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The Spatial Politics of Red Clydeside: Historical Labour Geographies and Radical Connections

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The Spatial Politics of Red Clydeside: Historical Labour Geographies and Radical Connections Griffin, Paul (2015) The spatial politics of Red Clydeside: historical labour geographies and radical connections. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6583/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The Spatial Politics of Red Clydeside: Historical Labour Geographies and Radical Connections Paul Griffin Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Geographical and Earth Sciences College of Science and Engineering University of Glasgow July 2015 Abstract Red Clydeside was a period of increasing industrial, political and social unrest during the early twentieth century. This research draws upon an innovative combination of theoretical work from labour geography, labour history, historical geography and spatial politics to illuminate factors previously understated within this established labour history. In particular, the thesis builds upon contributions from labour geographers alongside E.P. Thompson and the broader ‘history from below’ tradition. These contributions facilitate a nuanced understanding of labour agency and experiences, which can be developed through the histories of Red Clydeside. By assembling materials from a variety of archives the thesis interrogates the making of connections by Clydeside’s workers. These connections advance an understanding of the contrasting modalities of labour internationalisms, which juxtapose the building of translocal solidarities with racialised geographies of exclusion. This emphasis on internationalism is complimented by an account of Clydeside’s working class presence that is inclusive of different political positions within the region. These perspectives consist of intersecting aspects of working class movements, including parliamentary left activism, anarchism and the suffrage movement. To develop an understanding of these diverse perspectives the thesis engages with multiple case studies. These include key labour strikes, such as the 1911 Singer strike and 1919 Forty Hours Movement, political individuals, such as Guy Aldred, Helen Crawfurd and James Maxton and longer organising processes of the labour movement. The thesis argues that these examples contributed towards an overall working class presence, which was characterised by diverse and dynamic labour practices. These histories relate closely to more recent debates regarding labour, particularly within labour geography. Overall, the thesis pushes labour geography in new directions by stressing the capabilities of working class agency to actively shape spaces and places, and builds upon this field by reasserting the importance of labour histories and a broader conceptualisation of labour experiences. i Contents List of Figures and iii Tables Acknowledgments iv Author’s Declaration vi Abbreviations/Acronyms vii Chapter 1 Labour Geographies and Usable Pasts: 1 Revisiting Red Clydeside Chapter 2 Spatial Politics, Labour Geography and 20 History from Below Chapter 3 Archives and Usable Pasts: Providing 55 and Working with Glasgow’s Radical History Chapter 4 Clydeside’s Labour Geographies and 83 Differentiated Forms of Agency Chapter 5 The 1919 Forty Hours Movement: Labour Struggles, Internationalisms and 122 the Formation of Demands Chapter 6 Clydeside’s Working Class Presence: Political Identities and International 158 Connections Chapter 7 Conclusion 198 Reference List 209 ii List of Figures and Tables: Table 1.1 Structure of Employment (per cent) in Glasgow, 1851-1901 Figure 1.2 Central Glasgow 1910s Map (OS County Series) Figure 1.3 Clydeside 1921-1930 Map (OS 1 inch) Table 3.1 Research Archives Figure 3.2 SOR Domestic Archive Figure 4.1 Growth in Scottish Trade Unionism Figure 4.2 Representative Delegates attending STUC Figure 5.1 Glasgow Strike Bulletin (Glasgow Caledonian University Archives, The Gallacher Memorial Library Collection) Figure 5.2 British Seafarer 1918 (Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick) Figure 6.1 Platform Speakers 1910s (Glasgow City Archives) Figure 6.2 The Parliamentarian/Anti Parliamentarian adapted from The Commune, March 1924 Figure 6.3 Maxton the Firebrand Socialist, ca. 1925 (Glasgow City Archives) Figure 6.4 Workers International Relief providing support for the striking miners at Lochore in Fife, 1926. (Glasgow Caledonian University Archives, The Gallacher Memorial Library Collection) Additional images: Guy Aldred, James Maxton and Helen Crawfurd biography photographs (see Chapter 6) are all available from Glasgow Digital Library (http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/redclyde/). iii Acknowledgements PhD research is often described as an isolating pursuit. My experience has been entirely the opposite. I’ve met some remarkable people over the last three and a half years and also leant on many I’ve known long before. Here, I hope to thank some of you for your support Firstly, I must thank my supervisors, David Featherstone and Andrew Cumbers. There’s numerous ways in which you’ve helped me and your constructive feedback has been helpful throughout, but here, I thought it was particularly important that I mention two other strengths. Firstly, thank you for guiding me towards pursuing a PhD in the first place. It was something I’d never considered previously but needless to say it’s been a fantastic experience. Secondly, I’d like to acknowledge your approachability throughout the process. I’ve felt your doors were always open and that has provided great comfort. Secondly, I would like to thank all the staff within the archives I’ve been fortunate enough to use. Again these largely defied previous perceptions of historical research by providing engaging, warm and friendly atmospheres to conduct my research. Particular thanks, though, is due for Carole McCallum and Audrey Canning from Glasgow Caledonian University for going above and beyond what is required from archivists. From the beginning of my research period, you have both provided useful guidance throughout. Also, the members of the Spirit of Revolt collection deserve recognition, as this group of activists provided a more recent source of great interest and support. Thirdly, I need to thank the School of Geographical and Earth Sciences at the University of Glasgow. The department has been an engaging and stimulating place to work. Teaching opportunities in particular have been a really rewarding experience and I’d like to thank all the teaching co-ordinators over the last few years for their guidance and feedback. Within the department, I’ve been lucky enough to make some particularly strong friendships who have been supportive, and perhaps more importantly distracting, throughout. James Fitton has been a great office mate over the last few years and alongside teaching me lots about coastal vulnerability has been a great gym buddy, gig goer and drinking pal. I hope this can all continue. Edward Cole and Haval Sadeq have also been great office mates. Laura-Jane Nolan has been incredibly supportive throughout. She has continually kept me on my toes with (occasionally farfetched) ideas for things to do (from away weekends to research proposals). Again I’m sure we’ll remain strong friends and I hope you never lose that enthusiasm! Neil Gray has also been a great support inside and iv outside of academia. In particular, my involvement with Glasgow Games Monitor was due to my friendship with Neil, and this has been extremely fulfilling, revealing possible future research avenues Everyone who has been part of reading groups (Marxist and Historical Geography) have again provided really useful conversations and insights to literature I may have otherwise ignored. Departmental Friday football has also been extremely enjoyable and is something I will certainly miss – thanks to everyone involved. Beyond these University acknowledgements, there are too many people to satisfactorily thank. But, some deserve special mention. My parents, John and Karen, deserve a massive thank you. Without their support, I would have never been anywhere near completing a PhD. I know me and Joseph rarely say it, but you really are incredible parents who have provided every opportunity by supporting whatever we have pursued. You are both a constant inspiration to me. Wider family have also been supportive throughout, particularly Kevin and Liz who have provided accommodation when necessary and general support during my time in Glasgow. More than anything, it’s been great to know that you’re just along the road. All of the above, and many more unmentioned, have provided the ideal environment possible to write this PhD. It would seem I owe plenty of people a drink. v Author’s Declaration I declare that except where explicit reference is made to the contribution of others, that this thesis is the result of my own work and has not been submitted for any other degree at the University of Glasgow or any other institution. Paul Griffin vi Abbreviations/Acronyms Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE) Anti-parliamentary Communist Federation (APCF) British Seafarers’ Union (BSU) British
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