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Environmental Science and Technology Department Annual Report 1991

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m Risø-R-624(J&NT Environmental Science and Technology Department Annual Report 1991 Edited by A. Jensen, V. Gunderson, H. Hansen, G. Gissel Nielsen, O.J. Nielsen and H. Østergård Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark June 1992 Environmental Science and Ris,*^^ Technology Department Annual Report 1991 Edited by A. Jensen, V. Gunderson, H. Hansen, G. Gissel Nielsen, O.J. Nielsen and H. Østergård Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark June 1992 Abstract Selected activities in the Environ­ mental Science and Technology Department during 1991 are presented. The research approach in the department is predominantly experi­ mental. The research topics emphasized are in­ troduced and reviewed in chapters one to seven: 1. Introduction, 2. The Atmosphere, 3. Plant Genetics and Resistance Biology, 4. Plant Nutri­ tion, S. Geochemistry, 6. Ecology, 7. Other acti­ vities. The Department's contribution to natio­ nal and international collaborative research pro­ grammes is presented together with information about large facilities managed and used by the depanment. Information about the department's education and training activities are included in the annual report along with lists of publications, publications in pr^s, lectures and poster presen­ tations. Further, names of the scientific and tech­ nical staff members, Ph.D. students and visitiing scientists are listed. ISBN 87-550-1806-8 ISSN 0106-2840 ISSN 0906-8090 Grafisk Service, Risø, 1992 Contents 1 Introduction 5 Genetic Resources of Barley with Re­ j.l Research Objectives 5 sistance to Powdery Mildew 23 \2 The Atmospheric Environment 5 Barley Leaf Stripe 24 1.3 Plant Genetics and Resistance Virulence Gene Products of Barley Biology 5 Powdery Mildew 25 1.4 Plant Nutrition 6 Biocontrol of Barley Powdery 1.5 Geochemistry and Recycling of Indu­ Mildew 25 strial Waste 6 3.3 Population Biology 25 1.6 Ecology and Mineral Cycling 7 Interaction between GMPs and the En­ 1.7 The RIMI Field Station 7 vironment 26 1.8 The Experimental Farm, Dyskærgaard 7 Interaction between Crop Plants and 1.9 Organisation 8 Weeds 26 Modelling the Dynamics of Powdery 2 The Atmospheric Environment 9 Mildew Populations 26 2.1 Introduction 9 Taxonomy of Chrysosporium 2.2 The Gas Phase 9 Species 27 CFC Substitutes 9 Halogenated Organic Compound in the 4 Plant Nutrition 28 Troposphere 9 4.1 Nitrogen in Soil and Plants 28 Organonitrogen and Sulphur Atmos­ Cycling of N from Crop Residues and pheric Transformations 10 Manure 29 Oxidation of Aromatics 12 Nitrogen Accumulation in Winter 2.3 The Liquid Phase 12 and Spring Types of Agricultural 2.4 Field Atmospheric Chemistry 14 Crops 29 Tropospheric Ozone Research 4.2 Root-Microbe Symbioses 30 (TOR) 14 Symbiotic N Fixation 30 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 15 Mycorrhizas and Plant Nutrition 30 Nitrogen Transfer from Legumes to 3 Plant Genetics and Resistance Biology 16 Non-Legumes 31 3.1 Application of Genetic Markers 16 4.3 Effects of Air Pollution on Plants 33 RFLP Map of the Barley Genome 16 Forest Decline and Ammonia 33 Map of the Barley Powdery Mildew Does Ozone Interfere with Carbon Genome 17 Translocation in Wheat? 33 RAPDs of Norway Spruce 78 RAPDs of Cotton 18 5 Chemistry of the Geosphere 34 Quantitative Trait Loci of Barley 18 5.1 Geochemical Modelling 34 Cytogenetics of Barley and Related 5.2 Applied Geochemistry 34 Species 19 Methods 34 In situ Hybridization to Tissue Prepa­ Terrestrial Geochemistry 34 rations 20 Marine Geochemistry 35 3.2 Mechanisms of Plant-Pathogen Inter­ 5.3 Geochemical and Applied actions 21 Technology 36 Callose Synthesis in Barley Leaves 21 Marine Environmental Technology 36 Barley Peroxidase 21 Fixation of Heavy Metals in Soil 36 Rapeseed chitinases 22 Wet Oxidation of Organic Material 36 Phenolic Compounds in Barley 5.4 Chemical Analysis 37 Leaves 23 5.5 Syntheses 38 Risø-R-624(EN) 3 5.6 MODECS 38 15 Committee Memberships 77 15 1 National 77 Ecology and Mineral Cycling 39 15.2 International 77 6.1 Ecological Halflives 39 6.2 Influence of Plant Variety on the Root 16 Seminars Organized 78 Uptake of Radiocaesium 42 17 Personnel 79 6.3 Variation in Trace Element Loss Rates 17.1 Scientific Staff 79 from Baltic Mussels 43 17.2 Tehnical Staff 79 6.4 Fish Ecotoxicology 44 17.3 Office Staff 80 6.5 R1MI Field Station 45 17.4 Ph.D. Students 80 6.6 Radioactive Tracers in the Greenland 17.5 M.Sc. Students 80 Sea 46 17.6 Apprentices 81 6.7 Radioecological Cooperation with the former USSR 47 18 Acronvms 82 7 Other Activities 49 7.1 Decontamination Strategies for Urban Areas 49 7.2 Photochemistry and Photophysics 49 7.3 Riso High Dose Reference Laboratory (HDRL) 50 8 Large Facilities 52 8.1 10 MeV Linear Electron Accelerator 52 8.2 Pilot Plant for Metal Extraction 52 8.3 Experimental Farm 52 8.4 Open Top Chamber Facility 52 9 Publications 53 9.1 Refereed Journals and Books 53 9.2 Proceedings (incl. Abstracts) 55 9.3 Research Reports 60 9.4 Other publications 61 9.5 Presentations 63 10 Publications in press 68 11 Education 70 11.1 Ph.D. Theses 70 11.2 M.Sc. Theses 70 11.3 Contribution to Scientific Cources 70 12 Exchange of Scientists 71 13 Cooperative Projects 72 14 Guest Lectures 76 4 Risø-R-624(EN) 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Objectives The department aspire to develop a sound The department's atmospheric research in­ scientific basis for future technology and volves three aspects. Firstly, determination of methods in industrial and agricultural produc­ the sources of air pollution. Secondly, determi­ tion. Through basic and strategic research, the nation of primary and secondary pollutants in department endeavours to develop new ideas rural areas to assess the effects of atmospheric for industrial and agricultural production, exer­ processes. Thirdly, laboratory studies of che­ ting less stress and strain on the environment, mical mechanisms in the gas phase, and in the and with less energy consumption. liquid phase of relevance to atmospheric che­ mistry. The main research topics are: Atmospheric chemistry influences the clima­ te, and the deposition of airborne pollutants can Vie atmospheric environment give rise to direct injuries to plants and indirect damage through bio-accumulation. Plant genetics and resistance biology To model and predict changes in the atmos­ pheric composition, a better understanding of Plant Sutriuon the chemical processes in the atmosphere is needed. In order to make the research results Geochemistry and recycling of industrial operative in the environmental policy making, waste the critical loads need to be established for natural and semi-natural ecosystems. Ecology and mineral cycling The expert domain of the department con­ 1.3 Plant Genetics and Resistance tains a wide range of subjects including atmos­ Biology pheric chemistry, chemical reactivity, geoche­ mistry, biogcochemistry, gcochcmical model­ In this field of research, the department aims to ling, hydrochemistry. analytical chemistry, develop the scientific basis for breeding crop organic synthesis, marine and terrestrial ecolo­ plants with new and improved resistance to di­ gy, radioccology. trace metal ecology, plant seases and with improved nutrient efficiency. nutrition, biological interactions, plant molecu­ Growing plants, highly resistant to diseases lar biology, plant pathogens, plant genetics and with less nutrient demand, will reduce a num­ cytogenetics, and plant breeding. ber of environmental problems related to high yield plant production. Exploitation of genetic variability, related to 1.2 The Atmospheric Environment traits of economic and environmental import­ ance in crop improvement, can be greatly faci­ The atmospheric research aims to establish a litated by the use of marker-assisted selection; solid scientific basis for rational legislative a large part of the research effort within plant measure to reduce the industrial impact on the biology and genetics is devoted to the applica­ atmosphere of air pollution. tion of genetic markers. The research relics on The research includes basic atmospheric che­ the command of a number of techniques such mistry, gas kinetics, transport and dispersion of as RFLP, RAPD, PCR, genetic analysis of air pollutants, especially nitrogen compounds quantitative traits, cytogenetic techniques, en­ and carbohydrates, VOCs. PANs. PAHs. CFCs, zyme electrophoresis, in situ hybridization and HCFCs and MFCs. in vitro culture. Riso-R-624(EN) 5 An understanding of the interaction between condl). studies of the interaction between VA- plant species, as well as the interaction between mychorrhiza. plant roots and the rhizosphere. plants and pathogens, can be enhanced by Thirdly, studies on turn-over of nitrogen from identification of changes in genetic variability crop residues and farmyard manure by use of under different environmental conditions. Three I5N-Iabcllcd plant material and farmyard different aspects of plant pathogen interactions manure. Fourthly, biological transfer of nitro­ are studied. First, chemical defence compounds gen from legumes to non-legumes. Fifthly, the such as callose. peroxidase and chitinase are effect of air pollution with ammonia, especially studied in barley and rapeseed together with on Norway spruce. various phenolic compounds in barley. Second, The research is essential to the future devel­ genetic resources of species- specific resistance opment of new plant production techniques in barley to powdery mildew- and leaf stripe based on biological fixed nitrogen, and with disease are studied. Third, we try to elucidate highly effective assimilation and recycling of the very specific interaction based on gene-to- nutrients in order to reduce the possibility for gene recognition in the barley powdery mildew- loss of plant nutrients due to surface run off. system. losses of nutrients to the atmosphere or leakage In population biology, experiments and theo­ to the ground water. retical studies of interactions between popula­ tions are important in understanding the sy­ stems. The research is devoted to interactions 1.5 Geochemistry and Recycling of between crop plants and weeds, and between Industrial Waste crop plants and their pathogens.
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