ORDER ARTIODACTYLA

The classification here used is based mainly on that of Ansell (1972), modified where appropriate in the light of subsequent work. Ansell's classification is itself modified from that of Simpson (1945), as used also by Ellerman et al. (1953). For a somewhat different treatment see Haltenorth (1963). Only present distribution is indicated for most species; for information on past distributions see Du Plessis (1969) and Ansell (1972).

1. Upper and lower canines caniniform and enlarged; at least one pair of upper incisors present; stomach simple; hornless (Suborder Suiformes) ...... 2 Lower canine incisiform, upper canine absent; no upper incisors; four- chambered ruminating stomach; male, and sometimes female, with paired horns (Suborder Ruminantia) ...... 3 2. Orbit not ringed by bone; upper canines more or less curved; M3 much enlarged; muzzle narrow, long, ending in a flat disc containing nostrils; lateral digits do not reach the ground; tail thin; hair on body noticeable, atleast dorsally ...... Family SUIDAE, p. 183 Orbit ringed by bone and raised above facial plane; upper canines straighter; M3 not enlarged; muzzle broad, not ending in a sc; lateral digits reach the ground; tail thick and proportionately short; body hair sparse and inconspicuous, giving hairless appearance ...... FamilyHIPPOPOTAMIDAE, p. 186 3. Lower incisiform canine bilobed; horns simple skin-covered bony projec-

. tions; neck and limbs greatly elongated ...... FamilyGIRAFFIDAE,p. 187 ) 9

0 Lower incisiform canine not bilobed; horns permanent unbranched kera-

0 tinous sheaths supported by bony cores, present either in males or in 2

d both sexes ...... Family BOVIDAE, p. 189 e t a d ( r

e In addition the family Cervidae is represented by the introduced fallow deer, Dama dama (Linnaeus, I758) , h s which is not listed here. i l b u P e h t y b d

e SUBORDER SUI FORMES t n a r g e c n e INFRAORDER SUINA c i l r e d n u

y Family SUIDAE a w e t 1. Lower canines completely abrading with upper, therefore lack widely a

G spreading upper tusks; three upper incisors; full dentition 42 ... Potamochoerus, p. 185 t e Lower canines wearing against only lower part of upper, which grow into n i widely spreading tusks; one upper incisor; full dentition 34 ... Phacochoerus, p. 184 b a S

y For a comparison offunctional skull morphology of African Suidae see Ewer (1958). b d e c 183 u d o r p e R 184 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Genus PHACOCHOERUS F. Cuvier, 1826

1766. Aper Pallas, Miscellanea zoologica: 16, pI. 2; pI. 4, figs I, 2, 4. Aper aethiopicus Pallas. See Allen (1939: 459) for the status of this name. 1817. 'Phaco choerus' G. Cuvier, Regne animal 1St edn 1: 236, footnote. See Lyon (Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 28: 141, 1915) and Ellerman et al. (1953: 171) for the status of this name. 1817. Eureodon G. Fischer, Memoires de la Societe imperiale des naturalistes de Moscou 5: 417. Sus aethio- Picus: Gmelin = Aper aethiopicus Pallas. 182 I. Phascochoeres et Phascochoerus Ranzani, Elementi di zoologia 2(3): 536,537. Variant spelling. 1822. Phascochaerus Desmarest, Encyclopedie methodique, Mammalogie: 393. Variant spelling. 1826. Phacochoerus: F. Cuvier, Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles 39: 383. Sus aethiopicus: Gmelin = Aper aethiopicus Pallas. 1828. Phascochaeres Cretzschmar, in Rilppell's Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika: 61. Variant spel­ ling. 1841. Dinochoerus Gloger, Gemeinniltzige Hand- und Hilfsbuch der Naturgeschichte I: 131; 1842: xxxii. Aper aethiopicus Pallas. 1904. Macrocephalus Palmer, Index generum Mammalium: 391, ex Frisch, 1775, Das Natursystem der vierfiissigen Thiere: 3. The latter work is not available (Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 4: 459, 1950; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion No. 258, 1954). Aper aethiopicus Pallas.

Ellerman et at. (1953: 171) refer to a request by them to the International Commission on Zoological No­ menclature to have the name Phacochoerus: F. Cuvier, 1826, placed on the Official List, and to reject Eureodon, Aper and Phascochoeres and its variants. W. F. H. Ansell (in lillo), however, informs us that neither this nor any other request referred to by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) or Ellerman et at. (1953) has been re­ ceived by the Commission. . ) 9 0 0 2 d e

t Phacochoerus aethlopicus (Pallas, 1766) Warthog a Vlakvark d ( r e Distribution. Surviving in extreme northern Cape Province and central and northern Kalahari Gemsbok h s i

l National Park; naturally occurring in northeastern Natallowveld, and introduced into lower-lying areas of b the interior and southern coastal regions (Howard and Marchant 1984: 52); eastern, northern and western u P

Transvaal; Zimbabwe, except intensively farmed areas of the Mashonaland Plateau; Mozambique, except e

h the extreme south; Botswana, and eastern, central and northern Namibia. Extralimitally Mozambique, t

y Malawi, Zambia, Angola, parts of Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, southern b and southwestern Sudan, central and northern Nigeria, northern Ghana, northern Sierra Leone, Guinea, d e Senegal, and southern Mauritania. t n a Too many subspecies are probably recognized. Ansell (1972: 10) lists seven, three of which occur in South­ r g ern Africa. e c n e c i l r e

d PHACOCHOERUS AETHIOPICUS AETH IOPICUS (Pallas, 1766) n u 1766. Aper aethiopicus Pallas, Miscellanea zoologica: 16. Cape of Good Hope. y a 1828. Phacochoerus edentatus 1. Geoffroy, Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle 13: 320. Cape of w e Good Hope. t a 1834. Phascochaerus typicus A. Smith, South African Quarterly Journal Ser. 2, 2: 178. Interior of the G

t Cape Province. e

n 1839. Phacochoerus pallasi Van der Hoeven, Nova acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino Carolinae i b germanicae naturae curiosorum, Halle 19: 173. Substitute for aethiopicus Pallas. a S y

b Surviving only in the northern Cape Province. d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: SUIDAE 185

PHACOCHOERUS AETHIOPICUS SUNDEVALLI Lonnberg. 1908 1908. Phacochoerus sundevalli Lonnberg, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro ... Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, 1905-1906, 1(2): 54. Natal.

From Natal northwards to Mozambique, Transvaal and Zimbabwe, and extralimitally to Zambia and perbaps Malawi.

PHACOCHOERUS AETHIOPICUS SHORTRIDGEI St Leger. 1932 1932. Phacochoerus aethiopicus shortridgei St Leger, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (10) 10: 86. Numkaub, Grootfontein district, northern Namibia.

Botswana and eastern, central and northern Namibia. Regarded as a synonym of sundevalli by Lundholm (unpublished MS).

Genus POTAMOCHOERUS Gray, 1854

1843. Koiropotamus and Choiropotamus Gray, List of the Specimens of Mammalia in the ... British Museum: xxvii, 185. Choiropotamus africanus Gray = Sus koiropotamus Desmoulins. Not Chaeropotamus Desmarest, 1822, an extinct ungulate from France. See Ellerman et at. (1953: 169) for the status of these names. In terms of the 1985 Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 56 (b), these names are not homonyms of Chaeropotamus, as previously held, but in view of the long usage of Potamochoe­ rus Ellerman et al. (1953: 169) state that they have asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to place this name on the Official List and set aside Koiropotamus and Choiropotamus. According to W. F. H. Ansell (in lilt.), however, this request has not been received by the Commission. 1854. Potamochoerus Gray, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1852): 129, 130. Choiropotamus . )

9 Pictus Gray, the Cameroon race of Sus porcus Linnaeus. 0

0 1863. Nyctochoerus Heuglin, Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino Carolinae germanicae naturae 2 curiosorum, Halle 30, supplement to section 2: 7. Nyctochoerus hassama Heuglin, the Ethiopian race d e of Sus porcus Linnaeus. t a d ( r e Potamochoerus porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bushpig h s i Bosvark l b u P

Distribution. Eastern Cape Province, mainly along the coast from George eastwards; central, eastern and e

h northeastern Natal, eastern, northern and northwestern Transvaal, Mozambique; Zimbabwe, except in t

y the dry west; and eastern and northeastern Botswana. Extralimitally Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia; b Angola, except in the southwest; Zaire, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, southern Somalia, Congo d e Republic, Gabon, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Senegal. t n a Ansell (1972: 8) lists 13 subspecies, two of which occur in Southern Africa, but points out that several are r g based on inadequate material. e c n e POTAMOCHOERUS PORCUS PORCUS (Linnaeus, 1758). (Extralimital) c i l

r 1758. Sus porcus Linnaeus, Systema naturae 10th edn I: 50. Guinea, West Africa. e d n

u POTAMOCHOERUS PORCUS KOIROPOTAMUS (Desmoulins, 1831) y a 1791. Sus africanus Schreber, Saugthiere: pI. 327; text, 1835, 6: 458. No locality. Schreber left this w e

t plate without any data and Wagner included it under Sus larvatus (1835), in completing a Schreber's work (Ellerman et al. 1953: 170). Not Sus africanus Gmelin, 1788, from Cape Verde, G

t a Phacochoerus. e n 1831. Desmoulins, Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle 17: 139, pI. 146, fig. 2. i Sus koiropotamus b South Africa; eastern Cape Province, fide Shortridge (1934,2: 630). a S y b Eastern Cape Province, Natal and Transvaal. d e c u d o r p e R 186 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

POTAMOCHOERUS PORCUS NYASAE Forsyth Major, 1897 1897. Potamockoerus ckoeropotamus nyasae Forsyth Major, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 367, pI. 25, fig. 3; pl. 26, fig. 4. Zomba, northeast of Blantyre, southern Malawi. 1897. Potamockoerus joknstoni Forsyth Major, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 367. Ngarawi Ngaramu?-Swynnerton MS) River, Nkana, North Nyasa district, northwestern Malawi. 1910. Potamochoerus ckoeropotamus masckona Lonnberg, Arkiv for Zoologi, Stockholm 7(6): 20. Masho­ naland, Zimbabwe. 1928. Potamochoerus choeropotamus cottoni Pinfold, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (10)2: 99. Tunda Funda), Quanza district, northwestern Angola.

Mozambique, Zimbabwe, eastern and northeastern Botswana, and extralimitally Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, southern Tanzania, and southeastern Zaire.

INFRAORDER ANCODONTA

Superfamily ANTHRACOTHERIOIDEA

Family HIPPOPOTAMIDAE . ) 9 0 0 2 Genus HIPPOPOTAMUS Linnaeus, 1758 d e t a 1758. I: d Hippopotamus Linnaeus, Systema naturae loth edn 74. Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus. ( r e h s i

l Hippopotamus amphlblus Linnaeus, 1758 Hippopotamus b Seekoei u P e

h Distribution. Survives in northeastern Natal and Zululand, eastern and northern Transvaal, Zimbabwe, t

y Mozambique, Chobe River and Okavango Swamps of northern Botswana, extreme northeastern Namibia b and possibly the lower Cunene River. Extralimitally Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Zaire, Tan­ d e

t zania, Uganda, southern Kenya, southern Somalia, Ethiopia, southern Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, Congo n Republic, Gabon, western Chad, Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, and a r

g parts of Gambia. e c Ansell (1972: II) provisionally recognizes four subspecies, two of which are Southern African; however, he n e

c points out that the subspecies are not well established. i l r e HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS AMPHIBIUS Linnaeus, 1758. (Extralimital) d n u

1758. Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, Systema naturae 10th edn I: 74. Nile River, Egypt. y

a 1826. Hippopotamus senegalensis Desmoulins, Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle 8: 220. w

e Senegal. See Schwarz, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (IO)I4: 261, 1934. t

a 1842. Hippopotamus abyssinicus Lesson, Nouveaux tableau du regne animal, Mammiferes: 158. Nomen G

nudum. Ethiopia. t e 1846. Hippopotamus typus Duvernoy, Compte rendu ... de I'Academie des sciences, Paris 23: 650. n i

b Senegal to Ethiopia. a

S 1914. Hippopotamus amphibius tschadensis Schwarz, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)13: 31.

y Katana, Bornu, northern Nigeria. b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: GIRAFFIDAE 187

HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS CAPENSIS Desmoulins, 1825 1825. Hippopotamus capensis Desmoulins, Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle 8: 220. Lower Berg River, north of Cape Town, western Cape Province (where now extinct). See Schwarz, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (10) 14: 261, 1934. 1846. Hippopotamus australis Duvernoy, Compte rendu ... de I' Academie des sciences, Paris 23: 650. Cape of Good Hope.

Northern Natal and Zululand, eastern and northern Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and northern Botswana. Extralimitally Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique.

HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS CONSTRICTUS Miller, 1910

1910. Hippopotamus constrictus Miller, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 54(7): I, pIs 1-4. Angola. 1924. Hippopotamus constrictor Zukowsky, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin 90A( I): 99. Lapsus.

Northern Namibia, Angola and southern Zaire. May be a synonym of capensis (Shortridge 1934, 2: 643, footnote; Hill and Carter 1941: 150; Ellerman et al. 1953: 172-173).

SUBORDER RUMINANTIA

INFRAORDER PECORA . ) 9 0

0 Superfamily GIRAFFOIDEA 2 d e t a d ( r e

h Family GIRAFFIDAE s i l b u P e h t

y Genus GIRAFFA BrOnnich, 1771 b d e t 1762. GiraJfa Brisson, Regnum animale 2nd edn: 12, 37. GiraJfa giraffa Brisson = Cervus camelopardalis n

a Linnaeus. Not available; see Hopwood (1947), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (195 1: 3). r g 1771. GiraJfa Briinnich, Zoologicae fundamenta: 36, 46. Cervus camelopardalis Linnaeus. For date of pub­ e c lication see Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 4: 307, 1950. n e 1784. Camelopardalis Schreber, Saugthiere: pI. 255; text, 1817, 5: 1139. Camelopardalis giraJfa Schreber = c i l Cervus camelopardalis Linnaeus. r

e 1816. Orasius Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte 3 Zoologie (2): 744. Cervus camelopardalis Linnaeus. d Not available; see International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion No. 4 17, 1956. n u

1848. Trachelotherium Gist!, Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs fUr hahere Schulen: 81. New name for Camel­ y a opardalis Schreber. Cervus camelopardalis Linnaeus. w e t a G Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Giraffe t e Kameelperd n i b a

S Distribution. Eastern Transvaal, southwestern Mozambique as far north as Save River, southeastern and

y northwestern Zimbabwe, northern Botswana, and northeastern and northwestern Namibia. Introduced b d e c u d o r p e R 188 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

into northeastern and central Natal (Howard and Marchant 1984: 47). Extralimitally Luangwa Valley and extreme southwest of Zambia, extending narrowly westwards into southern Angola. Has at least once strayed into western Malawi, probably from the Luangwa Valley (Ansell 1978: 52-53 and in litt.). Further north, after a break in distribution, central and northern Tanzania, northern Uganda; central and eastern Kenya, except the coastal strip; Ethiopia, southern Somalia, southern and southeastern Sudan, northeast­ ern Central African Republic, southern Chad, northern Cameroon, Nigeria, southwestern Niger, Mali, and eastern Senegal. Ansell (1972: 13) provisionally recognizes nine subspecies, two of which occur in Southern Africa.

GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS CAMELOPARDALIS (Unnaeus. 1758). (Extralimital) 1758. Cervus camelopardalis Linnaeus, Systema naturae 10th edn I: 66. Ethiopia and Senaar, Sudan; based on a captive animal from Cairo, Egypt (Setzer 1956: 571). Restricted to Senaar by Harper (Journal of Mammalogy 21: 322, 1940). Camelopardalis giraifa Schreber, Saugthiere: pI. 255; text, 1817,5: 1139. Interior of Africa. Camelopardalis aethiopicus Ogilby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1836): 134. No locality. Nomen nudum (Lydekker and Blaine 1914, 3: 241). Camelopardalis biturigum Duvernoy, Annales des sciences naturelles, Paris (3) Zoologie I: 47, pI. 2. Issoudon, near Lyons, France. Based on a mandibular ramus discovered in a well and mis­ takenly regarded as a Tertiary fossil, but in fact a Recent specimen originating from the home of an apothecary nearby (fide Major, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 316, 189 1 ). 1899. Giraifa camelopardalis typica Bryden, Great and Small Game of Africa: 489. North of the Tana River, eastern Sudan or Ethiopia (Lydekker and Blaine 1914,3: 242). ? 190 3. Giraifa camelopardalis congoensis Lydekker, in Hutchinson's Animal Life 2: 83; 1904, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London I: 219, fig. 33. Dungu, northeast of Uele district, Zaire (Ansell 1972: 13). . ) 9

0 GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS CAPENSIS (Lesson, 1842) 0 2 1785. Camelopardalis giraifa Boddaert, Elenchus Animalium: 133. Cape of Good Hope. Not of d e t Schreber, 1784. a

d 1835. Camelopardalis australis Swainson, Geography and Classification of Animals: 95. Southern (

r Africa. Nomen nudum (Lydekker and Blaine 1914,3: 256; Ansell 1972: 13). e

h 1842. Camelopardalis capensis Lesson, Nouveaux tableau du regne animal, Mammiferes: 168. Cape of s i l Good Hope; Lowenfluss, Great Namaqualand, fide Shortridge 1934, 2: 619; lower Orange b

u River,fide Roberts 1951: 270. Based on an account by Le Vaillant, Travels from the Cape of P Good Hope ... : pis 8, 9, 1879. e h 1863. Camelopardalis girqffa var. maculata Weinland, Der zoologische Garten 4: 205. No type locality. t

y 1904. Giraifa camelopardalis wardi Lydekker, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London I: 22 I , b text-figs 34, 35; pI. 15, fig. 2. Northeastern Transvaal. d e t n

a Eastern Transvaal, southwestern Mozambique, southern and southeastern Zimbabwe. r g giraifa e Ansell (1972: 13) uses the name Boddaert, 1785, for this subspecies. However, this name appears to c I n be preoccupied by giraifa Schreber, 1784, a synonym of the nominate race, which Ansell dates as 18 7, e c when the text of the description was published, and not 1784, when colour plate 255 appeared, naming i l

r this animal. Giraifa camelopardalis australis Rhoads, 1896, which has been included in the synonymy of e

d capensis, -and which has been suppressed in terms of Opinion No. II 38 of the International Commission on n Zoological Nomenclature (Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 36(2): I I I-I 13, 1979), appears to u

y represent the extralimital reticulata De Winton, 1899, rather than the Southern African subspecies. a w e t a GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS ANGOLENSIS Lydekker, 1903 G t e 1903. Giraifa camelopardalis angolensis Lydekker, in Hutchinson's Animal Life 2: 122; 1904, Proceed­ n i

b ings of the Zoological Society, London I: 221. Upper Cunene River, 240 km southwest of a

S Humbe, extreme southern Angola.

y 1908. Giraifa infumata Noack, Zoologischer Anzeiger, Leipzig 33: 356. Barotse, middle Zambezi b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 189

region, Zambia. Restricted to southwestern Sesheke district, between Mashi and Zambezi Rivers (Ansell 1978: 52).

Northwestern Zimbabwe; northern Botswana, north of 23 0 S; northern Namibia, and extralimitally extreme southwestern Zambia and southern Angola.

Superfamily BOVOIDEA

Family BOVIDAE

In virtually all major respects we follow the classification of the Bovidae outlined by Ansell (1972: 15-16; and see also the very similar classification, based on brain structure, of Oboussier, Acta Anatomica 68(4): 577-596, 1976). The only minor differences concern the Alcelaphinae. In view of Vrba's (Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 11(3): 207-228, 1979) finding that Aicelaphus is phylogenetically closer to Connochaetes than to Damaliscus, the distinction between the tribes Alcelaphini and Connochaetini seems un­ justified, and is consequently not maintained. We further follow Vrba, and also Honacki et ai. (1982: 326), in reinstating the genus Sigmoceros for Lichtenstein's hartebeest.

1. Facial gland well developed, lying in a preorbital fossa, which may be shallow, particularly in some Alcelaphinae ...... ,",.," 2 Facial gland absent or rudimentary, no preorbital fossa ,."', .... ,'.,,,.,', ... , 4 . )

9 2. Pedal glands well developed on forefeet only, rudimentary or absent on 0

0 hind feet; tail medium to long; one pair of mammae; body size medium 2

to large." .. " .. , ... , ... , .... , ...... SubfamilyALCELAPHINAE, p.190 d e Pedal glands either completely absent (Oreotragus) or well developed t a on all four feet; tail short or rudimentary; two pairs of mammae; body d (

size small to medium ." ...... , ...... ,...... 3 r e 3. Head tuft present; no ethmoid fissure, no reduction of nasals, no devel- h s

i opment of a proboscis ...... , .... , ...... , Subfamily CEPHALOPHINAE, p. 195 l b No head tuft except in Madoqua, which has an ethmoid fissure, reduced u

P nasals and a proboscis ...... , ...... Subfamily ANTILOPINAE, p. 200 e

h 4. Hind leg with metatarsal gland, marked by a prominent black tuft of hair; t false hoofs absent; premaxillo-maxillary vacuity present ...... y b · ...... , ... Subfamily AEPYCEROTINAE, p. 208 d

e Hind leg without metatarsal gland ...... , .. , .. ,', .. ". 5 t n 5. Pedal glands on all four feet .. ,', ..... " ... ,', ... " ..... ,., .. "." .. , ... ". 6 a r Pedal glands absent or rudimentary .... , ...... , .... , ...... , ...... ,.. 7 g

e 6. Size medium; horns present only in males, spike-like; coat woolly ...... c n · .. , ...... , . , .. , .. , . , ...... , ...... , ... , ...... Subfamily PELEINAE, p. 209 e c i

l Size large; horns present in both sexes, long and not spike-like; coat not

r woolly ...... , ...... ,' SubfamilyHIPPOTRAGINAE,p.210 e d 7. Horns either unridged throughout and present in both sexes, or spi­ n u ralled, usually keeled, and present or absent in females ", ... " .... ,.

y · .. , , ...... , ... , .. , , ..... , , . , , ...... , . , ... , , , .. , Subfamily BOVINAE, p. 213 a w Horns with distinct transverse ridges, not spiral or keeled, and absent in e t females .... , ...... ,., ... , ... ,., .. , .. , .... Subfamily REDUNCINAE, p. 221 a G t e n i b In addition, the subfamily Caprinae is represented by the introduced Himalayan tahr, Hemitragusjemlahicus a

S (H. Smith, 1826), which is confined to the Cape Peninsula, and is not included in this checklist. For a y synonymy of the genus and species see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (195 1: 403)' b d e c u d o r p e R 190 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Subfamily ALCELAPHINAE

For discussions on alcelaphine relationships see Ansell (1972: 49) and Vrba (Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 11(3): 207-228, 1979). Most recent authors follow Ellerman et al. (1953) in treating Sig­ moceros as a synonym of Alcelaphus. Haltenorth (1963: 102) goes even further, regarding Sigmoceros lichtensteinii as only subspecifically different from Alcelaphus buselaphus, while Van Gelder (1977: 16-I 8) in­ cludes also Damaliscus and the extralimital Beatragus Heller, 1912, in Alcelaphus. However, Vrba proposes that Sigmoceros be reinstated, and points out that not only is Alcelaphus closer to Connochaetes than to Dama­ liscus, but Sigmoceros is closer to Connochaetes than to Alcelaphus. We therefore reinstate Sigmoceros and, in view of the pattern of relationships that emerges, conclude that the commonly recognized tribes Alcela­ phini and Connochaetini do not represent natural groupings and therefore cannot be maintained. Ansell (in lilt.) informs us that he now recognizes Sigmoceros as a valid genus.

1. Horns smooth throughout and directed downwards initially; prominent tuft of facial hairs, neck mane, and fringe of hairs either on throat or on chest between forelimbs; colour either bluish grey or blackish ...... Connochaetes, p. 190 Horns directed upwards from the base; no facial tuft, mane or fringe on chest or throat; colour variously rufous, yellowish or brownish, not bluish grey or blackish ...... 2 2. Face not markedly elongated; horns not on a pedicle, and with only slightly more than a single curvature ...... Damaliscus, p. 194 Face much elongated; horns set on a pedicle, and with a distinct double curvature ...... 3 3. Horn pedicle short and broad; occiput about level with base of horns; horns flat and curved inwards towards each other before bending back; forehead convex ...... Sigmoceros, p. 192 Horn pedicle long; occiput in front of base of horns; horns not curving .

) inwards as above; forehead flat ...... Alcelaphus, p. 193 9 0 0 2

d Genus CONNOCHAETES Lichtenstein, 1812 e t a d

( 1812. Connochaetes Lichtenstein, Magazin der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 6: 152. r Antilope gnu Gmelin = Anti/ope gnou Zimmermann. e h

s 1816. Cemas Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte 3(2): 727. Cemas gnu: Oken = Antilope gnou Zimmer­ i l mann. Type fixed by Sclater and Thomas, Book of Antelopes I (2): 93, 1 1 I, 1895. Not b u available-International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion No. 417, 1956. P

e 182 I. Catablepas Gray, London Medical Repository 15: 307. Antilope gnu Gmelin = Anti/ope gnou Zimmer­ h t mann. y 1827. Catoblepas H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 366. Antilope gnu Gmelin = Anti/ope b

d gnou Zimmermann. e t 1850. Gorgon Gray, Gleanings frum the Menagerie ... at Knowsley Hall 2: 20, pI. 19, fig. 2; 1851, Pro­ n a ceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1850): 139. Antilope gorgon H. Smith = Antilope taurina r g

Burchell. e c 1872. Butragus Gray, Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia in the ... British Museum: 43. Butragus comicu­ n e

c latus (Blyth MS) Antilope taurinus Burchell. i l r e Ansell (1972, 1978) follows Ellerman et al. (1953) and Haltenorth (1963) in treating Gorgon as a subgenus d n of Connochaetes, while Roberts (1951) considers them generically distinct and other authors (Allen 1939, u

y Corbet and Hill 1980, Rautenbach 1982, Honacki et al. 1982, Smithers 1983) dispense with even the sub­ a generic distinction, as is here done. w e t a 1. Horns directed forwards and downwards before curving up; nasals and G

t muzzle not noticeably elongate; tail white; no pedal glands on hind foot e ...... Connochaetes gnou, 191

n p. i b Horns directed outwards and Slightly downwards before curving up; a

S nasals and muzzle elongate; tail black; rudimentary pedal glands on

y hind foot ...... Connochaetes taurinus, p. 191 b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 191

Connochaetes gnou (Zimmermann, 1780) Black wildebeest Swartwildebees

Distribution. Endemic; virtually exterminated but saved by conservation on, and in some cases introduc­ tion onto, private land and Nature Reserves in the Cape Province, Natal, Orange Free State, southern Transvaal and even Namibia (Ansell 1972: 50), where it probably did not occur naturally.

CONNOCHAETES GNOU (Zimmermann, 1780) 1777· Bos gnou Zimmermann, Specimen zoologiae geographicae: 372. Cape of Good Hope. Not available (Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 4: 549, 1950). 1780. Anti/ope gnou Zimmermann, Geographische Geschichte 2: 102. Cape of Good Hope. Colesberg, Cape Province, nominated by Harper Oournal of Mammalogy 21: 329, 1940). 1780. Antilope capensis Gatterer, Breviarium zoologiae I: 80. Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Antilope gnu Gmelin, in Linnaeus's Systema naturae 13th edn, 1(1): 189. Cape of Good Hope. Great Namaqualand, fide Roberts (195 I: 278), probably in error, as its past occurrence at any stage in Namibia is unproven (Shortridge 1934,2: 463; Ansell 1972: 50). Catoblepas brooksii H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 5: 369, footnote. No local­ ity, based on a horn of uncertain identity (Allen 1939: 478). Catoblepas operculatus Brookes, Catalogue of the Anatomical and Zoological Museum of Joshua Brookes ... : 64. Bos connochaetes Forster, Descriptiones Animalium: 392. Cape of Good Hope.

Connochaetes taurinus (Burchell, 1823) Blue wildebeest Blouwildebees

Distribution. Northern Cape Province, and introduced elsewhere in this province; widespread in Natal, .

) Orange Free State, central, eastern and northern Transvaal, Mozambique, southern and northwestern 9

0 Zimbabwe, Botswana, and eastern, northeastern and northern Namibia. Extralimitally Mozambique, 0 2

except between central Zambezia district and northern Beira district; eastern and western Zambia, but d

e absent from central and northern parts of the country; very exceptionally may stray into Malawi (Ansell, t a Nyala 8(1): 27, 1982); southeastern Angola, central and eastern Tanzania, and southwestern Kenya. d ( r e Ansell (1972: 5 I) recognizes five subspecies, of which only the nominate race occurs in Southern Africa. h s i l b CONNOCHAETES TAURINUS TAURINUS (Burchell, 1823) u P Antilope taurina Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa 2: 278, footnote. See Eller­ e h

t man et al. (1953: 205) for the dating of this work. 'Bechuanaland'. Madji Mountains, fide

y Lydekker and Blaine (1914, 2: 56) Makuba Range, Heuningvlei Nature Reserve, between b

d Kuruman and Molopo Rivers, fide Roberts (1951: 279); Khosi (= Khosis) Fountain, about 48 e t km southwest of Kuruman, northern Cape Province,fide Shortridge (1934, 2: 467). n

a Catoblepas gorgon H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 371. Interior of South r g

Africa. e c Gorgon fasciatus Gray, Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia in the ... British Museum: 43. n e South Africa. Substitute for gorgon H. Smith. c i l Butragus corniculatus Gray, Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia in the ... British Museum: 43. r e South Africa. d

n Catoblepas reichei Noack, Zoologischer Anzeiger 16: 154. Limpopo, northern Transvaal. u Connochaetes taurinus mattosi Blaine, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9)15: 129. Chia­ y a cusse, Huila district, Cunene River, extreme southern Angola (Ellerman et al. 1953: 205). w e Connochaetes taurinus borlei Monard, Bulletin de la Societe neuchateloise des sciences naturelles

t 1933· a 57: 64· Rio Mbale, southern Angola. G t e

n Extreme northern Cape Province, Natal, Orange Free State, central, eastern and northern Transvaal; i b Mozambique, as far north as northern Beira district; southern and northwestern Zimbabwe, Botswana, a S

and eastern, northeastern and northern Namibia. Extralimitally western Zambia and southeastern y

b Angola. d e c u d o r p e R 1 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Genus SIGMOCEROS Heller, 1912

1912. Sigmoceros Heller, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 60(8): 4. Antilope lichtensteinii Peters.

Sigmoceros lichtenstelnli (Peters, 1849) Lichtenstein's hartebeest Lichtenstein-hartbees

Distribution. Vila Pery, Beira and possibly Inhambane districts of Mozambique, and southeastern Zim­ babwe. Extralimitally Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, northeastern Angola, southeastern Zaire, and southern, central and northwestern Tanzania. No subspecies are here recognized. Allen (1939: 474-477) lists 45 synonyms, most of them described by Matschie and Zukowsky during the period 1910-1925. We agree with Ansell (1972: 52, 1978: 62) that it is impossible to take these taxa seriously, as they clearly represent a concept of the species that bears no re­ lationship to that of most other workers, past or present. We therefore formally list only those taxa described from either Southern Africa or just outside its limits. The following remaining extralimital names are fully documented in Allen (1939: 474-477): leucoprymnus Matschie, 1892; rukwae Zukowsky, 1910; ufipae Zukowsky, 1910; gomhensis Zukowksy, 1910; ugalae Zukowsky, 1910; konzi Matschie & Zukowksy, 1916; niediecki Matschie & Zukowsky, 1916 (preoccupied by Buhalis niediecki Neumann, 1905); hangae Matschie & Zukowsky, 1916; lademanni Matschie & Zukowksy, 1916; leupolti Matschie & Zukowsky, 1916; stierlingi Matschie & Zukowksy, 1910; niedieckianus Matschie, 1916 (new name for niediecki Matschie & Zukowksy, 1916, preoccupied); frommi Matschie & Zukowsky, 1918; kangosa Matschie & Zukowsky, 1918; muenzneri Matschie & Zukowsky, 1918; uwendensis Matschie & Zukowsky, 1918; godowiusi Matschie & Zukowsky, 1925; rendalli Matschie & Zukowksy, 1925; dieseneri Matschie & Zukowsky, 1925; wintgensi Matschie & Zukowsky, 1925; prittwitzi Matschie & Zukowksy, 1925; schmitti Matschie & Zukowsky, 192$ ulangae Matschie & Zukowsky, 1925; lacrymalis Matschie & Zukowksy, 1925; schusteri Matschie & Zukowsky, 1925; saadanicus Matschie & Zukowksy, 1925; gendagendae Matschie & Zukowsky, 1925;janenschi Matschie & Zukowsky, 1925; tendagurucus Matschie & Zukowsky, 1925; hennigi Matschie & Zukowsky, . ) 1925; lindicus Matschie & Zukowsky, 1925; ungonicus Matschie & Zukowsky, 1925; ungoniensis Matschie & 9

0 Zukowksy, 1925; grotei Matschie & Zukowsky, 1925; rowumae Matschie & Zukowksy, 1925. 0 2 d e t SIGMOCEROS UCHTENSTEINII (Peters. 1849) a d ( 1849. Antilope lichtensteinii Peters, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu r e Berlin, in Spenersche Zeitung for 23 December 1849; 18,)2, Reise nach Mossambique, Sauge­ h s i

l thiere: 190, pis 43,44. Tete, Zambezi River, Mozambique. b 1910. Buhalis lichtensteini shirensis Zukowsky, Zoologischer Beobachter 51: 261, 377. Boundary u P

between Shire and lower Loangwa regions, Mozambique. e

h 1910. Buhalis lichtensteini hasengae Zukowsky, Zoologischer Beobachter 51: 261, 377. Boundary t

y between Shire and lower Loangwa regions, Mozambique. b

1916. Sigmoceros gorongozae Matschie & Zukowsky, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturfor­ d e schender Freunde zu Berlin: 196. Northern Gorongoza district, 60 km west of Urema River, t n Mozambique. a r 1916. Sigmoceros godonga Matschie & Zukowsky, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender g

e Freunde zu Berlin: 197. Urema River, a branch of the Pungwe River, Cheringoma district, c n Mozambique. e c i Matschie & Zukowsky, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturfor­ l 1916. Sigmoceros inkulanondo r schender Freunde zu Berlin: 197. Unzeilas Kingdom, upper Sabi, southeastern Mashonaland, e d Zimbabwe. n u

1916. Sigmoceros wiesei Matschie & Zukowsky, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender y

a Freunde zu Berlin: 199, pI. 5, figs 6, 7. West ofChifumbazi, on the Luia River, a tributary of w the Kapotche River, Mozambique. e t

a 1916. Sigmoceros senganus Matschie & Zukowsky, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender G

Freunde zu Berlin: 200, pI. 6, figs I, 2. Mussenda Luz, on the Zambezi River between the t e Loangwa and the Kebrabassa (= Cahora Bassa) Falls, Mozambique. n i & b 1916. Sigmoceros hasengae Matschie Zukowsky, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender a

S Freunde zu Berlin: 201, pI. 5, fig. 5; pI. 8, fig. 5. Between Sena and Tete, Mozambique. Not

y hasengae Zukowsky, 1910. b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 193

1916. Sigmoceros heuJeri Matschie & Zukowsky, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: 202. Substitute name for hasengae Zukowsky, 1910. 1918. Sigmoceros petersi Matschie & Zukowsky, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin (191 7): 530. Near Sena, Mozambique.

Genus ALCELAPHUS Blainville, 1816

1816. Alcelaphus Blainville, Bulletin de la Societe philomathique de Paris: 75. Antilope huhalis Pallas = Antilope huselaphus Pallas. Type fixed by Sclater and Thomas, Book of Antelopes I (I): 5, 7, 1894. 1820. Buhalis Goldfuss, Handbuch der Zoologie 2: 367. Antilope huselaphus Pallas. This name has been at­ tributed to: Frisch, 1775, an unavailable work (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion No. 258, 1954); Lichtenstein, 1814, where it occurs only in the plural as Buhalides; and Rafinesque, 18 I 5, where it is a nomen nudum. See Lyon, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 27: 228,1914; Hollister, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washing­ ton 34: 77, 192 I. 1827. Damalis H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 343. Type species not nominated, taken as Antilope huselaphus Pallas. Not of Fabricius, 1805, in Diptera. 1827. Acronotus H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 346. Antilope huselaphus Pallas. Substi­ tute for Alcelaphus Blainville. 1837. Buhalus Ogilby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1836): 139. Buhalus mauretanicus Ogilby = Antilope huha/is Pallas. Not ofH. Smith, 1827.

Alcelaphus buselaphus (Pallas, 1766) Red hartebeest

. Rooihartbees ) 9 0

0 Distribution. Surviving in the northern Cape Province and, usually as introductions or reintroductions, on 2

d farms and reserves in the eastern, south-central and southwestern Cape, Orange Free State, Natal, e t western and northern Transvaal; extreme western Zimbabwe; Botswana, south of the Okavango Delta and a d Makgadikgadi Pan; and Namibia, in a band running from the Angolan horder southeastwards to the Bo­ (

r tswana border, hut not in the northeast or the west. Extralimitally extreme southern Angola then, after a e h wide break in distribution, northeastern Tanzania, southern and northwestern Kenya, northern and s i l western Uganda, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, northeastern Zaire, Chad, Central African Republic, northern b u Cameroon, northeastern and central Nigeria to Ivory Coast, Guinea and Senegal. P e

h Ansell (1972: 53-54) recognizes 12 subspecies, of which only A. h. caama occurs in Southern Africa. t y b

ALCELAPHUS BUSELAPHUS BUSELAPHUS (Pallas, 1766). (Extralimital) d e t 1766. Antilope huselaphus Pallas, Miscellanea zoologica: 7. Probably Morocco, where now extinct. n a 1767. Antilope huhalis Pallas, Spicilegia zoologica I: 12; 1777, 12: 16. 'Africae ... borealiori'. r g

1837. Buhalus mauretanicus Ogilby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1836): 139. No e c locality; renaming of Antilope huhalis Pallas. n e 1891. Alcelaphus huhalinus Flower & Lydekker, Introduction to the Study of Mammals: 335. No type c i l

locality. r e 1894. Boselaphus prohuhalis Pomel, Carte geologique de I' Algerie, Paleontologie, Bosel.: 27, pI. 4, figs d n I-I I, 14-15; pI. 5, fig. I; pI. 6, figs 1-13; pI. 7, figs 1-6; pI. 8, figs 1-9; pI. 9, figs 1-4; pI. 10, u figs 1-5. Aboukir, Algeria. y a 1894. Boselaphus amhiguus Pomel, Carte geologique de l'Algerie, Paleontologie, Bosel.: 52, pI. 4, figs w e 12-13; pI. 6, figs 14-19; pI. 8, figs 10-12; pI. 9, figs 5-7; pI. 10, figs 6-8. Ternifine, Algeria. t a 1894. Boselaphus saldensis Pomd, Carte geologique de I'Algerie, Paleontologie, BoseL: 48, pI. 5, figs G

t 3-19· Bougie, Algeria. e

n 1898. Buhalis hoselaphus Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium tam Viventium quam Fossilium, new i b edn, 2(4): 905. Emendation. a S

1914. Buhalis huhastis Blaine, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)13: 335. Excavations at y

b Abadiyeh, near Kena, Egypt. d e c u d o r p e R 194 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

ALCELAPHUS BUSELAPHUS CAAMA (G. Cuvier, 1804) 1785. Antilope dorcas Sparrman, Voyage to Cape of Good Hope (English translation) 2: 219. Agter BruinDes-Hoogte (around Somerset-East, eastern Cape Province-Skead 1973: 2). Not of Pallas, 1766. 1804. Antilope caama G. Cuvier, Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles 2: 242. Cape of Good Hope. 1899. Bubalis cama Bryden, Great and Small Game of Africa: 133. 1913. Bubalis caama selbornei Lydekker, Abstracts, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 119: 19; Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 818, 820, text-fig. 135. Kimberley Game Farm, apparently imported from western Transvaal. 1933. Bubalis caama evalensis Monard, Bulletin de la Societe neuchateloise des sciences naturelles, Neuchatel57: 64, figs 9, 10. Evale, southern Angola. 1937. Bubalis caama obscurus Frechkop, Bulletin du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique, Bruxelles 13(39): I I, 12, 22, pI. I, text-fig. I (e). Locality unknown.

Occurs over the entire Southern African range of the species.

Genus DAMALISCUS Sclater & Thomas, 1894

1846. Damalis Gray, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1)18: 233. Antilope lunata Burchell (fide Sclater and Thomas, Book of Antelopes 1(1): 51,1894). Not ofH. Smith, 1827 = Alcelaphus Blain­ ville; not of Fabricius, 1805, in Diptera. 1894. Damaliscus Sclater & Thomas, Book of Antelopes 1(1): 3, 51. Antilope pygarga Pallas = Anti/ope dorcas Pallas. 1912. Beatragus Heller, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 60(8): 8. Damalis hunteri Sclater, from Kenya. . ) 9

0 While both Ellerman et al. (1953: 200) and Ansell (1972: 54) accept Beatragus as a separate subgenus, Vrba 0

2 (1979: 224) regards it as a synonym of Damaliscus. d e t 1. Face with white blaze; lower limbs white or partly white; smaller, shoul- a d der height not exceeding 102 cm ...... Damaliscus dorcas, p. 194 (

r Face without white blaze; limbs coloured, not white, over entire length; e h larger, shoulder height 117 cm or more ...... Dama/iscus lunatus, p. 195 s i l b u P e h t Damallscus dorcas (Pallas, 1766) Bontebok, blesbok

y Bontebok, blesbok b d e t Distribution. Endemic; survives only in nature reserves and on private land. Widespread in the Cape n a Province, mainly as introductions or reintroductions; Orange Free State; Natal, and southern Transvaal, r g

and also introduced into northern Transvaal, outside its original range. e c n e DAMALISCUS DORCAS DORCAS (Pallas, 1766) Bontebok c i l r e 1766. Antilope dorcas Pallas, Miscellanea zoologica: 6. No locality, but Caffer Kuyls (= Kafferkuils) d

n River, between Mossel Bay and Swellendam, southwestern Cape Province, nominated by u Harper Uournal of Mammalogy 21: 329, 1940). y a 1767. Anti/ope pygargus Pallas, Spicilegia zoologica I: 10; 1777, 12: 15. Cape of Good Hope; restric- w e ted to Swart River, near Caledon, by Bigalke Uournal of Mammalogy 29: 442, 1948). t a 1773. Capra cervicapra Miiller, Vollstandiges Natursystem I: 414. Not of Linnaeus, 1758. G I: t 1785. Antilopegrisea Boddaert, Elenchus Animalium 139. Cape of Good Hope. e

n 1788. Capra scripta Thunberg, Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia ... 2: 50. Cape of Good Hope. i b I81I. Antilope maculata Thunberg, Memoires de l'Academie imperiale des sciences de St Petersbourg a

S 1

3: 3 5. Swellendam, Cape Province. y

b 1823. Anti/ope albifrons Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa 2: 335. Substitute for d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 195

pygargus Pallas. See Harper, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 52: 89-92, 1939· 1829. Antilope personata Woods, Zoological Journal s: 2, pI. I. Vicinity of the Cape ofqood Hope.

Southwestern Cape Province around Bredasdorp and Swellendam, the Cape Peninsula, and introduced elsewhere into the southern and eastern Cape (Lloyd and Millar 1983: 26).

DAMALISCUS DORCAS PHILLIPSI Harper, 1939 Blesbok

1840. Gazella alb ifTOns Harris, Portraits of the Game and Wild Animals of Southern Africa: pI. 2 I, et auctorum. Not Antelope albifrons Burchell, 1823. 1939. Damaliscus phillipsi Harper, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 52: 90. Orange Free State. New name for albifrons Harris et auctorum.

Eastern Cape Province around Cradock and Cathcart, and introduced or reintroduced widely throughout the Province (Lloyd and Millar 1983: 26); Orange Free State and Natal to southern Transvaal and north­ ern Transvaal (where introduced).

Damaliscus lunatus (Burchell, 1823) Sassaby Tsessebe

Distribution. Introduced (or reintroduced) into Itala Game Reserve, northern Natal; in the Transvaal, the Kruger National Park, and adjoining private game farms, particularly north of the Letaba River, as well as the Waterberg district, and various Nature Reserves; probably extinct in Mozambique (Smithers 1983); central and northwestern Zimbabwe, and south of the central plateau; Caprivi Strip, northern and eastern Botswana, and extreme northeastern Namibia. Extralimitally eastern Angola, northeastern and western Zambia, the latter population ranging marginally into Zaire; the coastal strip from northeastern Tanzania to Kenya and southern Somalia; western Tanzania, southwestern and southeastern Uganda, again extend­ . ) ing marginally into Zaire; southwestern Ethiopia, southern Sudan, Central African Republic, northern 9

0 Nigeria and thence westwards to Senegal. 0 2

d Ansell (1972: 55-56) recognizes seven subspecies, of which only the nominate race occurs in Southern e t Africa and northwards into Zambia. The northern subspecies are sometimes (e.g., Allen 1939: 480-482) a d regarded as representing a separate species, korrigum Ogilby, 1837, but we agree with Ansell (1972: 55-56 (

r and in lilt.) in regarding korrigum as conspecific with lunatus. e h s i l DAMALISCUS LUNATUS LUNATUS (Burchell, 1823) b u

P 1823. Antilope lunata Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa 2: 334. Makkwarin River, e 27020' S, 24030' E on Burchell's map (Ellerman et al. 1953: 201) Matlhawareng River, h = t 0 0 27 06' S, 23 04' E, at junction with Kuruman River (Skead 1973: 140), near Kuruman, y b

northern Cape Province. d e 19 I 2. Damaliscus lunatus reclinis Matschie, Deutsche Jager-Zeitung 59: I 19 (77 of reprint). Caprivi t n Strip, Namibia. a r g e c n e c i l

Subfamily CEPHALOPHINAE r e d n u For a review of this subfamily see Ansell (1972: 28-37). We are indebted also to C. P. Groves (in lilt.) for y a comments based on a forthcoming revision of this subfamily. Following Groves and Grubb (African Small w e Mammal Newsletter, Special NO.4: 35, 1981) we separate Philantomba at generic level from Cephalophus, t a which itself comprises three subgenera: the extralimital Cephalophus (sensu stricto) and Cephalophula; and G

t Cephalophorus, which includes natalensis and six extralimital species. e n i b 1. Horns normally present in both sexes, although possibly reduced in a

S females, directed backwards in plane of face; ears proportionately

y shorter and rounded at tips ...... 2 b d e c u d o r p e R 196 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Horns normally absent in females, in males directed upwards, forming an obtuse angle with plane of face; ears longer and pOinted ..... Sylvicapra, p. 198 2. Smaller, greatest skull length below 150 mm, often considerably less; mass below 9 kg ...... PhNantomba, p. 196 Larger, greatest skull length over 150 mm; mass over 9 kg ... Cephalophus, p. 197

Genus PHILANTOMBA Blyth, 1840

1840. Philantomha Blyth, in Cuvier's Animal Kingdom: 140. Anti/ope philantomha H. Smith, from Sierra Leone = Antilope maxwelli H. Smith. See Ellerman et al. 1953: 177, on the status of this name. 1852. Guevei Gray, Catalogue of the ... Mammalia in the ... British Museum 3: 86. As a subgenus of Cephalophus. Anti/ope maxwelli H. Smith, from Sierra Leone.

Philantomba monticola (Thunberg. 1789) Blue duiker Blouduiker

Distribution. Cape Province, mainly from George, narrowly eastwards along the coast to higher rainfall areas of eastern Natal and Zululand; Vila Pery and Beira districts of Mozambique, and eastern districts of Zimbabwe. Extralimitally Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Zaire, Congo Republic; Tanzania, including Pemba Island but perhaps no longer Zanzibar Island (Smithers 1983); southeastern and southwestern Kenya, Uganda, southern Sudan, Gabon, Rio Muni, Macias Nguemia Biyogo, and southeastern Nigeria. Ansell (1972: 30) lists 16 subspecies, four of which occur in Southern Africa, but points out that exact range limits and validity of many require confirmation. C. P. Groves (in litt.) points out thatfuscicolor is a synonym of hieolor.

PHILANTOMBA MONTICOlA MONTI COLA (Thunberg, 1789) .

) 1789. Capra monticola Thunberg, Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia ... 2: 66. Langkloof, about 33 ° 40' S, 9

0 23° 20' to 23° 40' E, Knysna district, eastern Cape Province, not 32° 10' S, 20° 10' E, in Su­ 0

2 therland district, western Cape, as stated by Ellerman et al. (1953: 180-see Ansell 1972: 30).

d See Schwarz, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 13: 35, 1914, but also Ellerman et e t

a al. (1953: 180) on the status of this name. d

( 1821. Anti/ope pygmaea Schinz, in Cuvier's Thierreich 1: 393. South coast of Africa. Not Antilope r e pygmaea Pallas, 1777 = Capra pygmaea Linnaeus. h s 1827. Antilope caerula H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 268. Galgebosch, Uitenhage i l

b district, eastern Cape Province. u 1827. Anti/ope perpusilla H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 269. 'Interior of Caffra­ P

e ria'. h t

1844. Antilope minuta Forster, Descriptiones Animalium: 383. Forster regards this name as a y

b synonym of Antilope pygmaea Pallas, from West Africa, but this cannot be correct as minuta is

d included in a list of animals from the Cape of Good Hope (Ellerman et al. 1953: 180). e t n a

r Eastern Cape Province from George district to about Komgha district, and north to Graaff Reinet, g

e Cradock and Aliwal North districts. c n e c PHllANTOMBA MONTICOlA BICOlOR (Gray, 1863) i l r

e 1863. Cephalophus hieolor Gray, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1862): 263, pI. 24. d

n Umgozy (= Ngoye-see Skead 1973: 159) Forest, Mtunzini district, Zu\uland, Natal. u

1869. Cephalophus pygmaeus eaffer Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissen­ y a schaften in Wien 59( 1): 166. Kaffirland. Nomen nudum. w

e 1922. Cephalophus montieola ruddi Blaine, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9)9: 175. Sibedeni t a (= Sibudeni), Nkandhla district, Zululand, Natal. G 1922. Cephalophus montieola fuseieolor t Blaine, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9)9: 175. e Chirinda Forest, Melsetter district, eastern Zimbabwe. n i b a

S Eastern Natal and presumably Swaziland to eastern districts of Zimbabwe and western Vila Pery district,

y Mozambique. b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 197

PHILANTOMBA MONTICOLA HECKI (Matschie, 1897) 1897. Cephalolophus (sic) hecki Matschie, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: 158. Coast of Mozambique. 1902. Cephalophus nyasae Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)9: 58. Mlanje, extreme southern Malawi.

From Beira, Mozambique, northwards, but not as far as Nyika Plateau, Malawi (Ansell 1978: 56).

Genus CEPHALOPHUS H. Smith, 1827

1827. Cephalophus H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 5: 344. As a subgenus of Antilope. Anti­ lope silvicultrix Afzelius, from Sierra Leone, fixed by Sclater and Thomas, Book of Antelopes I (3): 12 I, 1895. 1842. Cephalophorus Gray, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (I) 10: 267. Antilope ogilbyi Water­ house, from Fernando Poo. Valid as a subgenus. 1843. Cephalolophus Wagner, in Schreber's Siiugthiere, Supplementband 4: 445. Emendation. 1871. Terpone Gray, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 592. Cephalophus longiceps Gray, from Gabon = Antilope silvicultrix Afzelius. 1872. Potamotragus Gray, Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia in the ... British Museum: 25. Cephalophus melanoprymnus Gray, from Gabon = Antilope silvicultrix Afzelius. 1907. Cephalopia Knottnerus-Meyer, Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte 73A(I): 44. As a subgenus of Cephalo­ phus. Includes Cephalophus leucogaster Gray, from Gabon, and Cephalophus ogilbyi Waterhouse, from Fernando Poo, the latter selected as type species by Ellerman et ai. 1953: 178. 1907. Cephaiophidium Knottnerus-Meyer, Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte 73A(I): 45. As a subgenus of Cepha­ lophus. Cephalophus niger Gray, from West Africa. 1907. Cephalophella Knottnerus-Meyer, Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte 73A( I): 45. As a subgenus of Cephaio­ .

) phus. Cephalophus callipygus Peters, from Gabon. 9

0 1907. Cephalophops Knottnerus-Meyer, Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte 73A(I}: 46. As a subgenus of Cephalo­ 0

2 phus. Cephalophus dorsalis Gray, from Sierra Leone.

d 1907. Cephalophula Knottnerus-Meyer, Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte 73A(I): 46. As a subgenus of Cephalo­ e t Ogilby = Gray, from Sierra Leone. Valid as a subgenus.

a phus. Anti/ope doria Antilope zebra d ( r e h s i l Subgenus CEPHALOPHORUS Gray, 1842 b u P e h t Cephalophus natalensls A. Smith. 1834 Red duiker

y Rooiduiker b d e t Distribution. Eastern Natal and Zululand, eastern Mozambique, southeastern Transvaal, and also on the n a Soutpansberg and along the Limpopo River. Extralimitally eastern Mozambique, northern Malawi, north­ r g

eastern Zambia, Tanzania, western Uganda, northeastern Zaire, southern Kenya, along theJuba River in e c Somalia, and southern Sudan. n e c i Ansell (1972: 33-34) recognizes I I subspecies in natalensis, four of which occur in Southern Africa, but l

r stresses that this list is provisional and that several names may be reduced to synonymy if more material e d should become available. He suggests that natalensis, callipygus Peters, 1876, and adersi Thomas, 1918, may n

u together constitute a superspecies. C. P. Groves (in litt.) comments that on the contrary the closest relative

y ofnatalensis is nigrifrons Gray, 1871. He also remarks that arrlOenus and lehomho are synonyms of the nominate a w race. e t a

G CEPHALOPHUS NATALENSIS NATALENSIS A. Smith, 1834 t e n 1834. Cephalophus natalensis A. Smith, South African Quarterly Journal Ser. 2, 2: 217. Port Natal = i b Durban, Natal. a S

191 I. Cephalophus natalensis amoenus Wroughton, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)8: 277. y

b Legogot, 21 km from Nelspruit, north of White River, southeastern Transvaal. d e c u d o r p e R 198 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

1936. Cephalophus natalensis lebombo Roberts, Annals of the Transvaal Museum 18: 248. Mkusi River below Ubombo Magistracy, Zululand, Natal.

Southern and northeastern Natal, eastern Transvaal, and possibly southern Mozambique.

CEPHALOPHUS NATALENSIS ROBERTSI Rothschild, 1906 1906. Cephalophus robertsi Rothschild, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 691. Northern Makualand, Mozambique. 1906. Cephalophus natalensis vassei Trouessart, Bulletin du Museum d'histoire naturelle, Paris: 445. Guenguere, Mozambique.

Mozambique north ofthe Limpopo, and ranging northwards to southeastern Tanzania.

Genus SVLVICAPRA Ogilby, 1837

1837. Sylvicapra Ogilby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1836): 138. Antilope mergens Desmarest Capra grimmia Linnaeus. 1841. Grimmia Laurillard in d'Orbigny's Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle I: 623. As a subgenus of Anti/ope. Capra grimmia Linnaeus. For date of publication see Sherborn and Palmer, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)3: 350 , 1899. 1842. Cephalophora Gray, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (I) 10: 266. Cephalophora coronata Gray, a West African race of Capra grimmia Linnaeus.

Sylvicapra grimmia (Linnaeus, 1758) Common duiker . )

9 Gewone duiker 0 0 2 Distribution. In suitable habitat throughout Southern Africa. Extralimitally Mozambique, Malawi, d e

t Zambia, Angola, and northwards throughout the savannas of Subsaharan Africa, being absent from only a

d the lowland forests of Central and West Africa, and from northern Somalia. ( r

e Ansell (1972: 36-37) lists 19 subspecies, seven of which occur in Southern Africa, but points out that the h s validity and limits of the subspecies are often doubtful. C. P. Groves (in litt.) regards transvaalensis as a i l

b synonym of caffra, the extralimital uvirensis as a synonym of splendidula, and both shirensis and deserti as syno­ u nyms of orbicularis. P. Grubb (in W. F. H. Ansell in litt.) regards shirensis as con specific with walkeri. P e h t

SYLVICAPRA GRIMMIA GRIMMIA (Linnaeus, 1758) y b 1758. Capra grimmia Linnaeus, Systema naturae loth edn I: 70. Africa; fixed as Cape Town by d e I. t Thomas, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 153, 191 n 181 I. Antilope nictitans Thunberg, Memoires de l' Academie imperiale des sciences de St Petersbourg a r

g 3: 312. Cape of Good Hope. e

c 1816. Antilope mergens Desmarest, Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle 2: 193. Cape of Good n

e Hope. c i l 1816. Cemas cana Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte 3(2): 743. Not available; International Com­ r

e mission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion No. 417, 1956. d 1827. Antilope platous H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 260, vicinity of the Gareep n u

(= Orange) River; 5: 345, mountains on the west side ofCaffraria. Roberts (1951: 326) gives y a the locality as 'Duyker River' = near Gouritz River, Mosse! Bay district. w

e 1827. Antilope ptoox H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 265. Cape of Good Hope. t a 1836. Antilope platyotis Lesson, Complements des oeuvres de Buffon 10: 293. Emendation of platous G

H. Smith. t e 1892. Cephalolophus grimmii Thomas, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 428. Emenda­ n i

b tion of grimmia Linnaeus. a S

y Southern and western Cape Province; northern and eastern limits not clear. b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 199

SYLVICAPRA GRIMMIA BURCHELLII (H. Smith, 1827) 1827. Antilope burchellii H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 262. West side ofCaffra­ ria; Zwartwater Poort(= Swartwaterspoort, Albany district), near the borders of Kaffraria, fide Roberts (195 1: 327).

Eastern Cape Province and probably into Natal.

SYLVICAPRA GRIMMIA ORBICULARIS (Peters, 1852) 1852. Antilope (Cephalophus) orbicularis Peters, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, in Spenersche Zeitung of 22 February 1852. Plains at Sena, Tete, Macanga and Boror, Mozambique. Sena selected by Ellerman et al. (1953: 182). 1852. Antilope altifrons Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Saugethiere: 184, pIs 37, 38. Sena and Boror, Mozambique. 1852. Antilope ocularis Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Saugethiere: 186, pI. 39; pI. 41, fig. 4; pI. 42, fig. I. Substitute for orbicularis Peters. 1906. Cephalophus walkeri Thomas, Abstracts, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 31: I; Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 464, pI. 35. Tuchila River, about 40 km from Blantyre, Malawi. 1910. Cephalophus abyssinicus shirensis Wroughton, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)5: 274. Zomba, southern Malawi. 1913. Sylvicapra grimmia deserti Heller, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 6 I (17): 4. Voi, Kenya.

Central and northern Mozambique to Malawi, southern Tanzania, southeastern Zaire, eastern and north­ eastern Kenya, and Somalia.

. SYLVICAPRA GRIMMIA CAFFRA Fitzinger, 1869 ) 9 0

0 1869. Sylvicapra mergens caJfra Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Akademie der 2 Wissenschaften in Wien 59(1): 167. Kaffirland; probably Natal, fide Roberts (1951: 327), who d e nominates Port Natal Durban.

t = a 187 I. Grimmia irrorata Gray, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 589, 590, text-fig. I. d ( Natal. r e 1926. Sylvicapra grimmia transvaalensis Roberts, Annals of the Transvaal Museum I I: 262. Rustenburg h s i

l district, western Transvaal. b 1926. Sylvicapra altifrons noomei Roberts, Annals of the Transvaal Museum I I: 263. Maputa River, u P

extreme southern Mozambique. e h t

y Northeastern Natal, Transvaal, eastern and southwestern Zimbabwe, eastern Botswana, and southern b Mozambique. d e t n a r

g SYLVICAPRA GRIMMIA SPLENDIDULA (Gray, 1871) e c 1871. Grimmia splendidula Gray, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 590. St Paul de n e

c Loanda, northern Angola; probably interior of Angola,fide Hill and Carter (1941: 155)' i l

1894. Cephalophus grimmia jlavescens Lorenz, Annalen des Kaiserlich-Koniglichen naturhistorischen r e Hofmuseums, Wien 9: Notizen, 60. Matabeleland, near Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. d n 1899. Cephalophus leucoprosopus Neumann, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender u

y Freunde zu Berlin: 18. Angola, sent from St Paul de Loanda. a 1910. Cephalophus grimmii fulvescens Wroughton, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)4: 274. w e t Lapsus for jlavescens. a 1919. Sylvicapra grimmia uvirensis Lonnberg, Revue de zoologique africaine 7: 179. Uvira and Baraka, G

t Zaire. e n i b Northwestern Zimbabwe, northern Botswana, and probably the Caprivi Strip; western Zambia, Angola, a S

southwestern and eastern Zaire, Rwanda and Burundi, northwestern Tanzania, and possibly northwest y b

into Gabon. d e c u d o r p e R 200 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

SYLVICAPRA GRIMMIA STEINHARDT! Zukowsky, 1924 1924. Sylvicapra grimmia steinhardti Zukowksy, Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte 90A(I): 113. Otjikuara, source of the Hoanib River, Kaokoveld, Namibia. 1924. Sylvicapra grimmia ugabensis Zukowsky, Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte 90A( I): I IS. Goreis, 45 km west ofOutjo, northern Damaraland, Namibia. 1924. Sylvicapra grimmia cunenensis Zukowksy, Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte 90A(I): 117. Otjonganga, southeast ofOmuhonga Mountains, northern Kaokoveld, Namibia. 1924. Sylvicapra grimmia omurambae Zukowsky, Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte 90A( I): 118. Otjomi­ kambo, on the Omuramba-Omatako, Grootfontein district, Namibia. 1926. Sylvicapra grimmia bradjieldi Roberts, Annals of the Transvaal Museum I I: 262. Quickborn Farm, north ofOkahandja, Damaraland, Namibia. 1942. Sylvicapra grimmia vemayi Hill, American Museum Novitates I 170: L Kaotwe Pan, head of Okwa River (22030' S, 23020' E), Kalahari Desert, Botswana.

From Port Nolloth, Little Namaqualand, to Namibia, Botswana and Namburi, Angola. Intergrades with splendidula along the Okavango (C. P. Groves in litt.).

Subfamily ANTILOPINAE

We follow Ansell (1972) and therefore Simpson (1945) in treating this subfamily as including two tribes, Antilopini and Neotragini. Other authors differ, notably Haltenorth (1963), who recognizes the Antilopi­ nae and Neotraginae as subfamilies. His Antilopinae, however, corresponds approximately to what is more commonly regarded as Hippotraginae, while his GazelJinae includes six monogeneric tribes: Antilopini (!), Antidorcatini, Procaprini, Gazellini, Ammodorcini and Litocraniini (see Ansell 1972: IS, footnote, who points out that Haltenorth's Antelopinae and Gazellinae should have been called respectively Hippotragi­ . ) nae and Antilopinae). He splits the Neotraginae into five tribes, the Raphicerini (sic) for Raphicerus and 9

0 Ourebia, and the monogeneric Neotragini, Madoquini, Oreotragini and (extralimital) Dorcatragini. 0 2 d

e 1. Medium sized, total length over 130 cm; horns medium sized, curved, t

a present in both sexes, but smaller and less well developed in females d

( than in males ...... Tribe Antilopini, p. 200 r e Small, total length less than 110 cm; horns short and spike-like in males, h s not present in females ...... Tribe Neotragini. p. 201 i l b u P e

h Tribe Antilopini t y b d e t n a r Genus ANTI DORCAS Sundevall, 1847 g e c n 1847. Antidorcas Sundevall, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm (1845): e c i 27 I. Antilope euchore Forster = Antilope marsupia/is Zimmermann. l r e d n

u Antidorcas marsupialis (Zimmermann, 1780) Spring buck y Springbok a w e t Distribution. Virtually endemic, surviving mainly in Nature Reserves and on private farms, except in less a

G populous areas. Cape Province, where widespread but occurring mainly in the central divisions (Lloyd t e and Millar 1983: 26); Orange Free State; southern, western and northern Natal, where introduced; Trans­ n i vaal, mainly in the south; southern Botswana, except in the east; and Namibia, except in the northeast. b a Extralimitally western Angola as far north as Benguela. S y

b Groves (Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 46: 189-197, 1981), who is here followed, agrees with Ansell (1972: d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 201

58) and others in recognizing three subspecies; however, Groves regards angolensis Blaine, 1922, as entirely extralimital, confined to southwestern Angola, while Ansell records it also from northern Namibia.

ANTI DORCAS MARSUPIALIS MARSUPIALIS (Zimmermann, 1780) 1780. Anti/ope marsupialis Zimmermann, Geographische Geschichte 2: 427. Cape of Good Hope; probably southern Cape Province,jide Lydekker and Blaine (1914, 3: III). 1785. Anti/ope saccata Boddaert, Elenchus Animalium I: 142. Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Capra pygargus Thunberg, Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia ... 2: 28. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. Antilope euchore J. R. Forster, in Levaillant's Erste Reise in das Innere von Afrika: 159. South Africa. 1792. Antilope saltans Kerr, Animal Kingdom: 312. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Anti/ope saltatrix Link, Beytriige zur Naturgeschichte 1(2): 99. Not of Boddaert, 1785 = Oreotra­ gus oreotragus Zimmermann, 1783. 1802. Antilope dorsata Daudin, in Buffon, Histoire naturelle (Didot's edn) Quadrupedes 14: 182. Cape of Good Hope. 1802. Antilope saliens Daudin, in Buffon, Histoire naturelle (Didot's edn) Quadrupedes 14: 182. Cape of Good Hope. 1914. Antidorcas marsupialis centralis Lydekker & Blaine, Catalogue of Ungulate Mammals ... 3: I II, I 12. Deelfontein, north of Richmond, Cape Province.

Cape Province, Orange Free State, southern Transvaal.

ANTI DORCAS MARSUPIALIS HOFMEYRI Thomas, 1926

1926. Antidorcas angolensis hofmeyri Thomas, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 31 I. Berseba, 935 m (3067 ft), Great Namaqualand, southern Namibia. . )

9 Northern Transvaal (Sandfontein), northern Cape Province (Upington), Botswana and Namibia. 0 0 2 d e t a d Tribe Neotragini ( r e

h 1. No pedal glands; coat of distinctive coarse, bristly texture; hooves trun- s i

l cated, the animal walking on the extreme tips ...... Oreotragus, p. 201 b

u Pedal glands present; coat and hooves normal, not as above ...... 2 P 2. Nasals shortened and premaxilla elongated; muffle small and hairy e h above ...... Madoqua, p. 203 t

y Nasals not shortened, premaxilla not elongated; muffle large, with bare b area abOve extending back nearly to hind angle of nostrils ...... 3 d e t 3. Inguinal glands present; bare patch below ear; knee tuft present on n each front leg ...... Ourebia, p. 203 a r g No inguinal glands; no bare patch below ear; no knee tufts ...... 4 e c 4. Pedal glands open into interdigital space by a long cleft; surface of pre- n e orbital gland invaginated; horns at an angle to facial plane ..... Raphicerus, p. 204 c i l

Pedal glands open into interdigital space by a small circular orifice; r

e surface of preorbital gland not invaginated; horns more or less in line d with facial plane ...... Neotragus, p. 207 n u y a w e t a G

t Genus OREOTRAGUS A. Smith, 1834 e n i b 1834. Oreotragus A. Smith, South African Quarterly Journal Ser. 2, 2: 212. Antilope (Oreotragus) typicus A. a S Smith = Antilope area tragus Zimmermann. y b 1841. Oritragus Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch der Naturgeschichtel: 154; 1842: xxxiii. For Oreotragus. d e c u d o r p e R 202 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Oreotragus oreotragus (Zimmermann, 1783) Klipspringer Klipspringer

Distribution. Widespread in the Cape Province, but apparently concentrated along the escarpment and in areas with isolated mountains (Lloyd and Millar Ig83: 28); eastern Orange Free State; western and north­ ern Natal and northern Zululand; Transvaal, except probably the southern Transvaal grassland; Zimbabwe, western Mozambique, eastern Botswana, and central Namibia from the Orange River to the Cunene River. Extralimitally Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, southwestern Angola, western Rift Valley in Zaire; Tanzania, except in the southeast; western Kenya, Uganda, northern Somalia, highlands of Ethio­ pia, southern Sudan, Nigeria where they may have become recently extinct (Smithers Ig83), and possibly Central African Republic. Ansell (lg72: 61) recognizes II subspecies, of which four, and possibly a fifth (centralis), occur in Southern Africa.

OREOTRAGUS OREOTRAGUS OREOTRAGUS (Zimmermann, 1783) 1783. Anti/ope oreotragus Zimmermann, Geographische Geschichte 3: 26g. Cape of Good Hope; i.e., Cape Peninsula,fide Roberts (195 1 : 332). 1785. Antilope saltatrix Boddaert, Elenchus Animalium I: 141. Cape of Good Hope. 1802. Antilope klippspringer Daudin, in Buffon's Histoire naturelle (Didot's edn) Quadrupedes 14: 183. Cape of Good Hope. 1834. Oreotragus typicus A. Smith, South African Quarterly Journal Ser. 2,2: 212. South Africa.

Cape Province and eastern Orange Free State, exact eastern limits not clear.

OREOTRAGUS OREOTRAGUS TRANSVAALENSIS Roberts, 1917 1917. Oreotragus oreotragus transvaalensis Roberts, Annals of the Transvaal Museum 5: 276. Rooikrans,

. Rustenburg district, western Transvaal. ) 9 0

0 Transvaal and Natal, and possibly ranges into southern Mozambique. 2 d e t

a OREOTRAGUS OREOTRAGUS TYLERI Hinton, 1921 d ( I. r 192 Oreotragus oreotragus tyleri Hinton, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9)8: 131. Esqui­ e

h mina, south of Benguela, coast of Angola. s i l 1924. Oreotragus oreotragus cunenensis Zukowsky, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte goA(I): 124. Kambele

b 0

u Falls, north bank of Cunene River, about 14 15' E, extreme southern Angola (Moreau, P

Hopkins and Hayman 1946: 346). e h I 924. Oreotragus oreotragus steinhardti Z ukowsky, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 90A( I): 127, text-figs t

y 10-12. Otjongombe, west of Kaoko-Otavi, Kaokoveld, northern Namibia. b d e

t Namibia and Angola; limits and intergradation with nominate race in the south not clear. n a r g OREOTRAGUS OREOTRAGUS CENTRALIS Hinton, 1921 e c n

e 1921. Oreotragus oreotragus cenlraUs Hinton, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9)8: 131. c i l Southern Chinsali district, Zambia. r e d Mainly Zambian, but appears to range south of the Zambezi into Zimbabwe (Ansell 1978: 64). n u y a OREOTRAGUS OREOTRAGUS STEVENSON I Roberts, 1946 w e t

a ? 1865. Oreotragus saltator Kirk, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1864): 657. Kebra­ G

bassa (= Cahora Bassa) and Murchison Rapids, Shire River. Nomen nudum. t e 1946. Oreotragus oreotragus stevensoni Roberts, Annals of the Transvaal Museum 20: 325. Matopo Hills, n i

b south ofBulawayo, western Zimbabwe. a S

y Zimbabwe and Botswana. b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 203

Genus MADOQUA Ogilby, 1837

1837. Madoqua Ogilby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1836): 137. Anlilope saltiana Des­ marest, from Ethiopia. 1905. Rhynchotragus Neumann, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: 88. Madoqua gumtheri Thomas, from Ethiopia. Valid as a subgenus.

Ansell (1972: 61) points out that this genus is in need of revision. However, only one species, Madoqua kirkii, occurs marginally in Southern Africa, and the distinction between it and Madoqua guentheri Thomas, 1894, with which it comprises the subgenus Rhynchotragus, appears to be reasonably clearcut (Ansell 1972: 62).

Subgenus RHYNCHOTRAGUS Neumann, 1905

Madoqua kirkii (Gunther, 1880) Damara dik-dik Damara-dikdik

Distribution. From Brukkaros Mountain northwards to the Kaokoveld, eastwards as far as Grootfontein district and westwards to the coastal Namib Desert. Extralimitally southwestern Angola, as far north as Benguela, then, after a wide break in distribution, in central and northern Tanzania, Kenya, southern Somalia, and southeastern Ethiopia. Ansell (1972: 64) recognizes seven subspecies, of which damarensis occurs in northern Namibia and south­ western Angola; the other six subspecies are found in the East African part of the species range. . )

9 MADOQUA KIRK II KIRKII (Gunther, 1880). (Extralimital) 0 0 2

1880. Neotragus kirkii Gunther, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 17. Brava, Somalia. d e t a d ( MADOQUA KIRKII DAMARENSIS (Gunther. 1880) r e h

s 1880. Neotragus damarensis Gunther, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 20, text-figs 7-9. i l Omaruru, Damaraland, Namibia. b u 1887. Cephalophus hemprichianus Jentink, Notes from the Leyden Museum 9: 172. Otjipompenima, P

e Mossamedes, southwestern Angola. Not of Ehrenberg, 1832. h t

1913. Rhynchotragus damarensis variani Drake-Brockman, Annals and Magazine of Natural History y (8) I 2: 481. Lobito, near Benguela, Angola. b d e t From Brukkaros Mountain north to the Kaokoveld, east to Grootfontein district, and west to the coastal n a Namib Desert; extralimitally southern Angola, as far north as Benguela. r g e c n e c i l

Genus OUREBIA Laurillard, 1841 r e d

n 1841. Ourebia Laurillard, in D'Orbigny's Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle I: 622. Antilope scopa­ u ria Schreber = Antilope ourebi Zimmermann (Sclater and Thomas, Book of Antelopes 2: 13, 1896). y a For date of publication of Laurillard see Sherborn and Palmer, Annals and Magazine of Natural w e History (1)3: 350,1899. t a 1846. Scopophorus Gray, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (I) 18: 232. Anti/ope ourebi Zimmer­ G

t mann. e

n 1869. Quadriscopa Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaf­ i b ten, Wien 59( I): 167. Quadriscopa smithii Fitzinger = Antilope quadriscopa H. Smith, the Senegal race a S

of Antilope ourebi Zimmermann. y

b 1899. Oribia Kirby, in Bryden's Great and Small Game of Africa: 238. Emendation. d e c u d o r p e R 204 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Ourebla ourebi (Zimmermann, 1783) Oribi Oorbietjie

Distribution. Patchy and discontinuous distribution in the southern parts of its range. Recorded from Uit­ enhage, eastern Cape Province, northwards to southern, central and northern Natal; northeastern Orange Free State, southern and eastern Transvaal; Mozambique, from northern Inhambane and Gaza districts northwards; Mashonaland and southeastern Zimbabwe, northwestern Zimbabwe; northern Botswana, and northeastern Namibia. Extralimitally Mozambique, southern and central Malawi; Zambia, except in parts of the northeast; southern, southeastern and central Angola, extreme southern Zaire, western and northwestern Tanzania, southwestern and southeastern Kenya, southtrn Somalia, southwestern and northern Uganda, and from Ethiopia along the northern savanna, through the Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic, Cameroon and Nigeria, to Senegal. Ansell (1972: 65-66) lists thirteen subspecies, three of which occur in Southern Africa. He points out that the limits and intergradation of most subspecies need clarification. Yalden et al. (1984: 95) conclude that too many subspecies are recognized, and that at least in northeast Africa the taxonomy can be simplified.

OUREBIA OUREBI OUREBI (Zimmermann, 1783) 1783. Anti/ope ourebi Zimmermann, Geographische Geschichte 3: 268. Cape of Good Hope. Uiten­ hage district, according to Roberts (1951: 337). 1799. Antilope scoparia Schreber, Saugthiere: pI. 261; 1824, text, 5: 1244. Plate 261 is sometimes dated from 1785, but Poche, Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte 77(1) Supplementheft 4: 124, 1912, has shown that it was published !~ 1799. Cape Province. 1799. Antilope melanurus Bechstein, Ubersicht der vierfiissigen Thiere 1: 73. No type locality. 1869. Scopophorus ourebi grayi Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 59(1): 165. Cape of Good Hope. Nomen nudum. Based on Scopophorus ourebi var. of Gray (Allen 1939: 500).

Eastern Cape Province, southern and northwestern Natal, northeastern Orange Free State, southern and . ) eastern Transvaal, and Mozambique from northern Inhambane and Gaza districts northwards to Vila 9

0 Pery and Beira districts. 0 2 d e OUREBIA OUREBI HASTATA (Peters, 1852) t a d 1852. Anti/ope hastata Peters, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, (

r published in Spenersche Zeitung for 22 February 1852; Reise nach Mossambique, Sauge­ e h thiere: 188, pI. 40; pI. 41, fig. 2; pI. 42, fig. 2. Sen a, south bank of Zambezi River, s i l Mozambique. b u P

e Mashonaland and southeastern Zimbabwe, Mozambique from Vila Pery and Beira districts northwards, h

t Malawi, eastern Zambia, and southeastern Tanzania. y b

d OUREBIA OUREBI RUTILA Blaine, 1922 e t n 1922. Ourebia rutilus Blaine, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 325. Between Cuanza a r and Luando Rivers, central Angola. g

e 1930. Ourebia leucopus Monard, Bulletin de la Societe neuch:heloise des sciences naturelles 54: 78, c n text-fig. I. Chimporo, west of Caiundo, Cubango region, southern Angola. Retained as a valid e c i subspecies by Hill and Carter (1941: 156). l r e d Extreme northern Botswana, northeastern Namibia, western Zambia and Angola; possibly also southeast­ n

u ern Zaire (Ansell 1972: 65). y a w e t a Genus RAPHICERUS H. Smith, 1827 G t e 1827. Raphicerus H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 5: 342. Cerophorus acuticornis Blainville = n i

b Anti/ope campestris Thunberg (Sclater and Thomas, Book of Antelopes 2(5): 33, 1896), a

S 1846, Rhaphocerus Agassiz, Nomenclatoris Zoologici Index universalis: 321. Emendation of Raphicerus H.

y Smith. b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 205

1846. Calotragus Sundevall, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm (1844): 192. Antilope tragulus: Forster = Antilope tragulus Lichtenstein = Antilope campestris Thunberg. 1861. Pediotragus Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 42: 396. Antilope tragulus: Forster = Anti/ope tragulus Lichtenstein = Antilope campestris Thun­ berg. 1897. Raphiceros Thomas, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1896): 796. Emendation. 1897. Rhaphiceros Lydekker, Zoological Record 33: 28. Emendation. 1906. Nototragus Thomas & Schwann, Abstracts, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 27: 10; Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 168. Antilope melanotis Thunberg. 1907. Grysbock Knottnerus-Meyer, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 73A( I): 55. Antilope melanotis Thunberg. 1908. Rhaphicerus Lonnberg, Sjostedt's Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse ... Expedition nach dem Kiliman­ djaro, dem Meru und ... Masaisteppen ... 1905-1906, Mammals: 40. Variant spelling.

We agree with Swynnerton and Hayman (I95r: 353), Ellerman et al. (1953: 175) and Ansell (I972: 66) that Nototragus is not worth recognizing even as a subgenus.

1. Coat smoother. uniformly coloured. not speckled; larger, total length 773-920 mm; horns longer, 66-118 mm; no lateral hooves ...... Raphicerus campestris, p. 205 Coat harsher, distinctly speckled with white; smaller, total length 710-815 mm; horns shorter, 50-72 mm; with or without lateral hooves ...... 2 2. Lateral hooves present; larger, greatest skull length about 132-144 mm; horns longer, about 65 mm or more ...... Raphicerus melanotis, p. 206 Lateral hooves absent. represented only by thickened skin; smaller. greatest skull length about 124-136 mm; horns shorter, about 54 mm or less ...... Raphicerus sharpei, p. 207

. Raphicerus campestris (Thunberg, 1811) Steenbok )

9 Steenbok 0 0 2

d Distribution. Cape Province, central and northern Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal; Mozambique, e t from Maputo district northwards to the Save River, and probably the Vila Pery district; Zimbabwe, a d except along the Zambezi Valley from Binga eastwards, and parts of the southeast; Botswana, and (

0 r Namibia, except the coastal Namib Desert. Extralimitally western Zambia and Angola south of 12 S, e h except in the coastal desert; then after a wide break in distribution, northeastern Tanzania, and southern s i l and eastern Kenya. b u

P Ansell (1972: 67) points out that the status and limits of many subspecies require revision, but provision­ e ally recognizes eight subspecies, of which six occur in Southern Africa and a seventh, kelleni Jentink, 1900, h t just outside this subregion in Angola and western Zambia. The only subspecies occurring in the East y b

African range of the species is neumanni Matschie, 1894. d e t

n RAPHICERUS CAMPESTRIS CAMPESTRIS (Thunberg, 1811) a r g

181 I. Anti/ope campestris Thunberg, Memoires de I' Academie imperiale des sciences de St e c Peters bourg 3: 313. Cape of Good Hope. n e 1812. Antilope tragulus Lichtenstein, Magazin der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 6: c i l

176. Cape of Good Hope (Roberts 1951: 340); near Cape Town (Ellerman et at. 1953: 184); r e possibly Damaraland, fide Shortridge (1934,2: 499), who regards this as a valid subspecies. d

n 1812. Anti/ope tragulus var. rupestris Lichtenstein, Magazin der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde u zu Berlin 6: 177. No locality; Cape of Good Hope implied. y a 1812. Antilope tragulus var. pallida Lichtenstein, Magazin der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde w e zu Berlin 6: 177. No locality; Cape of Good Hope implied. t a 1815. Anti/ope capensis Afzelius, Nova acta Regiae Societatis scientiarum upsaliensis 7: 254. Cape of G

t Good Hope: Groene Kloof (= Mamre, Malmesbury district, fide Skead 1973: 134), Saldanha e

n Bay and Cold Bokkeveld (Clanwilliam/Ceres district,fide Skead 1973: 17). i b 1815. Antilope pediotragus Afzelius, Nova acta Regiae Societatis scientiarum upsaliensis 7: 260, 264. a

S Cape of Good Hope, 'Akter Brunties Hoogte' (Allen 1939: 503), probably Agterbruintjies­ y

b hOQgte, Somerset East, eastern Cape Province (Skead 1973: 2). d e c u d o r p e R 206 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Antilope ibex Afzeiius, Nova acta Regiae Societatis scientiarum upsaliensis 7: 263. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Cerophorus (Cervicapra) acuticornis Blainville, Bulletin de la Societe philomathique de Paris: 75, 79. No locality. Cerophorus (Cervicapra) stenbock Blainville, Bulletin de la Societe philomathique de Paris: 75. South Africa implied. Nomen nudum. ? 182 7. Anti/ope subulata H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 253; 5: 342. 'East Indies'. 1869. Pediotragus tragulus grayi Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 59(1): 163. Namibia. Based on Calotragus tragulus var., Gray = Calotra­ gus campestris var., Gray (Catalogue of the ... Mammalia in the ... British Museum 3. Ungulata Furcipeda: 71,1852). Nomen nudum. Igoo. Pediotragus horstockii Jentink, Notes from the Leyden Museum 22: 36, 39. No locality; Cape of Good Hope,jide Ellerman et al. (lg53: 184). Southern and southwestern Cape Province.

RAPHICERUS CAMPESTRIS FULVORUBESCENS (Desmoulins, 1822) 1822. Antilope fulvo-rubescens Desmoulins, Dictionnaire dassique d'histoire naturelle I: 446. Plains of Caffraria eastern Cape Province; Albany district,jide Roberts (lg51: 341). 1827. Antilope rufescens H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 249; 5: 34 I. Cape of Good Hope. 1951. Antilope rupescens Roberts, Mammals of South Africa: 341. Lapsus for rufescens H. Smith. Eastern Cape Province.

RAPHICERUS CAMPESTRIS CAPRICORNIS Thomas & Schwann, 1906 Ig06. Raphicerus neumanni capricornis Thomas & Schwann, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 584. Klein Letaba, 305 m (1000 ft), west of Kruger National Park, eastern Trans­ vaal. . ) 9

0 Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, eastern and northeastern Botswana. 0 2 d

e RAPHICERUS CAMPESTRIS I\lATALENSIS Rothschild, 1907 t a

d 1907. Rhaphiceros (sic) horstocki natalensis Rothschild, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: (

r 237. Drakensberg, Natal. e h s i

l Natal Drakensberg. b u P

RAPHICERUS CAMPESTRIS STEINHARDTI (Zukowksy, 1924) e h t

1924. Pediotragus kelleni steinhardti Zukowsky, Archiv fUr N aturgeschichte goA (I): 12g. Chciros, y

b northeast of Franzfontein, southern Kaokoveld, Namibia.

d 1924. Pediotragus kelleni cunenensis Zukowsky, Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte goA(I): 13I. Ombepera, e t southern Omuhonga Mountains, Kaokoveld, Namibia. n a 1924. Pediotragus kelleni ugabensis Zukowsky, Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte goA( I): 132. Okuvakuatjivi, r g near Omaruru, upper Omaruru River, Damaraland, Namibia. e c 1924. Pediotragus kelleni hoamibensis Strand, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte goA( I): 133, footnote. Otjon­ n e

c duno, near source of the Hoanib River, south ofOmbombo, southern Kaokoveid, Namibia. i l 1924. Pediotragus kelleni zukowskyi Strand, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 90A(I): 133, footnote. Bubos, r e 18 km northeast of Grootfontein, Namibia; Omuramba-Omatako, northeastern Damaraland, d n jide Roberts (195 I: 342). u y a Botswana, except the northeast and east, and Namibia. w e t Allen (1939: 503-504) regards steinhardti, and its synonyms, as synonyms of kelleni. a G t e

n Raphicerus melanotls (Thunberg, 1811) Grysbok i b Grysbok a S

y Distribution. Endemic. The southwestern Cape Province, from the Cedarberg Mountains southwards; b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 207

along the southern Cape coast to the Albany and Bathurst districts, and recorded also from the Komga district on the Transkei border.

RAPHICERUS MELANOTIS (Thunberg, 1811) 1804. Antilope grisea G. Cuvier, Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles 2: 244. Cape of Good Hope. Not of Boddaert, 1785 = Antilope dorcas Pallas. 181 I. Antilope melanotis Thunberg, Memoires de l'Academie imperiale des sciences de St Petersbourg 3: 312 . Cape of Good Hope. 1822. Antilope rubro-albescens Desmoulins, Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle I: 446. No local­ ity.

Raphicerus sharpei Thomas, 1897 Sharpe's grysbok Sharpe-grysbok

Distribution. Swaziland, northeastern Transvaal, Mozambique; Zimbabwe, except in the dry west; and extreme northeastern Botswana. Extralimitally Tete district, Mozambique; Malawi; Zambia, except west of the Zambezi River; southeastern Zaire, and Tanzania, as far north as Kahama district. Meester et al. (1964) followed Haltenorth (1963: 78) in regarding sharpei as a subspecies of melanotis, but Ansell (1972: 66) is more probably correct in regarding these two taxa as forming a superspecies. While the Zambezi is here treated as representing the subspecies boundary between sharpei and the Southern African colonicus, the status and limits of the two subspecies need to be confirmed. Meester et at. (1964) suggested that colonicus may be a synonym of sharpei.

RAPHICERUS SHARPE! SHARPE! Thomas, 1897. (Extralimita!) 1897. Raphiceros (sic) sharpei Thomas, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1896): 796. Southern Angoniland, Malawi. . ) 9

0 RAPHICERUS SHARPEI COLONICUS Thomas & Schwann, 1906 0 2

d 1906. Raphicerus sharpei colonicus Thomas & Schwann, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: e t 583. Klein Letaba, 305 m (1000 ft), west of Kruger National Park, eastern Transvaal. a d (

r The Southern African part of the species range. e h s i l b u P e

h Genus NEOTRAGUS H. Smith, 1827 t y b 1827. Neotragus Hamilton Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 5: 349. As a subgenus of Antilope d e Pallas. Capra pygmaea Linnaeus, from West Africa. t n 1837. Tragulus Ogilby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (r836): 138. Capra pygmaea Lin­ a r

g naeus, from West Africa. Not of Pallas, 1779.

e 1841. Mirrytragus Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch der Naturgeschichtel: xxxiii, r54. No type species men­ c n tioned; includes several species of African dwarf antelopes. e c i r842. Spinigera Lesson, Nouveaux tableau du regne animal, Mammiferes: 178. As a subgenus of Antilope l

r Pallas. Antilope spinigera Temminck, from West Africa = Capra pygmaea Linnaeus. e d 1846. Nanotragus Sundevall, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm (1844): n u 191. Anlilope spinigera Temminck, from est Africa Capra pygmaea Linnaeus. V:( y

a 1846. Nesotragus Von Dueben, in Sundevall, Ofversigt af Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens For­ w handlingar, Stockholm 3(7): 221. Nesotragus moschatus Von Dueben. Valid as a subgenus. e t

a 1906. Hylamus Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)r8: 149. Neolragus balesi De Winton, G

from Cameroon. t e n i We follow Haltenorth (1963: 20, 72) and Ansell (r972: 68) in regarding Nesotragus, including the extralimi­ b a tal Hylamus, as a subgenus of Neotragus. In this we differ from Allen (1939: 499), Roberts (1951: 336) and S

y Ellerman et al. (1953: r87), all of whom regard Nesolragus as a valid genus. b d e c u d o r p e R 208 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Subgenus NESOTRAGUS Von Dueben, 1846

Neotragus moschatus (Von Dueben, 1846) Suni Soenie

Distribution. Northeastern Natal, northeastern Transvaal; northern and northeastern Mashonaland and southeastern Zimbabwe; and Mozambique. Extralimitally Mozambique, southern Malawi, eastern Tanza­ nia (including Zanzibar), and southern and central Kenya. Of the five subspecies recognized by Ansell (1972: 69), only two occur in Southern Africa.

NEOTRAGUS MOSCHATUS MOSCHATUS (Von Dueben. 1846). (Extralimital) 1846. Nesotragus moschatus Von Dueben, in Sundevall, Ofversigt af Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsaka­ demiens Forhandlingar, Stockholm 3(7): 221. Chapani Islet, in Zanzibar Harbour, 3 km west of Zanzibar Island, Tanzania. 1861. Cephalophorus zanzibaricus Layard, Catalogue of the Specimens in the Collection of the South African Museum. I. Mammalia: 72. Country about Zanzibar, East of Africa.

NEOTRAGUS MOSCHATUS LlVINGSTONIANUS (Kirk, 1865) 1865. Nesotragus livingstonianus Kirk, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1864): 657. Shu­ panga, south bank of Zambezi River, 18 0 02' S, 35 0 30' E, Mozambique (Moreau, Hopkins and Hayman 1946: 436). 1899. Nesotragus livingslonei Bryden, Great and Small Game of Africa: 255. Lapsus.

Northern and northeastern Zimbabwe and Mozambique, from Vila Pery and Beira districts northwards.

. Exact subspecies limits not known. ) 9 0 0 2

NEOTRAGUS MOSCHATUS ZULUENSIS (Thomas, 1898) d e t 1898. Nesotragus livingstonianus zuluensis Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)2: 317. a d Umkuja Mkuzi) Valley, Zululand, NataL ( r e h Northeastern Natal, northeastern Transvaal, southern Mozambique, and southeastern Zimbabwe. s i l b u P e h t y b Subfamily AEPYCEROTINAE d e t n a r g e c n Genus AEPYCEROS Sundevall, 1847 e c i l

r 1847. Aepyceros Sundevall, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm (1845): 271. e d Antilope melampus Lichtenstein. n u

1893. Aepiceras Zittel, Handbuch der Palaeontologie 4(2): 417. Lapsus. y I. a 1907. Aepyceras Elliot, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, Zoological Series 8: 7 w Emendation. e t a G

Ansell (1972: 56) discusses the taxonomic history of Aepyceros and concludes that, in view of its distinctness t e and continued uncertainty about its affinities, it is best retained in a monotypic subfamily for the present. n i

b Gentry (in Maglio and Cooke, cds, Evolution of African Mammals 2]: 540-572, 1978) includes Aepyceros in a the Alcelaphini. Vrba (in Eldredge and Stanley, cds, Living Fossils 6: 62-79, 1984) regards Aepyceros as S

y representing a sister group of the Aleelaphini, but nevertheless separates it at tribal level. b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 209

Aepyceros melampus (Lichtenstein, 1812) Impala Rooibok

Distribution. Northern Cape Province and elsewhere in this province, particularly the eastern Cape (Lloyd and Millar 1983: 22); northeastern Zululand, and introduced or reintroduced throughout most of Natal; eastern Swaziland; Transvaal, except in the southern grasslands; Zimbabwe, except in the northeast; Mozambique, eastern, northeastern and northern Botswana, and extreme northwestern Namibia. Extra­ limitally Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, southern Angola, Tanzania, southwestern Uganda, and southern and central Kenya. Lundholl!l (unpublished MS), followed by Meester et al. (1964) and Oboussier (Zeitschrift fUr Morpholo­ gie und Okologie der Tiere 54: 531-550,1965), regardpetersi as a good species, as docs Shortridge (1934, 2: 557). On the other hand, Allen (1939: 521), Hill and Carter (1941: 159), Roberts (195I: 319), Ellerman et al. (1953: 196), Haltenorth (1963: 97), Swart (Cimbebasia 20: 1-18, 1967) and Ansell (1978: 56) treat it as a subspecies of melampus. We provisionally defer to the majority opinion, but consider that particularly the skull differences enumerated by Lundholm should be investigated on a more adequate sample than was available to him, and that petersi may well prove to be specifically distinct.

AEPYCEROS MELAMPUS MELAMPUS (Lichtenstein, 1812) 1812. Antilope melampus Lichtenstein, Reisen im siidliehen Afrika ... 2: pI. 4, opposite p. 544; Magazin der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 6: 167. Klipfontein, southern Botswana; see Ellerman et al. (1953: 195) on the location of the type locality. 1893. Aepyceros melampus typicus Thomas, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1892): 553. South Africa. 1894. Aepiceros melampus holuhi Loreni, Annalen des naturhistorischen Hofmuseums in "'ien 9: Notizen, 62. North of the Zambezi; restricted to 1725-C-1 (= Q25Ca) by Ansell (1978: 63).

Natal, Swaziland, Transvaal, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, eastern, northeastern and northern Botswana. Ex­ tralimitally southeastern Angola and southwestern Zambia, but exact limits and intergradation with . )

9 johnstoni Thomas, 1893, not clear. 0 0

2 Allen (1939: 520) lists Antilope pallah Gervais (ex Cuvier), 1841, from Senegal as a further synonym of

d melampus, but as pointed out by Ansell (1972: 57), this must surely involve an error in either the locality or e t the species referred to. a d (

r AEPYCEROS MELAMPUS PETERSI Bocage, 1879 e h s i 1879.

l Aepyceros petersi Bocage, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1878): 741. Capang­ b ombe, Mossamedes district, southern Angola. u P e

h Northwestern Namibia and southwestern Angola. t y b d e t n Subfamily PELEINAE a r g e c n e c i l Genus PELEA Gray, 1851 r e d 1851. Pel,a Gray, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1850): 126. Antilope capreolus Bechstcin n u = Antilope capreolus Forster. y a w

e Pelta is often placed with the Reduncinae (Allen 1939: 517) or Reduneini (Simpson 1945: 159), but t a Roberts (195 1: 294) places it in its own subfamily, and is followed in this by Ansell (1972: 15, 69), while G Haltenorth (1963: 20, 95) places it in the tribe Peleini of the subfamily Antilopinae. Ellerman et al. (1953: t e 190), while following Simpson's classification, comment that Pelta is 'curiously isolated,' and imply that n i

b Roberts may be correct in placing it in a separate subfamily. Gentry (in Maglio and Cooke, cds, Evolution a

S of African Mammals 27: 558, 1978) suggests that it may be related to the Caprinae, or otherwise be a large y neotragine. b d e c u d o r p e R 210 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Pelea capreolus (Forster, 1790) Grey rhebok Vaalribbok

Distribution. Endemic. Cape Province, but scarce in or absent from the southwest, extreme cast and north; eastern Orange Free State, western :'\atal, Swaziland, and Transvaal, as far north as 24 ~ S latitude.

PELEA CAPREOLUS (Forster, 1790)

1790 . Anti/ope capreolus Forster, in Levaillant's Erste Reise in das Innere von Afrika: 7 I. Cape of Good Hope. Usually attributed to Beehstein, Allgemeine Uebersicht der vierfussigen Thiere 1: 98, 1799. Antilope lanala Desmoulins, Dictionnaire c1assique d'histoire naturelle I: 445. Cape of Good Hope. Anti/ope villosa Burchell, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa 2: 302, footnote. 'Cotypes' from Soetme!ksvlei, Swellendam and Mosse! Bay, southern Cape Province.

Subfamily HIPPOTRAGINAE

Most authors regard this subfamily as including only Oryx, Hippotragus, and the extralimital Addax Lauril­ lard, 1841 (Allen 1939: 531-537, and Roberts 1951: 295-303, both of whom call it the Oryginae; Hill and Carter 1941: 159- I 6 I; Ansell 1972: 44-49). Others include also the Reduneini, Alcelaphini and Conno­ ehaetini (if separate) (Simpson 1945: 159-160, Ellerman et al. 1953: 174, Setzer 1956: 574-578). Haltenorth (1963: 20) includes all of these, as well as the Tragelaphini, Peleini and Aepycerini (sic), (but not the Antilopini!), in his subfamily Antilopinae. Haltenorth and Diller (1980: 66), however, revert to using the name Hippotraginae for only Oryx, Hippotragus and Addax. Our treatment follows Ansell (1972).

. 1. Horns markedly curved, arising nearly vertically above the orbits ...... )

9 ...... Hippotragus, p. 210 0

0 Horns nearly straight, arising behind orbits and sloping back more or 2 less in line with facial plane ...... Oryx, p. 212 d e t a d ( r e

h Genus HIPPOTRAGUS Sundevall, 1846 s i l b

u 1822. l!,gocerus Desmarest, Encyclopedic methodique, Mammalogie 2: 475. Antilope leucophaea Pallas, 1766, P

the extinct bluebuck of the Cape Province (fixed by Sclater and Thomas, Book of Antelopes 4: 3, e h 1899). Not Aegoceros Pallas, 181 I. Suppressed, Opinion i'l"o. 109, International Commission on t

y Zoological Nomenclature. b 1827. Aegocera Berthold, in Latreille's Naturliche Familien des Thierreiehs: 61. For Egocerus Desmarest. d e

t Suppressed, Opinion No. 109, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. n 1827. Aigocerus H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 5: 324. For Egocerus Desmarest. As a sub­ a r

g genus of Antilope. Suppressed, Opinion No. 109, I.C.Z.N. e

c 1842. Oegocerus Lesson, Nouveau tableau du regne animal, Mammiferes: 179. For Egocerus Desmarest. n

e Suppressed, Opinion No. 109, I.C.Z.N. c i l 1844. Aegocerus Wagner, in Schreber's Saugthiere, Supplementband 4: 482. For Egocerus Desmarest. Sup­ r

e pressed, Opinion No. 109, I.C.Z.N. d 1845. O;;.anna Reichenbach, Vollstandigste Naturgeschiehte des In- und Auslandes, Saugethiere 3: 126, n u

pis 39-40. Aigocerus niger Harris (Sclater and Thomas, Book of Antelopes, 4: 3, 18gg). Suppressed, y

a Opinion No. 109, I.C.Z.N. w

e 1845. Hippotragus Sundevall, Ofversigt af Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Forhandlingar, t a Stockholm 2: 3 I. Antilope equina Desmarest. See Ellerman et al. (lg53: I g8) on the status of this G

name. t e 1846. Hippotragus Sundevall, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm (1844): n i

b I g6. Antilope leucophaea Pallas. a

S 185g· Aegocoerus Gervais, Zoologie et paleontologic frant;:aise 2nd edn: 139. Emendation of l!,gocerus Des­

y marest. Suppressed, Opinion No. 109, I.C.Z.N. b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 211

In terms of Opinion No. 109 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 73(6): 16, 1929), Hippotragus Sundevall, 1846, has been placed on the Official List of Generic Names, while both Egocerus (including its variant spellings) and Ozanna have been sup­ pressed. However, Ellerman et ai. (1953: 198) point out that Sundevall published the name Hippo/ragus also in 1845 (see above), with A. equina as the type species by monotypy.

1. Smaller. shoulder height of males less than 128 cm; horns not exceed- ing 61 cm; bluish grey colour; face pattern indistinct or absent ...... , . Hippotragus leucophaeus. p. 211 Larger, shoulder height of males normally 128 cm or more; horns usually exceed 61 cm; not bluish grey; face pattern distinct ...... 2 2. Colour lighter, pale reddish brown; ears very long and distinctly turned down at the tip; horns shorter; body size larger ...... Hippotragus equinus. p. 211 Colour darker, rich chestnut to black; ears painted. not turned down at tip and not particularly long; horns longer; body size smaller ...... Hippotragus niger, p. 212

Hippotragus leucophaeus (Pallas. 1766) Bluebuck Bloubok

Distribution. Extinct since about the end of the eighteenth century; before that confined to the southwest­ ern Cape Province from about Caledon to Plettenberg Bay. Mohr (1967) published a comprehensive monograph on this animal.

HiPPO-mAGUS LEUCOPHAEUS (Pallas, 1766). (Extinct)

1766. Antilope ieucophaea Pallas, Miscellanea zoologica: 4; 1767, Spicilegia zoologica I: 6; 1777, Spicilegia zoologica 12: 12. Swellendam district, Cape Province. 1776. Antilope capensis P. L. S. Miiller, in Linnaeus's Vollstandiges Natursystem, Supplement: 52. .

) Cape of Good Hope. 9

0 1816. Cemas glauca Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte 3. Zoologic (2): 740. Cape of Good Hope. 0

2 Not available (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion No. 417, d

e Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 14( I): 1-42, 1956). t a d ( (Desmarest, 1804)

r Hippotragus equinus Roan antelope e

h Bastergemsbok s i l b

u Distribution. Kruger National Park, Pilgrim's Rest and Waterberg districts, Transvaal, and introduced P

from here into other reserves in the province; southeastern, northern and northwestern Zimbabwe, western e h Mozambique, northern and northeastern Botswana, and extreme northeastern Namibia. Extralimitally t

y western and northern Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia; Angola, except in the southwest; central and b western Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, southwestern Kenya, western Ethiopia, southeastern Sudan, western d e

t Central African Republic, northern Nigeria, and westwards to Gambia. n a

r Ansell (1972: 46) provisionally recognizes six subspecies, but points out that their validity and limits are g uncertain. e c n e

c HIPPOTRAGUS EOUINUS EOUINUS (Desmarest, 1804) i l

r 1804. Antilope equina Desmarest, Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle 1st edn 24: 4. Locality e d unknown; vicinity of Litakun Kuruman) nominated by Harper (Journal of Mammalogy n u

21: 330,1940). y

a 1821. Capra aethiopica Schinz, in Cuvier's Thierreich I: 403. Based on the 'Tackhaitse' of Daniell, w African Scenery and Animals: pI. 24, 1805, from the edge of the Karroo plains 'and in the par­ e t

a allel oflatitude under which Latakoo is situated' (Ellerman et ai. 1953: 199). G

1824. Caprajubata Goldfuss, in Schreber's Saugthiere: pI. 287C; text 1836,5: 1471, where it is treated t e as a synonym of truten]. B. Fischer, 1829. n i

b 1827. Antilope barbata H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 180. Based on Daniell's a

S 'Tackhaitse'. 'The parting ridge of the waters on the southeast coast of Africa' (Allen 1939: y 534)· b d e c u d o r p e R 212 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

1827. Antilope aurita H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 5: 325. Based on Burchell's account (Allen 1939: 534). 1829. Antilope truteriJ. B. Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium: 478. Interior of South Africa. Renaming of aethiopica Schinz. 1899. Hippotragus equinus typicus Sclater & Thomas, Book of Antelopes 4: 13.

Kruger National Park, Pilgrim's Rest and Waterberg districts, Transvaal, Mozambique south of the Zambezi River, and probably southeastern and northern Zimbabwe. Extralimitally perhaps southern Malawi (Ansell 1972: 46). Exact limits of range unknown.

HIPPOTRAGUS EQUINUS COnONI Dallman & Burlace, 1928 1928. Hippotragus equinus cottoni Dollman & Buriace, Rowland Ward's Records of Big Game 9th edn: 265. Cuanza River, northern Angola.

Northwestern Zimbabwe, northeastern and northern Botswana, and extreme northeastern Namibia. Ex­ tralimitally Angola, Zambia, perhaps central and northern Malawi, and southern Zaire. Exact limits of range unknown.

Hippotragus niger (Harris, 1838) Sable Swartwitpens

Distribution. Recently introduced into Magude area, northern Zululand (Howard and Marchant 1984: 51); also occurring in northern and eastern Transvaal; Mozambique, except in the extreme south and parts of the southeast; Zimbabwe, and northeastern and northern Botswana. Extralimitally Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, southeastern Zaire, southeastern Angola, and also between the Cuanza and Luando Rivers (the distinctive extralimital giant sable, Hippotragus niger variani Thomas, 1916, which is considered .

) by some to represent a separate species), Tanzania, and southeastern Kenya. 9 0

0 Ansell (1972: 47) recognizes four subspecies, of which only the nominate race occurs in Southern Africa. 2 Groves (Revue de zoologie africaine 94(4): 823, 1983), describes a new subspecies, Hippotragus niger anselli, d e

t from eastern Zambia, Malawi and southeastern Tanzania. a d ( HIPPOTRAGUS NIGER NIGER (Harris, 1838) r e h s 1838. Aigocerus niger Harris, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 2. Cashan Mountains, i l

b near Pretoria (= Magaliesberg,jide Shortridge 1934,2: 577), where now extinct. u 1839. Aigocerus harrisi Harris, Wild Sports of Southern Africa: 264, 378. Mountain range of eastern P

e Matabeleland, Zimbabwe. h t

1912. Hippotragus (Ozanna) niger kaufmanni Matschie, Deutsche Jager-Zeitung 59: I 19. Caprivi Strip, y

b between Chobe and Zambezi Rivers, Namibia. d e t Ansell (1972: 47) includes kaufmanni in the Zambian kirkii Gray, 1872, but later (Puku, Supplement I: 2 I, n a

r 1974) concludes that kaufmanni is a synonym of the nominate race and (1978: 61) treats it as such in de­ g scribing the distribution of niger. e c n e c i l r e d

n Genus ORYX Blainville, 1816 u y a 1816. Oryx Blainville, Bulletin de la Societe philomathique de Paris: 75. Antilope oryx Pallas, 1777 = Capra w e gazella Linnaeus. Not Antilope oryx Pallas, 1766 = Taurotragus oryx, the eland. Not preoccupied by t a Oryx Oken, 1816 = Monodon Linnaeus, 1758, which was probably published later in the year O. A. G

t Allen, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 16: 375, 1902), and is in any case not e

n available (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion No. 417, 1956). i b 1821. Orryx Gray, London Medical Repository 15: 307. Lapsus. a

S 1918. Aegoryx Pocock, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9)2: 221. Cemas algazel Oken = Antilope y

b tao H. Smith, from the Sudan. d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 213

Oryx gazella (Linnaeus, 1758) Gemsbok Gemsbok

Distribution. Cape Province, mainly Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, but recorded widely if sparsely from elsewhere, partly as introductions (Lloyd and Millar Ig83: 34); introduced into northwestern Natal (Mentis Ig74: 55) and a few provincial and private nature reserves in the Transvaal, where it previously occurred only marginally in the north and northwest; northwestern Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia, except in the south and southwest. Extralimitally southwestern Angola; then after a wide break in distri­ bution, northeastern Tanzania, Kenya, northeastern Uganda, Sudan, central Ethiopia, and Somalia. Ansell (lg72: 49) recognizes five subspecies, of which only the nominate race ocurs in Southern Africa.

ORYX GAZELLA GAZELLA (Linnaeus, 1758) 1758. Capra gazella Linnaeus, Systema naturae 10th edn I: 6g. 'India' South Africa (Thomas, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 152, Ig I I). 1766. Antilope bezoartica Pallas, Miscellanea zoologica: 8. No locality. 1769. Gazella recticomis Pallas, Novi commentarii Academiae scientiarium imperialis petropolitanae 13: 468. Africa. Probably not intended as a scientific name (Lydekker and Blaine Ig14, 3: 11g, footnote). 1777. Anti/ope recticomis: Erxleben, Systema regni animalis: 272. 'In Aegypto, Arabia, totoque Oriente, in India, ad caput bonae spei'. Based on Gazella recticomis Pallas, 1769. 1777. Antilope oryx Pallas, Spieilegia zoologica 12: 16, 61. 'Aegypti, Aethiopiae, Arabiac inquilina.' Not Antilope oryx Pallas, 1766 = Taurotragus oryx, the eland. 1802. Antilope pasan Daudin, in Buffon's Histoire naturelle (Didot's edn) Quadrupedes 14: 182. Cape of Good Hope. 1821. Onyx onyx Gray, London Medical Repository 15: 307. Lapsus. .

) 1837. Oryx capensis Ogilby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1836): 139. Substitute for 9

0 oryx Pallas, 1777. 0

2 Ig21. Oryx gazella blainei Rothschild, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (g)8: 20g. 32 km

d inland from Elephant Bay, south of Benguela, western Angola. e t

a Ig24. Oryx aschenbomi Strand, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte goA(I): 146, footnote. Between Goshas, d

( Kalkfontein and Aroab, Namibia (Shortridge Ig34, 2: 560). r e h s i l

b The Southern African range of the species and southwestern Angola. u P e h t y b d e t n a r Subfamily BOVINAE g e c n e c

i Most authors agree as we do with Simpson (lg45: 157-158) in combining the Tragelaphini (Strepsicero­ l

r tini of older works) with the Bovini, as well as the Asiatic Boselaphini, in the subfamily Bovinae. Allen e d (1939: 537-555), Roberts (lg51: 273, 303) and Haltenorth and Diller (lg77: 57) treat them as separate n

u subfamilies, while Haltenorth (lg63) removes the Tragelaphini from the Bovinae and places them in his

y subfamily'Antilopini'. a w e t a

G 1. Size very large, form heavy, bovine; horns present in both sexes, not t

e spirally twisted, directed outwards, then upwards, then approach each n i other in the midline of the skull ...... Tribe Bovini, p. 214 b a Size medium to large or very large, form antelope-like; horns present S (Taurotragus) or absent (Tragelaphus) in females, spirally twisted and y b

directed upwards ...... Tribe Tragelaphini, p. 216 d e c u d o r p e R 214 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Tribe Bavini

Genus SYNCERUS Hodgson, 1847

1847. Syncerus Hodgson, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal {2}16: 709. Bos hrachyceros Gray, from Nigeria = Bos nanus Boddaert (Hollister, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 24: Ig2, Igl I). 1872. Planiceros Gray, Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia in the ... British Museum: 10. As a subgenus of Buhalus H. Smith. Bos planiceros Blyth, from Sierra Leone = Bos nanus Boddaert. 1872. Synceros Gray, Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia in the ... British Museum: 12. As a subgenus of Buhalus H. Smith. Buhalus caffer: Gray = Bos caffer Sparrman.

Haltenorth (lg63: 21, 131) regards Syncerus as a synonym of Buhalus H. Smith, 1827, but this view is re­ jected by Ansell (lg72: 17), while Groves (Zeitschrift fur zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung Ig: 264-278, Ig81) concludes on craniological grounds that Buhalus, Syncerus and Bos Linnaeus, 1758, are all clear-cut genera. African buffaloes are very variable in size, colour and shape of horns, and have been much split. Ansell (lg72: 17-19) and Grubb (Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 37(3): 121 144, 1972) review the literature on buffalo species, and both conclude that only one species, .5.yncerus caffer, can be main­ tained. Grubb, whom we follow, reeognizes three subspecies groups: caffer, hrachyceros Gray, 1837, and nanus Boddaert, 1785, of which only the first occurs in Southern Africa. The caffer subspecies group con­ sists of two subspecies, caffer (including radcliffei) , and the East Afriean aequinoctialis Blyth, 1866. The synonymy that follows is based on Allen (1939: 551-555), modified where necessary on the basis of Grubb's (1972) findings, and must be regarded as provisional.

. Syncerus caffer (Sparrman, 1779) Buffalo )

9 Buffel 0 0 2 Distribution. Addo Elephant National Park, eastern Cape Province, and reintroduced into Andries Vosloo d e t Kudu Nature Reserve (Lloyd and Millar 1983: 30); Hluhluwe-Umfolosi-Corridor Complex and Ndumu a

d Game Reserve, Zululand; Orange free State, where reintroduced into Golden Gate Highlands National (

r Park; eastern Transvaal, Mozambique; Zimbabwe, where found mainly in the southeast, northwest and e

h north; northern and northeastern Botswana, and extreme eastern and northeastern Namibia. Extralimit­ s i l ally Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia; Angola, except in the southwest; Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, b

u Burundi, Zaire, Kenya, southwestern Somalia, Ethiopia, southern and eastern Sudan, Central African Re­ P

public, Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana, Dahomey, Togo, Burkina faso, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea­ e h Bissau and perhaps Gambia. t y b d e SYNCERUS CAFFER CAFFER (Sparrman. 1779) t n a 1779. Bos caffer Sparrman, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm 40 : 79. r g

Near Sundays River, Algoa Bay, eastern Cape Province. e c 1898. Bos caffer typicus Lydekker, Wild Oxen, Sheep and Goats of all Lands: 97. Southern Afriea, to n e the south bank of the Zaire River in the west, the equator in the east. c i l

1904. Bubalus caffer radcliffei Thomas, Abstracts, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 4: r e 13; Thomas and Schwann, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London I: 464, text-fig. 95. d n Burumba, Ankole, Uganda, just north of Kagera River, at 01 0 00' S, 3005°' E (Moreau et al. u 1946: 408). y a 1906. Buhalus gariepensis Matschie, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender freunde zu w e (= t Berlin: 166. Liqua Valley Vaal River,fide Roberts 1951: 276). a 1906. Buhalus limpopoensis Matschie, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu G

t Berlin: 167. Type locality not stated, but evidently Limpopo Valley (Allen 1939: 551). e

n 1906. Buhalus wiesei Matschie, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender freunde zu Berlin: i b 168, fig. I. North of the Zambezi between the Luangwa and Revugu Rivers. a S

Ig06. Buhalus neumanni Matschie, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender freunde zu y

b Berlin: 169, plate, fig. 4. Chagwe, Uganda. d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 215

1906. Bubalus ruahaensis Matschie, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: 170, plate, fig. 5. Ruaha Valley, Tanzania. 1906. Bubalus ruhahensis Schillings, Die Zauber des Elelescho, Leipzig: 95. In error for ruahaensis Matschie. On the status of this name see Moreau et al. (1946: 443), who believe that Schillings (1906) was published before Matschie (1906), in which case ruhahensis has priority over ruahaensis. 1906. Bubalus schillingsi Schillings, Die Zauber des Elelescho, Leipzig: 95. Middle course of Pangani River, near Masimani Range, Tanzania (fide Moreau et al. 1946: 443, who discuss also the authorship of this name). 1906. Bubalus wembarensis Schillings, Die Zauber des Elelescho, Leipzig: 95. In error for wemberensis (see Lydekker 1913, I: 54). Chaya Swamp, southern part of Wembere Plains, Tanzania. See Moreau et al. (1946: 443) for authorship of this name. 190 7. Bos ca.ffer cottoni Lydekker, The Field, London 109: 37. Ituri Forest, Zaire. 1908. Bos ca.ffer ruahensis Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa: 7 I. Emendation of ruahaensis Matschie. 190 8. Bos ca.ffer pihillingsi Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa: 72. Name attributed to Matschie, in Schillings, Die Zauber des Elelescho: 95, 1906, but see Moreau et al. (1946: 443). Bubalus rufuensis Zukowsky, Zoologischer Beobachter 51: 265. Schume Forest, western Usam­ bara Mountains, upper Pangani district, Tanzania. The right horn of the type specimen was designated type of Bubalus schillingsi Matschie, fide Allen (1939: 551), but see Moreau et al. (1946: 443-444)· Bubalus caffer cunenensis Zukowksy, Zoologischer Beobachter 51: 266. Bihe (Silvo Porto), Ben­ guela district, Angola. The left horn of the type specimen was designated type of Bubalus caffer cubangensis Zukowksy (Allen 1939: 551). 19 10. Bubalus ca.ffer cubangensis Zukowsky, Zoologischer Beobachter 51: 266. Bihe (Silvo Porto), Ben­ guela district, Angola. The right horn of the type specimen was designated type of Bubalus caffercunenensis Zukowksy (Allen 1939: 551). 19 10. Bubalus ussanguensis Matschie, Das Weidwerk in Wort und Bild 19(13-14): 297. Uzangu, west ofUhehe, Great Ruaha region, Tanzania.

. 19 12 . Bubalus caffer bubuensis Matschie, Deutsche Jager-Zeitung 59: 103, I 13, text-fig. 79. Eastern )

9 Turu, Tanzania. 0

0 19 12 . Bubalus ca.ffer tanae Matschie, Deutsche Jager-Zeitung 59( I 5): 209, text-fig. 86. Region between 2

d Mount Kenya and Tana River, Kenya. e t Bubalus ca.ffer athiensis Matschie, Deutsche Jager-Zeitung 59( 15): 209, text-fig. 85. Galla Galla a d Mountains, Kenya. (

r Bubalus massaicus Matschie, Jahrbuch des Instituts fUr Jagdkunde 2: 170, text-fig. 83. e h Umbugwe, south of Lake Manyara, Masai Plains, Tanzania. s i l Bubalus urundicus Matschie, Jahrbuch des Instituts fUr Jagdkunde 2: 170, text-fig. 83. b u Lumpungu, Belgian Urundi (Moreau et al. 1946: 444). P Bubalus wintgensi Matschie, Jahrbuch des Instituts fUr Jagdkunde text-fig. e 2: 170, 83. h

t Muhambwe, Uha, Tanzania.

y Bubalus gazae Matschie, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: b

d 136. Lebombo Mountains, southern Gazaland, Mozambique. Based on description in Find­ e t lay's Big Game Shooting and Travels in Southeast Africa: 183,226, 1903 (Allen 1939: 552). n

a Bubalus pungwensis Matschie, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu r g

Berlin: 136. Beira, Mozambique. Based on account in Findlay's Big Game Shooting and e c Travels in Southeast Africa: title page, 22, 149, 1903 (Allen 1939: 552). n e Bubalus niediecki Matschie, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu c i l Berlin: 136, text-figs 1,2. Baunza, north of middle Kafue, about 33 km east of where the river r e turns east, north of Victoria Falls, Zambia. d

n Bubalus niediecus Christy, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 459. Lapsus for nie­ u diecki Matschie. y a Bubalus caffer wintgensis Christy, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 459. Lapsus for w e wintgensi Matschie. t a G t e n i b The entire Southern African range of the species, and northwards as far as the Cuanza River, Angola, a S

Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, and eastern Zaire, where it intergrades with related subspecies (Grubb, y b Zeitschrift fUr Saugetierkunde 37(3): 121-144, 1972). d e c u d o r p e R 216 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Tribe Tragelaphini

The members of the Tragelaphini have been classified in a number of ways (see Allen 1939, Roberts 1951, Ellerman et at. 1953, Haltenorth 1963). Ansell (1972: 18,20) reviews the available evidence, and proposes a classification which in many ways resembles that of Ellerman et al. (1953), except that he transfers the West and Central African Boocercus Thomas, 1902, from Taurotragus to Tragelaphus. He refers to hybrids between Tragelaphus and Taurotragus, but nevertheless retains the latter as a genus. Van Gelder (Lammer­ geyer 23: 1-6, 1977; 1977: 16) provides further evidence of cross-breeding in captivity between Tragelaphus and Taurotragus, which persuades Ansell (1978: 53) to treat Taurotragus as a full synonym of Tragelaphus. Corbet and Hill (1980: 121) and Honacki et at. (1982: 343) agree with this view. In view of particularly the marked differences in life history between the species concerned we nevertheless follow Swanepocl et at. (1980: 164) and Smithers (1983) in retaining Taurotragus as a genus. Ansell (in litt.) informs us that he too will revert to separating Taurotragus from Tragelaphus.

1. Horns present only in males, forming an open spiral; no dewlap; feet elliptical, not rounded and ox-like ...... Trage/aphus, p. 216 Horns present in both sexes, axially straight and twisted like a cork- screw; with dewlap; feet rounded, ox-like ... , ..... ,..... Taurofragus, p. 220

Genus TRAGELAPHUS Blainville, 1816

,815, Strepsiceros Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature: 56. Anti/ope slrepsieeros Pallas. Nomen nudum. 1816. Tragelaphus Blainville, Bulletin de la Societe philomathique de Paris: 75. As a subgenus of Ceropho­ rus Blainville, 1816. Antilope sylvatiea Sparrman (Sclater and Thomas, Book of Antelopes 4(15): 103, 1900). 1827. Strepsieeros H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 5: 365. As a subgenus of Damalis H. Smith. Antilope strepsiceros Pallas. . )

9 1837. Calliope Ogilby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1836): 138. Anti/ope strepsiceros 0

0 Pallas. Not of Gould, 1836, in birds. 2 1850. Euryceros Gray, Gleanings from the Menagerie at Knowsley Hall 2: 27. Antilope eur.rcerus Ogilby, d e

t from 'West Africa'. Not of Lesson, 1830. a 1872. Hydrotragus Gray, Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia in the ... British Museum: 49. As a subge­ d ( nus of Euryeeros Gray. Tragelaphus spekii Spekc. Not ofFitzinger, 1866. r e

h 1900. Limnotragus Sclater & Pocock, in Sclater and Thomas's Book of Antelopes 4: go, 149. Tragelaphus s i

l spekii Speke. For authorship see Lydekker (1914, 3: 185, footnote). b 1902. Booeercus Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)10: 309. Renaming of Euryceros u P

Gray. Booeercus eurycerus isaaci Thomas, from Kenya. Valid as a subgenus. e

h '903. Strepsicerastes Knottnerus-Meyer, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 69 B 2 (I), Jahrcsbericht, Mammalia t I y fur 1902: 13. Strepsiceros imberbis Blyth, from Ethiopia. b 1905. Boocerus Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium tam Viventium quam Fossilium, Supplement: 73 I. d e Lapsus. t n 1910. Strepsicerella Zukowsky, Wild und Hund 16(12): 206. Strepsiceros imberbis BIyth. a r 1912. g Ammelaphus Heller, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 60(8): 15. Strepsiceros imberbis Blyth.

e 1912. Nyala Heller l Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 60(8): 16. Tragelaphus angasii Gray. c n e c i

l Ellerman et at. (1953: 206, footnote) point out that while Strepsiceros Frisch, 1775, has been used for the

r kudu, the publication concerned is not available (Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 4: 549, 1950; and e d see also International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion No. 258, 1954). In any case, the n u

type species is 'Ovis strepsiceros', the 'ZackeIschaf' from Crete. y a w 1. Size larger, males about 1.5 m at shoulder, females smaller; no inguinal e t pouches; horns in an open spiral forming one or more complete twists; a

G false hooves of hind feet with hairy fringed glands ...... t

e ...... " Tragelaphus strepsiceros, p. 217 n i Size smaller, males up to 1.2 m at shoulder, females smaller; inguinal b

a pouches present; horns in a narrower spiral forming one complete twist; S false hooves without hairy fringed glands (except apparently in Trage/a- y b phus angasit) ...... 2 d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 217

2. Hooves elongated, those of forefeet up to about 18 cm long in males, 16 cm in females, with back of pasterns bare (or with only a small, isolated tuft of hair) and rubbery ...... Tragelaphus spekei, p. 218 Hooves not particularly elongated, back of pasterns fully haired ...... 3 3. Larger, horns in adults well over 56 cm; well-developed mane, throat and ventral fringes of hair in males; females with body pattern of vertical stripes; tail long and not very bushy ...... Trage/aphus angasii, p. 218 Smaller, horns in adult males not exceeding 56 cm; males with poorly developed mane, without throat and ventral fringes of hair; females with body pattern of spots and horizontal as well as vertical stripes (less well developed in southern forms); tail shorter and very bushy ...... Tragelaphus scriptus, p. 219

Tragelaphus strepsiceros (Pallas, 1766) Kudu Koedoe

Distribution. Northern Cape Province, most commonly in the area bordered by Griquatown, Kuruman, Vryburg and Kimberley; southern Cape Province, mostly between 22 0 E and 27 0 E; northeastern Zulu­ land, and reintroduced further south in Natal; Swaziland, eastern, western and northern Transvaal; Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia, except the coastal Namib Desert and in the south. Ex­ tralimitally Mozambique, Malawi; Zambia, except in parts of the Northern Province; southern Angola, except in the coastal desert; southeastern Zaire, Tanzania, northeastern Uganda, southern and northern Kenya, northern Somalia, western and southern Ethiopia, eastern Sudan, eastern Central African Repub­ lic, and southeastern Chad. Ansell (1972: 25) recognizes four subspecies, of which only the nominate race occurs in Southern Africa. . ) 9 0

0 TRAGELAPHUS STREPSJCEROS STREPSICEROS (Pallas, 1766) 2

d 1766. Anti/ope strepsiceros Pallas, Miscellanea zoologica: 9. Cape of Good Hope; 'Gammafluss', fide e t

a Matschie (Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: 385, 1914) d

( Lowen River (Skead 1973: 125). r

e ? 1804. Antilope torticornis Hermann, Observationes zoologicae I: 87. No locality (Allen 1939: 540, h s Ansell 1972: 25)' i l

b 1827. Damalis strepsiceros H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 359. Not Antilope u Pallas (Allen 1939: 540) P strepsiceros

e 1834. Strepsiceros capensis A. Smith, South African Quarterly Journal Ser. 2, 2: 223. South Africa. h t

1836. Strepsiceros koodoo H. Smith, in Jardine's Naturalist's Library 12: 180. 'Woody parts ofCaffraria y

b and the Karoo Mountains', South Africa.

d 1843. Strepsiceros kudu Gray, List of the Specimens of Mammalia in the ... British Museum: 155. e t Emendation. n a

r 1846. Strepsiceros excelsus Sundevall, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stock­ g holm (1844): 196. Africa south of the Sahara. e c 1894. Strepsiceros strepsiceros <:amhesiensis Lorenz, Annalen des Kaiserlich-Konigliches naturhistori­ n e

c schen Hofmuseums in Wien 9, Notizen: 63. Leschumo Forest, southeastern border of i l Marutseland and northwestern Matabeleland. Lancaster (in Moreau et al. 1946: 44 I) com­ r e ments that the locality is Leshuma, on the old wagon road from Tati to Kazungula on the d 0 n Zambezi River at the Chobe River mouth, about 24 km from Kazungula (about 17 44' S, u

0

y 25 19' E), just inside Botswana, while Ansell (1978: 54) corrects the type locality to Lesuma a (the modern spelling) at 17 0 54' S, 25 0 13'E. w e t 1910. Strepsiceros capensis typicus Lydekker, in Rowland Ward's Records of Big Game 6th edn: 319. a 1914. Strepsiceros hamiltoni Matschie, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu G t Berlin: 387. New name for Damalis strepsiceros H. Smith, not Antilope strepsiceros Pallas. Sources e n

i of the Gariep Orange) River. b a S Southern Africa and northwards to about northern Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, and southeastern y b

Zaire. Limits and intergrading with the nearest subspecies, hea Heller, 1913, not known (Ansell 1972: 25). d e c u d o r p e R 218 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Tragelaphus spekei Speke, 1863 Sitatunga Waterkoedoe

Distribution. Marginal to Southern Africa: Okavango Delta and swamps of the Chobe and Zambezi Rivers in northern Botswana and Caprivi Strip; possibly also islands in the Zambezi River in extreme northwestern Zimbabwe, although material records are lacking (Smithers and Wilson Ig7g: 136). Extrali­ mitally Zambia west of the Muchinga escarpment, but not along the Zambezi Valley; Angola, marginally in the south, and again in central Angola; widespread in Zaire; western Tanzania along the Rift Valley, and possibly Songwe River, on the border between Malawi and Tanzania (Ansell, Nyala 8(1): 25-26, Ig82); southern Uganda; Kenya, where marginal near Lake Victoria; southwestern Sudan, southern Central African Republic, Cameroon, Nigeria, Dahomey and Togo. Ansell (lg72: 22) lists five subspecies, of which one occurs in Southern Africa.

TRAGELAPHUS SPEKEI SPEKEI Speke. 1863. (Extralimital) 1863. Trageiaphus spekii Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile: 223, footnote, figure. Karague, west of Lake Victoria, Tanzania; restricted to Lake Lwelo, Bukoba district (about 02° S, 30° 57' E), Tanzania (Moreau et ai. 1946: 441). This name is commonly attributed to P. L. Sclater, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 103, 1864, but Honacki et ai. (lg82: 343) point out that it was first used by Speke. IglO. Tragelaphus spekei typicus Rowland Ward, Records of Big Game 6th edn: 314. 1913. Tragelaphus (Limnotragus) ugallae Matschie, Jahrbuch des Instituts fur Jagdkunde 2: 179. Sindi, Ugalla, Tanzania. 1924. Limnotragus spekei wilhelmi Lonnberg & Gyldenstolpe, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (g) 13: Ig7. Ruhuhuma Swamp, north of Lake Bunyoni, Kigezi, southwestern Uganda, at 01 0 08' S, 2g 0 50' E, about 136 km west-northwest of the type locality of spekei (Swynnerton MS). . )

9 TRAGELAPHUS SPEKEI SELOUSI W. Rothschild. 1898 0 0

2 1861. Tragelaphus eurycerus Layard, Catalogue of the Specimens in the Collection of the South African

d Museum I. Mammalia: 78. Lake Ngami. Not ofOgilby, 1837. e t

a 18g8. Tragelaphus selousi W. Rothschild, Novitates zoologicae 5: 206. Zambezi Valley; Lake Ngami, d

( Botswana (Shortridge Ig34, 2: 589; Roberts Ig51: 309); Barotse country, Northern Rhodesia r e (= Western Province, Zambia) (Hill and Carter 1941: 161). h s 1903. Limnotragus baumii Sokolowsky, in Baum, Kunene-Sambesi Expedition: 533. Cuito (= Kwito) i l 0 0

b River, below Longa River junction, approximately 17 S, 20 E, southeastern Angola. u Ig18. Limnotragus spekei inomatus Cabrera, Boletin de la Real Sociedad espanola de historia natural P

e 18: 276. Lake Young, eastern Zambia. h t y

b Northern Botswana and Caprivi Strip, northwards to Zaire and southwestern Tanzania. d e t n a r g

e Tragelaphus angasii Gray, 1849 Nyala c

n Njala e c i l

r Distribution. Northeastern Zululand, and introduced into other lowlying parts of Natal; eastern Trans­ e

d vaal, along the Limpopo River as far west as Ellisras, and introduced elsewhere; Mozambique, from n

u Maputo to Tete districts; southern Zimbabwe along the Limpopo and Sabi River Valleys, and northern

y Zimbabwe, along the Zambezi River. Extr~limitally Mozambique, between Zambezi River and Malawi a

w border; and Malawi, along the Lower Shire River and its tributaries below Chikwawa (Ansell, Nyala 7(2): e t 85-go, Ig81). a G t e n i TRAGELAPHUS ANGASII Gray. 1849 b a S

1849. Tragelaphus angasii Gray, in Angas, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1848): 8g. y

b St Lucia Bay, Zululand, Natal. d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 219

Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas, 1766) Bushbuck Bosbok

Distribution. Cape Province, mainly in the southwest, and through the southern and eastern Cape to Natal and Zululand; Transvaal, except in the south; eastern Swaziland, Mozambique; Zimbabwe, except in parts of the dry west; eastern and northern Botswana, in the Okavango Delta and along the Chobe River; and northeastern Namibia. Extralimitally Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia; Angola, except the dry southwest; northwards to southwestern Somalia and Ethiopia, then westwards to Nigeria and Senegal. Many subspecies have been described. Haltenorth (lg63: 83) lists 23, while Ansell (1972: 24) recognizes only nine, three of which occur in Southern Africa.

TRAGELAPHUS SCRIPTUS SCRIPTUS (Pallas, 1766). (Extralimital) 1766. Antilope scripta Pallas, Miscellanea zoologica: 8. Senegal. 1827. Antilope phalerata H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 275; 5: 351. Above Great Falls of Lower Zaire River, Zaire. 1882. Tragelaphus gratus Rochebrune, Bulletin de la Societe philomathique de Paris: g. Near mouth of Senegal River between Cayor and Walo (= Oualo), Senegal. Not ofSclater, 1880. I 8g I . Tragelaphus scriptus typicus Thomas, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 388. 18g8. Tragelaphus obscurus Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium tam Viventium quam Fossilium new edn: 958. Renaming of gratus Rochebrune, preoccupied. Near mouth of Senegal River between Cayor and Walo (= Oualo), Senegal. Ig05. Tragelaphus scriptus knutsoni Lonnberg, Arkiv for Zoologi, Stockholm 2( 15}: I. Upper Manns Valley, Mount Cameroon, Cameroon. Ig12. Tragelaphus scriptus makaiae Matschie, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: 563. Makala, about 00" 35' N, 27° 50' E, south of Lindi Valley, which is south of Aruwimi, Zaire. Ig2g. Tragelaphus scriptus johannae Schwarz, Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines, Bruxelles . )

9 16: 423. Kwamouth, mouth of Kasai River, left bank of Zaire River, Zaire. 0 0 2 d e TRAGELAPHUS SCRIPTUS SYLVATICUS (Sparrman, 1780) t a d 1780. Antilope sylvatica Sparrman, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar: Ig7, pI. 7. (

r Grootvadersbosch, Swellendam district, southwestern Cape Province. e h s i l From Bredasdorp along the coast of southern and eastern Cape Province to southern Natal. b u P e h

t TRAGELAPHUS SCRIPTUS ROUALEYNI (Gray, 1852) y b

1850. Antelopus roualeynei Gordon-Cumming, A Hunter's Life in South Africa 2: 16g. Nomen nudum. d e 1852. Antilopus roualeynei Gray, Catalogue of the ... Mammalia in the ... British Museum 3. Ungu­ t n lata: 140. Bakalahari country, near sources of the Limpopo, Botswana. a r 18gl. Tragelaphus scriptus roualeyni Thomas, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 389. g

e Emendation of roualeynei Gray. Ellerman et·ai. (1953: 207) state that roualeyni is correct as c n Cumming's christian name was Roualeyn. e c

i I goo. Tragelaphus roualeyni typicus Sclater & Thomas, Book of Antelopes 4(15}: 123. l r e d Northeastern Zululand, eastern Swaziland, eastern Transvaal lowveld; Mozambique, as far north as Vila n

u Pery and Beira districts; Limpopo Valley, southern Zimbabwe, and eastern Botswana. y a w e t TRAGELAPHUS SCRIPTUS ORNATUS Pocock, 1900 a G

t Igoo. Tragelaphus scriptus ornatus Pocock, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)5: 94. Linyanti, e

n swamps of the lower Chobe between Lake Ngami and the Zambezi, northern Botswana. i b a S

Mozambique, from Tete district northwards; Zambezi Valley in Zimbabwe; northern Botswana and y

b northeastern Namibia. Extralimitally Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, and southeastern Zaire. d e c u d o r p e R 220 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

Genus TAUROTRAGUS Wagner, 1855

Oreas Desmarest, Encyclopedie methodique, Mammalogie 2: 471. As a subgenus of Anti/ope PaIIas. Antilope oreas Pallas = Anti/ope oryx Pallas, 1766 (not 1777 = Oryx gazella (Linnaeus, 1758)). Not Oreas Hubner, 1806, in Insecta. Taurotragus Wagner, in Schreber's Saugthiere, Supplementband 5: 438. As a subgenus of Antilope Pallas. Anti/ope oreas Pallas = Antilope oryx Pallas, 1766. Doratoceros Lydekker, The Field, London 78: 130. Antilope triangularis Gunther = Antilope oryx Pallas. Orias Lydekker, Royal Natural History, 2. Mammalia: 267. Lapsus.

Taurotragus oryx (Pallas, 1766) Eland Eland

Distribution. Northern Cape Province, including Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, and widely distrib­ uted elsewhere in the Province, including the Southwest Cape, where reintroduced (Lloyd and Millar 1983: 30); Will em Pretorius Game Reserve and Golden Gate National Park, as well as a few private farms in the Orange Free State; Natal Drakensberg, and reintroduced elsewhere in the Province; northern Kruger National Park and in private and provincial nature reserves in various parts of the Transvaal; Mo­ zambique; Zimbabwe, mainly in the south and northwest; Botswana, mainly in the north; and eastern and northeastern Namibia. Extralimitally Mozambique, except west of the Tete district; Malawi, Zambia, southern and central Angola, Tanzania, southern and central Kenya, southern Uganda, and extending marginally into Ethiopia (Yalden et al. 1984: 146). Ansell (1972: 26-27) recognizes three subspecies, two of which occur in Southern Africa. The limits of and intergrading between the subspecies are not clearly understood.

TAUROTRAGUS ORYX ORYX (Pallas, 1766) .

) 1766. Anti/ope oryx Pallas, Miscellanea zoologica: 9. Cape of Good Hope. 9

0 1777. Anti/ope oreas Pallas, Spicilegia zoologica 12: 17. Mountains of South Africa. 0

2 1792. Bos barbatus Kerr, in Linnaeus's Animal Kingdom: 340. Country of the Namaquas, north from

d the Cape of Good Hope. e t

a 1816. Cemas alces Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte 3(2): 735. South Africa, especially to the east d

( of the Cape of Good Hope. Not available (International Commission on Zoological Nomen­ r

e clature, Opinion No. 417, Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 14(1): 1-42, 1956). h s 1827. Damalis canna H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 4: 357; 5: 365. Beyond the i l

b Gareep (= Orange River), upon the Great Desert, i.e., probably Namibia. This is the first use u of the name in a formal scientific sense; as usually quoted from Desmarest (EncYclopedie P

e methodique, Mammalogie 2: 471, 1822) it is a vernacular name (Allen 1939: 541). h t

1899. Taurotragus oryx typicus Selous, in Bryden'S Great and Small Game of Africa: 426. y b

d Northern Cape Province, Natal, Orange Free State, southern Mozambique, southern Botswana, and e t

n Namibia, except perhaps the extreme northeast. Subspecies range limits east of Botswana are unclear a

r (Ansell 1972: 26-27). g e c TAUROTRAGUS ORYX LlVINGSTONIi (P. L. Sclater, 1864) n e c i l 1864. Oreas livingstonii P. L. Sclater, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 105. Left bank of r

e the Zambezi River, near the Kafue, Zambia. Near Sekhosi, Zambezi River, upstream from d Sesheke, about 184 km northwest of Victoria Falls, Zambia,.fide Harper (Journal of Mamma­ n u

logy 21: 331, 1940); Sesheke, 112 to 128 km west of Victoria Falls, Zambia, .fide Hill and y a Carter (1941: 162). Ansell (1978: 55) restricts the type locality to 1724-A-3 or 1724-A-4 (= w

e I 724Ac or Ad). t a 1889. Antilope triangularis Gunther, The Field, London 73: 260; Proceedings of the Zoological Society, G London: 74. Zambezi River; based on the abnormal horns of a female T. oryx. t e 1910. Taurotragus oryx selousi Lydekker, in Rowland Ward's Records of Big Game 6th edn: 328. n i

b Rugawe Valley, Mashonaland, eastern Zimbabwe. a

S 19 12• Oreas oreas kaufmanni Matschie, Deutsche Jager-Zeitung 58(9): 119, text-fig. 83. Caprivi Strip,

y Namibia. b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 221

1913. Oreas oryx niediecki Matschie, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: 249. Banga, Kafue River, 1526Cb, Zambia. 19 I 3. Taurotragus oryx livingstonei Roberts, Annals of the Transvaal Museum 4: 106. Emendation.

Zimbabwe; Mozambique, where intergrading with the nominate race and the northern pattersonianus Ly­ dekker, 1906, is not clear; possibly extreme northeastern Namibia, and extralimitally Malawi, Zambia, Angola, southern Zaire, and southwestern Tanzania near the Zambian border.

Subfamily REDUNCINAE

As here understood the Reduncinae comprise only two genera, Redunca and Kobus, the latter including Adenota and Onotragus (= Hydrotragus). Ellerman et at. (1953: 192) recognize Adenota (with Onotragus as a synonym) at subgeneric level, but we agree with Ansell (1972: 40) that this is not justified.

1. Bare patch below ear; tail bushy ...... Redunca, p. 221 No bare patch below ear; tail not bushy ...... Kobus, p. 223

Genus REDUNCA H. Smith, 1827

1816. Cervicapra Blainville, Bulletin de la Societe philomathique de Paris: 75. Antitope redunca Pallas, from West Africa. Not of Sparrman, 1780. 1827. Redunca H. Smith, in Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 5: 337. As a subgenus of Antilope Pallas. Anti/ope redunca Pallas. 1841. Nagor Laurillard, in d'Orbigny's Dictionnaire universe! d'histoire naturelle I: 62 I. Anlilope tedunca . ) Pallas. For date of publication see Sherborn and Palmer, Annals and Magazine of :\latural History 9

0 (7)3: 350, 1899. 0 2

1843. Eleotragus Gray, List of the Specimens of Mammalia in the ... British Museum: xxvi, 165. Antilope d e isabellina Afzelius Antilope arundinum Boddaert (Sclater and Thomas, Book of Antelopes 2(8): 155, t a 1897). d (

1865. Heleotragus Kirk, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1864): 657. Emendation. r e 1912. Oreodorcas Heller, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 60(8): 13. AnlilopeJutvoruJula Afzelius. h s i l b 1. Larger, shoulder height about 75-90 cm; horns in adult males 25 cm or u more over outside curve. curving forward well above level of tips of ears; P

e muffle extending back beyond notch of nostrils; one pair of inguinal h t pouches ...... Redunca arundinum, p. 221 y

b Smaller, shoulder height about 70-SO cm; horns in adult males less

d than 25 cm over outside curve, and curving forward about level with tips e t of ears; muffle not extending back beyond notch of nostrils; two pairs of n

a inguinal pouches ...... Redunca fulvorufula. p. 222 r g e c A third species, redunca Pallas, 1767, occurs outside the geographical limits of this study. n e c i l r e Redunca arundlnum (Boddaert, 1785) Reedbuck d n Rietbok u y a Distribution. Eastern Cape Province from Komgha district northwards; Transkei, Natal and Zululand, w e

t eastern Orange Free State and Swaziland; Transvaal, except the southern highveld and along the a Limpopo Valley; Mozambique; Zimbabwe, except the Limpopo and Zambezi Valleys; northern Botswana G

t and northeastern Namibia. Extralimitally Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia; Angola, except in the south­ e n west; southern Zaire, and southern and western Tanzania. i b a Only two subspecies are recognized, the nominate race and the exttalimital R. a. occidentalis Rothschild, S

y 1907. The status of R. a. thomasinae from Malawi (with penricei as synonym) is unclear. Allen (1939: 518) b d e c u d o r p e R 222 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

and Ellerman et al. (1953: 192) include it in the synonymy of arundinum, while Ansell (1972: 38,1978: 57) points out that it may instead be the prior name for occidentalis, but later (in litt.) remarks that he is unsure of the relationships of these taxa.

REDUNCA ARUNDINUM ARUNDINUM (8oddaert, 1785) Antilope arundinum Boddaert, Elenchus Animalium I: 141. Cape of Good Hope; Bathurst divi­ sion,fide Barrow in Roberts (1951: 292). 1787. Antilope eleotragus Schreber, Saugthiere: pI. 266; text, 1821,5: 1225. 1795· Antilope coerulescens Link, Beytrage zur Naturgeschichte 1(2): 99. Nomen nudum. 1799· Antilope oreotragus Bechstein, Ubersicht der vierfUssigen Thiere I: 80. Lapsus for eleotragus Schreber (Ellerman et al. 1953.: 192). 1799· Antilope arundinacea Bechstein, Ubersicht der vierfiissigen Thiere I: 81. 160 km north of Cape of Good Hope; but see Ansell (1972: 38) who remarks that there is no evidence of the reedbuck ever occurring in the souttwestern Cape Province. 1800. Antilope cinerea Bechstein, Ubersicht der vierfussigen Thiere 2: 643. Africa. 181 5. Antilope isabellina Afzelius, Nova acta Regiae Societatis scientiarium upsaliensis 7: 250. Moun­ tains, Cape of Good Hope. Antilope oleotragus Desmoulins, Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle 1: 446. Reeds bor­ dering rivers and in marshes in 'Cafrerie'. 1869. Redunca isabellina multiannulata Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Akade­ mie der Wissenschaften, Wien 59( I): 169. Port Natal Durban, Natal. 1869. Redunca isabellina caJfra Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 59( I): 169. Kaffirland = Kaffraria. 1869. Redunca isabellina algoensis Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 59( I): 169. Algoa Bay, southern Cape Province. ? 1900. Cervicapra thomasinae P. L. Sclater, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 429, pI. 26. Songwe River, 10 km from Lake Malawi, Malawi.

. 10 ) ? 19 . Cervicapra penricei Lydekker, The Field, London 116: 498. Accidental renaming of Cervicapra 9 thomasinae P. L. Sclater. 0 0 2

d Southern African range of the species, perhaps extending to Angola and the Zambezi, but limits are uncer­ e t tain. a d ( r e h s i Mountain reedbuck l Redunca fulvorufula (Afzelius, 1815) b Rooiribbok u P e

h Distribution. Eastern, central and northern Cape Province; Natal, where widespread except along the t

y coast; Orange Free State, Transvaal, southwestern Mozambique, and southeastern Botswana. Extralimi­ b tally northern Tanzania, northeastern Uganda, western Kenya, southern Ethiopia, southeastern Sudan, d e and Cameroon. t n a Three subspecies are recognized by Ansell (1972: 40): the nominate race in Southern Africa; R.I chanleri r g (Rothschild, 1895) in East Africa; and R.I adamauae Pfeffer, 1962, in Cameroon. e c n e c i l REDUNCA FULVORUFULA FULVORUFULA (Afzelius, 1815) r e d 1815. Antilope fulvorufula Afzelius, Nova acta Regiae Societatis scientiarium upsaliensis T 250. n u

Eastern Cape Province. y a 1822. Antilope lalandia Desmoulins, Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle I: 445. Cape of Good w

e Hope, in the mountains. t a 1822. Antilope landiana Desmarest, Encyclopedie methodique, Mammalogie 2: 462. Cape of Good G

Hope. t e 1846. CerlJicapra eleotragus Sundevall, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (1844): n i

b 194. South Africa. ~ot ofSchreber, 1787. a

S 1890. Cervicapra redunca Gunther, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 604. Not of Pallas,

y 1767. b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 223

1898. Cervicapra fulvorufula subalbina Kirby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1897): 897. Steenkamp Mountain, 19 km west of Kruger's Post, Lydenburg district, eastern Trans­ vaal. Based on an albinistic animal.

The Southern African range of the species.

Genus KOBUS A. Smith, 1840

1840. Kobus A. Smith, Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa, Mammalia 12: pI. 28 and text, pI. 29. Antilope ellipsiprymnus Ogilby. 1843. Kolus Gray, List of the Specimens of Mammalia in the ... British Museum: xxvi, 159. Anti/ope defassa RiippeU, from Ethiopia. Lapsus for Kobus A. Smith. 1847. Adenota Gray, List of the Osteological Specimens in the ... British Museum: xv, 146. Antilope kob Erxleben, from West Africa. 1866. Hydrotragus Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 54(1): 596. Adenota leche Gray, by monotypy, and not Adenota kul Heuglin, as stated by ScIater and Thomas, Book of Antelopes 2: 95, 1896 (Ellerman et ai. 1953: 193). 1869. Pseudokobus Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wi en 59( I): 173. Antilope forfex H. Smith = Antiiope kob Erxleben. 1872. Onotragus Gray, Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia in the ... British Museum: 17. Adenota lechee Gray, fixed by Sclater and Thomas, Book of Antelopes 2(6): 95, 1896. 1876. Cobus Buckley, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 284. Emendation. 1893. Robus Zittel, Handbuch der Palaeontologie 4, Mammalia 2: 417, 792. Misprint. 1913. Onototragus Heller, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 6 I (7): 12. Error for Onotragus Gray.

Of the five species recognized by Ansell (1972: 40), Kobus kob (Erxleben, 1777) and K. megaceros (Fitzinger, . ) 1855) are extralimital to this study. 9 0 0

2 1. Size larger, shoulder height more than 107 cm; no inguinal pouches;

d distinct white ring or patch on rump ...... Kobus ellipsiprymnus, p. 223 e t

a Size smaller, shoulder height less than 104 cm; inguinal pouches d

( present (although rudimentary in K. leche); no white rump ring or patch ...... 2 r e 2. No preorbital glands; pelage rough; horns longer, about 48-86 cm .... h s ...... Kobus leche, p. 224 i l b Preorbital glands present, although only moderately developed; pelage u shorter and smooth; horns shorter, about 35-51 cm ...... Kobus vardonii, p. 224 P e h t y b

d Kobus ellipslprymnus (Ogilby, 1833) Waterbuck e t Waterbok n a r g Distribution. Natal, from Hluhluwe and Umfolosi Game Reserves northwards; Swaziland, eastern, north­ e c ern and western Transvaal; Zimbabwe, mainly in the south and northwest; Mozambique, in the extreme n e

c west of the Gaza and Maputo districts (representing strays from the Kruger National Park-Smithers and i l Tello 1976: 127), and more widely north of the Save River, although sparse in the Tete district; southeast­ r e ern and northern Botswana, and eastern Caprivi Strip. Extralimitally Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, d n Angola, and northwards to Somalia and Ethiopia in the east and Senegal in the west. u y

a We agree with Haltenorth (1963: 91), Ansell (1972: 40,1978: 58) and other recent authors in regarding K. w (Riippell, as only subspecifically separable from Ansell neverthe­ e defassa 1835) ellipsiprymnus. (1972: 40-42) t

a less divides the species into two subspecies groups, representing these two taxa, and Ansell (in litt.) G

suggests that ellipsiprymnus and defassa may best be regarded as members of a superspecies. The ellipsiprym­ t e nus group includes four subspecies, of which only ellipsiprymnus occurs in Southern Africa. The defassa n i

b group, consisting of nine subspecies, is essentially extralimital, although K. e. penricei may occasionally a

S wander from Angola into the Okavango region of Namibia (Shortridge 1934,2: 528; Ansell 1972: 41), and

y is therefore listed provisionally. b d e c u d o r p e R 224 SOUTHERN AFRICAN MAMMALS

ellipsiprymnus group

KOBUS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS (Ogilby, 1833) 1833. Anti/ope ellipsiprymnus Ogilby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 47. 25 days journey north of the Orange River between Lataku Kuruman) and the west coast of Africa; presumably the Molopo River (fide Roberts, 1951: 289), where now extinct.

Northeastern Natal, and introduced elsewhere into the province (Howard and Marchant 1984: 53); Swazi­ land, Transvaal, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, southeastern and northern Botswana, and eastern Caprivi Strip. Extralimitally extreme southwestern Angola, southern and eastern Zambia, Malawi and Mozambi­ que. Exact northern limits and intergrading with K. e. kondensis Matschie, 1911, not known (Ansell 1972: 41).

defassa group

KOBUS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS PENRICEI (Rothschild. 1895) 1895. Cobus penricei Rothschild, Novitates zoologicae 2: 52. Bongo, banks of KU\'ali River, 160 km southeast of Benguela, western Angola.

May stray into the Okavango region of Namibia. Extralimitally Angola, southwestern Zaire, southern Congo Republic, and southern Gabon.

Kobus lee he Gray, 1850 Lechwe Lechwe

Distribution. Okavango swamp in Botswana, from Maun northwards, and eastern Caprivi Strip. Extra­ limitally southeastern Angola, Zambia, and southeastern Zaire. . )

9 Ansell and Banfield (Siiugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 27(3): 168-176, 1979) recognize lour subspecies, 0

0 only the nominate race ranging into Southern Africa. 2 d e t KOBUS LECHE LECHE Gray, 1850 a d

( 2: 1850. Kobus leche Gray, Gleanings from the Menagerie at Knowsley Hall 23. Zouga (= Bolletle) r e River, 21 0 S, Lake Ngami, Botswana. h s 1852. Adenota lechee Gray, Catalogue of the ... Mammalia in the ... British Museum 3: g8. Banks i l 0 b of the Zouga Botletle) River, 22 S, Botswana. u

P 1876. Cobus leechi Buckley, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 291.

e 1903. Adenota amboellensis Sokolowsky, in Baum, Kunene-Sambesi Expedition: 535. Kubango River, h 0 0 t

between the Kueio and the Quatiri, approximately 17 S, 18 30' E, southern Angola, y b selected by Ellerman et al. (1953: 195).

d 1907. Cobus lechwe Rothschild, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 237. e t

n 1912. Onotragus leche notatus Matschie, Deutsche Jiiger-Zeitung 59: 119. Caprivi Strip, northern a

r Namibia. g

e ? 19'3. Cobus venterae Broom, Annals of the South African Museum 12: 15, text-fig. 3. Haagenstad c

n saltpan, about 48 km north of Bloemfontein, Orange Free State (fossil). See Ansell (1972: 40) e c on the status of this name. i l r e

d Northern Botswana and the Caprivi Strip. Extralimitally the entire species range except Kafue Flats, n Bangweulu and upper Chambeshi areas, and between Lakes Bangweulu and Mweru, Zambia. u y a w e t Kobus vardonii (liVingstone, 1857) Puku a G

Poekoe t e n i Distribution. Marginal; Pookoo Flats on the Chobe River, northeastern Botswana. Extralimitally south­ b a western and northwestern Zambia, east of the Zambezi; northeastern Angola, southeastern and S

y southwestern Zaire, southwestern and south-central Tanzania and around the northern tip of Lake b d e c u d o r p e R ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE 225

Malawi in southern Tanzania. Ansell (in litt.) remarks that the species survives, albeit precariously, in the Kasungu National Park and Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve in Malawi, and that two females appeared on the Nyika Plateau in November 1981 (see also Dowsett, Nyala 7(2): 165, 1981). Ansell (1972: 44) lists two subspecies: the nominate raee and senganus Sclater and Thomas, 1897.

KOBUS VARDONII VARDONII (Livingstone, 1857) 1857. Antilope uardonii Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa: 256 and plate opp. 71. Barotseland (= Western Province), Zambia, at about 14° 30' S, 23° 15' E (Moreau et al. 1946: 437). 1899. Cobus uardoni typicus Sclous, in Bryden's Great and Small Game of Africa: 294.

Chobe area of Botswana, northeastern Angola, southeastern and southwestern Zaire, and Zambia, except the Luangwa Valley, where replaced by senganus. . ) 9 0 0 2 d e t a d ( r e h s i l b u P e h t y b d e t n a r g e c n e c i l r e d n u y a w e t a G t e n i b a S y b d e c u d o r p e R ORDER PHOLIDOTA

Family MANIDAE

Genus MANIS Linnaeus, 1758

Manis Linnaeus, Systema naturae 10th edn I: 36. Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus, from Formosa. Pholidotus Brisson, Regnum anima Ie: 18. Based on Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus. Not available (Hopwood 194-7: 533, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 195 I: 3). Pangolinus Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature: 57. No type. Pangolinus: Rafinesque, Annales generales des sciences physiques, Bruxelles 7: 214. Manis pentadac­ tyla Linnaeus. 182 I. Phataginus Rafinesque, Annales generales des sciences physiques, Bruxelles 7: 214. As a subgenus of Manis Linnaeus. Manis tricuspis Rafinesque, from West Africa. Valid as a subgenus. Phatages Sundevall, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm (1842): 258, 273 (vel Phatagenus). Manis laticauda IIIiger = Manis crassicaudata Gray, from India. Phatagin Gray, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 363. As a subgenus of Manis Lin­ naeus. Manis tricuspis Rafinesque. Smutsia Gray, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 360, 369. Manis temminckii Smuts. Valid as a subgenus.

. Triglochinopholis Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien )

9 65( I): 27. Manis tricuspis Rafinesque. 0

0 Pangolin Gray, Hand-list of the Edentate ... Mammals in the ... British Museum: 8. Based on 2

d Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus. e t Paramanis Pocock, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 722. Manis javanica Desmarest, a d from Java, Valid as a subgenus. (

r Uromanis Pocock, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 722, 723. Manis longicaudata e h Brisson (not available-see Hopwood 1947: 533, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 195 1 : 3) Manis s i l tetradactyta Linnaeus, from West Africa. Valid as a subgenus. b u P Mohr (1961) reviews the genus, and Meester (197Ia: 1-3) deals with the taxonomy of African forms. We e h

t follow Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951: 214-215) and Ellerman et at. (1953: 103-104) in recognizing

y the subgenera Phataginus, Smutsia, Uromanis and Para manis, of which only Smutsia occurs in Southern Africa. b Mohr (1961: 10) recognizes also Phatages as a subgenus, while Honacki et at, (1982: 344) formally recognize d e t none, but remark that morphological evidence suggests that subdivision of the genus may be justified. n a r g e c n e c i l

Subgenus SMUTSIA Gray, 1865 r e d n u y Manis temminckll Smuts, 1832

a Pangolin w letermagog e t a G

Distribution. Northern and eastern Cape Province, Natal, central and southern Orange Free State, t e eastern, northern and western Transvaal, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia, except the n i south and the coastal desert. Extralimitally Malawi, southern and eastern Zambia, southern and central b a Angola, Tanzania, Rwanda, eastern Uganda, western Kenya, southern Sudan and perhaps Chad. See S

y Stuart (Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 28(2): 123-129, 1980) for a detailed description of distribution. b d e c 226 u d o r p e R PHOLIDOTA: MANIDAE 227

MANIS TEMMINCKII Smuts, 1832 1832. Manis temminckii Smuts, Dissertatio zoologica, enumerationem Mammalium Capensium conti­ nens: 54, pI. 3, figs 1-2. Beyond Lataku (== Litakun), near Kuruman, northern Cape Prov­ Ince. 1872. Phatages hedenborgii Fitzinger, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wi en 65(1): 69. Senaar, and elsewhere in northeastern and central Africa. . ) 9 0 0 2 d e t a d ( r e h s i l b u P e h t y b d e t n a r g e c n e c i l r e d n u y a w e t a G t e n i b a S y b d e c u d o r p e R