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RSC Advances RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Network pharmacology-based analysis for unraveling potential cancer-related molecular Cite this: RSC Adv.,2021,11,11610 targets of Egyptian propolis phytoconstituents accompanied with molecular docking and in vitro studies† Reham S. Ibrahim * and Alaa A. El-Banna Cancer is one of the predominant causes of death worldwide. The new trend nowadays is to exploit natural products with the hope of developing new anticancer agents with fewer side effects. Propolis is one of these natural products which showed effectiveness in cancer treatment. The aim of this study is to understand the multi-level mechanism of action of propolis constituents in cancer treatment using an integrated approach of network pharmacology-based analysis, molecular docking and in vitro Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. cytotoxicity testing. An inhouse database of chemical constituents from Egyptian propolis was compiled and assessed for its ADME properties using the QikProp module in the Schrodinger software. STITCH, UniProt, STRING, KEGG and DAVID databases were used for construction of constituent-target gene, gene-pathway, and constituent-target gene-pathway networks with the aid of Cytoscape 3.8.2. The network pharmacology-based analysis showed that the hit propolis constituents related to cancer targets were genistein, luteolin, benzoic acid, quercetin and vanillic acid, whereas the main cancer- associated targets were CYP1A1, CYP19A1, ESR1, NOS3, CASP3 and AKT1. Twenty-four cancer-related pathways were recognized where the most enriched ones were pathways in cancer and estrogen signaling pathway. The most enriched biological processes involved in the mechanism of action of This article is licensed under a propolis constituents in cancer treatment were negative regulation of the apoptotic process and the metabolic process and negative regulation of cellular glucuronidation. Molecular docking analysis of the top hit compounds against the most enriched target proteins in the constructed networks was carried Open Access Article. Published on 22 March 2021. Downloaded 10/2/2021 7:08:57 PM. out using the Maestro interface of the Schrodinger software. Among hit compounds, quercetin and genistein exhibited the most stabilized interaction. Finally, confirmation of the potential anticancer Received 20th February 2021 activity of propolis was assured by in vitro cytotoxicity testing of propolis extract on human prostate Accepted 13th March 2021 cancer (DU-145), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell lines. DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01390d This study presents deeper insights about propolis molecular mechanisms of action in cancer for the first rsc.li/rsc-advances time using an integrated approach of network pharmacology, molecular docking and in vitro testing. 1. Introduction Many chemotherapeutic agents have been developed during the past ve decades. Although these agents were benecial in Cancer is among the major causes of death worldwide. It is the the treatment of cancer, they exhibited many adverse side second predominant reason for mortality following cardiovas- effects.4 Therefore, scientic research is needed to improve cular diseases.1 It is charged with one in eight deaths in the these agents and develop new ones with no or fewer side effects. world, exceeding malaria, AIDS and tuberculosis collectively.2 Because of this requirement, great attention is now paid to The number of deaths due to cancer in the world is expected to natural products as a promising treasure to discover safer and rise from 7.1 million in 2002 to 11.5 million in 2030.3 more effective anticancer agents. Four categories of natural anticancer agents are marketed today, the vinca alkaloids, the epipodophyllotoxins, the taxanes and the camptothecin derivatives.4 Natural products still have Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, great prospect to yield novel anticancer agents and one of these Alexandria, 21521, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected]; reham.abdelkader@ auspicious natural products is propolis. alexu.edu.eg; Tel: +201223821098 † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: Propolis is a resinous substance produced by honey bees via 10.1039/d1ra01390d mixing their salivary and enzymatic secretions with plant sap 11610 | RSC Adv.,2021,11, 11610–11626 © 2021 The Author(s). Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry View Article Online Paper RSC Advances and gums. It is called “bee glue” because it is used by bees to conducted. Molecular docking analysis was performed on the close up unwanted pores and cracks in their hives. It is also identied hit compounds mostly related to cancer targets in used by bees as an antiseptic to sanitize their hives against order to investigate the molecular interactions of these microbial infections.5 Propolis color and structure vary based compounds with the target genes. In vitro cytotoxicity testing on on the plant and the geographical origins. It may be green, prostate, breast and colon cancer cell lines was further carried black, red, white and most commonly brown in color and hard out to prove the potential anticancer activity of Egyptian prop- or fragile in structure. There are many botanical origins of olis extract. This study represents deeper insights about prop- propolis, the most commonly identied are chestnut, pine, olis molecular mechanisms of action in cancer for the rst time sweetgum, poplar, oak, birch, elm, coin vine, willow, acacia, using an integrated approach of network pharmacology, eucalyptus, etc. The geographical origin includes many coun- molecular docking and in vitro testing. tries across the world such as Egypt, China, Thailand, India, Taiwan, Iraq, Greece, Tunisia, Turkey, Cuba, Croatia, Mexico, 2. Experimental Portugal, Brazil and Caribbean countries.6 From a chemical perspective, the propolis chemome has 2.1. Compilation of an in-house database for Egyptian a remarkable qualitative and quantitative divergence due to propolis specicity of the surrounding ora at the collection site and A database of 100 compounds was compiled from previous accordingly geographic, climatic features and harvest seasons. literature review on chemical composition of Egyptian propolis Further, genetic differences among bee races account for this (Table S1†). The 2D structures of these compounds were inherent variability, possibly owing to discrete preferences conrmed using ChEMBL (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/) and toward appropriate resin sources from various plant families.7 PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Then the Literature survey revealed that propolis is rich in many active conversion of these structures to the SMILES format was constituents mainly polyphenols, avonoids, amino acids and accomplished using Schrodinger soware (2017A). 8 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. minerals. Therefore, it exhibits a variety of health-promoting activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, skin emollient, 2.2. ADME and drug-likeness ltration anti-inammatory, laxative, immunomodulator, antidiabetic, Filtration of propolis constituents imported from the database and anticancer activities.5 Owing to its positive human health was carried out using Qikprop soware (Schrodinger suite consequences against degenerative diseases,9 propolis was 2017A) by calculation of absorption, distribution, metabolism, recognized as a valuable therapeutic agent and extensively and excretion (ADME) criteria and applying Lipinski's rule of incorporated into commercial health-promoting formulations ve.17 In this study, compounds with projected oral bioavail- traditionally consumed worldwide. ff ability (OB) of less than 30 were excluded. In addition, The anticancer e ect of propolis is its most astounding This article is licensed under a compounds that satis ed less than three criteria from Lip- activity. It is mainly ascribed to its anti-oxidant potential, inski's rule of ve were also excluded. immune-boosting effect, antiproliferative activity, tumor vascularization inhibition, killing cancer stem cells, alteration 2.3. Network pharmacology-based analysis Open Access Article. Published on 22 March 2021. Downloaded 10/2/2021 7:08:57 PM. of the neoplasm microenvironment, mitigation of chemother- apeutics side effects.10 Propolis is reported to be effective in the 2.3.1. Target genes related to the ltered constituents. treatment of many types of cancer such as brain and spinal Identication of the target genes related to the ltered constit- cord, breast, blood, head and neck, skin, pancreas, colon, uents was achieved via STITCH DB (http://stitch.embl.de/, ver. kidney, liver and bladder cancers.6 5.0) with the ‘Homo sapiens’ species setting.18 Genes names, ID, Comprehension and illustration of the molecular mecha- organism and function were retrieved from UniProt (http:// nisms by which natural products act on molecular targets is very www.uniprot.org/).18,19 Only the ‘Homo sapiens’ proteins associ- difficult because of the complex chemome of natural products ated with cancer were retained. Then protein–protein interac- and the possibility to act synergistically and on multiple targets tion network (PPI network) was constructed using STRING at the same time. Lately, the explanation of the mechanism of database (https://string-db.org/).20 actions of natural products in various diseases with the 2.3.2. Networks construction and pathway analyses. Cyto- projection of target
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