s A CANADIAN SOUTH ASIAN'S EXPERIENCE OF CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE AND ITS AFTER-EFFECTS: A REVELATORY NARRATIVE CASE STUDY MAXEVIE PASCALE NORRYS BEST B.A. The University of British Columbia, 1989 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Counselling Psychology) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard / THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA October 1995 © Maxime Pascale Norrys Best, 1995 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date /0 //3 DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT Most adult childhood sexual abuse survivors in counselling and discussed in the literature are Caucasians of western ethnicity, and most counselling for survivors is based on western counselling theories. Whether the experience of childhood sexual abuse and counselling for its after-effects among Caucasian western survivors accurately reflects the experience of survivors of differing race and/or ethnicity has been little explored. Data specific to the experience of adult survivors of Asian ethnicity is very limited. To investigate this underexplored issue, a single revelatory case study was undertaken which used a phenomenological approach. Based on in-depth qualitative interviews with a female adult South Asian Ismaili Canadian childhood sexual abuse survivor, and based on adjunctive sources of evidence, a narrative life history was developed (and validated by the survivor) which described the survivor's experience of childhood sexual abuse and its aftermath and the meaning she made of her experience. Upon analysis, it was found that the survivor's narrative was not only the account of a South Asian woman who had been sexually abused in childhood, but the account of a woman who had experienced emotional neglect, physical abuse, and racism. The analysis revealed an overall narrative structure and a number of themes which indicated that the meaning the survivor made of her cummulative experiences was to self-identify as a victim and to develop a victim script which permeated most aspects of her life, which continued into adulthood, and which was inextricably linked to her identity as an Indian female. This study found that the survivor's cultural/religious environment seemed to exacerbate her victimization experience and healing opportunities, while her personal religious beliefs appeared to offer her support. Both cultural and religious elements influenced the meaning the survivor made of her experiences. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 General Topic - 1 Definition of Sexual Abuse . : 3 Statement of the Problem 4 Personal Basis for Conducting the Study 5 Racial/Ethnic Terminology 7 Rationale and Approach to the Study 9 CHAPTER H REVffiW OF THE LITERATURE 11 Introduction 11 General Overview of Sexual Abuse Literature 11 Prevalence 11 Long-term Effects 12 Current Sexual Abuse Theories 13 Current Western Counselling Approaches . 18 Overview of Ethnicity-Based Sexual Abuse Research 20 Sexual Abuse Literature on Asian Populations 21 Introduction 21 Sexual Abuse Research on Populations Broadly Categorized as Asians . 22 Sexual Abuse Research on East Asian and South East Asian Populations . 26 Sexual Abuse Research and Literature on South Asian Populations 27 Sexual Abuse Literature on Indian Muslim Populations 30 Summary of the Sexual Abuse Literature on Asian Populations 31 Cultural Influences . 32 Introduction 32 Heterogeneity/Homogeneity and Stereotypical Generalizations 35 Cultural Influences Common to Asians . 36 Family values 36 Attitudes towards mental illness and its treatment 38 Attitudes towards sexual issues 40 South Asian Cultural Influences 41 Family values '. -41 Attitudes towards mental illness and its treatment 43 Attitudes towards sexual issues and sexual abuse 44 iv Muslim Cultural Influences 44 Religion/Culture of South Asian Ismaili Muslims from East Africa 45 Introduction .45 Historical context 45 Indian Ismaili religion and culture 48 Summary of the Literature on Cultural Influences 52 Counselling Considerations 52 Summary of Counselling Considerations/Asian Sexual Abuse Literature . 57 Qualitative Research, the Case Study, and the Narrative Approach 58 Qualitative Research 58 The Case Study 59 The Narrative Approach 60 General qualitative interviewing 61 Narrative interviewing 61 The narrative account 62 Narrative analysis 62 Reliability and Validity Issues 1 63 Reliability .63 Validity 64 Limitations 65 CHAPTER HI METHODOLOGY 67 Research Design 67 Research Procedures 68 Selection of Participant 68 Selection criteria 68 Selection process 70 Mental health workers' comments 71 The participant 73 Interview Process 74 The initial interview 75 Second Interview 76 Third interview 76 Fourth interview 77 Case Portrait 79 Validation Interview 80 Analysis Process 80 CHAPTER TV CASE PORTRAIT 82 CHAPTER V ANALYSIS Ill Introduction Ill Narrative Analysis Ill Introduction Ill V General Narrative Structure 113 Narrative Themes 114 Development of a Victim Identity 116 Victimization Maintained 119 Zahra's rebelliousness 120 Failed attempts to achieve credibility 121 Encounter with her cousin 122 Failed attempts at counselling 123 Relationships with men 124 Relationships with family and relatives 129 Transition 130 Alternative role models 131 Writing and academic performance 132 Spiritual/religious beliefs 133 Self-help literature and therapy 134 Participation in this study 134 Cumulative effects 135 Interpretive Commentary 136 Zahra's resentment and her victim script 137 CHAPTER VI REFLECTIVE COMMENTARY 142 Introduction 142 General Commentary • 142 Cultural Influences 144 Personal Reflections 144 Limitations of the Study 146 Implications for Theory 147 Implications for Practice 157 Implications for Research 162 Summary • 164 REFERENCES 165 APPENDICES 180 APPENDIX A: Culture Questionnaire 180 APPENDIX B: Follow-up Letter 182 APPENDIX C: Project Outline 184 APPENDIX D: Consent Form 187 APPENDIX E: Recruitment Poster 189 APPENDIX F: Recruitment Pamphlet 190 APPENDIX G: Recruitment Advertisement 192 APPENDIX H: Interview Questions 193 APPENDIX J: Authority to Share Information 195 VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS From the inception to the completion of this thesis, I have been encouraged, guided, and supported by many people. I would like to thank: Zahra, for her deep commitment to this project, for her courage, and for teaching me in the process. My thesis supervisor, Dr. Larry Cochran, for his expertise, guidance, and humour, and for expanding my appreciation for regarding people's lives from a more comprehensive perspective. The members of my committee, Dr. Kogila Adam-Moodley and Dr. John Allan, for their much valued perspectives and contributions. Members of my family and friends "back East", particularly my father and stepmother and my mother whose interest, support, and encouragement was and is deeply appreciated; and to Cheryl who is the definition of friendship. Maija, for caring enough to be joined at the hip in a mutual journey. Gene, my mentor whose wisdom, compassion, and humanness is a gift. Friends and colleagues in Vancouver: Rick for providing me with refuge and laughter; Bill for all the big and little nurturing things he's done; Yvonne who has seen me through many ups and downs beyond those of this project; and Azima and Marlene for their valued input and support. My sister Bala for her gentle heart and her faith in me. Jas and Shanthi for maintaining some semblance of balance in my life throughout this adventure, and for reminding me that although life can be complicated at times, it also has wonderfully simple moments. 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION General Topic With the generally acknowledged high prevalence rates of child sexual abuse (Bagley, 1991; Canada, 1984; Finkelhor, Hotaling, Lewis, & Smith, 1990; Peterson, 1993; Russell, 1986; Wyatt, 1985), many counsellors are encountering adult clientele who are seeking help in dealing with the after-effects of such childhood abuse. The claim is made that sexual abuse is universal in occurrence (Blume, 1990; Demause, 1991; Finkelhor & Korbin, 1988; Yuan, 1990), and though little is known regarding its distribution among various racial, ethnic, religious, or other populations (Courtois, 1988; Kelly & McCurry Scott, 1986), Finkelhor's 1994 review of the international epidemiology of child sexual abuse reveals that such abuse occurs in many countries and in many cultures. However, despite North America's increasing multicultural makeup, most adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse encountered in therapy and discussed in the literature are Caucasian females of various western ethnic backgrounds (Powell, 1988; Stein, Golding, Siegel, Burnam, & Sorenson, 1988). Additionally, most counselling approaches used with these clientele are based on western counselling theories (Mollica & Son, 1989). It seems unclear whether the experience of childhood sexual abuse and subsequent counselling for its after-effects among adult