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Boletín De Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, ISSN: 0213-6910

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Boletín De Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, ISSN: 0213-6910 Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 35: 259-263, 2009 Comunicación Briefing on the integrated control of Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to Brazil G. SANTOS ANDRADE,P. LUIZ PASTORI, A. I. DE AZEVEDO PEREIRA, L. PIN DALVI, G. DIAS DE ALMEIDA,F. FAGUNDES PEREIRA Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a class A2 quarantine insect pest in Brazil. Its population is managed with biological control agents and mon- itoring is done in different countries. Such information is important for develop strate- gies to eradicate the insect in Brazil. The briefing to control black fly was discussed in this study for application in Brazil. G. SANTOS ANDRADE, A. I. DE AZEVEDO PEREIRA. Departamento de Biologia Animal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36.570-000, Viçosa-MG, Brasil. E- mail: [email protected], [email protected] P. L UIZ PASTORI, L. PIN DALVI, G. DIAS DE ALMEIDA. Departamento de Fitotecnia, Uni- versidade Federal de Viçosa, 36.570-000, Viçosa-MG, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] F. FAGUNDES PEREIRA. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, 79.804-970, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. E- mail: [email protected] Key words: Black fly, biological control, exotic pests, Integrated Pest Management. Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Hemip- spiral shape (NGUYEN & HAMON, 1993; tera: Aleyrodidae) originated from Asia and LEMOS et al., 2006). The damage caused by can be found in Africa, America and Oceania black fly nymphs or adults is due to their sap (EPPO, 2008). This insect can use more than sucking habits that may transmit serious 300 plants species as hosts (NGUYEN & viruses to the host plant and lead to the pro- HAMON 1993), including avocado, banana, duction of sooty molds that are dark symbi- coffee, ginger, grape, guava, litchi, mango, otic fungi (e.g. Capnodium sp.). These fungi papaya, pear, rose and, most commonly, Cit- generally grow on honeydew excreted by rus spp., from which the greatest damages are sucking insects, inhibiting photosynthesis of reported (EPPO, 2008). the host plant (LOTORTO, 1978; RAGA & Aleurocanthus woglumi adults are dark- COSTA, 2008). gray with red stripes on their chest and In Brazil, A. woglumi are found in the abdomen, and measure approximately 0.99 states of Pará (OLIVEIRA et al., 2001), to 1.24 mm in length (NGUYEN & HAMON, Maranhão (LEMOS et al., 2006), Amazônia, 1993). A. woglumi females lay their eggs on Amapá, Tocantins (PENA & SILVA, 2006/07), the underside of leaves in clusters of 35 to 50 São Paulo (RAGA & COSTA, 2008) and Goiás eggs which are easily recognized by their (SÁ et al., 2008). Currently, this insect is 260 G. ANDRADE, et al. classified as a A2 quarantine pest under offi- Amitus hesperidum Silvestri (Hyme- cer control to avoid spreading throughout noptera: Platygasteridae), introduced in cit- the Brazilian territory (RAGA & COSTA, rus plantations of Trinidad and Tobago, was 2008; SÁ et al., 2008). The black fly has able to reduced more than 98% of black fly great potential to become a severe pest in populations with parasitism rates of 60 to Brazil because few studies have been per- 90% within 4 to 13 months after release of formed regarding this insect and the effec- the parasitoid (WHITE et al., 2005). A. hes- tiveness of chemical and natural enemies for peridum and Encarsia opulenta (Silvestri) the insect on the various potential host (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were released plants (SÁ et al., 2008). to control black fly in citrus plantation of Monitoring the black fly populations with southern Texas (MEAGHER & FRENCH, 2004). geographical information systems and Both parasitoids controlled the black fly infrared images has demonstrated to be ade- populations. Parasitized nymphs of A. wog- quate for mapping and to observe outbreaks lumi suggest that E. opulenta was more effi- in citrus plants (FLETCHER et al., 2004). The cient than A. hesperidum (MEAGHER & black flies could be detected by infrared, FRENCH, 2004). E. opulenta was also able to black and white, and near infrared images. rapidly decrease high densities of this pest Quantitative data can also be obtained from (SUMMY & GILSTRAP, 1992). Taxonomic infrared images (EVERITT et al., 1994), how- studies later indicated that the species of par- ever, the operating costs of this technology asitoid released was Encarsia perplexa may limit its use, especially in developing Huang & Polaskek (Hymenoptera: Aphelin- countries or areas where agribusiness is not idae) in Mexico and the U.S.A. (MYARTEVA very intensive. The greatest challenge of this & SALAS, 2005). Taxonomic evaluations also technology is to detect the pest population verified problems when material from Cen- below the level of economic loss. tral America was released for black fly con- The specificity of natural enemies for tar- trol in Hawaii (CULLINEY et al., 2003). geted pests is an important criterion for the Therefore, critical studies of the ecosystem selection and introduction of natural enemies and the use of taxonomy are needed to min- in classical biological control programs. An imize mistakes in any biological control pro- organism in an ecosystem may lead to unpre- ject (ZUCCHI, 2002). dictable results, and informed and rational Cales noacki Howard and Encarsia per- evaluations supported by ecological data are gandiella Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) necessary (WAAGE et al., 2001). An apparent are found in Brazil (HOWARD, 1907) and are absence of negative effects of an exotic nat- promising parasitoids of A. woglumi (RAGA & ural enemy is not sufficient for its introduc- COSTA, 2008). C. noacki is an important agent tion (HOELMER & KIRK, 2005). Scientific for the biological control of Aleurothrixus evidence of impacts on the targeted pests floccosus (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) including the assessment of sources of mor- (ULUSOY et al., 2003). This parasitoid showed tality in all stages should be known before parasitism rates higher than 92% in Tetraleu- introducing exotic agents and then evaluated rodes perseae Nakahara (Hemiptera: Aleyro- after their release (MICHAUD, 2002; EHLER, didae) in avocado (ROSE & WOOLEY, 1984). 2007). E. pergandiella parasitizes Bemisia tabaci Successful control of A. woglumi with (Gennadius) (GREENBERG et al., 2008; natural enemies in Caribbean countries has HARDIN et al., 2008) and Bemisia argentifolii shown that the introduction of these agents Bellows & Perring (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) can be successful, but the exchange of infor- (GREENBERG et al., 2001), which are insect mation among research bureaus becomes pests in different crops in Brazil. central point to achieve this goal (BROWNING, Encarsia pergandiella can be collected in 1992). Brazilian fields and may be cultivated in the BOL. SAN. VEG. PLAGAS, 35, 2009 261 laboratory with the intent of improving its Transit Botanicals with the following addi- biological potential (DONNELL & HUNTER, tional statement: “There were no signs of 2002). The predator Malla boninensis Aleurocanthus woglumi in the place of pro- (Okamoto) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is duction over the past six months and the reported as a natural enemy of A. woglumi departure was inspected and they are free of (NEHARE et al., 2004; BHAATI et al., 2007; the pest” (MAPA, 2008). ZADE et al., 2007). Furthermore, enzootic Methods to control A. woglumi are impor- diseases of Aschersonia sp. in populations of tant tools for the management of exotic A. woglumi can be a source of biological pests. The polyphagous behavior and host material for microbial control (PENA, 2007). availability require the use of different meth- Synthetic insecticides can provide imme- ods and knowledge of agroecosystem which diate control of insect pest populations, but becomes the first step to establish strategies some aspects, such as its selectivity to the for the control of black fly in Brazil as well biological control agents must be exhaus- as abroad. tively studied before being used (BUENO et al., 2008; GIOLO et al., 2008; MOSCARDINI et ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS al., 2008). The Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, To “Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Livestock and Supply provides instructions Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)” and for the transport of host plants from area “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento where the black fly is found. Plants or plant Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)” for finan- material can be transport by Permission cial and scientific support to authors. RESUMEN SANTOS ANDRADE,G.,P. LUIZ PASTORI, A. I. DE AZEVEDO PEREIRA, L. PIN DALVI,G. DIAS DE ALMEIDA,F. FAGUNDES PEREIRA. 2009. Nota sobre el control integrado de Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) en Brasil. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 35: 259-263. Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) está incluída en la lista A2 de plagas de cuarentena en Brasil. Su población es controlada con agentes biológicos y la vigilancia se realiza en diferentes países. Esta información es importante para desa- rrollar estrategias para erradicar el insecto en el Brasil. La reunión de información para el control de la mosca prieta de los cítricos se discutió en este estudio para su aplicación en Brasil. Palabras clave: Mosca prieta de los cítricos, control biológico, plagas exóticas, Manejo Integrado de Plagas. REFERENCES BHAGAT, S. M., DEOTALE,V. Y.,ZADE, S. M., MAKAN- CULLINEY,T. W.,NAGAMINE,W. T.,TERAMOTO K. K. 2003. WAR, P. S., HIWASE, A. B. 2007. Bioefficacy of Mal- Introductions for biological control in Hawaii lada boninensis (Okamoto) against citrus blackfly 1997–2001. Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 36: 145-153. Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby. Journal of Soils and DONNELL, D. M., HUNTER, M. S. 2002. Developmental Crops. 17: 125-127. rates of two congeneric parasitoids, Encarsia for- BROWNING, H. W. 1992. Overview of biological control mosa and E. pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelin- of homopterous pests in the caribbean. Fla. Ento- idae), utilizing different egg provisioning strategies. mol. 75: 440-446 J. Insect Physiol. 48: 487-493. BUENO A. D., BUENO R. C. O. D., PARRA J. R. P., VIEIRA, EHLER, L.
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