Evaluations of Cultural Properties

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Evaluations of Cultural Properties WHC-04/28COM/INF.14A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE 28th ordinary session (28 June – 7 July 2004) Suzhou (China) EVALUATIONS OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES Prepared by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) The IUCN and ICOMOS evaluations are made available to members of the World Heritage Committee. A small number of additional copies are also available from the secretariat. Thank you 2004 WORLD HERITAGE LIST Nominations 2004 I NOMINATIONS OF MIXED PROPERTIES TO THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST A Europe – North America Extensions of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List United Kingdom – [N/C 387 bis] - St Kilda (Hirta) 1 B Latin America and the Caribbean New nominations Ecuador – [N/C 1124] - Cajas Lakes and the Ruins of Paredones 5 II NOMINATIONS OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES TO THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST A Africa New nominations Mali – [C 1139] - Tomb of Askia 9 Togo – [C 1140] - Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba 13 B Arab States New nominations Jordan – [C 1093] - Um er-Rasas (Kastron Mefa'a) 17 Properties deferred or referred back by previous sessions of the World Heritage Committee Morocco – [C 1058 rev] See addendum: - Portuguese City of El Jadida (Mazagan) WHC-04/28.COM/INF.15A Add C Asia – Pacific New nominations Australia – [C 1131] - Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens 19 China – [C 1135] - Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom 24 India – [C 1101] - Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park 26 Iran – [C 1106] - Pasargadae (Pasargad) 30 Japan – [C 1142] - Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range, and the Cultural Landscapes that surround them 34 Kazakhstan – [C 1145] - Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of Tamgaly 42 Extensions of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List China – [C 439 bis] - Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 47 China – [C 1004 ter] - Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 51 India – [C 250 bis] - The Great Living Chola Temples 55 Properties deferred or referred back by previous sessions of the World Heritage Committee Democratic People's Republic of Korea – [C 1091] - Complex of Koguryo Tombs 60 India – [C 945 rev] - Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) Station 63 Mongolia – [C 1081 rev] See addendum: - Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape WHC-04/28.COM/INF.15A Add D Europe – North America New nominations Andorra – [C 1160] - The Madriu-Claror-Perafita Valley 68 Azerbaijan – [C 1076] - Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape 73 Cyprus - [C 1122] - Wine Village Terraces 77 Estonia – [C 1125] - Kuressaare Fortress 81 Germany – [C 1156] - Dresden Elbe Valley 85 Iceland – [C 1152] - Thingvellir National Park 90 Israel – [C 1107] - The Incense and Spice Road and the Desert Cities in the Negev 97 Italy –[C 1158] - Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia 103 Lithuania –[C 1137] - Kernavė Archaeological Site (Cultural Reserve of Kernavė) 106 Norway – [C 1143] - Vegaøyan - Vega Archipelago 110 Russian Federation – [C 1097] - The Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent 116 Serbia and Montenegro – [C 724] - Dečani Monastery 120 Sweden – [C 1134] - Varberg Radio Station 124 United Kingdom – [C 1150] - Liverpool - Maritime Mercantile City 127 Properties deferred or referred back by previous sessions of the World Heritage Committee Germany – [C 1087 ] See addendum: - The Town Hall and Roland on the Market place WHC-04/28.COM/INF.15A Add of Bremen Italy – [C 1026 rev] - Val d’Orcia 132 Portugal – [C 1117 rev] See addendum: - Pico Island Vineyard Culture WHC-04/28.COM/INF.15A Add Transboundary properties Germany / Poland – [C 1127] - Muskauer Park / Park Muzakowski 137 E Latin America and the Caribbean New nominations Mexico – [C 1136] - Luis Barragán House and Studio 142 (Cultural and Mixed Properties) Numerical Index of Evaluations of properties to be examined by the World Heritage Committee at its 28th session ID Number State Party World Heritage property proposed page 250 Bis India Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur (Extension to include the 55 Great Living Chola Temples) 387 Bis United Kingdom St. Kilda (Hirta) renomination to include cultural criteria 1 and extension to include marine area 439 Bis China Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 47 (Extension to include the Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty in Shenyang) 724 Serbia and Decani Monastery 120 Montenegro 945 Rev India Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria 63 Terminus) Station 1004 Ter China Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 51 (Extension to include the Liaoning Tombs) 1026 Rev Italy Val d'Orcia 132 1058 Rev Morocco Cité portugaise de Mazagan (El Jadida) * 1076 Azerbaijan Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape 73 1081 Rev Mongolia Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape * 1087 Germany The Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen * 1091 Democratic Complex of Koguryo Tombs 60 People's Republic of Korea 1093 Jordan Um er-Rasas (Kastrom Mefa'a) 17 1097 Russian Federation Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent 116 1101 India Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park 26 1106 Iran, Islamic Pasargadae 30 Republic of 1107 Israel The Incense and Spice Road and the Desert Cities in the 97 Negev 1117 Rev Portugal Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture * 1122 Cyprus Wine Village Terraces 77 1124 Ecuador Cajas Lakes and Ruins of Paredones 5 1125 Estonia Kuressaare Fortress 81 1127 Germany/ Poland Muskauer Park / Park Muzakowski 137 1131 Australia Royal Exhibition Building and Carleton Gardens 19 1134 Sweden Varberg Radio Station 124 1135 China Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo 24 Kingdom 1136 Mexico Luis Barragán House and Studio 142 1137 Lithuania Kernave Archaeological Site (Cultural Reserve of 106 Kernave) 1139 Mali Tomb of Askia 9 1140 Togo Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba 13 1142 Japan Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain 34 Range, and the Cultural Landscapes that surround them 1143 Norway Vegaøyan -- The Vega Archipelago 110 1145 Kazakhstan Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of 42 Tamgaly 1150 United Kingdom Liverpool - Maritime Mercantile City 127 1152 Iceland Þingvellir National Park 90 1156 Germany Dresden Elbe Valley 85 1158 Italy Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia 103 1160 Andorra The Madriu-Claror-Perafita Valley 68 * See addendum: WHC-04/28.COM/INF.15A Add INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON MONUMENTS AND SITES (ICOMOS) World Heritage Nominations 2004 1 Analysis of nominations In 2004 ICOMOS has been requested to evaluate 37 Concurrently, experts were selected on the same new and deferred nominations and extensions to basis for field missions to nominated properties. The cultural and mixed properties. same procedure was adopted for selecting these experts as that just described. The missions were The geographical spread is as follows: required to study the criteria relating to authenticity, protection, conservation, and management Europe and 19 nominations (3 deferred, (Operational Guidelines, para 24(b)). North America 1 extension) Experts are sent photocopies of dossiers (or relevant 16 countries parts of them, where the dossiers are extensive). Latin America 2 nominations They also receive documentation on the Convention Caribbean 2 countries and detailed guidelines for evaluation missions. Missions were sent to all the nominations except to Arab States 2 nominations (1 deferred) the nominations deferred in 2003. The experts were 2 countries drawn from Bangladesh, Benin, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, Africa 2 nominations Mali, Malta, Mexico, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, 2 countries Portugal, Republic of Korea, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sweden, The Netherlands and the United Asia-Pacific 12 nominations (3 deferred, Kingdom. 3 extensions) Evaluation missions were carried out jointly with 8 countries IUCN for the nominations of mixed properties and some of the cultural landscapes. b Evaluations and recommendations 2 ICOMOS procedure On the basis of the reports prepared by the two a Preparatory work groups of experts, draft evaluations and Following an initial study of the dossiers, expert recommendations (in either English or French) were advice was sought on the outstanding universal value prepared and considered by the ICOMOS World of the nominated properties, with reference to the six Heritage Panel at a meeting in Paris on 16–18 criteria listed in the Operational Guidelines (July January 2004. Following this meeting, revised 2002), para 24(a). For this purpose, ICOMOS called evaluations have been prepared in both working upon the following: languages, printed, and dispatched to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre for distribution to members of • ICOMOS International Scientific Committees; the World Heritage Committee for its 28th Session in • individual ICOMOS members with special June-July 2004. Supplementary information has also expertise, identified after consultation with been requested for some of the nominated properties. International and National Committees; The evaluations of four nominations deferred in 2003 • non-ICOMOS members with special expertise, will be available in the working document WHC- identified after consultation within the ICOMOS 04/28.COM/INF.15A Add and will be sent to the networks. World Heritage Centre for distribution by the end of May 2004. Paris, March 2004 Within this basic plan are numerous variations of door position and some examples even include integral St. Kilda (United Kingdom) adjoining cells. Cleits were usually used to store materials, and
Recommended publications
  • SWB-Info QSL, Comments, Etc
    Issue no. 1965, Dec 13, 2020 Deadline e-mail next issue: 0800 UTC, Dec 27, 2020 This time I will start SWB-info with a Merry Christ- mas to all of you. SWB on HCDX: http://www.hard-core-dx.com/swb Dateline Bogotá 1993-1998: http://www.hard-core-dx.com/swb/Dateline.htm This Christmas will be SWB latest issue/archive: http://www.hard-core-dx.com/swb/archive.htm far from normal for most of us due to the . Corona restrictions. The QSL, comments, etc recommendation here in Christer Brunström: Channel 292 9670 eQSL. Sweden is that no more Radio Taiwan International, Tamsui 7250, 7380, 9540, 11600, 11990. Radio than 8 people can meet Taiwan International via Bulgaria 6005 kHz QSL-cards. and celebrate Christ- mas. Manuel Méndez. 6045, Radio 60! via Nauen, received eQSL in 1 day. Recept- So this year we will ion report sent to: [email protected] . KBC Radio via Noratus, Ar- split the family tradi- menia, rec eived eQSL in 2 days. 9670, Channel 292, Rohrbach, received eQSL tions. Above that this year we in 130 days. Reception report sent to: [email protected] Reception report sent have to cancel my to: [email protected] . ZAMBIA, 11680, Indian Short DX Club Inter- wife’s birthday on Dec national via Wavescan, Voice of Hope Africa, Makeni Ranch, received eQSL in 23 when a lot of our 55 days. Reception report sent to: [email protected] relatives and friends use to come. As a result of all re- strictions a a large part of the Christmas pur- chases are made by mail order and the city shops have big prob- lems with thie econ- omy.
    [Show full text]
  • Baffin Bay Sea Ice Extent and Synoptic Moisture Transport Drive Water Vapor
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13929–13955, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13929-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Baffin Bay sea ice extent and synoptic moisture transport drive water vapor isotope (δ18O, δ2H, and deuterium excess) variability in coastal northwest Greenland Pete D. Akers1, Ben G. Kopec2, Kyle S. Mattingly3, Eric S. Klein4, Douglas Causey2, and Jeffrey M. Welker2,5,6 1Institut des Géosciences et l’Environnement, CNRS, 38400 Saint Martin d’Hères, France 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 99508 Anchorage, AK, USA 3Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, 08854 Piscataway, NJ, USA 4Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 99508 Anchorage, AK, USA 5Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland 6University of the Arctic (UArctic), c/o University of Lapland, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland Correspondence: Pete D. Akers ([email protected]) Received: 9 April 2020 – Discussion started: 18 May 2020 Revised: 23 August 2020 – Accepted: 11 September 2020 – Published: 19 November 2020 Abstract. At Thule Air Base on the coast of Baffin Bay breeze development, that radically alter the nature of rela- (76.51◦ N, 68.74◦ W), we continuously measured water va- tionships between isotopes and many meteorological vari- por isotopes (δ18O, δ2H) at a high frequency (1 s−1) from ables in summer. On synoptic timescales, enhanced southerly August 2017 through August 2019. Our resulting record, flow promoted by negative NAO conditions produces higher including derived deuterium excess (dxs) values, allows an δ18O and δ2H values and lower dxs values.
    [Show full text]
  • Proton Ordering and Reactivity of Ice
    1 Proton ordering and reactivity of ice Zamaan Raza Department of Chemistry University College London Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2012 2 I, Zamaan Raza, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 3 For Chryselle, without whom I would never have made it this far. 4 I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr Ben Slater and Prof Angelos Michaelides for their patient guidance and help, particularly in light of the fact that I was woefully unprepared when I started. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr Florian Schiffmann for his indispens- able advice on CP2K and quantum chemistry, Dr Alexei Sokol for various discussions on quantum mechanics, Dr Dario Alfé for his incredibly expensive DMC calculations, Drs Jiri Klimeš and Erlend Davidson for advice on VASP, Matt Watkins for help with CP2K, Christoph Salzmann for discussions on ice, Dr Stefan Bromley for allowing me to work with him in Barcelona and Drs Aron Walsh, Stephen Shevlin, Matthew Farrow and David Scanlon for general help, advice and tolerance. Thanks and also apologies to Stephen Cox, with whom I have collaborated, but have been unable to contribute as much as I should have. Doing a PhD is an isolating experience (more so in the Kathleen Lonsdale building), so I would like to thank my fellow students and friends for making it tolerable: Richard, Tiffany, and Chryselle. Finally, I would like to acknowledge UCL for my funding via a DTA and computing time on Legion, the Materials Chemistry Consortium (MCC) for computing time on HECToR and HPC-Europa2 for the opportunity to work in Barcelona.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2004.08465V2 [Cond-Mat.Stat-Mech] 11 May 2020
    Phase equilibrium of liquid water and hexagonal ice from enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations Pablo M. Piaggi1 and Roberto Car2 1)Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA a) 2)Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA (Dated: 13 May 2020) We study the phase equilibrium between liquid water and ice Ih modeled by the TIP4P/Ice interatomic potential using enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations. Our approach is based on the calculation of ice Ih-liquid free energy differences from simulations that visit reversibly both phases. The reversible interconversion is achieved by introducing a static bias potential as a function of an order parameter. The order parameter was tailored to crystallize the hexagonal diamond structure of oxygen in ice Ih. We analyze the effect of the system size on the ice Ih-liquid free energy differences and we obtain a melting temperature of 270 K in the thermodynamic limit. This result is in agreement with estimates from thermodynamic integration (272 K) and coexistence simulations (270 K). Since the order parameter does not include information about the coordinates of the protons, the spontaneously formed solid configurations contain proton disorder as expected for ice Ih. I. INTRODUCTION ture forms in an orientation compatible with the simulation box9. The study of phase equilibria using computer simulations is of central importance to understand the behavior of a given model. However, finding the thermodynamic condition at II. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ICE Ih which two or more phases coexist is particularly hard in the presence of first order phase transitions.
    [Show full text]
  • In the United States District Court for the District of Maine
    Case 2:21-cv-00154-JDL Document 1 Filed 06/14/21 Page 1 of 13 PageID #: 1 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MAINE ICE CASTLES, LLC, a Utah limited liability company, Plaintiff, COMPLAINT vs. Case No.: ____________ CAMERON CLAN SNACK CO., LLC, a Maine limited liability company; HARBOR ENTERPRISES MARKETING AND JURY TRIAL DEMANDED PRODUCTION, LLC, a Maine limited liability company; and LESTER SPEAR, an individual, Defendants. Plaintiff Ice Castles, LLC (“Ice Castles”), by and through undersigned counsel of record, hereby complains against Defendants Cameron Clan Snack Co., LLC; Harbor Enterprises Marketing and Production, LLC; and Lester Spear (collectively, the “Defendants”) as follows: PARTIES 1. Ice Castles is a Utah limited liability company located at 1054 East 300 North, American Fork, Utah 84003. 2. Upon information and belief, Defendant Cameron Clan Snack Co., LLC is a Maine limited liability company with its principal place of business at 798 Wiscasset Road, Boothbay, Maine 04537. 3. Upon information and belief, Defendant Harbor Enterprises Marketing and Production, LLC is a Maine limited liability company with its principal place of business at 13 Trillium Loop, Wyman, Maine 04982. Case 2:21-cv-00154-JDL Document 1 Filed 06/14/21 Page 2 of 13 PageID #: 2 4. Upon information and belief, Defendant Lester Spear is an individual that resides in Boothbay, Maine. JURISDICTION AND VENUE 5. This is a civil action for patent infringement arising under the Patent Act, 35 U.S.C. § 101 et seq. 6. This Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this controversy pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • SAHRA-Annual-Report-2007.Pdf
    SAHRA Ann Rep Cover 2007 repro Monday, August 27, 2007 1:21:22 PM Table of Contents SAHRA’S VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT 2 LETTER FROM THE CHAIRPERSON 3 THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER’S FOREWORD AND MESSAGE 4 APPLICABLE ACTS AND OTHER INFORMATION 7 STATEMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY 8 CORPORATE AFFAIRS 9 Human Resources Management 10 Information and Auxiliary Services 25 HERITAGE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 27 Head Office Units Archaeology, Palaeontology and Meteorites Unit 28 Architectural Heritage Landscape Unit 34 Burial Grounds and Graves Unit 38 Grading and Declarations Unit 44 Heritage Objects Unit 48 Living Heritage Unit 54 Maritime Archaeology Unit 62 National Inventory Unit 72 Provincial Offices Eastern Cape 76 Free State 80 Gauteng 80 Kwa-Zulu Natal 92 Limpopo 94 Mpumalanga 98 North West 102 Northern Cape 110 Western Cape 116 LEGAL UNIT 128 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 131 SAHRA OFFICES AND STAFF 161 SAHRA’S VISION SAHRA’s vision is to provide for the identification, conservation, protection and promotion of our heritage resources for present and future generations. SAHRA’S MISSION As custodians of our national estate our mission is: ° to coordinate and monitor the identification of our national heritage resources; ° to set norms and standards and maintain the management of heritage resources nationally; ° to encourage co-operative conservation of our national estate; ° to enable and facilitate the development of provincial structures; ° to control the export and import of nationally significant heritage resources; ° to develop policy initiative for the promotion and management of our heritage; ° to nurture an holistic celebration of our history; ° to set national policy for heritage resources management, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Pico Island (Portugal) Heather As Much As Several Metres High
    figs but has since been largely abandoned and is now extensively covered by vegetation, mainly clumps of Pico Island (Portugal) heather as much as several metres high. Within the nominated Criação Velha area, traditional wine- No 1117 Rev growing continues, producing a sweet, much-prized and once-widely exported desert wine called ‘Verdelho’. The nominated site consists of: 1. BASIC DATA Network of small walled fields State Party: Portugal Field shelters Rock tracks along shore and between the fields Name of property: Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Small ports & functional buildings Culture Tidal wells Location: Azores Houses, manor houses & churches Date received: 31 January 2002 Network of small walled fieldsThe most dramatic part of Category of property: this nomination is the intense network of small dry fields that intensively cover the strip of flat land along the coast. In terms of the categories of cultural property set out in Constructed from irregular weather-worn black basalt Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a stones, gathered on site, these tiny fields covered rocky site. In terms of Operational Guidelines paragraph 39, it is land of no use for arable cultivation. also a cultural landscape. The fields stretch in a largely geometrical network all over Brief description: the nominated site. They were constructed to shelter vines from sea breezes with walls around two metres high. Most Pico is a volcanic island lying among the archipelago of of the small fields are almost square. Groups of fields have the Azores, some 1500 km out into the Atlantic due west two types of patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage Month Low Res 670173165.Pdf
    £1 Welcome to Liverpool Heritage Open Month! Determined Heritage Open Days are managed nationally by to build on the Heritage Open Days National Partnership the success and funded by English Heritage. of Heritage Heritage Open Month could never happen Open Days, without the enthusiasm and expertise of local celebrating people. Across England thousands of volunteers England’s will open their properties, organise activities fantastic and events and share their knowledge. To architecture everyone in Liverpool who has contributed and heritage, Liverpool is once to the fantastic 2013 Heritage Open Month again extending its cultural heritage programme we would like to say thank you. programme throughout September. The information contained in this booklet was In 2013 over 100 venues and correct at the time of print but may be subject organisations across the city are to change. involved in this year’s programme and buildings of a variety of architectural Further events may have also been added style and function will open their to the programme. Full details of the doors offering a once-a-year chance to Heritage Open Month programme and discover hidden treasures and enjoy a up to date information can be viewed on wide range of tours, and participate in VisitLiverpool.com/heritageopenmonth events bringing history alive. or call 0151 233 2008. For the national One of the attractions new to 2013 Heritage Open Days programme please is the Albany Building, former cotton go to broker’s meeting place with its stunning www.heritageopendays.org.uk cast iron work, open air staircase. or call 0207 553 9290 There is something to delight everyone during Heritage Open Month with new ways to experience the heritage of Liverpool for all the family.
    [Show full text]
  • Different Faces of One ‘Idea’ Jean-Yves Blaise, Iwona Dudek
    Different faces of one ‘idea’ Jean-Yves Blaise, Iwona Dudek To cite this version: Jean-Yves Blaise, Iwona Dudek. Different faces of one ‘idea’. Architectural transformations on the Market Square in Krakow. A systematic visual catalogue, AFM Publishing House / Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2016, 978-83-65208-47-7. halshs-01951624 HAL Id: halshs-01951624 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01951624 Submitted on 20 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Architectural transformations on the Market Square in Krakow A systematic visual catalogue Jean-Yves BLAISE Iwona DUDEK Different faces of one ‘idea’ Section three, presents a selection of analogous examples (European public use and commercial buildings) so as to help the reader weigh to which extent the layout of Krakow’s marketplace, as well as its architectures, can be related to other sites. Market Square in Krakow is paradoxically at the same time a typical example of medieval marketplace and a unique site. But the frontline between what is common and what is unique can be seen as “somewhat fuzzy”. Among these examples readers should observe a number of unexpected similarities, as well as sharp contrasts in terms of form, usage and layout of buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • Let's Crank Some Ice Cream
    Let’s Crank Some Ice Cream! The history of ice harvesting, the ice industry, refrigeration, and making ice cream Kathi Elkins 7-29-19 OLLI: Summer 2019 Ice Storage and Ice Houses: 1780 BC --- ice house in northern Mesopotamian 1100 BC --- evidence of ice pits in China By 400 BC --- Persian engineers had mastered techniques of constructing yakhchāl to store ice harvested from nearby mountains. 300 BC --- Alexander the Great (snow pits to hold snow and ice) 200s AD --- Romans (snow shops) Cold springs, root cellars Ice Houses: Yakhchāl (this one at Yazd, Iran) is a Persian ice pit or a type of evaporative cooler. Above ground, the structure had a domed shape, but had a subterranean storage space. It was often used to store ice and food. The subterranean space coupled with the thick heat-resistant construction material insulated the storage space all year. Ice Houses: Ice houses in England/UK. Ice Houses: Croome's thatched ice house, Worcestershire, UK Ice Houses: Botany Bay Icehouse, Edisto Island, SC Ice Houses: Ice house designs usually began as an underground egg-shaped cellar. This ice house, dating from 1780s and designed by architect John Nash, was discovered in 2018 buried under London streets. In 1822, following a very mild winter, William Leftwich chartered a vessel to Norway to collect 300 tons of ice harvested from crystal-clear frozen lakes. Previous imports had been lost at sea, or melted while baffled customs officials dithered over how to tax such unique cargo. John Nash designed the Royal Pavilion at Brighton, as well as Buckingham Palace.
    [Show full text]
  • The Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland Published by James Maclehose and Sons, Glasgow
    i^ttiin •••7 * tuwn 1 1 ,1 vir tiiTiv^Vv5*^M òlo^l^!^^ '^- - /f^K$ , yt A"-^^^^- /^AO. "-'no.-' iiuUcotettt>tnc -DOcholiiunc THE NORSE INFLUENCE ON CELTIC SCOTLAND PUBLISHED BY JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS, GLASGOW, inblishcre to the anibersitg. MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON. New York, • • The Macmillan Co. Toronto, • - • The Mactnillan Co. of Canada. London, • . - Simpkin, Hamilton and Co. Cambridse, • Bowes and Bowes. Edinburgh, • • Douglas and Foults. Sydney, • • Angus and Robertson. THE NORSE INFLUENCE ON CELTIC SCOTLAND BY GEORGE HENDERSON M.A. (Edin.), B.Litt. (Jesus Coll., Oxon.), Ph.D. (Vienna) KELLY-MACCALLUM LECTURER IN CELTIC, UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW EXAMINER IN SCOTTISH GADHELIC, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON GLASGOW JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY I9IO Is buaine focal no toic an t-saoghail. A word is 7nore lasting than the world's wealth. ' ' Gadhelic Proverb. Lochlannaich is ànnuinn iad. Norsemen and heroes they. ' Book of the Dean of Lismore. Lochlannaich thi'eun Toiseach bhiir sgéil Sliochd solta ofrettmh Mhamiis. Of Norsemen bold Of doughty mould Your line of oldfrom Magnus. '' AIairi inghean Alasdair Ruaidh. PREFACE Since ever dwellers on the Continent were first able to navigate the ocean, the isles of Great Britain and Ireland must have been objects which excited their supreme interest. To this we owe in part the com- ing of our own early ancestors to these isles. But while we have histories which inform us of the several historic invasions, they all seem to me to belittle far too much the influence of the Norse Invasions in particular. This error I would fain correct, so far as regards Celtic Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Safe Ice Construction
    GUIDELINES FOR SAFE ICE CONSTRUCTION 2015 GUIDELINES FOR SAFE ICE CONSTRUCTION Department of Transportation February 2015 This document is produced by the Department of Transportation of the Government of the Northwest Territories. It is published in booklet form to provide a comprehensive and easy to carry reference for field staff involved in the construction and maintenance of winter roads, ice roads, and ice bridges. The bearing capacity guidance contained within is not appropriate to be used for stationary loads on ice covers (e.g. drill pads, semi-permanent structures). The Department of Transportation would like to acknowledge NOR-EX Ice Engineering Inc. for their assistance in preparing this guide. Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................5 2.0 DEFINITIONS ....................................................8 3.0 ICE BEHAVIOR UNDER LOADING ................................13 4.0 HAZARDS AND HAZARD CONTROLS ............................17 5.0 DETERMINING SAFE ICE BEARING CAPACITY .................... 28 6.0 ICE COVER MANAGEMENT ..................................... 35 7.0 END OF SEASON GUIDELINES. 41 Appendices Appendix A Gold’s Formula A=4 Load Charts Appendix B Gold’s Formula A=5 Load Charts Appendix C Gold’s Formula A=6 Load Charts The following Appendices can be found online at www.dot.gov.nt.ca Appendix D Safety Act Excerpt Appendix E Guidelines for Working in a Cold Environment Appendix F Worker Safety Guidelines Appendix G Training Guidelines Appendix H Safe Work Procedure – Initial Ice Measurements Appendix I Safe Work Procedure – Initial Snow Clearing Appendix J Ice Cover Inspection Form Appendix K Accident Reporting Appendix L Winter Road Closing Protocol (March 2014) Appendix M GPR Information Tables 1. Modification of Ice Loading and Remedial Action for various types of cracks .........................................................17 2.
    [Show full text]