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The Early Days of Radio in , Ernst F.W. Alexanderson and SAQ, UNESCO World Heritage

Joakim Johansson RUAG Space Gothenburg, Sweden [email protected]

Abstract!The G rimeton radio station is a still operational pre-electronic era VLF system. C reated a UNESCO World Heritage in 2004, it also serves as a testimonial to the impressive productivity of the Swedish-American inventor E.F.W. Alexanderson.

Index Terms!radio history, VL F

I. THE EARLY DAYS OF RADIO IN SWEDEN Sweden was at the beginning of the 20th century transform- ing into an industrialized nation. Rich in natural resources such as iron ore and hydro-electric power, and having a working force of relatively high literacy, Swedish companies such as LM Ericsson, ASEA, SKF, Alfa Laval, etc. grew into multi- national giants. However, within the area of wireless Figure 1. Interior from the spark transmitter 1914 communications, the Swedish success story would still have to ( SAA). wait until the last decades of the century. At the time, the great powers of wireless were Great Britain and Germany. II. E.F.W. ALEXANDERSON Early on, the main stakeholder in wireless communications Every nation has its answer to the question of &who in- was the Royal (cf. e.g. [1]). The utility of wire- 8$5"$4% 9(4-0/. Scientist such as Braun, entrepreneurs such as less was obvious, and work began to equip the navy with the Marconi, and mavericks such as Tesla all made important needed equipment. Negotiations with Marconi were unsuccess- contributions. However, such complex technical systems would ful, and thus the main supplier would be Telefunken in Ger- not work without practical solutions to numerous detail prob- many. lems, and thus the inventorship is by nature collective. Major spark were commissioned in Karlsborg One of the less known pioneers of wireless technology is !"#$% &'()*+,% )(,-"(./% 01% 23$4$567% ("% "#$% 5(8(.% ,09"% 01% the Swedish-American engineer Ernst F.W. Alexanderson (cf. Karlskrona, and in the merchant port city of Gothenburg. e.g. [2] for an authoritative biography). Alexanderson was born Sweden had by tradition good contacts with Germany, and in Uppsala in 1878. After studies at the Royal Institute of it was common for Swedish engineering students to study in Technology in and year in Berlin, he emigrated to Germany. In the electrical engineering field, the Königliche the U.S.A. in 1901. After some shorter employments he ended Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg, Berlin was gener- up at General Electric. ally considered as the most prestigious university. Hence, the Alexanderson finally managed to get a position at the few Swedes that made an impression in the wireless field at prestigious testing department of GE in 1903. The testing that time, notably Ragnar Rendahl and , department was a must if aiming at higher positions in the had that alma mater in common. company:% ;$-5<% &"#$% '$="% <9(4+("$% )0+9=$% -5% $.$)"9-)(.% engineer-5<% -5% "#$% 309.4/7% -"% 3(=% )05sidered essential for &Americanizing/ European engineers.

978-88-907018-1-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE 3036 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

With help from his mentor C.P. Steinmetz, and with the III. THE GRIMETON RADIO STATION management attention his invention of the self-exciting dy- namo got, his career took off, and he finally became Chief A. Rationale and Location Engineer at GE and RCA. One of the first acts of war of The Great War in August 1914 was when a British cable ship severed the German tele- graph cables in the North Sea [4]. Later raids essentially left Germany isolated in terms of wire telecommunications. The German Empire had to rely on detours via neutral nations (e.g. *3)'49?)0$13'@2+&0#A2+*

3037 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

C. The Transmitting Station Design The schematic of the Grimeton transmitting station is shown below. The design is the standardized General Electric one, and the main parts are described below [8].

" Figure 5. The schematic of the General Electric alternator based design. Figure 3. The location of the receiving and transmitting stations on the west coast of Sweden. 1) The Alternator B. The Receiving Station Design The alternator is in principle comprised by three parts: a The receiving station used quite an interesting approach. motor, a gearbox, and the generator, compris- !"#$ %#&#'()#$ *+(&#,$ (-.#--($ /7] achieves a very good ing a 50 ton unit, see the figure below. The motor is a 370 kW directivity in the direction along the wire away from the feed 2.2 kV 50 Hz asynchronous motor which has quite a unique point, and the longer the wire, the better. However, the station wiring, with a 2-phase and a 3-phase rotor connected by in Kungsbacka is close to the sea, and thus it would not be slip-rings to external liquid resistors. The proximity to a stable possible to have a long antenna in the desired direction. The power grid that was provided by the early hydro-electric power problem was solved by running the antenna in the opposite generating capabilities in County was essential to the direction. Two wires were mounted on 9 m tall telephone poles Grimeton radio station. along a 13 km stretch inland. By mounting a balun device at the far end, one could now use the two-wire common mode as The gearbox provides a final rotation speed at 2115 rpm, a Beverage antenna with its feed at the far end, and then use the and the peripheral speed of the 1.6 m diameter rotor disk is differential mode as a transmission line back to the receiving 638 km/h (177 m/s). The mechanical issues encountered when station. having a 1.5 ton disk spinning at such speeds, while providing a 1 mm air gap to maximize the RF coupling, are by them- Nothing is left of the receiving antenna system, but the sta- selves quite difficult problems. Alexanderson solved several of tion building in Kungsbacka remains, now as an apartment these problems and patented e.g. a self-adjusting bearing sys- building. tem. The steel rotor of the alternator has 488 teeth that are filled with non-magnetic brass to improve the aerodynamics. The nominal frequency of the Grimeton alternator is thus 488*2115/60 = 17.2 kHz. The GE alternator gearbox was manufactured in three versions, and the number of poles in the drive motor could be selected to cover a frequency range of 12.5 0 28.5 kHz.

Figure 4. The principle of the two-wire Beverage antenna [7]. The stator has 64 armature windings, each providing 30 A at 100 V, that are combined in the transformers in the RF switchyard.

3038 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

The antenna top-wire system is only a transmission line, and the antenna function is provided by the cage lines (see the figure below) that are connected to variable inductors at each of the six towers. The 2.7 m diameter inductors have about 75 turns of Litz wire that yield 10 mH to resonate the 50 nF an- tenna top capacitance. An essential, but only partly visible, part of the system is the grounding network.

Figure 6. The Alexanderson alternator at Grimeton (World Heritage Grimeton).

The RF switchyard comprises two transformers with 32 pri- mary winding and one secondary winding each, lightning arresters, switch-gear, and a variometer (variable inductor) for tuning. An additional winding is used for modulating through a magnetic amplifier comprising two transductors and six capaci- tor banks. The transductors have an RF winding for which the inductance can be changed by a DC current. By keying the DC current, it is thus possible to modulate the RF inductance, and thereby the resonance conditions and the RF coupling. The RF carrier leakage in the key-up case is about 20 dB below the key-down case. Figure 7. One antenna tower with the cage type vertical radiator and tuning The transmitter has quite ingenious systems to maintain the coil visible (Wikimedia Commons). carrier frequency versus variations in power grid voltage and frequency. Also, the keying results in a variable load for the The antenna height will determine the radiation resistance alternator. The inertia of the rotor will dampen some of this of a top-loaded monopole. With a height of around 0.75 % of variation, but slower variations in duty cycle of the keying have the , the result is 50 m!"for the Grimeton antenna! to be compensated. The above-mentioned liquid resistors Despite the advanced grounding system, the ground resistance (filled with NaOH) are used for regulation of the drive motor is about 2.5 !, and the antenna efficiency would thus be asynchronous slip, and thereby the frequency. around 2 %. However, the genius of Alexanderson stepped in again. By having several radiators he could get a multiple tuned The transmitter also includes a lot of auxiliary systems for antenna, and in theory the efficiency should be improved control, measurement, and protection, as well a water cooling significantly. In the Grimeton case, the efficiency is above system with an outdoor cooling water pond with fountains. 10 %, a figure that is considered good for this type of system. 2) The Antenna The antenna system is supported by six free-standing tow- ers that are 127 m tall and have top cross-members that are 46 m wide. At the time of construction, these were the tallest (non-guyed) structures in Sweden. Each of the four inner tow- ers weighs in at 130 tons, and the outer ones are even heavier at 160 tons. The towers are spaced by 380 m, and the total an- tenna length is thus around 2 km. Even at this size it is an electrically small antenna compared to the 17 km wavelength. The antenna signal exits the building through a balanced two-wire cage type transmission line. A transition to the an- tenna top-wire system and the ground network is provided through a balun transformer, providing an RF voltage of 60 kV. At this point, a 50 Hz de-icing current is also injected into the antenna wires, when needed. Figure 8. The multiple tuned antenna principle (U.S. Patent No. 1360168).

3039 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

During WW2 it was realized that communications to could be accomplished by using VLF transmitters. The range and depth penetration will be dependent on the fre- quency and the water salinity. Therefore Grimeton was used for early communication experiments with submerged subma- rines [9]. A quite unique advantage to Sweden is the brackish low salinity conditions in the Baltic, thereby allowing the LF radio station at Ruda (call sign SHR) to cover the eastern wa- ters. However, on the west coast of Sweden, Grimeton was still needed due to the much higher salinity. Therefore the antenna system at Grimeton could survive into our days as a matter of national security. The de-regulation of the Swedish telephone state monopoly th in the late decades of the 20 century could have been the death knell to a facility such as Grimeton. The state monopoly Figure 9. The Grimeton station building and the six antenna towers was privatized into Telia (now Telia Sonera), and Grimeton fell (Wikimedia Commons). under the auspices of Telia Mobile. With wise people still in high positions in the company, the towers were meticulously D. The Significance of Grimeton renovated before the station was declared obsolete. At the same The Grimeton station was part of a global RCA network time, the Swedish National Heritage Board found the architec- !"#!$%&'()$*+$%#((+)$!"+$,-.+(+//$0-1!+.1+!2$&3$!"+$!,+1!-+/4$5"+$ tural qualities of the station building important, and declared it keying speed was typically 50 words per minute a protected building heritage. With all the planets in the right (wpm), but the transmitter could in principle modulate up to positions, the radio station was now transferred to a non-profit 150 wpm. In modern terms this would correspond to 42 baud foundation. and 125 baud, respectively. One should now consider that the contemporary telegraph cables had even less capac- F. A UNESCO World Heritage ity, typically 25 wpm. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) maintain a list of World Heritage The total information transmitted from Grimeton in 1936 Sites. Monuments such as the Great Wall of China, the pyra- was 1.8 million words, corresponding to around 10 megabytes! mids at Giza, etc. are obvious list members.

Since Grimeton Radio Station is unique as a pre-electronic radio system, still in working order, work began to nominate it to the UNESCO list. This work was crowned with success at the UNESCO summit in Suzhou, China, and the station was added to the list on 2 July 2004. The Swedish government is now committed to preserve the radio station to future generations as a living monument of the inventions that changed the world for ever.

REFERENCES [1] A. Ahlström, Karlskrona Radio 1909 ! 2009, Royal Swedish Navy Historical Collections, Stockholm, 2009, ISBN 91-7942-083-4. [2] J.E. Brittain, Alexanderson: Pioneer in American Electrical Engineer- Figure 10. Node map of the RCA ,-.+(+//$0-1!+.1+!2$&3$!"+$!,+1!-+/4 ing, ISBN 080184228X. [3] 647484$ 9(+:#1)+./&1;$ 05.#1/&%+#1-%$ <#)-&$ =&>>'1-%#!-&12;$ 5.#1/4$ E. The Survival of a !Dinosaur" AIEE, Vol. XXXVIII , pp. 1269 ? 1285, July 1919. [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telconia In a sense, the technology used in the Grimeton radio sta- tion was already obsolescent at the moment of construction. [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram electronics and short-wave communications [6] B.W. Tuchman, The Zimmerman Telegram, ISBN 0345324250. could in essence provide the same long-range fixed [7] H.H. Beverage;$=484$<-%+;$#1)$6484$@+((&AA;$05"+$8#B+$91!+11#$? A New Type of H-A"(C$D-.+%!-B+$91!+11#2;$5.#1/4$9E66;$F&(4$GHEE;$II4$ communications capabilities. However, within its niche it still 215 ? 266, Jan. 1923. was more reliable due to its independence of ionospheric [8] Alternatorn J1+,/(+!!+.$ 3&.$ !"+$ K9(+:#1)+.$? Friends of the Grimeton propagation conditions. F+!+.#1$<#)-&L$/&%-+!CMN$various issues 2007-2012. www.alexander.n.se. With the laying of the submarine telephone cables in the [9] C.-H. Walde;$0O*P!//#>*#1)$&%"$)+//$*#QA.'1)2$;$Audionen (newslet- ter for the Radio Historical Society of West Sweden), No. 3, 2005. mid-fifties, the need for trans-oceanic telegram (text) messag- ing over a radio via would gradually disappear.

3040 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

Swedish Radio Astronomy

Hans Olofsson Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology

Swedish radio astronomy and its development are synonymous with the formation and development of the Onsala Space Observatory at Chalmers University of Technology. The observatory grew out of the ionospheric research activities of prof. Olof Rydbeck, and his subsequent interest in radio astronomy that was stimulated during his years in the US. The increasing problems with radio interference in the Gothenburg area, eventually led to a donation of land on the Onsala peninsula, which made it possible to create a radio astronomical observatory in the late 1940:ies. This was a time when funding for research infrastructure was not easily obtained, and the first significant step came when the observatory bought five German second-world-war radar antennas (7.5 m Würzburg Riese) from Norway and brought them to the Onsala site. This made it possible to start mapping cosmic hydrogen, through the 21 cm line, in our galaxy, the Milky Way, and also to perform solar observations. The observatory was officially inaugurated in 1955, and Fig. 1 shows the installations in the late 1950:ies.

Fig. 1. The installations at the Onsala site in the late 1950:ies.

Prof. Rydbeck’s interest gradually focused on astromolecules, i.e., molecules naturally occurring in the interstellar medium, but this required a larger telescope to be built at Onsala. Through collaborations with the Scandinavian telecommunication authorities a 25.6 m telescope was erected at Onsala in 1963, Fig. 3. Simultaneously, the observatory invested in the development of extremely low-noise

978-88-907018-1-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE 3041 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

amplifiers, based on the maser technique, to be able to detect the weak signals from cosmic molecules. This was a risky but eventually successful project, and it had two important consequences. The first detection of cosmic CH, an important component of astrochemical networks, and the first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations in which the observatory was involved. The 25.6 m telescope is still in operation for astronomical VLBI observations.

Fig. 2. Left: The Onsala 25.6 m cm-wave telescope. Right: The Onsala radome- enclosed 20 m mm-wave telescope.

An unsuccessful attempt to get funding for a 100 m telescope, lead the observatory in a new direction, towards shorter where an increasing number of new astromolecules was detected. A radome-enclosed 20 m telescope for mm-wave observations was inaugurated in 1976, Fig. 2, and it remained the world’s largest mm-wave telescope for about a decade. A wealth of radio astronomical successes has been achieved with this telescope, and it laid the ground for the observatory’s international expansion. It is still in operation for single-dish astronomical observations and for astronomical and geodetic VLBI observations.

In the early 1980:ies the observatory looked towards even shorter wavelengths, meaning that a site different than the Onsala one must be chosen. Eventually, this lead to the deployment of a 15 m mm/sub-mm telescope in the Chilean Andes (the Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope, SEST, on La Silla), Fig. 3, through a collaboration between the observatory, now under the leadership of prof. Roy Booth, and the European Southern Observatory. This was a very successful and scientifically rewarding collaboration, which ended in 2003 when the telescope was moth-balled.

3042 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

Fig. 3. Left: The Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope on La Silla in the Chilean Andes. Right: The Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope on Llano Chajnantor in the Chilean Andes.

In the 1980:ies the activities of the observatory had expanded to the extent that discussions to form a national facility started. They were concluded in 1994 when Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) became the Swedish National Facility for Radio Astronomy, with direct funding from the Swedish Research Council and hosted by Chalmers.

The SEST project was soon to be followed by the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) project. This is a 12 m sub-mm telescope, a first version of the telescope which will later form part of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), located on a high (5100 m of altitude) site in the northern Chilean Andes (Llano Chajnantor), Fig. 3. Due to the excellent site, high and dry, and the high quality of the antenna surface it is even possible to perform THz radio astronomical observations with this telescope, which is operated by the Max-Planck-Institute for Radio Astronomy (in Bonn), the European Southern Observatory, and OSO since 2005. The SEST and APEX projects positioned OSO well for a substantial involvement in the 1.3 B$ project ALMA, the world’s largest mm/sub-mm radio interferometer array, presently being built on Llano Chajnantor.

At the same time as the sub-mm activities were flourishing within OSO, it became clear that long-wavelength radio astronomy would be the way to go for studying a number of astrophysically very important questions, such as the origin of large-scale structure in the universe, and the amount and nature of dark matter and dark energy. The Dutch project the Low-frequency Array (LOFAR) was paving the way for an even more ambitious project, the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) with an

3043 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

estimated cost of at least 1.5 B!. Consequently, to prepare technologically and scientifically for the SKA, OSO joined the international LOFAR project and a LOFAR station was installed at the Onsala site in 2011, Fig. 4. This station is now operated within the International LOFAR Telescope collaboration as well as in stand-alone mode. Since 2012, OSO is also a member of the Brittish company that is presently in charge of the SKA project.

Fig. 4. The LOFAR station at Onsala.

Simultaneously with the radio astronomical activities, OSO has over the years become increasingly active in the field of geodesy. The central activity here is geodetic VLBI, where some of the most distant objects in the universe are used to measure the positions of the radio telescopes at increasing accuracy over the years. Among other things this gives information on Earth’s crustal motion (i.e., plate tectonics) and, in particular, on Earth’s rotation properties. The next phase is aimed to reach an accuracy of 1 mm in the position of a telescope (per measurement epoch), and to achieve this OSO will install two fast 12 m radio telescopes at the Onsala site, and equip them with modern VLBI instrumentation. The geodetic VLBI activity has over the years been supplemented with a national/international GPS station, a gravimeter laboratory with a superconducting gravimeter, tide-level gauges, and seismometers, with the aim to produce multi- method observations of the Earth’s interior, crust, oceans, and atmosphere.

Thus, OSO is today an important research facility with a mission to operate its own instrumentation and to channel Swedish interests in international radio astronomical projects, as well as to promote geophysical activities that utilize radio astronomical methods.

3044 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

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3047 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

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3048 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

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3050 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

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3051 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

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3053 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

Radar Antenna R&D in Sweden Lars Josefsson Lars , Askim, Sweden [email protected]

Abstract!The development of antenna technology for Swedish radar systems is presented. The period covered is more than 60 years, starting at the end of World War II. The presentation is no doubt !"#$%&"'&() *+) ,-&) .%,-/012) 3&02/".$) 4!&5) /#) ,-&) 6.7/0) achievements in this field, with examples taken mostly from E ricsson projects.

I. THE START Already in 1939 radar experiments were under way in Sweden. During the war Ericsson developed radar equipment !"#$%&'()*+&,-'.&('/%#'01#*+2%'3)45'!1+/%'6&*#()/#'27$$#22-8' After the war radar units were bought from France, Great Britain, Germany and other countries. Later Ericsson got contracts for license production of search and fire control Fig. 2. The PS-01/A Cassegrain antenna. Fig. 3. The principle for the radars for the Swedish Army. Ericsson was also involved in polarization twisting. licence production of radar systems for the Swedish Lansen aircraft (J 32B), based on designs by CSF in France [1,2] . III. MORE ABOUT TWIST CASSEGRAIN ANTENNAS The principle for the twist Cassegrain antenna was patented II. THE J 35 DRAGON FIGHTER AIRCRAFT in 1952 by C. A. Cochrane at Elliott Brothers in Great Britain. The first J 35A version was equipped with a radar from As seen in Fig. 3 the antenna has a polarization sensitive, CSF (Compagnie Generale de Telegraphie sans Fil) in France, relatively large subreflector and a polarization twisting main designated PS-02. The first all-Swedish airborne radar PS-03/A reflector. The feed is a small forward radiating horn causing was developed by Ericsson for versions J35 B and D, cf. Fig. 1. minimum blocking of the aperture. This antenna had a parabolic reflector front fed by a rotating circular waveguide feed (conical scan). The antenna platform The (parabolic) main reflector consists of a wire grid layer had 3 axes for steering and stabilizing the antenna beam. spaced one quarter of a wavelength in front of a solid metal reflector. The wires in the grid layer are oriented 45 degrees relative to the vertical direction, while the subreflector wires are horizontal. Thus, the field reflected from the subreflector (with horizontal wires) can be decomposed into two components: one parallel to the main reflector grid and one perpendicular to the grid. Both components are reflected in the main reflector but with 180 degrees phase difference. When combined the total field has been rotated 90 degrees and hence

changed to vertical polarization, passing unobstructed through Figure 1. (left) The PS-02 radar, (right) the PS-03/A antenna. the subreflector grid. This is the basic operation of the twisting mechanism, some As the military threat changed from targets at high altitudes variations exist. In the basic configuration the function is good to low flying aircraft the radar had difficulties detecting targets over 10-15 % bandwidth. More bandwidth can be obtained against the strong ground echoes which entered in the antenna with multiple grids [3]. wide angle sidelobes. A new antenna, Fig. 2, was needed in the more advanced radar PS-01/A for the J 35 F version. With the Cassegrain antenna the wide angle sidelobes were drastically reduced compared to the previous antenna in PS-03/A. The radiation performance is excellent over more than 10 % bandwidth. The antenna is compact and has a low weight.

From the middle of the 1960s, different sized twist Cassegrain antennas were developed, from 43 cm diameter to 140 cm diameter. They were used in anti-aircraft fire control Figure. 4. The monopulse feed for a twist Cassegrain antenna covering both systems as well as in airborne radar systems. X- and Ka bands.

978-88-907018-1-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE 3052 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

the field of phased array antennas: ESA = Electronically Scanned Antennas. The results of this effort included several doctor degrees at CTH, an experimental X-band ESA with search and track capability (up to 4 simultaneous targets), lots of microwave hardware, and of course very valuable knowledge for both parties [4].

Figure 5. The PS-46/A doppler radar in the JA 37 Viggen aircraft. Figure 7. ESA project, (left) X-band 4 bit diode phase shifter, (right) dynamic A twist Cassegrain antenna was also chosen for the scanned antenna pattern. Swedish fighter JA 37 Viggen, Fig. 5. High mechanical stability and low sidelobes were critical for this Doppler radar, B. Multilayer stripline array antenna PS-46/A. The illumination function of the dual mode &'()*+,- +.,/0- .,,.0- 1,(2+3)- 4'- )*+- !"#$%5- 6.5- )*+- monopulse feed was optimized with excellent results in both development of a monopulse flat plate array antenna with sum and difference channels. As shown in the Fig. there are independent sum and difference antenna patterns [5]. The also two dipoles feeding the reflector (for the IFF function) and application in mind was a missile seeker antenna. The optimum a small waveguide horn antenna. sum and difference aperture excitations were realized with a A flat plate waveguide slotted array antenna could have multilayer stripline design, Fig. 8. been seen as an alternative to the Cassegrain antenna in PS- 46/A. However, in terms of bandwidth and radiation pattern performance the optimized Cassegrain antenna was the better choice. (There are even thin absorbing sheets inserted in the conical sections in order to eliminate the feed spillover in the wide angle region.) Fig. 6 shows the search and track antennas of the Skyguard anti-aircraft defence system developed for Contraves. Note the IFF dipole array integrated with the search antenna. The tracking antenna is a monopulse 1 m diameter twist Cassegrain antenna. Figure 8. The three-layer monopulse stripline array antenna.

C. CESAM - An experimental broadband phased array antenna This study demonstrated the capability of beam steering ± 60 degrees over 40 % bandwidth (7-11 GHz) with circular polarization [6]. Compared to conventional broad beam antennas the design demonstrated a high PG product as required in electronic warfare applications.

Figure 6. Search and track antennas for the Skyguard system.

IV. PHASED ARRAY R&D IN THE !"#$%S Figure 9. (left):The CESAM phased array with ferrite phase shifters, A. The ESA project (right): with steering unit and wire grid polarizer mounted. In 1968 Ericsson and Chalmers (the latter with support from Ericsson) embarked on a joint four year R&D program in

3053

7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

V. HARD In the 1980!"# $#mobile short range 3D air defence search radar was introduced. It was named HARD for Helicopter and Airplane Radio Detection, Fig. 10.

Figure 13. (left) Giraffe AMB, (right) flexible search patterns. Figure 10. (left The rotating radar unit. (right) Waveguide array with radome removed. As seen in Fig. 12 the Giraffe AMB (Agile Multi Beam) has two separate beam forming systems. The received signals The HARD antenna is phased scanned in elevation. Each for each row in the aperture are digitized and sent to a digital horizontal row of waveguide slots is connected to a solid state beamforming unit in the main radar cabinet. The transmitted transmit/receive module. In order to minimize the beam squint signals are phased steered by ferrite phase shifters. over the frequency band the waveguides are fed in the center with different slot spacings in the two halves [7]. The VII. ERIEYE % THE SWEDISH AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING waveguide array in Fig. 10 is made in metallized CFRP. SYSTEM It is obvious that the antenna function in the HARD radar is Ground based long range radars installed in masts have not realized by an antenna separate from the rest of the radar, limited coverage due to the curvature of the earth. Furthermore, but is rather integrated into the system, Fig. 11. This is typical they are vulnerable and have limited, if any mobility. The at this time in many advanced radar applications. advantage of airborne solutions is apparent and several studies had been undertaken in this area "&'()#*+)#,-./!"0 The system finally arrived at was an S-band active phased array antenna mounted on a small turboprop aircraft, Figs. 14- 16.

Figure 11. The paradigm shift: the antenna is integrated in the overall system.

VI. GIRAFFE AMB The Giraffe search radar had in its first versions a rotating reflector antenna. The more advanced recent units have . multiple beams phased steered in elevation while still rotating in azimuth. Figure 14. The ERIEYE radar mounted on a Saab 340 turboprop aircraft.

Fig. 15. The ERIEYE phased array during near field testing in an anechoic chamber. Figure 12. The Giraffe AMB antenna (!).

3054 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

100 active transmit/receive elements had been developed [9], Fig. 18.

Fig. 16. Cross section of the ERIEYE dorsal unit. Figure 18. (left) AESA testbed, (right) dual polarized dielectric loaded The dorsal unit has two 8 meter long slotted waveguide radiating elements. arrays, one on each side, Fig. 16. There are about 200 solid state transmit/receive modules. The unit is air-cooled. To The development of a full-scale operational AESA system compensate for temperature variations a built-in calibration is a major undertaking. For the continued work foreign partners system is used. Very low sidelobes in azimuth are achieved by have been sought in order to share the development costs. A a Taylor weighting on receive. joint Swedish!Italian program called M-AESA has started, aiming at technologies with multifunctional capabilities [10]. Following successful tests of a functional model 6 AEW One recent Ericsson contribution in this field is the Generic systems were ordered by the Swedish FMV in 1993. Today the AESA Demonstrator program ! GENA. An S-band hardware system is operational in many countries. test bed is shown in Fig.19.

VIII. THE ARTHUR PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA ARTHUR stands for Artillery Hunting Radar. By electronic steering of the beam both in azimuth and elevation it can detect projectiles before impact and calculate the launch site with high accuracy. Phase shifters are used for azimuth steering of the beam and in elevation the beam is steered by frequency variation.

In ARTHUR, as well as in HARD and ERIEYE, slotted ridge waveguides are used in order to achieve a large scan Figure 19. The Gena S!band demonstrator with 96 active elements, out of sector. In ARTHUR the vertical aperture waveguides are more total 200. Front and rear views. than 2 m long which means that the longitudinal slot radiators are displaced very little from the waveguide center line. The With international collaboration Saab is now able to offer manufacturing tolerances are therefore stringent. The detailed AESA solutions in future JAS Gripen aircraft, Fig. 20. It could design was based on high accuracy slot measurements be of some interest to compare this approach with a proposed combined with theoretical slot models [8]. AESA from 1981, Fig. 21.

Fig. 17. The ARTHUR phased array antenna.

IX. AESA ! ACTIVE ELECTRONICALLY SCANNED ANTENNA For the next generation multi-role airborne radars studies "#$#% &'(#')&*&#+% &'% (,#% -../0)1% %2'% -..3% 4% (#)(5#+% "&(,% 4567(% Figure 20. AESA radar for Gripen (Saab AB).

3055 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

microwave relay links became an important area [14]. The technical spinoff between these activities has contributed greatly to the proficiency and knowhow of the Ericsson Antenna Department, and to the results obtained. From the start KFF, later FMV (The Swedish Defence Material Administration), took active part also in the technical development of radar systems, incl. antennas, especially during the first 10-20 years of the Swedish radar history. Another important contributor has been FOI (Swedish Defence Research Agency). Collaboration between Ericsson and other companies as well as several technical universities should also be remembered.

REFERENCES [1] J. Meurling and R Jeans, The Ericsson Chronicle, Informationsförlaget, Figure 21. A 1981 proposal. The numbers indicate: Stockholm, 2000, pp. 251-257. [2] 45)6"#,,.7).157)8!+"23)+#",&"'.)"+1+"97):;<:=>?@:)ABBC>DE7)?#%0&"3)&F) 1. Radiating elements Science and Technology, KTH, Stockholm. 2. TR modules [3] G5)4&%.F%%&'7)8H+%%.I"+#')"+1+")+'0.''+%)J#0/),"&+1,+'1)+'1)*-20#,+'1) 3. Power divider K."F&"*+'$.97) Proc. IEEE Natl. Radar Conf., March 12-13 1986, pp. 4. Composite structure 115-119. 5. Signal cable [4] G5)4&%.F%%&'7)8;+1#+0#&')K."F&"*+'$.)&F)+').LK."#*.'0+2)K/+%.1)+""+397) 6. Turntable (roll) Proc. Europ. Microw. Conf. Aug. 23-28 1971, pp. B2/2:1-4. 7. Optical channel [5] L. Josefsson, L. Moeschlin, and M5) @&/0.227) 8=) *&'&K-2%.) F2+0) K2+0.) 8. Power unit antenna for missile seeker97)N"&$5)O#25)!2.$0"5)Pefence Expo, Wiesbaden Sept. 1977. [6] G5)4&%.F%%&'7)8)Designing a broadband phased array antenna suitable for -%.)#')!HO)%3%0.*%97))P.F.'%e Electronics, Feb. 1980, pp. 85-88. X. THE FUTURE [7] !5);5)Q+"2%%&'7)8R+S.I-#1.).2.*.'0)F&")+').2.$0"#$+223)$&'0"&22.1)"+1+") Radar antennas that conform to the shape of an aircraft or +'0.''+97)T)S Pat. 4788552 (1988). other vehicle, , might seem as the ultimate [8] A. Derneryd and :5) G&".'0U&'7) 8P.%#I') &F) +) K/+%.>F".V-.'$3) %$+''.1) conformal antennas array antenna with non-".%&'+'0) %2&00.1) "#1I.) J+S.I-#1.) .2.*.'0%97 future solution. However, it will require advances in areas such Proc. IEEE AP-S Symp. 1991, pp. 1728-1731. as: electromagnetic modelling, system design, building [9] L. Josefsson, L. Erhage, and H5)M+W0'X%7)8=')=!@=)1.S.2&pment model technology, and signal processing. Research on conformal F&")'.L0)I.'."+0#&')F#I/0.")+#"$"+F0)"+1+"97)N"&$5)

Figure 22. Measurements on a convex array (inside).

XI. REMARKS. !"#$%%&'(%) *+#') ,-%#'.%%) /+%) 0"+1#0#&'+223) ,..') telecommunication. The radar unit in Mölndal, initially devoted to airborne radar, provided the basis for an expansion into other applications. As a result we have seen the growth of ground based and naval radar systems. Antennas and systems were also developed for weather radar and satellites, and soon

3056 The Story of Allgon: HF, VHF, Cellular and Microwave Antennas During Allmost 60 Years

Claes Beckman Bo Karlsson Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@KTH CellMax Technologies AB KTH Royal Institute of Technology Gullfossgatan 3A 164 40 Kista, Sweden 164 40 Kista Sweden E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract— Allgon, “The Antenna Specialist”, was a leading development of HF log –periodic antennas (see Fig. 3) used for international design house and manufacturer of antennas for diplomatic communications at a time when there were no almost 60 years. The company was started in Stockholm in 1947 communication satellites available. These antennas, with a under the name of “Antennspecialisten”, by the Swedish engineer length of over 25m and a weight sometimes exceeding several Torbjörn Cramner and his wife Veronica. In 1951 the company tons, were produced in Norberg, in the county of Västmanland, moved to Åkersberga north of Stockholm where its main some 200km from Åkersberga where they were designed. The facilities where located until the late 90’s. During its life time the development and production of these grandiose HF antennas company designed and produced antennas for HF, VHF, Cellular was a big economical gamble for the company which and Microwave frequency bands, and for military, emergency, eventually caused its bankruptcy. However, several of these private and cellular radio systems. The company was in 2004 magnificent antennas are still in use today and can be found acquired by the US based company Powerwave but still today many of its original antenna designs are in production and many even on the internet [2] thousands of its base station antennas for mobile networks are The company was then instead aquired by Hjalmar and still deployed all around the World Jonas Kämpe and renamed Allgon Antenna AB (Allgon AB). The company under its new leadership maintained the car and Index Terms— Allgon HF, VHF, Cellular, Antennas CB radio antenna products but during the 1970’s they also initiated a new product area: antennas for the Swedish defense. I. HISTORIC OVERVIEW During the “cold war” the Swedish defense industry grew The story of Allgon begins in 1947 when the Swedish strong with Bofors, Saab, Philips, Ericsson and many small antenna engineer Torbjörn Cramner and his Hungarian born national sub-contractors all benefitting from Sweden’s policy wife Veronica, founds the company “Antennspecialisten” at of staying neutral and hence needing to build its defense using Idungatan in the center of Stockholm [1]. The product portfolio mainly domestic equipment suppliers. Allgon then developed is focused on antennas for “private radio” (citizen bands) and antenna products for all military branches: Navy, Army (see FM radio antennas for cars. In 1951 the company moved to Fig. 4) and Air force. Åkersberga, a small city some 50 km North of Stockholm where its main facilities where located until the late 90’s. In 1980 the NMT 450MHz analog mobile phone system was introduced in the Nordic countries. At the beginning In the late 1960s, the Cramner couple decided to go Allgon lacked base station products for this system but did separate ways which led to a split of the company. Torbjörn produce car mounted antennas for the terminals. Soon a system continued one part including HF antennas etc. and also version for the 900MHz band was introduced and then Allgon continuing the brand name Allgon. Veronica named her part was prepared with product for both base stations as well as Carant (short for “car antenna”) which also reflected the handhelds. company’s product portfolio In 1989 the company was listed on the Stockholm stock Carant was very succesfull in its field and in the year 2000, exchange and in the wake of the exponential growth in the acquired by Smarteq, a company then focusing on hands free cellular industry, the company grew enormously during the products. At the same time, Smarteq also acquired the car 1990’s. The company was during this period divided into 3 antenna and application division of Allgon, which actually led separate business areas with focus on: 1) antennas and near to that two parts of Allgon that had been separated for some 30 antenna products for mobile systems, 2) terminals and 3) cars. years, finally came together again. Today Smarteq develops a Its main facility was still in Åkersberga but for the system number of antennas for vehicles, some of them produced in products division, design and production had moved to the Hungary by a company named Carant! The final remains after Stockholm suburb Täby. Also, a repeater design group was set the Hungarian antenna entrepreneur Veronica Cramner up in Solna and microwave link development was set up in In 1974 Allgon went bankrupt. The main reason for this Gothenburg. economical failure was the enormous effort put into the On the base station antenna side, the main developments II. HF, VHF, CELLULAR AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS during the mid 90’s were to include dual polarizations for Below follows illustrations of some of Allgon’s more diversity (which dramatically reduced the size of base station memorable antenna designs antenna installations, Fig. 5), and dual bands for combined operations of the two 2G bands (the GSM 1800 band become available after 1997). Later the dual band antenna products A. Car mounted FM antennas were extended to also include several GSM and 3G bands for networks all around the World On the terminal side the antenna development was also rapid during the 90’s. With the introduction of the pocket size mobile phone there was also a need for smaller, but still well- functioning terminal antennas. Allgon solved this issue by inventing the extractable terminal antenna which combined an extractable quarter wave antenna with a helix at its bottom. At the end of the millennium Allgon produced around 100 million terminal antennas per year. At the beginning of the third millennium, Allgon was probably the world’s second or third largest antenna company. It had a market cap exceeding three billion Swedish krona but Figure 2. Allgon Car mounted whip antennas for FM radio. The brand name since the Kämpe family had sold off their share in the late 90- Allgopn originally comes from the nam of a car antenna mount that coiuld be ties, it became an easy victim for bankers with greater interests pointed at all angles: “all-gon”. in mergers and acquisitions than antennas In 2002 the terminal antenna division was sold off to US based company Centurion. The remaining part of Allgon was first merged together with LGP Telecom before it in 2004 was B. The Allgon Log Periodic Dipole Antenna sold to the US based RF sub-supplier Powerwave. In 2005, one year after the acquisition, the brand name Allgon was gone and most of Allgon’s former employees had left the company. The story of Allgon could as well have ended here. But it didn’t! Today the Kämpe family runs a new antenna business: CellMax. The company designs high gain base station antennas for 3G and 4G networks, and produces them at Allgon’s former subcontractor, Gelab (Gäddede Elektronik AB), in the north of Sweden. The car and vehicular antennas are continued within Smarteq. The repeater part is still active within DeltaNode Allgon was throughout its life time a world leading design house for antennas. But it was also an environment filled with entrepreneurial spirit. The Allgon spirt continues to live on and so do also many thousands of its products, e.g. the base station antennas for mobile networks that are still deployed and in full use all around the World!

Figure 3. An Allgon LPD16 antenna during its dismounting in Switserland. The Allgon LPD 16 K was a steerable log-periodic antenna for communication over medium and long distances in the HF range. It was designed for transmitters up to 250kW per carrier and 100% AM modulation over the entire frequency range 6-30MHz. The boom was tillable allowing for Figure 1. The Allgon logotype, illustrating the flexible antenna mount beam shaping to optimize the communication.

C. HF military broadband antennas E. Terminal antennas

Figure 6. The evolution of Allgon’s terminal antenna designs: a) is a extractable !/4 wave antenna with a bottom helix, b) is a short helix and c) is Figure 4. The reflection free directional broadband antenna RFD707. The an inbuildt PIFA (Planar Inverted F Antenna), not seen. reflection free directional broadband antenna RFD707, was a lightweight HF antenna for military field operations. Similar products are still in use by armies all over the world today. Since it was a thin wire antenna, it was internally at Allgon referred to as the “Hallén- antenna”(referring to the great Swedish antenna professor [3]). ACKNOWLEDGMENT This paper is dedicated to all the fantastic people that D. Cellular base station antennas contributed with their skills and personalities to the creation of one of history’s greatest antenna companies. In particular we would like to mention: Torbjörn and Veronica Cramner, Hjalmar and Jonas Kämpe, Erland Cassel and Ulf Saldell,

REFERENCES

[1] Österåkers hembygds- och fornminnesförening. http://milstolpen.org/agaria.html [2] http://ref.awr.org/ForSale/Allgon.htm [3] Carl-Henrik Walde, and Gunnar Petersson, "Erik Hallén and His Integral Equation, Swedish Defence Activities, the ANTENN Conferences, Stealth Craft Smyge.". Swedish Antenna Veterans’ Day at EuCAP 2013, Thursday 11th April 2013

Figure 5. Base station antennas for GSM: a) in a space diversity configuration b) using polarization diversity which dramatically reduced the space and windload for the same performance 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

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3061 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

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3524! 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions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`3@3A437!HIIUK!C25@2!@;5?@5F3F! 84;>3$!/8BB5>3!+"+0!A38B<73A3?:B!C373!B2;C?!5?!HIIV!NSPK! C5:2!:23!=57B:!-.'!XVa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`!

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