PEACE BUILDERS NEWS
A QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER OF THE INTERNATIONAL PEACE SUPPORT TRAINING CENTRE VOLUME 10, ISSUE 3 (01 JULY - 30 SEPTEMBER 2017)
Working towards a Secure Peace Support Operations Environment in the Eastern Africa Region
IN THIS ISSUE:
• Message from the Director • Staff Induction Seminar 2017 • Nexus Between Maritime and Human Security on Development • Ceding Ground: The Forgotten Host in Refugee Crisis • Refugees in Kenya: Burgen, Threat or Asset? • Training on Protection of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) Disaster Communication and Early Warning in Countering Violent Extremism • Deploying The Best: Enhancing Effectiveness of AU/UN Peacekeepers • Hostile Environment Awareness (HEAT) • One on One with Lisa Hu • IPSTC Third Quarter Course Calendar 2017.
VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 1 Table of Contents
Message from the Director...... 2
Staff Induction Seminar 2017...…...... ……...... 4
The Nexus Between Maritime and Human Security on Development…………...... 5
Ceding Ground: The Forgotten Host in Refugee Crisis...... 7
Refugees in Kenya: Burden, Threat or Asset?...... 8 Working towards a Secure Peace Support Operations Disaster Communication and Early Warning Environment in the Eastern in Countering Violent Extremism...... 11 Africa Region
Training on Protection of Refugees and The centre embarked on the third quarter activities Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)...... 12 that saw a number of training and field work activities being accomplished. The field research whose focus was aimed at Enhancing Strategies and Mechanisms Deploying the Best...... 14 of Countering Violent Extremism and Protection of Civilians saw researchers visit Mombasa, Kwale, Hostile Environment Awareness Training (HEAT)...... 16 Kisumu, Busia and Kakamega counties this enabled researchers and collect data that will be useful in analysis of various topics that had been identified ONE on ONE With Lisa Hu...... 17 during the research agenda workshop held on 04 April 2017. The topics included. An Appraisal of the IPSTC Third Quarter Course Calendar 2017...... 20 Responsiveness of Countering Violent Extremism Measures in Mombasa and Kwale Counties, the Role of Ideology in youth radicalization in the Coastal Region, An assement of maritime insecurity along the Kenya maritime Domain and an Analysis of women participation in Vilolent extremism in kenya.
During the same period reseachers and curriculum designers were also able to do a Training Needs Assessment for a Maritime Security course which enabled them to visit Ethiopia and Djibouti in addition to inland water basement areas of Country in Kenya with aim of identifying training needs and gaps that may need to be addressed.
2 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 Publisher International Peace Support Training Centre
Editor-in-chief Leutenant Colonel Raphael Kiptoo
Editorial Team Warrant Officer 1 M Osew Ngachra Joseph Kioi Mbugua Watson Karuma
Photography Sergeant Josephat Anoka Corporal David Mulei Printing MagFre Enterprises Limited
Anwar J Hateem (Centre) India’s Defence University (NDU) Copyright C 2018 by International during a visit to IPSTC on 23 May 2017 Peace Support Training Centre. The continued effort of training Finally, PCSS and HPSS as the that is aimed at creating and platforms centre’s training also All rights reserved. No part of this improving interpolability between conducted other courses bringing publication may be reproduced, forces saw some Kenya Defence together the military, police and distributed or transmitted in any Forces (KDF) staff undergo a Bilateral civilians. The courses included Child form or by any means, including predeployment military training Code Protection Course, Sexual and photocopying, recording, or other named Swift Eagle in the month of Gender Based Violence Course, electronic or mechanical methods, September in preparation for joint Rule of law Course, Staff officers without the prior written permission of training in the kingdom of Jordan with Planning Course, Protection of the publisher, except brief quotations The Royal Jordanian Defence Forcese. Civilians Course , Rule of Law Course, embodied in critical reviews and In additon to the same effort for the Engineering Plant Operation Course, certain other non-commercial uses region, an Engineering Plant Operation AMISOM Pre Deployment Course permitted by copyright law. course drawing participants from the and Improvised Explosive Device East African region was conducted. Disposal (IEDD) Course among The contents of these publications are Further more, a course on Improvised others. attributed to the authors themselves Explosive Devices was conducted and their opinions do not necessarily Thank you. during the period so that it adrresses reflect the official position of IPSTC, the threats caused by the devices in Brigadier Patrick M Nderitu Kenya Defence Forces or the Ministry addition to AMISOM predeploment of Defence. Director, IPSTC course for preparing KDF troops to be deployed to Somalia.
The guiding theme for this third issue is “Working towards a Secure Peace Support Operations Environment in the Eastern Africa Region”. The theme encompasses a wide range of activities by the Peace and Conflict Studies School (PCSS), Humanitarian Peace Support School (HPSS) and Peace and Security Research Department (PSRD) that are aimed at making the region secure.
VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 3 Staff Induction Seminar 2017
Newly posted Staff Induction held on 29-31 August 2017
As is the International Peace Support framework within which it operates. vast experience from their previous Training Centre (IPSTC) tradition, In attendance were eleven officers assignments which will be valuable to newly posted staff are taken through who had been posted to the centre. the institution. an induction course which enable them familiarize themselves to how She further informed the participants The Director IPSTC Brig Patrick Nderitu the organization operates. Speaking that the Centre has over the years during the closing ceremony for the on behalf of the Director during the fully developed structures and course urged the staff to make use of opening ceremony for the three capabilities that now place it as the what has been learnt and also look day course (29-31 August 2017) key leader in Peace and Security at the current strategic plan (2016- Col JC Sitienei emphasized the not just in the Eastern Africa region 2020) which indicates the direction need to have such an activity for but internationally. She averred that the centre wants to take in the next staff that have just been posted to the Centre’s relevance is premised few years. This includes the expansion the Centre. She indicated that the on the need to professionalize of the Counter Improvised Explosive induction programme was to enable peacekeeping within the Device wing and the coming up of the new staff settle into their new context of the requirements a University as part of the National positions quickly so that they become for UN Peacekeeping and the Defence University. He underlined productive and efficient members of development of African Peace the importance of the Centre in staff as soon as possible while avoiding and Security Architecture (APSA) maintaining an international outlook costly mistakes by staff not knowing towards global peace and stability. in the staff composition while not the procedures or techniques of their Thus the Centre has enhanced forgetting the gender representation new jobs. She also highlighted the engagements and linkages with at all levels. He also reminded the need of it providing them with an other PSO training institutions and staff that in addition to their current overview of the Centre and enable stakeholders in the continent and is appointments they should expect each member of staff to see where in collaboration with national and additional tasks to be given to them. they fit in the big picture of IPSTC. She international academia in Peace He finally underscored the need further noted that the induction is also and Security. for team work as a critical factor of intended to assist in reinforcing the ensuring that tasks are accomplished. It is worth noting that participants for Centre’s management style which Maj G O Misiani emphasizes on core values and the course are newly posted officers Assistant Researcher, PSRD ultimately enable them to understand from the Kenya Defence Forces the Centers culture and the overall and the British army who have a
4 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 The Nexus Between Maritime and Human Security on Development
Maritime security writing board 9 - 13 October 2017
The dynamics that surround maritime These Strategies as well as the economically under-developed. security are diverse and broad in need for integration tend to This has increased insecurity in those nature. In the past decade, the enhance dynamism, coordination regions in terms of robbery, diseases concept of Maritime security has and cooperation among the and productivity. started to be included in international stakeholders. Integration is the With the threats being more diverse security debates. The term Maritime process of accomplishing close and dynamic, this paper will give Security has no particular definition, relation and unified coordination an array of current and emerging some scholars have described and between several departments, threats to Maritime security from discussed Maritime security in terms of ministries, nation states and systems. maritime piracy, armed robbery frameworks that relate to other security The 2050 AIMS strategy view maritime at sea, maritime pollution, Oil and concepts; the securitization of threats threats and vulnerability as aspects Gas exploration, maritime disasters, that surround it as well as the security that hinder the human security of drug and human trafficking terrorism practice theory where every security the people. In its seven missions, the among others. These threats have actors has a role to play in enhancing AU insists on the promotion of good gone beyond national security Maritime security according to their governance and respect to the rule and have greatly contributed to own capacity (Burger 2015). of law and above all upholding the human and global insecurity. Human principles of human security. security here can be defined as the It is until recently that the African redefined way of security that no Union and the European Union This can only be achieved if nation longer entails purely military terms launched their Maritime Security states focus on the quality of life of of regime and border protection; Strategies (Africa Integrated Maritime its people through socio-economic rather, it encompass other aspects Strategy aims 2050 and the European empowerment and an integrated, of economic development, social Union Maritime Security Strategy). all comprehensive approach to deal justice, environmental protection, The strategies advocates for an all with security threats. Findings have democratization, disarmament, and comprehensive and cross-sectoral shown that communities that live respect for human rights and the rule approach to maritime security threats. near large water bodies have high of law (Koffi Annan, 2005). levels of poverty hence are socio-
VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 5 On the other hand, global security build on social stability of the use of heavy pollutants on land has refers to the peaceful inter-relations people. The forum also championed contributed greatly to the destruction of all nations in order to achieve an for the strengthening of institutions of hatcheries along the Lake Victoria equivalent development of individuals that enhance good governance basin and the persistent growth of to societal well-being and quality of as a way of promoting democracy, water hyacinth. This has affected life. It also entails the actions taken respect to human rights and the key productivity of the lake by suffocating by nations to guarantee a shared doctrines of development. the fish, blocking boat access and sustainability, safety. increased health concerns. The concept of blue economy The Tokyo International Conference featured prominently under pillar 3 Conclusion of Africa’s Development (TICAD of (TICAD VI) and recognises that V1) that was held in Nairobi (Aug oceans and inland waters have The clear nexus between human 2016); advocated for Maritime a major role to play in human and maritime security cannot be Security and Development of Blue development and future progress. over emphasized. Security threats economy for Eastern Africa under The sustainable use of those resources affect human development which Pillar 3 (Promoting social stability for will help empower and strengthen in turn affects national security. shared prosperity): The conference economic empowerment of the In order for states to appreciate fortified the importance of upholding people. In order for this vision to be security in its broader sense, they regional and international synergies achieved there is need to promote must concentrate on the progress of that are related to maritime security technology, science and innovation its people, strengthen institutions that in accordance with the principles of that will help protect the marine will support the rule of law and respect international law. environment and encourage quality the principles of human rights. This will growth, create job opportunities automatically support the progress As part of their enablers to achieve and foster partnerships. In the recent and political economy of the nations. this pillar; TICAD VI advocated for the past, findings have shown that Monica Musyoni, empowerment of the youth, women humans have seriously impacted and persons with disabilities as a way human development in the region. Curriculum Designer, IPSTC. to contribute to structural economic For instance, the substandard use of transformation, industrialization and fishing materials and the continuous
Training Needs Assessment in Mombasa the Wildlife Service on 20 August 2017
6 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 Ceding Ground: The Forgotten Host in Refugee Crisis
Negatively, where there is a strain on food supplies and services as well as increasing effects of drought. This influx can have a positive effect where food aid supplements any shortage of food, and where there is cheap labour and refugee trading.
The adverse effects from refugee settlement are not the major cause of suffering on the poor host communities. They might put a strain on the available resources available but the government is responsible for the root cause of inadequate socio- economic facilities. This is because the South Sudanese Refugees queuing for food rations (UNHCR) government is responsible for availing these resources adequately to the The host population in a refugee from the cheap labour. population. This then makes it easier for hosting country especially the poorer Services for both refugees and hosts the agencies responsible for refugee and most vulnerable ones bear heavy are visible and seen as avenues settlement to offer supplementary responsibility in regards to the adverse for integration. This is because the services like funding of additional impact of refugee settlement. facilities are shared and donor healthcare and educational facilities. According to previous reviews, funding is availed to supplement any the impact is viewed only from the shortages of the facilities. However, Therefore, the notion that the people national economy and services rather the influx of refugees can put a are overlooked at the expense of than the people who make up the strain on these services especially in the government and the economy host population. Whereas refugees the health and education sectors. is absurd as the government is in have been grouped according to the Competition for Common Property charge of availing service delivery to integrated and those in camps, the Resources (CPR) can affect the rural the population. However, since the host population among them is seen host communities as a new refugee United Nations High Commissioner for as one entity summarized as ‘host population without adequate Refugees (UNHCR) has the mandate communities’. land is forced to use the available to provide for the refugees basic resources at hand. This is because requirements more emphasis should Some of the effects of refugees is the rural communities rely on the be put on ensuring that this agency that they are likely to deplete local CPR as they tend to be immobile and other Non-Governmental food supplies and drive food prices and the resources are a significant Organizations help the host country upwards due to their influx. part of their livelihood. This localized shoulder the bigger burden of pressure can be seen when the providing other essential services. This benefits the surplus farmers who refugees are settled in camps. There have stored food to sell but affects is more visible and rise in conflict This is because the government feels the subsistence farmers and landless for CPR than in competition for the strain when dealing with allocation laborers who may be forced to buy wages or work due to the fact that of resources to the refugee camps or food. When it comes to land, labour exploitation of these resources is areas where amenities like schools and wages, the primary interest of the tangible and visible and hurts both and healthcare facilities can no local people in being accommodative divides. Economic development longer cater for a bloated population. to refugees is the refugees labour as it is can be affected by an influx of readily available. However, the poorer refugees both negatively and hosts are denied a source of livelihood positively. due to low wages and competition
VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 7 In addition, scattered refugees can Competition for available socio- livelihood of community hosts, their be a great cause of concern for the economic resources between the culture, economy and sovereignty. If well being of host communities as refugees and their host communities at all, the camps should be a step to due to the grueling effects of travel as could be a source for conflict. This is assimilation of the refugees into these they escape conflict, some contract due to the invasion of the refugees’ countries subject to Refugee Status communicable diseases which could dire need for livelihood into the host Determination. spread to their hosts. community livelihood. The tension between these two divides could Furthermore, children who do not get lead to more conflict thus placing immunized may be a great threat the refugees between a rock and to infants and young children within a hard place. Therefore, refugee the host communities. This can be camps should not be places of catastrophic especially for scattered permanent residency but transitory refugees who live among the host foundations where they should Watson Karuma, PSRD. communities. not be a source of threat to the
Refugees in Kenya: Burden, Threat or Asset?
It is from the 1990s that Kenya begun to witness a significant refugee inflow into its own territory from neighboring countries, mainly Somalia, South Sudan and Ethiopia. For more than two decades Kenya has gradually become home for vulnerable people fleeing conflicts while providing them with a secure living environment. So a hotly debated question comes to the fore: Are refugees here a burden, a threat or an asset?
First of all, in more general terms, the overall global view with regard to refugees cannot be overlooked. Refugee studies - as a discipline has maintained a political colour since its inception. It can be perceived mainly as an issue related to border/national Refugees singing happily and finding strength from security for host countries, just as it can music and food in Kabiria village, Nairobi be emphasized as an obligation of the well as moral and/or legal obligation fall into separate categories requiring international community to protect for the receiving countries. However, different treatment), but nonetheless people forcefully fleeing conflict zones. the overwhelming legal perspective many empirical data in literature do Despite recent efforts in employing might sometimes blind our eyes and demonstrate that such demarcation is a multi-disciplinary approach to this cover our ears, thus preventing us imaginary in politics and thus doomed issue, it is unfortunate that public from listening and observing the real to be futile. opinion often perceive and label experiences of refugees themselves, refugees as being either dangerous, their tears and sufferings. Persecution Every one of us is different. It is quite weak or incapable of looking after cannot be divorced from poverty. obvious and natural to see differences themselves. It is clear that refugees fall Indeed, it is necessary to differentiate among individuals in terms of age, into a framework that encompasses “refugees” from “economic sex, ethnicity, religious belief as well as international law, international migrants” (as-a-matter-of-fact they working and educational experiences. responsibility in humanitarian crisis, as
8 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 This diversification should become every Saturday for about four thus contributing substantially to the applicable to refugees as well, so months at their community in the revenue every year. We are dealing as to avoid presenting them as a Kabiria village in Nairobi. I noted with human flows moving towards homogeneous whole. This unavoidably that refugee children cannot go decent and sustainable ways of life. holds true in Kenya’s incoming refugee to school in a systematic manner flows that reflect a combined outcome due to their parents’ financial And after all, is there so much of wars, persecution, extreme poverty, disadvantages. Most of their fathers difference between refugees and hunger and climate changes, that cannot find a proper job and relief “us”? You can identify yourself in their is, all critical factors interconnected from hunger is still a daily struggle stories! They are sons and daughters among themselves. No single factor for most. Nonetheless, their desire to who want to learn in the classrooms can stand on its own. engage in an income generating and dream high. They are husbands/ activity is consistent, just as it is the wives who struggle to find a job and Specifically, Kenya’s Northern case for the Somali refugees settled continue to be providers to their counties are hosting a substantial down in camps and for many other family members. Refugees are portion of refugee population from refugees elsewhere in the world. groups of people who best practice Somalia. This presence can have human agency when facing strict strong implications to Kenya’s national One refugee woman from DR Congo structural constraints. They deserve no security as the government is actively explaining how she succeeded social stigma, but a fresh eye and a involved in combating terrorism in producing many handmade comprehensive understanding from fueled by extremist groups such as products: every one of us! Al-Shabaab (connected with ISIS). In “They are not normal Yajun HU, Intern – PSRD. Dadaab there does not exist so many products. They show the economic activities, reflecting lack of strength of women in difficult prosperity and hope. Resettlement of situations. They also represent Somali refugees to a third country also hope for the whole family.” appears to be lengthy. Their extreme vulnerability can be risky since the Refugees’ needs are endless as they ideal recruitment base for terrorist face one problem after another. groups such as Al-Shabaab is indeed Externally, they need to deal with among the vulnerable ones. The more the public perception and often vulnerable and marginalized they face social stigma. At the same are, the higher will be their chances time, they try hard to fulfill their social to be recruited and manipulated by role struggling to provide the best those terrorists who constitute the real to their children and to increase threat to national security. The Somali their livelihood. In conclusion, and refugee population, as such, cannot also on the basis of my personal be criminalized and perceived as a observation in the Kabiria village, threat to security: they can indeed let me emphasize the sociological be involved in what can be regarded approach in refugee studies. I as “refugee economy,” thus being believe that both policymakers and allowed to contribute to the hosting the public in general should focus country’s prosperity. more on the refugees’ motives that prompt them to flee their own In another case, refugees from the country, on their displacement Democratic Republic of Congo in either as individuals or as a family, Kenya mainly live in urban settings on their chosen routes as well as on and the general public does not really their day and night struggle in the relate them to threats. But they can still countries where they seek asylum. be vulnerable in a different way, since they live in cities without being recipient Of course, we are not dealing with of assistance from any international/ international tourists travelling for national organization. I was involved pleasure to wonderful beaches, in assisting these Congolese refugees national parks and mountain resorts,
VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 9 Key Visits and Events at IPSTC
During the third quarter of 2017, the International Peace Support Training Centre welcomed key personalities across the globe to various events. This included various delegations from other institutions, partners and other dignitaries.
Farewell party for the IPSTC out-going Chief of Staff Lt Col Paul Gilby (Shoove) on 14/8/2017 A section of schools that visited the IPSTC Stand during the 2017 Nairobi International Trade Fair
The Director IPSTC (Centre) posing for a group photo with participants from the Maritime Security Learning and Sharing Workshop on 30 Nov 2017
Commander Masaki Nakagome, The new Defence Attache, Japan gets a tour of the IPSTC Stand from Lt Farewell party for the outgoing Japanese Defence Col R. Kiptoo, Head of Applied Research, during the Attaché Commander Tomohiro Tomimatsu at IPSTC 2017 Nairobi International Trade Fair on 05 July 2017
10 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 Disaster Communication and Early Warning in Countering Violent Extremism
identifies violent extremism as primarily social and political, not merely security, phenomena. The Strategic End State of this strategy is to rally all sectors of Kenyan social, religious, and economic life to emphatically and continuously reject violent extremist ideologies and aims in order to shrink the pool of individuals whom terrorist groups can radicalize and recruit. The UNDP’s Regional Strategy on Preventing Violent Extremism which seeks to support countries to prevent and respond to violent extremism using a development approach, has one A group photo for the Disaster Communication and Early Warning course participants of the key outcomes of the strategy at the IPSTC Humanitarian Peace Support School as to ensure that national institutions (including government, police and Increasingly, it is recognized that of local communities. We begin justice systems and communities) are disasters are linked. The impacts of with the premise that well-informed capacitated to be able to prevent many types of violent extremism do not and equipped law enforcement, and address violent extremism. The happen in isolation, but recognition families, communities, and local UNDP Strategy again is anchored of such cause and effect on a global institutions represent the best on Pillar 6 of the National Strategy and regional scale is leading to the defense against violent extremism to Counter Violent Extremism, which creation of early warning systems and preventing violent attacks. focuses on ensuring that all institutions, that can accommodate multiple political and religious leaders, and hazards and cross-boundary impacts. Training for Countering Violent all actors who are mandated to At the same time, governments are Extremism; development, undertake CVE possess the right skills becoming aware that a paradigm implementation, and/or expansion and knowledge for the task. shift from crisis management to risk of programs to engage communities that may be targeted by violent management is necessary if the Maj Luke Nandasava finite resources available are spent extremist and radicalization cannot Pre-Deployment Instructor, in the most efficient way to assist be over emphasized. The advent HPSS. the populations at risk to prevent or of violent extremism has seen the mitigate disasters. whole globe having concerted efforts among various partnerships Early warning systems have limitations in coming up with strategies some in terms of saving lives if they are not of which have the specific aim of combined with people-centered countering violent extremism (CVE). networks. To be effective, early warning systems must be understandable, The development and trusted by and relevant to the implementation of projects to communities that they serve. Warnings partner with local communities will have little value unless they reach to prevent violent extremism in the people most at risk and who need accordance with the Strategic to be trained to respond appropriately Implementation Plan has also to an approaching hazard. The Empowered Local Partners to approach to Countering Violent Prevent Violent Extremism. The Extremism emphasizes the strength Kenya National Strategy on CVE
VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 11 Training on Protection of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
When it comes to safety and security in an international border, refugees’ protection in a PSO locale is different a peace support environment, current protection lies with the international from a non-PSO environment as the debate states that it is important to community. Thus, their standards of former is more complex, arduous and ensure ultimate protection of both treatment is based on a different set challenging. civilians and those who provide of guiding principles. protection. You might have heard The IPSTC developed regional and the question “who protects the It is currently estimated that millions Kenya-specific courses on protection protector?” This enquiry is informed of civilians globally have forcefully of refugees and IDPs through a writing by the need to protect personnel been displaced due to armed board held from 2-6 October 2017. who are risking their lives to protect conflicts among other factors. The courses aim to enhance civilians in a setting of conflict, distress Global statistics highlight the Eastern participants’ knowledge and skills on and turmoil. These protectors include Africa region as a major source refugee and IDP protection in order peace keeping personnel and others and host for refugees and IDPs. to enable them intervene effectively. attached to agencies working in Specifically, Kenya hosts over a The target audience includes men Peace Support Operations (PSO). million refugees due to its proximity and women from military, police With full acknowledgement that to conflict-prone countries of and civilian institutions, undertaking protectors need protection, and very Somalia and South Sudan among refugee/IDP protection tasks at the much so, the central thesis of this others. It is said to host the second strategic, operational and tactical article is the protection of displaced largest refugee population in levels. They could be drawn from the populations; particularly refugees Africa after Ethiopia. Additionally, United Nations and African Union and IDPs. Both these groups require Kenya is home to IDPs who have PSOs, regional bodies, governments, specific assistance and protection fled their habitual residence due to non-governmental organizations, owing to their displacement status. conflict, drought, reforestation, or community based organizations, However, although some of their developed-induced displacement faith based organizations and other protection needs may be similar, among others. humanitarian agencies. others are significantly different. As To ensure achievement of course aim, highlighted below, the definition of Refugees and IDPs in Kenya and the the curriculums for the two courses have refugee and IDP somehow explains region, are faced with serious and been organized according to learning the variance in their needs and inimitable socio-economic, political outcomes and modules. Both courses protection strategies. and legal challenges. In addition, have 6 learning outcomes covering there is documented evidence of a key thematic areas in protection of A refugee is someone who has been need to equip protection personnel forced to flee his/her country because with the right knowledge and skills of persecution, war, or violence. He/ to effectively address protection she has a justifiable fear of persecution concerns of refugees and IDPs. for reasons of race, religion, nationality, Having recognized this need, IPSTC political opinion or membership in a with support from the Government particular social group. of Japan rightly decided to develop and deliver training on protection Whereas an IDP is someone who is of refugees and IDPs in the region forced to flee his/her home - often for (Eastern Africa) and particularly the very same reasons as a refugee in Kenya. The regional (generic) - but remains within his/her own training will focus on refugee and IDP country. To this end, given that IDPs protection concerns in a PSO setting do not cross an international border, such as Somalia and South Sudan their protection lies primarily with while the Kenya-specific course will their government. In fact, IDPs are address their protection needs in a Maj Luke Nandasava entitled to the same rights as ordinary non-PSO context. This split is based citizen. However, having crossed on the fact that refugee and IDP
12 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 refugees and IDPs. There are 27 and 26 outcomes and taught separately into the course content. This is mainly modules for the regional and Kenyan- during training. This was thought as critical following IPSTC’s decision in specific course respectively, delivered an alternate way to avoid confusion 2015 to officially adopt gendered in 10 days of instruction. The learning among the trainees. approaches in all its courses. Moreover, plans have been designed in such a this endeavour will contribute towards way that background information on The learning methodology for the support of gender mainstreaming protection will be covered in the first the courses has been designed efforts as articulated in various global, few days of instruction to promote a to include both theoretical and regional and national policy and common understanding among the practical sessions. The former will be legal instruments on protection of participants. The remaining days will delivered in a lecture format and in civilians. Also, the respective training be dedicated to applied lessons and a limited fashion. While the latter will school is encouraged to deliberately exercises. include participatory approaches ensure gender balance in selection of such as syndicate based exercises, course participants. The overall goal Based on reviews from past courses, use of scenarios, case studies, of gender integration in training is to the writing board agreed that experiential sharing, role plays, ensure that participants are given there was need to separate certain demonstrations, question and a holistic learning experience with protection aspects of refugees and answers, and plenary discussions to practical gender insights for effectual IDPs. For example, given that refugees draw participants own experiences. refugee and IDP protection. and IDPs have different historical and Lastly, gender perspectives in legal concerns, it was decided that Margaret Cheptile protection of refugees and IDPs have their historical and legal frameworks Curriculum Designer, IPSTC. been considered and incorporated will be handled as distinct learning
A writing board for Protection of Refugees and IDPs at IPSTC held from 2 to 6 October 2017,
VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 13 Deploying the Best: Enhancing Effectiveness of Africa Union and United Nations Peacekeepers
Among the many elements that determine the success or failure of African Union (AU) and United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations, the effectiveness of individual peace keepers plays a prominent, though often underestimated role. But “effectiveness” is an elusive concept. It is the product of a number of factors, ranging from the will of peacekeepers to the quality and suitability of their equipment; from timely deployment to strategic planning; from logistics to financial support. Ongoing efforts to improve the effectiveness of AU/UN peacekeeping cover all these areas and more including training, as a means to ensure that peacekeepers are adequately prepared to accomplish their tasks. The importance A course coordinator takes Pre-Deployment Training participants through of training was also emphasized by the a practical mine awareness demo Brahimi Report (2000), which placed case in modern multidimensional in the forthcoming troop rotation. its role in peacekeeping effectiveness operations, where a number of on a par with other crucial elements, different and sophisticated skills are Every day, military personnel in such as political support and rapid required. One of the early pioneers of peacekeeping missions are on patrol, deployment. peacekeeping, former UN secretary- providing vital security and stability in field missions. They work alongside Training peacekeepers for service general Dag Hammarskjöld, was Police and civilian colleagues to with the AU/UN is not the exclusive keenly aware of the problem when protect personnel and property; responsibility of the AU Peace he stated that “peacekeeping is not maintain close cooperation with and Security Council or the UN a job for soldiers but only soldiers other military entities in the mission Secretariat. Member states also can do it.” The implication is that area; and work to promote stability have a crucial role to play. The role a typical soldier or police officer is and security. They also work with of training in the success or failure of not naturally a good peacekeeper, the local community and the local peacekeeping operations is generally unless he or she acquires critical military personnel to bring about understated. It is often taken for knowledge and skills that only greater mutual understanding and granted or considered less relevant specific peacekeeping training can work together towards a lasting to the outcome of an operation. provide. It is for the aforementioned peace. The UN has been deploying Historical experience has shown reasons that the International Peace military personnel for service in peace that underprepared peacekeepers Support Training Centre (IPSTC) operations since 1948 when the Security cost lives and endanger missions. In jointly with the Kenya Defence Council authorized the deployment practice, special training is needed Forces (KDF) ran a Pre-Deployment of UN military observers under UN because peacekeeping involves Training for the military officers due Truce Supervision Organisation more than the basic military tasks for deployment to the Africa Union (UNTSO) to the Middle East to monitor for which soldiers are - or should be - Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). The the Armistice Agreement between already trained. If soldiers might have officers comprised the Command Israel and its Arab neighbours. AU managed in early UN observation Group elements of Kenyan Brigade on the other hand started deploying missions, tasked with straightforward Number 7 (AMISOM VII) due for military personnel for service in peace and limited mandates, this is not the deployment to AMISOM in Somalia
14 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 operations fairly recently. aim of the training was to equip and The Predeployment training officially prepare Brigade Command Group came to a close on 15th September, Modern peacekeeping operations officers to take up command of 2017 and the closing ceremony was are often very complex. Both current peacekeepers in a multi-dimensional once again graced by Major General AU and UN peacekeeping missions, peacekeeping environment. The Biwott. In his closing remarks, Major especially those mandated to training was tailored to prepare General Biwott advised the officers address multidimensional challenges officers for deployment specifically to remain focused once deployed, in a deteriorating or fragile security to AMISOM. The course comprised of commit themselves to duty and to environment, present complicated sixty eight (68) participants in phase exemplify professionalism in handling and often dangerous working one and fifty (50) in phase two all of the challenges that are pertinent to environments for peacekeeper’s whom were drawn from the Kenya AMISOM operational environment. thus placing high demands on the Defence Forces. The officers were personnel deployed. from the ranks of second lieutenant He expressed his confidence and to Brigadier with the three services faith in their capabilities and wished High levels of training are therefore Army, Airforce and the Navy them well in their tour of duty. He required before deployment, and represented. also reminded them to be good both the AU and UN works closely with ambassadors of the Kenyan nation Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs) The training was done through a and its people. and Regional Centres of Excellence combination of theory and scenario- to provide the best help and advice based exercises. The theory training Indeed, as former UN secretary- possible. was undertaken in a Classroom general Dag Hammarskjöld said, environment whereas the Scenario- peacekeeping is not a job for soldiers As the Eastern Africa Regional Centre based exercises were conducted in but only soldiers can do it. And their of Excellence, IPSTC continually strives syndicate rooms. As a professional effectiveness is as good as their to provide future peacekeepers with and personal requirement for training. IPSTC is proud to have trained the necessary skills and knowledge successful work in any peacekeeping the AMISOM VII Command Group as to enable them to effectively operation, instruction was based this contributes to the both the AU’s perform their roles in Peace Support on UN requirements of the Core and UN’s desire to deploy the best in Operations. As an institution, it is Pre-Deployment Training Material all peacekeeping missions worldwide. dedicated to enhancing operational (CPTM). However, the training capacity for peacekeeping through was tailored to specifically give training, education and research emphasis to the current situation for the benefit of military, police and in the republic of Somalia so as to civilian personnel in all aspects of prepare the participants specifically peace operations. for AMISOM. The UNSOS sponsored The centre’s programmes work training drew facilitators from towards improving the effectiveness of experienced UNSOS staff who shared the international response to complex their knowledge and experience emergencies. IPSTC was therefore without reservations. In his keynote honoured to offer pre-deployment opening address, The General training to AMISOM VII Command Officer Commanding Eastern Group elements as this is a step Command (GOC EASTCOM) Major towards that end. The Pre-deployment General Biwott congratulated the Maj D Sitin training was conducted at the participants for being selected as the Command Group for AMISOM Humanitarian Peace Support School AMISOM VII PDT Course (HPSS) Embakasi, Nairobi, Kenya in two VII. He encouraged them to engage Coordinator, HPSS. phases. Phase one of the training was one another in discussions and conducted from 28th August to 8th debates and in the process add September, 2017 and was sponsored value to their knowledge of peace by KDF. Phase two was conducted support operations. He advised from 11th to 15th September, 2017 them to tap from the wealth of and was sponsored by United Nations experience of their facilitators and Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS). The instructors.
VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2 | 01 April - 30 JUNE 2017 15 Hostile Environment Awareness Training (HEAT)
Participants of HEAT course during fieldexercise Participants of HEAT course during a simulation scenario on on 9 November 17 at HPSS hostage taking field exercise on 9 November 17 at HPSS HEAT is an intensive 40 hour course Kenya from 28 Aug – 1 Sept, 2017. different countries. All participants usually delivered within a five-day This training was sponsored by after a successful completion of the period that aims at training professionals CARE/RSM and is one of the many training were awarded certificates. to deal effectively with risk-associated similar courses that are held at HPSS The training involved both theoretical and emergency situations while across the year. CARE/RSM is an and field exercises. deployed in hostile environment international disaster relief NGO abroad. The training is expected to which trains aid workers and provides The facilitators used various improve participants’ understanding skilled professionals to humanitarian methodologies to deliver the course of the minimum behavioral field programmes worldwide, helping to content; participants were grouped requirement when working as a save and rebuild the lives of people in syndicates for presentation and team member of an international affected by natural and man- made practical exercise. field operation irrespective of their disasters. In conclusion hostile environment national or professional background. awareness training is essential to This program is designed specifically The two primary course objectives coping with internal and external for those whose work takes them to are; to improve participants’ security threats that an international challenging, remote or hostile regions, knowledge of multiple threats mission can likely face on the ground where getting the job done can be a present in hostile field environment and is conducive to, enhancing risky business. Kidnap, assault or natural and of ways and means of dealing the resilience of personnel when disaster are very real dangers and with them in an effective manner, working in hazardous environments, medical facilities can be few and far and to rehearse and practice safety increasing the understanding of between. This course equips learners and security procedures according proactive security and of basic field to assess, recognize and avoid risks to specific threats. While the specific measures to be taken before, during as far as possible. And, should the learning objectives are; to be able and after a mission in a conflict zone worst happen, they’ll be ready to to avoid certain dangerous and and providing personnel with the respond, maximizing the opportunity potentially dangerous situations, to basic tools and techniques needed to of a positive outcome. Designed know how to manage situations and avoid potentially dangerous situations to be enjoyable and exciting and stress once caught in dangerous or to cope adequately with actual therefore memorable, the course circumstances, to be able to endangering situations in the field. combines practical challenges with orientate oneself and communicate highly relevant theory, delivered by with others in hostile environment practitioner trainers with a wealth of and to be able to adequately use field experience. Participants leave available means of transportation, feeling energized and empowered, to be able to act as a team member ready to operate outside their normal in hostile, dangerous and stressful comfort zones. situations.
The above training was conducted The HEAT course had a total of 26 participants who reported for at the Humanitarian Peace Support WO1 M N Osew the training and were drawn from School (HPSS), Embakasi – Nairobi, Librarian, IPSTC.
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ONE on ONE With Lisa Hu
WO 1 Michael Osew Interview with Yajun Lisa Hu on 18 December 2017
Q. Good afternoon Lisa. Thanks Support Training Centre in the graduation, I expressed to him my for finding time for this interview. month of April 2017 as an intern. interest to work in Africa and he then recommended me for this A. You’re welcome Michael. I Q. Was this your first time to visit internship position at IPSTC. have also been looking forward Kenya? to this to be able to express my Q. Where else have you worked gratitude to IPSTC. A. Yes, it is. I had never been to before joining IPTSC? Kenya before. In fact, it was also Q. I acknowledge that you are the my first time to be in the African A. I worked in three different first International Intern we have continent. Maybe you can now Chinese cultural institutions in had at IPSTC. Which is your country feel the importance of IPSTC in Beijing dealing with promotion of origin? my heart, because everything of Great Wall of China and with I know about Kenya and Africa public Diplomacy. In the year A. I am Chinese, though I lived and is through IPSTC. IPSTC is my first 2009. studied in different cities of the home in Kenya. world, such as Cairo, Damascus Q. Which is you training or and Rome. I normally absorb good Q. How did you get know about professional background? things from each city and from IPSTC? interaction with local people. So, A. I studied English literature for I always find it difficult to describe A. I undertook my master’s my bachelor degree at Peking where I come from. Nowadays, degree at Sophia University University. I worked in three different lots of people say that I am Kenyan in Tokyo Japan where I met institutions to promote the great Professor Higashi. This don had walk China and promote people and I do feel somehow Kenya too. been invited many times to to people communication. Q. When did you join IPSTC? IPSTC to deliver lectures on United Nations Peacekeeping I also studied Arabic in Damascus A. I joined the International Peace Mission in South Sudan. After my before going to Syria. As the war
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gradually changed the Syrians’ as a team to be the best. Am and colleagues about office destiny, it also shaped my own happy my group became the matters. Since in I lived inside the identity. This is the reason why winners of that day. compound, I enjoyed talking to I decided to go back to the the ladies who do room cleanings university to pursue my master’s Q. Having been in other places in because they were like my sisters degree in Forced Migration and the world and many institutions, in my neighborhood with whom Refugee Studies. what do you find unique and I shared personal feelings and outstanding about IPSTC? emotions. Q. While at the research department, what are some of the A. Every institution has its strengths At this moment of my departure, duties you undertook? and weaknesses. It is just up to I just feel sorry that I still do not every individual to adapt herself/ know how to dance despite all the A. I first worked in the curriculum himself to the new environment efforts made by colleagues and design section where, together and make it as comfortable as friends at IPSTC to teach me how with a Kenya intern, I developed possible. For example, when I to dance. a research paper concerning just arrived, I was always getting auditing the refugee policy woken up early in the morning Q. Talk about your worst moment frameworks in Kenya, Uganda by the noise made by someone in IPSTC? and Tanzania. I also took part in weeding flowers around my the developing and updating of room. Gradually my mind got A. Ah….. I can’t forget the anxiety learning plans for Protection of used to it. That noise became during the two election weeks. Civilian demonstrations, review a sound which expressed Those were very silent moments of Protection of Refugee and the hardworking spirit of that staying indoors waiting to see IDP course as well as Integrated gardener. It then became my how things will unfold given the Maritime course alarm every morning to wake high political temperatures that up. were there and fear of violence Q. How would you describe your erupting. experience at IPSTC? Helpful, That is indeed the uniqueness interesting? of IPSTC. From the Director to There were also moments that I military officers, from finance felt a strong sense of solidarity. A. I learnt a lot. In particular, officers down to people taking Since probably other than myself, I deepened my knowledge care of grass and flowers, the duty officers and the guards about refugee issues from a legal everyone is working hard in their on duty were the only people perspective. I also appreciated own positions. The institutions remaining in the camp. The duty working in an integrated set up officers sometimes could check on endeavors to ensure smooth inclusive of military officers and running of all courses and more me. This gave me a feeling of care civilians. The military officers at importantly all efforts to create and concern from the officers. IPSTC are highly disciplined and a comfortable home where the on certain occasions, I cooked dedicated in their service. participants can fully enjoy and Chinese food for the duty officers concentrate on the learning. and our guards. It is such a pity Q. What was the most memorable that I can’t even remember their thing that you encountered at Q. How has your relationship names. The warmth given in most IPSTC? been with staff at the research difficult moments will be forever A. I loved the team building event department where you were remembered in my heart. based and the entire IPSTC? held in December since it was my Q. Is there anything you would like to say about IPSTC? first time to participate in such. The A. Undoubtedly, I had more activities were very enjoyable and interaction with all staff in the A. IPSTC is an ideal institution indeed bonding as the groups research building. I enjoyed for anyone who would like to cooperated and worked hard discussing with my bosses
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advance his or her thinking and knowledge related to peace and security. Ipstc is advanced in many aspects; from the cutting edge, professional delivery for military, police and civilian personnel, to its vibrant gender policy and rich networking with other like-minded organisations in the region. I feel proud having been a member of IPSTC.
Q. It was a great pleasure having you at IPSTC as the first international intern. If given chance, would you come back to IPSTC?
A. Am greatly happy to have been part of IPSTC for about eight months and wouldn’t hesitate to come back if given another chance. The experience I have gained at IPSTC is enormous. This has been my greatest adventure and eye opener in many ways. I am glad I got the opportunity to come to this institution. Thank you so much for this interview.
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PEACE & CONFLICT STUDIES SCHOOL
S/No EVENT DESCRIPTION TARGET AUDIENCE
1 Protection of Civilians (POC) 12 days course funded by Multi-dimensional Staff to be deployed to mission. 03 -14 July 2017 Denmark
2 Sexual and Gender Based Violence Train 12 days course funded by The Trainers Denmark trainers. 10 -21 July 2017
3 Intergrated Mission Support(IMS) 12 days course funded by 17 – 28 July 2017 EASF 4 Civilian Foundation (CF) 6 days course funded by 24 -29 July 2017 EASF 5 Child Protection (CP) 12 days course funded by Selected individuals who are serving or will be serving in senior 14-25 August 2017 UK/BPST and middle level positions within PSO. They include military, police and civilian.
6 Rule of Law (RoL) 12 days course funded by Multi-dimensional Staff to be deployed to mission. 21 August - 01 September 2017 UK/BPST
7 05 days course funded by 28 August -01 September 2017 UK/BPST headquarters within EASF or AU/UN Missions.
8 AMISOM CIMIC Mission Planning 05 days course funded by 04 - 08 September 2017 Denmark in AU/UN Missions.
9 Regional Law Enforcement (RLE) 5 days course funded by 11 – 15 September 2017 EU 10 Security Sector Reforms (SSR) 12 days course funded by Selected individuals who are middle level practitioners 18- 29 September 2017 Switzerland working with International,Regional and Sub-Regional organizations,member states, ministerial directors and PSO in general.
11 CIMIC 12 days course funded by 18 – 29 September 2017 UK/BPST
HUMANITARIAN PEACE SUPPORT SCHOOL
AMISOM Pre Deployment Course 15 days course funded by 7 01-15 September 2017 KMOD
Personnel Safety and Security in the Field 5 days course funded by 8 (PSSIF) RED R UK. REDR(UK) 18-22 September 2017
Hostile Environment Assistance Training 5 days course funded by 9 (HEAT) Staff working in various parts of the world. NRC 24- 29 September 2017
PEACE AND SECURITY RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
Field Research 10 Funded by UNDP/JAPAN IPSTC Staff. June -October 2017
IPSTC Staff Induction Course 3 days course funded by 11 IPSTC newly posted Staff 29-31 August 2017 IPSTC
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