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Terror Activities and Evolution of Kenya's Foreign Policy: 1998-2015

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Terror Activities and Evolution of Kenya's Foreign Policy: 1998-2015 TERROR ACTIVITIES AND EVOLUTION OF KENYA’S FOREIGN POLICY: 1998-2015 BY LUCY NJERI NJUGUNA R50/74668/2014 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES TO THE INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (IDIS), UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2016 Declaration I Lucy Njeri Njuguna declare that this project is my original work and that is has not been submitted for the award of degree in any other University. ……………………………………. ……………………………………. Lucy Njeri Njuguna Date R50/74668/2014 This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as University Supervisor. ………………………………. …….……………………… Dr. Rosemary Anyona Date Supervisor i Dedication To my family who have been my number one critics and cheerers and have seen me carry out to completion this project at the Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies (IDIS), University of Nairobi. ii Acknowledgement I thank the Almighty God for His sufficient mercies and grace, which have enabled me to complete the course work in the Masters Program. Secondly, I would like to thank my Supervisor, Dr. Rosemary Anyona for her supportive guidance in carrying out this project. My gratitude goes to my parents, sisters and friends for the support and encouragement they have accorded me. Finally, my acknowledgement goes to the IDIS staff for their tireless assistance and cooperation. iii Abstract Kenya has faced and continues to face terrorist attacks which have challenged the security apparatus. This study examines the evolving of Kenyan foreign policy in light of terror attacks between the periods of 1998 to 2015 where Kenya has faced increased and persistent terrorist attacks. The study was guided by three objectives which included: the critically analysis of terrorism vis a viz foreign policy, the evolving Kenya‘s foreign policy since the 1998 bombing and finally the evaluation of the relationship between security threats and foreign policy in Kenya. Secondary data was sourced mostly from newspaper due to the fact that certain foreign policies are publicly announced and terrorist‘s attacks are reported in the media and not documented in books. The study tested three hypotheses namely; Kenya‘s foreign policy continuing to be reactive rather than proactive, secondly, the systematic terror attacks playing a marginal role on Kenya‘s foreign policy and finally Kenya‘s foreign policy been influenced by her geostrategic position near the epicenter of terrorism extremism. The study found out that the Kenyan national foreign policy is largely state centric and reacts when situations and crisis arise. Secondly the study found out that the Kenyan foreign policy has been largely influenced and shaped by the recurring terrorist attacks thereby making Kenya‘s foreign policy to be dynamic. The study further found that there exists a nexus between foreign policy, terror attacks, refugee hosting and porous borders. The study therefore recommended a number of ways to help reduce the terrorists attacks. iv Abbreviations ICC : International Criminal Court LRA : Lord‘s Resistance Army ONLF : Ogadeni National Liberation Front OLF : Oromo Liberation Front ADF : Allied Democratic Front SPLA : Sudan People's Liberation Army GTI : Global Terrorism Index MRC : Mombasa Republican Council ATPU : Anti-Terrorism Police Unit NTCT : National Counter-Terrorism Centre PFLP : Front for the Liberation of the Palestine GWOT : Global War On Terrorism SUPKEM : Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims GES : Global Enterprise Summit WTO : World Trade Organization TICAD : Tokyo International Conference on African Development NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization KDF : Kenya Defence Forces UNHCR : United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ICJ : International Court of Justice UNCTAD : United Nations Conference on Trade and Development AMISOM : African Union Mission in Somalia v Table of Contents Declaration...................................................................................................................................... i Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................ iii Chapter One .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 Introduction To The Study ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Research problem .................................................................................. 3 1.3. Objectives of the Study .................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 4 1.4.1 Foreign policy ........................................................................................................... 4 1.4.2 Terrorism................................................................................................................... 7 1.4.3 Kenya‘s Counter Terrorism Action ........................................................................ 10 1.4.4 Relationship between terrorism and foreign policy ................................................ 12 1.5 Justification of the Study ................................................................................................ 15 1.6 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................. 16 1.7 Research Hypotheses...................................................................................................... 18 1.8 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 18 1.8.1 Research design ..................................................................................................... 18 1.8.2 Target population ................................................................................................... 19 1.8.3 Sampling procedures and Techniques ................................................................... 19 1.9 Chapter Outline .............................................................................................................. 19 Chapter Two: .............................................................................................................................. 21 Background To Terrorism Attacks In Kenya ...................................................................... 21 2.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 21 2.1 Chronology Of Terrorist Attacks In Kenya.................................................................... 23 2.1.1 The 1980 Norfolk Hotel Bombing ................................................................................ 23 2.1.2 The 1998 United States Embassy Bombing in Nairobi ................................................ 24 2.1.3 The 2002 Terrorist Attacks in Kikambala .................................................................... 25 2.1.4 Other small scale attacks 2003 – 2012 ......................................................................... 26 2.1.5 The 2013 Westgate Shopping Mall Attack................................................................... 30 vi 2.1.6 Mpeketoni and Mandera attacks in 2014 ..................................................................... 31 2.1.7 The 2015 Garissa University College Attack .............................................................. 31 Chapter Three: ............................................................................................................................ 34 Evolution Of Kenya’s Foreign Policy .................................................................................... 34 3.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Formulation And Implementation Of Kenyan Foreign Policy....................................... 36 3.2 Pillars Of Kenya‘s Foreign Policy ................................................................................. 39 3.2.1 Sources Informing the Kenya Foreign Policy ......................................................... 40 3.3 Kenya‘s Foreign Policy: Fifty Years Later And Four Presidents ................................... 41 3.3.1 The Late President Jomo Kenyatta: 1963 -1978 ..................................................... 41 3.3.2 Former President Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi: 1978 -2001 .................................... 42 3.3.3 The Kibaki Administration: 2002-2012 .................................................................. 44 3.3.4 Uhuru Kenyatta Administration: 2013- to date ...................................................... 46 3.4 Foreign Policy Instruments ............................................................................................ 48 3.4.1 Political instruments................................................................................................ 48 3.4.2 Economic instruments ............................................................................................
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