DOCSLIB.ORG

The Shi'a in Modern South Asia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Shi'a in Modern South Asia The Shi‘a IN Modern South Asia Religion, History and Politics Edited by Justin Jones and Ali Usman Qasmi The Shi‘a in Modern South Asia Religion, History and Politics Edited by Justin Jones Ali Usman Qasmi Cambridge House, 4381/4 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi 110002, India Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107108905 © Cambridge University Press 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2015 Printed in India A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-107-10890-5 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Preface v Introduction 1 Francis Robinson 1. Faith Deployed for a New Shi‘i Polity in India 12 Sajjad Rizvi 2. The Isma‘ili – Isna ‘Ashari Divide Among the Khojas 36 Michel Boivin 3. Local Nodes of a Transnational Network 57 Muhammad Amir Ahmad Khan 4. Shi‘ism, Humanity and Revolution in Twentieth-century India 80 Justin Jones 5. Universalising Aspirations 105 Soumen Mukherjee 6. Muslims, Media and Mobility in the Indian Ocean Region 131 Shireen Mirza 7. Shari‘a, Shi‘as and Chishtiya Revivalism 159 Tahir Kamran and Amir Khan Shahid 8. Third Wave Shi‘ism 179 Simon Wolfgang Fuchs Contributors 203 Index 207 Preface This book brings together a selection of papers first presented at the conference ‘Contesting Shi‘ism: Isna ‘Ashari and Isma‘ili Shi‘ism in South Asia’ held at Royal Holloway, University of London, in September 2011. The articles included here were first published as ‘Isna ‘Ashari and Isma‘ili Shi‘ism: From South Asia to the Indian Ocean’,a special issue of Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 24, 3 (2014). The original conference was intended to address the fact that most scholarship on Shi‘i Islam has focused upon the supposed Shi‘i heartlands of Iran and Iraq, while academic interest in the South Asian Shi‘a has somewhat lagged behind by comparison. This is despite the region’s large Shi‘i population, as well as the cultural importance that Shi‘i regimes, elites and populations have historically held across the subcontinent. Recent years, however, have seen the production of a wealth of important studies within this rapidly expanding field, and it is hoped that the papers included within this volume will contribute to these discussions, and introduce readers to many of the conversations in current progress. These articles are authored by numerous active scholars working across a range of disciplines, including history, religious studies, anthropology and political science. They explore the historical and contemporary dynamics of various South Asian Shi‘i communities – both Isna ‘Ashari and Isma‘ili – over the last two centuries, and focus upon a range of Shi‘i centres including Karachi, Lucknow, Bombay and Hyderabad, as well as South Asian Shi‘i diasporic communities in East Africa. Taken en masse, these essays demonstrate the enduring vitality of these communities, whose members have responded in a range of ways to the opportunities and challenges of the complex religious, social and political changes of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We hope that these essays together will further facilitate a greater recognition of the historical influence of Shi‘ism within South Asian Islamic cultures and vi Preface societies more broadly, and will help to establish South Asia at the centre, rather than the margins, of studies of the Shi‘a in the modern world. For enabling the original conference to take place, we would like to thank our hosts at Royal Holloway, as well as the Newton International Fellowship Scheme, jointly run by the British Academy and the Royal Society, for their generous sponsorship of the event. We would also like to thank all participants and attendees at the event for their valued contributions. Special thanks are owed to Professor Francis Robinson for his support, and for his plenary address which is re-published here. We would also like to thank Professor Sarah Ansari, as well as Charlotte de Blois and the rest of the editorial team of the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, both for all their hard work in bringing the original special issue of the journal into being, and for their permission for the republication of these papers. Lastly, we are greatly indebted to Suvadip Bhattacharjee and others at Cambridge University Press, India for bringing this book to fruition. Justin Jones Ali Usman Qasmi Introduction The Shi‘a in South Asia Francis Robinson The Shi‘i communities of South Asia, roughly 60 million people, represent, after those of Iran, the second largest grouping of Shi‘as in the Muslim world. Until recently our knowledge of them has not matched their numbers. Indeed, they, and here I refer to the Twelver Shi‘as rather than the Isma‘ilis, have suffered from the paradox of being both highly visible but in scholarly terms largely invisible. Where the Shi‘a live in South Asian towns and cities, arguably, no community has been more visible or more audible: visible because of their great processions at Muharram; and audible, certainly at Muharram, but also throughout the year in their majalis, as they recount the events of Karbala, often transmitting them by loudspeaker to the muhalla. Up to the 1980s these significant religious communities had attracted just two major works of scholarship: Hollister’s, The Shi‘a of India (1936) and Engineer’s The Bohras (1980).1 This dearth of scholarship began to change in the mid-1980s. First there was S. A. A. Rizvi’s major two-volume survey of India’s Twelver Shi‘as (1986), followed by Juan Cole’s path-breaking study of the establishment of the Shi‘i state of Awadh from the eighteenth century (1988).2 From the 1990s attention turned to Shi‘i commemorative practice with Vernon Schubel’s study of Shi‘i devotional rituals (1993), David Pinault’s studies of ritual and popular piety (1992) and devotional life 1 John Norman Hollister, The Shi‘a of India, (London, 1953); Asghar Ali Engineer, The Bohras (New Delhi, 1980). 2 Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, A Socio-Intellectual History of the Isna ‘Ashari Shi‘is in India, in 2 Vols. (Canberra, 1986); J. R. I. Cole, Roots of North Indian Shi‘ism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and State in Awadh, 1722–1859 (Berkeley, 1988). 2 Francis Robinson (2001) which were followed in similar vein by Toby Howarth’s examination of Shi‘i preaching in Hyderabad (2005) and Syed Akbar Hyder’s exploration of the role of Shi‘i martyrdom in South Asian memory (2006).3 Subsequently there have been two important studies of the Khoja Isma‘ilis: Marc van Grondelle’s demonstration of the role of British imperial power in turning them into a successful transnational community (2009) and Teena Purohit’s demonstration of how the Khoja Isma‘ilis were created in their particular Muslim form by the removal of pluralistic religious practices from their devotions (2012).4 The year 2012 saw Justin Jones’ authoritative work on the creative responses of Lucknow’s Twelver Shi‘as after the British brought Shi‘i political power to an end.5 At the same time, and not before time, serious attention began to be paid to the role of women in Shi‘i devotional practice in books by Karen Ruffle (2011) and Diana D’Souza (2012), which both focussed on the Shi‘i women of Hyderabad.6 The essays in this book illustrate how research is being pressed forward on a broad front. In particular they illustrate how scholars are beginning to develop a grasp of religious change amongst the Shi‘as over the past two centuries to match that which has been achieved for the Sunnis. The following themes, all present to a greater or lesser extent in modern scholarship on the Shi‘a of South Asia, run through these essays: there is the role of political power, but also its lack, in establishing and shaping Shi‘i communities; there is the centrality of the tragedy of Karbala to Shi‘i identity and to the Shi‘i sense of community; there is the tendency, as time moves towards the present, for Shi‘i practices of pluralism and inclusiveness to weaken in favour of exclusiveness; then, associated with this development, there is the impact of religious reform, and significant religious change, which compares suggestively with religious change in the Sunni world; there is the enduring impact of Iran, the Shi‘i centres in Iraq and more recently Shi‘i activism in 3 Vernon Schubel, Religious Performance in Contemporary Islam: Shi‘i Devotional Rituals in South Asia (Columbia, 1993); David Pinault, The Shiites: Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community (New York, 1992), and Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India, (Houndmills, 2001); Toby Howarth, The Twelver Shi‘a as a Muslim Minority in India: Pulpit of Tears (Abingdon, 2005); Syed Akbar Hyder, Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory (New York, 2006). 4 Marc van Grondelle, The Ismailis in the Colonial Era: Modernity, Empire and Islam, 1839–1969 (London, 2009); Teena Purohit, The Aga Khan Case: Religion and Identity in Colonial India (Cambridge, Mass., 2012).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran
    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Shajarah Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization of the International Islamic University Malaysia (Iium)
    AL-SHAJARAH JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT AND CIVILIZATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA (IIUM) 2019 Volume 24 Number 2 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ABDELAZIZ BERGHOUT, IIUM, Malaysia EDITORIAL BOARD THAMEEM USHAMA, IIUM, Malaysia MOHAMED ASLAM BIN MOHAMED HANEEF, IIUM, Malaysia Awang SARIYAN, IIUM, Malaysia HAZIZAN MD NOON, IIUM, Malaysia HAFIZ ZAKARIYA, IIUM, Malaysia DANIAL MOHD YUSOF, IIUM, Malaysia ACADEMIC COMMITTEE MD SALLEH Yaapar, USM, Malaysia MOHAMMAD ABDUL QUAYUM, IIUM, Malaysia RAHMAH AHMAD H OSMAN, IIUM, Malaysia RASHID MOTEN, IIUM, Malaysia Spahic OMER, IIUM, Malaysia INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD SYED ARABI IDID (Malaysia) OSMAN BAKAR (Malaysia/Brunei) ANNABELLE TEH GALLOP (UK) SERDAR DEMIREL (Turkey) AZYUMARDI AZRA (Indonesia) WAEL B. HALLAQ (USA) AFIFI AL-AKITI (Malaysia/UK) IBRAHIM ZEIN (Qatar) Al-Shajarah is a refereed international journal that publishes original scholarly articles in the area of Islamic thought, Islamic civilization, Islamic science, and Malay world issues. The journal is especially interested in studies that elaborate scientific and epistemological problems encountered by Muslims in the present age, scholarly works that provide fresh and insightful Islamic responses to the intellectual and cultural challenges of the modern world. Al-Shajarah will also consider articles written on various religions, schools of thought, ideologies and subjects that can contribute towards the formulation of an Islamic philosophy of science. Critical studies of translation of major works of major writers of the past and present. Original works on the subjects of Islamic architecture and art are welcomed. Book reviews and notes are also accepted. The journal is published twice a year, June-July and November-December. Manuscripts and all correspondence should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, Al-Shajarah, F4 Building, Research and Publication Unit, International Institute of Islamic Civilisation and Malay World (ISTAC), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), No.
    [Show full text]
  • Islam in Kenya: the Khoja Ismilis
    INSTITUTE OF CURRENT VJORLD AFFAIRS DER- 31 & 32 November 26, 1954 Islam in Kenya c/o Barclays Bank Introduction Queeusway Nairobi, Kenya Mr. Walter S. Rogers (Delayed fr revl sl Institute of Current World Affairs 522 Fifth Avenue New York 36, New York Dear Mr. Roers: All over the continent of Africa, from Morocco and Egypt to Zanzibar, Cape Town and Nigeria, millions of eople respond each day to a ringing cry heard across half the world for 1300 years. La i.l.aha illa-'llah: Muhmmadun rasulm,'llh, There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet By these words, Muslims declare their faith in the teachings of the Arabian Prophet. The religion was born in Arabia and the words of its declaration of faith are in Arabic, but Islam has been accepted by many peoples of various races, natioual- i tie s and religious back- grounds, includiu a diverse number iu Kenya. Iu this colony there are African, Indian, Arab, Somali, Comoriau and other Muslims---even a few Euglishmeu---aud they meet each Frlday for formal worship in mosques iu Nairobi, Mombasa, Lamu and Kisumu, in the African Resewves and across the arid wastes of the northern frontier desert. Considerable attention has been given to the role of Christianity in Kenya and elsewhere iu East Africa, Jamia (Sunni) Mosque, and rightly so. But it Nairobl is sometimes overlooked that another great mouo- theistic religiou is at work as well. Islam arose later iu history than Christianity, but it was firmly planted lu Kenya centuries before the first Christian missionaries stepped ashore at Mombasa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: a Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2019 The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: A Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966 Azizeddin Tejpar University of Central Florida Part of the African History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Tejpar, Azizeddin, "The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: A Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 6324. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6324 THE MIGRATION OF INDIANS TO EASTERN AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF THE ISMAILI COMMUNITY, 1866-1966 by AZIZEDDIN TEJPAR B.A. Binghamton University 1971 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2019 Major Professor: Yovanna Pineda © 2019 Azizeddin Tejpar ii ABSTRACT Much of the Ismaili settlement in Eastern Africa, together with several other immigrant communities of Indian origin, took place in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries. This thesis argues that the primary mover of the migration were the edicts, or Farmans, of the Ismaili spiritual leader. They were instrumental in motivating Ismailis to go to East Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fatimid Caliphate General Editor: Farhad Daftary Diversity of Traditions
    'lltc Jnslitutc of lsmaili Studies Ismaili Heritage Series, 14 The Fatimid Caliphate General Editor: Farhad Daftary Diversity of Traditions Previously published titles: I. Paul E. Walker, Abu Ya'qub al-SijistiinI: Intellectual Missionary (1996) 2. Heinz Halm, The Fatimids and their Traditions of Learning ( 1997) 3. Paul E. Walker, Jjamfd al-Din al-Kirmani: Ismaili Thought in the Age ofal-l:iiikim (1999) 4. Alice C. Hunsberger, Nasir Khusraw, The Ruby of Badakhshan: A Portrait of the Persian Poet, Traveller and Philosopher (2000) 5. Farouk Mitha, Al-Ghazalf and the Ismailis: A Debate in Medieval Islam (2001) Edited by 6. Ali S. Asani, Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia (2002) Farhad Daftary and Shainool Jiwa 7. Paul E. Walker, Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources (2002) 8. Nadia Eboo Jamal, Surviving the Mongols: Nizari Quhistani and the Continuity ofIsmaili Tradition in Persia (2002) 9. Verena Klemm, Memoirs of a Mission: The Ismaili Scholar; States­ man and Poet al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shfriizi (2003) 10. Peter Willey, Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria (2005) 11. Sumaiya A. Hamdani, Between Revolution and State: The Path to Fatimid Statehood (2006) 12. Farhad Daftary, Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies (2005) 13. Farhad Daftary, ed., A Modern History of the Ismailis (2011) I.B.Tauris Publishers LONDON • NEW YORK in association with The Institute oflsmaili Studies LONDON 1111 '1111' 1'itti111icl <: 11lifih111t· soun;cs and fanciful accounts of medieval times. 'lhus legends and misconceptions have continued to surround the Ismailis through the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslim 500 2011
    The Muslim 500 � 2011 The Muslim The 500 The Muslim 500 � 2011 The Muslim The 500 The Muslim 500The The Muslim � 2011 500———————�——————— THE 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS ———————�——————— � 2 011 � � THE 500 MOST � INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · All rights reserved. No part of this book may be repro- The Muslim 500: The 500 Most Influential Muslims duced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic 2011 (First Edition) or mechanic, inclding photocopying or recording or by any ISBN: 978-9975-428-37-2 information storage and retrieval system, without the prior · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · written permission of the publisher. Views expressed in The Muslim 500 do not necessarily re- Chief Editor: Prof. S. Abdallah Schleifer flect those of RISSC or its advisory board. Researchers: Aftab Ahmed, Samir Ahmed, Zeinab Asfour, Photo of Abdul Hakim Murad provided courtesy of Aiysha Besim Bruncaj, Sulmaan Hanif, Lamya Al-Khraisha, and Malik. Mai Al-Khraisha Image Copyrights: #29 Bazuki Muhammad / Reuters (Page Designed & typeset by: Besim Bruncaj 75); #47 Wang zhou bj / AP (Page 84) Technical consultant: Simon Hart Calligraphy and ornaments throughout the book used courtesy of Irada (http://www.IradaArts.com). Special thanks to: Dr Joseph Lumbard, Amer Hamid, Sun- dus Kelani, Mohammad Husni Naghawai, and Basim Salim. English set in Garamond Premiere
    [Show full text]
  • 100 Justin Jones and Ali Usman Qasmi, the Shi'a in Modern South
    Zaheer Abbas Ex Historia 100 Justin Jones and Ali Usman Qasmi, The Shi’a in Modern South Asia: Religion, History and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 218 pp., ISBN: 9781107108905, £67.00. A valuable addition to the steadily growing corpus of literature on the ‘minority’ Islamic sects of South Asia, The Shi’a in Modern South Asia is part of a recent trend to move away from the atabat-i- aliyat (the Shi’ite shrine cities of Iraq), the traditional lens employed in much existing scholarship on Shi’i Islam. One effect of this realignment led scholars to focus more closely on the sizeable Shi’i communities of South Asia, resulting in a spurt of literature from the mid-1980s.1 Employing a similar approach, the eight chapters that make up this text contribute to this widening scholarship. Of special mention are two important correctives the volume makes to existing literature: it vests equal space and import to a study of the less numerous Shi’a subdivisions of Isma’ilis and Khojas, and second, it moves beyond devotional rituals and popular religious practices to aspects which allow it to uncover both the internal and international workings of the Shi’i community of South Asia. Sajjad Rizvi’s chapter highlights the contributions the noted Shi’a mujtahid Sayyid Dildar ‘Ali Nasirabadi (1753–1820), made in lending a theological legitimacy to the rulers of Awadh. The ‘new conception of Shi‘i theology’ (p. 33) devised by Sayyid Dildar Ali promoted ‘anti-Sunnism, anti- Akhbarism, and anti-Sufism’ (p. 35) leading gradually to the emergence of an exclusivist and distinctive form of Twelver Shi’ism in the state of Awadh.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by Mohammad Raisur Rahman 2008
    Copyright by Mohammad Raisur Rahman 2008 The Dissertation Committee for Mohammad Raisur Rahman certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Islam, Modernity, and Educated Muslims: A History of Qasbahs in Colonial India Committee: _____________________________________ Gail Minault, Supervisor _____________________________________ Cynthia M. Talbot _____________________________________ Denise A. Spellberg _____________________________________ Michael H. Fisher _____________________________________ Syed Akbar Hyder Islam, Modernity, and Educated Muslims: A History of Qasbahs in Colonial India by Mohammad Raisur Rahman, B.A. Honors; M.A.; M.Phil. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2008 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the fond memories of my parents, Najma Bano and Azizur Rahman, and to Kulsum Acknowledgements Many people have assisted me in the completion of this project. This work could not have taken its current shape in the absence of their contributions. I thank them all. First and foremost, I owe my greatest debt of gratitude to my advisor Gail Minault for her guidance and assistance. I am grateful for her useful comments, sharp criticisms, and invaluable suggestions on the earlier drafts, and for her constant encouragement, support, and generous time throughout my doctoral work. I must add that it was her path breaking scholarship in South Asian Islam that inspired me to come to Austin, Texas all the way from New Delhi, India. While it brought me an opportunity to work under her supervision, I benefited myself further at the prospect of working with some of the finest scholars and excellent human beings I have ever known.
    [Show full text]
  • Living a Piety-Led Life Beyond Muharram: Becoming Or Being a South Asian Shia Muslim in the UK Dogra, Sufyan Abid
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Portal Living a piety-led life beyond Muharram: becoming or being a South Asian Shia Muslim in the UK Dogra, Sufyan Abid DOI: 10.1007/s11562-019-00437-8 License: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY) Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Dogra, SA 2019, 'Living a piety-led life beyond Muharram: becoming or being a South Asian Shia Muslim in the UK', Contemporary Islam, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-019-00437-8 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document.
    [Show full text]
  • At Mazandaran Through Tourism Approach
    Current World Environment Vol. 10(Special Issue 1), 967-978 (2015) Thinking Relatively on Nature Concept with Creating “Modern Tourism Space” at Mazandaran through Tourism Approach MOHADDESE YAZARLOU Department of Architecture, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.10.Special-Issue1.116 (Received: November, 2014; Accepted: April, 2015) Abstract Tourism industry, as the most diverse industry across the world, has some subsets. One of the Iran architectural manifestations is caravanserai which has been built on various historical eras. The most improved periods of construction and renovation of caravanserai was belonged to safavid time. Iran at safavid era was regarded as an important linking loop to international traffic. Many passengers came to Iran from various sites. Some were political agents and some other was traders who had travelled to Iran for various reasons, from other countries. Thus building caravanserai, that were considered as a hotel to international and national guests, was regarded so essential at safavid era. For this reason, Safavid Sultans (kings) had regarded it as a necessary point and started to construct caravanserai. In this era, particularly at first shah-Abbas time. Construct of caravanserai had been conducted along with ways and roads constructions and their repairs. Such human-made buildings, have been constructed across global world at various era, sometimes they was established in a region based on its special style and sometimes based on predominant government style. Nowadays, tourism development is known as a nations aims to enter foreign exchange. Regard to present economic problems such as unemployment, poor efficiency at agriculture section and over excess exploitation from natural resources, pay attention to other alternatives such as tourism, apparently is necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • Justin Jones – Select Publications (Updated Jan 2021)
    JUSTIN JONES – SELECT PUBLICATIONS (UPDATED JAN 2021) Books and edited volumes: • Monograph: Justin Jones, Shi‘a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism (Cambridge University Press, 2012). • Edited volume: Justin Jones and Yafa Shanneik eds., ‘Reformulating Matrimony: Muslim Marriages and Divorces in Europe’, special issue of Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 40, 1, (2020), Taylor and Francis: 1-178. • Edited volume: Justin Jones and Mouez Khalfaoui eds., ‘Islamic Family Law in Europe and the Islamic World: Current Situation and Challenges’, special issue of Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law 8 (2020): 1-95. Also published as an edited book: Islamic Family Law in Europe and the Islamic World: Current Situation and Challenges (Berlin, 2020). • Edited volume: Justin Jones and Ali Usman Qasmi eds., ‘Isna ‘Ashari and Isma‘ili Shi‘ism: from South Asia to the Indian Ocean’, special issue of Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 24, 3, (2014), Cambridge University Press: 351-528. Also published as an edited book: The Shi‘a of South Asia: Religion, History and Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2015). • Edited volume: Justin Jones ed., ‘The Politics of Work, Family and Community in India’, special issue of Modern Asian Studies 44, 1, (2010), Cambridge University Press: 1-200. Journal articles: • “Acting upon our Religion’: Muslim Women’s Movements and the Remodelling of Islamic Practice in India’, Modern Asian Studies 55, 1, (2021): 40-74. • ‘Muslim Alternative Dispute Resolution: Tracing the Pathways of Islamic Legal Practice between South Asia and Contemporary Britain’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 40, 1, (2020): 48-66. • ‘Khandan-i-Ijtihad: Genealogy, History and Authority in a Family of ‘Ulama in Modern South Asia’, Modern Asian Studies 54, 4, (2020): 1149-1191.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications of Iranian Elections
    CRS INSIGHT Implications of Iranian Elections March 4, 2016 (IN10457) | Related Author Kenneth Katzman | Kenneth Katzman, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs ([email protected], 7-7612) Summary An apparent strong showing by supporters of President Hassan Rouhani might reflect broad support for the nuclear agreement between Iran and major international powers ("Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action," JCPOA) that is providing significant sanctions relief. Iran's core national security goals are unlikely to change, and with runoffs still to come, any possible easing of social and political restrictions is difficult to predict. The results could affect the choice of the next Supreme Leader. Election Processes On February 26, 2016, Iran held elections for the 290-seat Majles (parliament) and for the 88-seat body called the "Assembly of Experts," which is empowered to choose a successor to the Supreme Leader and rewrite Iran's constitution. The Majles plays a significant role on budgetary and economic decisions, but less of a role on issues of national security. The Majles seats are allocated to 207 geographic constituencies, meaning that some constituencies send more than one person to the body. Tehran, for example, sends 30 members to the Majles. The Assembly of Experts seats are divided among Iran's 31 provinces. The largest constituency in both elections is Tehran, which sends 30 persons to the Majles and 16 to the Assembly of Experts. Five Majles seats are reserved for members of the "recognized" religious minorities (Zoroastrians, Jews, and several Christian denominations). Political parties are generally banned, and factions compete as loose alliances of candidates based on ideology.
    [Show full text]