europaischen Siedlern niedergelassen haben, dort zu von eine Beschaftigung finden. Der Zensus dokumentiert die Situation im vorletztenjahr der Kolonialverwaltung, die 1895 bis 1963 dauerte. Danach entstand auf der Basis der aufgezahlten unterschiedlichen ethnischen Gruppen ein souveraner, unabhangiger Staat, innerhalb dessen Grenzen aber die Verteilung der einbezogenen Bevolkerungsgruppen raumlich stabil von blieb und zur Ursache gegenwartiger und zukunftiger Probleme wurde. Dies bestatigt der Zensus 1989 ebenso wie die zwischenethnischen Landstreitigkeiten, die mit Heftigkeit und Bevolkerungsverdrangung ausgetragen werden. census to Summary'. The 1962 of Kenya recorded the numbers belonging 36 different African 'tribes' within 510 geographi was was to cal units. Whereas the general distribution of such tribes familiar, it possible for the first time calculate the degree a of ethnic homogeneity among local populations and to construct map showing their distribution within precise boundaries on eve of the and in quantifiable terms. Its timing, the of independence, makes this evidence particularly valuable. Problems are so as to definition of tribes are acknowledged but the results striking require explanation. Of the Kenya African popula on were same tion, 85% were living in rural areas where, average, 95% of their neighbours of the tribe. Only three small or more tribes did not have a recognisable 'homeland' where they numbered 50% of the population. Most such homelands a or areas were in can be broadly related to physiographic ecological setting. The only significant of ethnic mixing the small towns or in to different tribes had entered proportion of the population in the 'Highlands' alienated European settlers where census the colonial which lasted to gain employment. The showed the situation in the penultimate year of administration, the com from 1895 to 1963. A sovereign, independent state had been created from the separate ethnic groups enumerated but a source munities which had been enclosed within its borders remained strongly localised, of contemporary and subsequent was the census and continued inter-tribal land with associated problems to its peoples. This confirmed by 1989 disputes violence and displacement of population. Introduction tial record of the ethnic groups at that time,providing a base line for comparison with previous and sub was Ethnic groupings are an inheritancewhich is a major sequent situations (KENYA 1964?1966). It less was a of intense constituent of the political and socio-economic life of fortunate that it period particularly en the of the Kenya, as of many other African states, and which ethnic rivalry which threatened stability state state. The removal of race capsulates much of itshistory and culture. The of emerging independent was a colonial from a forma restrictions on land in the "White Kenya creation resulting ownership High on tive process which may be said to have commenced lands" (Fig. 1) in 1960 had focussed attention which with the establishment of a British Protectorate on African groups were already in residence there or tak a new over had 1July 1895 and which ended, or at least entered ing the farms, and the political parties strong a. ROSBERG OKUMU phase, with independence on 12December 1963. It is tribal bases (BENNETT 1961; was fortunate therefore that the first comprehensive census, 1975). Although the detailed map presented here taken in 1962, supplies us with a quantitative and spa compiled in 1963, the author judged that itspublica WilliamT W Morgan:The ethnicgeography ofKenya 11 35?E 36? 37? ^ ^-i^ 0 kilometres60 i \ I.i.I l^^J r^S ^ ( 0 miles60 iC S soT 1^ \. W 11 / M'K0nya x-*/ ) C NAIROBI M?J6K @ f ^ A I TheWhite Highlands \ J ^ 2? R? Forest reserves \ ?n 2? |j| 35?E 36? 37? T. The an area Fig. 'White Highlands': The heavy line encloses the 'Scheduled Areas' plus of Asian farming near Kisumu. Die White Highlands': Die starke Linie umschlieBt die ,Scheduled Areas' sowie ein Gebiet asiatischer Landwirtschaft nahe Kisumu tion at that moment could have exacerbated the situa within it,may have inherited traits. Sometimes, of not our as our tion and should be done. This is consequently its course, social group is much determined by first as our own appearance. neighbours' responses by inclinations. For this studywe have to accept the classification used in the census, for which no was 1 'Tribe'and triballands justification published. The ascriptions were those routinely used by the ad The census of 1962 allocated the indigenous African ministration and which appear to have presented few population (including Somali) between forty 'tribes', problems to those recording or those being recorded. was which the ethnic category and term which was They were the socio-political groups encountered by specified and which will thereforebe used here. A tribe the colonial power upon itsentry and with which ithad a to deal. were con is unit which evades satisfactorydefinition but which Administrative boundaries normally was widely recognised. Itmay be said to be a group to structed to contain them and this probably increased which the individual feels a strong sense of belonging the sense of tribal identity at that level. Thus at an and which is usually distinguished by a common lan earlier stage, or in relation to neighbours, people might and culture since are as guage and, marriages mostly think of themselves Bakusu but during the colonial 54/2000 78_Erdkunde_Band some period or when asked by a central government official, Table 1: Changes inpopulation recordedfor tribes between 1948 and 1962 they would be more likely to state that they were Baluhya (of theLuhya, which include theBakusu). Dif Veranderungen der Bevolkerungszahl einiger etnischer ferent levels of classification could be used for different Gruppen zwischen 1948 und 1962 purposes and occasions so that, for the Mbere example, Tribe 1948 1962 Change % were classified as Embu in the 1948 census but were Masai +129.3 treated as a separate tribe in that of 1962. An element 67,201 154,079 159,692 341,771 +114.0 of choice may also be present so that in 1962, someone Kipsigis Kisii +111.0 who would at other times have described themselves as 255,108 538,343 + Baluhya 653,774 1,086,409 66.2 Swahili were probably included under (see Mijikenda Luo 697,551 1,148,335 + 64.6 + below). Kikuyu 1,026,341 1,642,065 60.0 The of 'tribe' and 'tribalism'has been a sub concept All tribes 5,251,120 8,365,942 + 59.3 ject of debate and controversy among social scientists Kamba 611,722 933,219 + 52.6 and It are a con historians. has been argued that tribes Meru 324,894 structof European 'experts' (harries 1988), that colo Meru and Tharaka 478,395 + 47.3 nial as a Taita + 47.0 administrators encouraged them form of 56,912 83,613 a. nottingham and that Nandi 116,681 170,085 + 45.8 regionalism (sanger 1963) - Swahili 12,757* 8,657 32.1 theymay also have been promoted by African elites Embu 203,690 (Vail 1989). A trenchant statement of this position is - EmbuandMbere 133,819 34.3 given in a review of vail (1989) which refers to: "... the * invention of languages through standardisation into Total for four coastal districts only competing versions by rival missions, the deliberate creation of colonial tribes to ease administration, and the precipitation of false or illusorygroupings through The borderland between areas dominated by differ obstinate error or Most was was inadvertence. humiliating ent tribes often in dispute in earlier times and to a the co-operation of African intellectuals in falsifying tended form sparsely occupied "no-man's land" theirown identities" (southall 1990).Whatever their (Morgan 1973, 144-145). That of theKikuyu-Masai origins, the reality and significance of such population border was described in theReport of theKenya Land groups at the time of Kenyan independence and after Commission, 1933, Chapter 2 and in the Evidence. cannot resentment wards be denied, with of minority More peaceful conditions encouraged settlement of tribes at the political dominance and economic and such areas by people from either side, a feature wide as other advantages accruing to the Kikuyu and Luo spread in Africa and characterised "the descent from leading to complaints of 'Kikuyuisation' (rothchild the hills" (gleave 1966). In traditional society, expan 1969). The relevance of ethnicity to the development sion of the home area also took place by incursion into process has subsequently become more widely recog that of a neighbour, peacefully or otherwise. In this nised (Dwyer a. Drakakis-Smith 1996; Berman way, itwas possible for a tribewith an increasing popu 1998).
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