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Sara Joana Soares Da Silva Machado Sara Joana Soares da Silva Machado Intertextualidade endo e exoliterária em Fullmetal Alchemist de Hiromu Arakawa: A reescrita de modelos e materiais narrativos e discursivos da Banda Desenhada Literatura e da História Ocidental num manga Dissertação de Mestrado Mestrado em Mediação Cultural e Literária Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação de Professora Doutora Maria Cristina Daniel Álvares Outubro de 2016 Agradecimentos Uma dissertação de mestrado não é um trabalho para ser tido de ânimo leve, é algo que requer muita dedicação, muito tempo e muito esforço. E, sendo assim, um trabalho deste calibre é impossível de ser realizado individualmente, pelo que é necessário reconhecer as pessoas que estiveram comigo nesta jornada, dando o seu apoio de forma mais ou menos direta. Em primeiro lugar, agradeço à minha orientadora, a Professora Doutora Maria Cristina Daniel Álvares, por todo o apoio e por me ter guiado neste caminho, mostrando- se disponível para esclarecer dúvidas e dar as suas sugestões para que a dissertação pudesse ser feita com a maior correção e rigor. Agradeço, também, aos professores do Mestrado em Mediação Cultural e Literária pelos conhecimentos fornecidos durante o meu percurso académico que me foram muito úteis para a realização desta dissertação. Em segundo lugar, quero agradecer ao meu marido, Tito Machado, o meu porto seguro, e o meu maior fã, por todo o apoio incondicional, por me incentivar a seguir em frente, e por acreditar em mim mesmo quando eu duvido das minhas capacidades. Agradeço também à minha sogra, Arlete Sousa, por ter sido uma verdadeira mãe nos últimos anos. Sem o seu apoio não conseguiria concluir esta etapa da minha vida. Também quero dar um agradecimento especial ao meu irmão Diego e à minha cunhada Liliana, por estarem sempre disponíveis para mim, sempre dispostos a incentivar-me, e capazes de dizer a coisa certa na hora certa sempre. Agradeço, também, o meu irmão João, que, apesar de não ter estado comigo durante todo o percurso, foi essencial nesta última fase da minha jornada. Finalmente, quero agradecer a todas as pessoas que fizeram parte da minha vida durante estes anos em que estive no mestrado, pois de uma forma ou de outra influenciaram a minha forma de ver o mundo, e isso contribuiu, mesmo que indiretamente, na forma como este trabalho foi executado. Depois de muito esforço e muito trabalho, com a ajuda de todas estas pessoas, finalmente posso dizer que estou mais próxima de ter um Fullmetal Heart. iii iv Resumo Fullmetal Alchemist é um manga da autoria de Hiromu Arakawa, cujo público- alvo compreende jovens rapazes entre os 10 e os 20 anos de idade, tendo um leque de leitores mais vasto do que o entendido. É uma obra que ganhou notoriedade tanto no Japão como no Ocidente graças às duas adaptações feitas para séries animadas e devido à inovação que trouxe ao género em que se insere – o shonen de aventura e ação – nomeadamente na estrutura narrativa e aos modelos utilizados na criação das personagens. A ideia para esta dissertação surgiu devido à elevada influência que a cultura ocidental tem nesta obra, desde os cenários onde a ação decorre aos temas abordados e às alusões feitas a mitos greco-latinos, como, por exemplo, Ícaro e Prometeu, e à tradição literária europeia, fazendo uma abordagem ao tema do conceito de humanidade que nos leva a pensar na Metamorfose de Kafka, ou utilizando motivos como a imortalidade que nos remetem aos contos de Borges. Assim, a intensão principal desta dissertação será a análise de Fullmetal Alchemist enquadrando a obra no seu meio de origem, a banda desenhada japonesa, ao mesmo tempo que serão estabelecidos pontos de contacto e de afastamento entre três dimensões: a estrutura típica do manga, o uso da mitologia europeia, e a estrutura narrativa e temática da tradição literária ocidental, desde o género de ação e aventura na literatura infantojuvenil, até obras mais emblemáticas, como a já referida Metamorfose, os contos de Borges pertencentes à coletânea O Aleph, e Fausto, de Goethe. Será feita, também, uma abordagem à intertextualidade exoliterária, apoiada em factos e acontecimentos históricos e em temas da sociedade contemporânea que constituem preocupações de cariz ético, tais como os confrontos armados, massacres étnicos e o uso da ciência para fins militares, acontecimentos esses que, apesar de constituírem preocupações globais, afetam mais o mundo ocidental e o Médio Oriente, não fazendo parte diretamente do quotidiano de um estado desmilitarizado e gozador de um certo isolamento geográfico como o Japão. Palavras-chave: Fullmetal Alchemist; manga; literatura; intertextualidade. v vi Abstract Fullmetal Alchemist is a manga written by Hiromu Arakawa, which the targeted audience comprehends boys between the ages of 10 and 20 years old, however the real public goes beyond this demography. It’s a manga that gained notoriety both in Japan and Western countries thanks to two anime adaptations made from it and due to the innovations it brought to its genre – action and adventure shonen – mainly in its narrative structure and models used to create and develop characters. The idea for this dissertation occurred due to the large western influence shown in this manga, from the sceneries where the action takes place to the themes addressed in it, to the allusions made to Greco-Latin myths, like Icarus and Prometheus, and to the European literary tradition, presenting an approach to the concept of the humanity theme that makes one think of Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, or using motifs such as immortality that refers the reader to Borges’ short stories. Thus, the main intention of this dissertation will be to analyze Fullmetal Alchimist, framing the work on its medium of origin, Japanese comics, and at the same time there will be points to be established taking in account resemblances and differences on three levels: the typical structure of manga; usage of European mythology; narrative and thematic structure seen in western literary tradition, from the action and adventure genre in children and youth literature, to more emblematic works, such as the already mentioned The Metamorphosis, by Kafka, Borges’ short stories compiled in the anthology The Aleph, and Faust, by Goethe. There will also be made an approach to exoliterary intertextuality, based on historic facts and events and themes from our contemporary society that constitute ethic concerns, such as armed confronts, ethnic massacres, and the use of science for military purposes. Although these themes are global concerns, they affect more the western world and the Middle East, not being a direct part of everyday life in Japan, which is a demilitarized country that is somewhat geographically isolated. Keywords: Fullmetal Alchemist; manga; literature; intertextuality vii viii ÍNDICE AGRADECIMENTOS _________________________________________________ III RESUMO ____________________________________________________________ V ABSTRACT ________________________________________________________ VII LISTA DE TABELAS _________________________________________________ XI NOTA DE LEITURA __________________________________________________ XI INTRODUÇÃO ______________________________________________________ 1 ESTADO DA ARTE ___________________________________________________ 5 PARTE I – FULLMETAL ALCHEMIST E O MANGA ______________________ 9 1. Considerações sobre manga e shonen ________________________________________________ 9 2. Principais elementos do shonen de ação/aventura ____________________________________ 12 3. Relação entre Fullmetal Alchemist e outros shonen – uma análise comparatista ___________ 15 4. Fullmetal Alchemist e os contos e mitos japoneses ____________________________________ 23 5. Exploração de temas de interesse político no shonen de ação/aventura___________________ 24 PARTE II – FULLMETAL ALCHEMIST: UM MANGA OCIDENTALIZADO _ 29 1. Mitos greco-romanos em Fullmetal Alchemist ________________________________________ 29 Considerações gerais _______________________________________________________________ 33 2. A Alquimia em Fullmetal Alchemist ________________________________________________ 35 PARTE III – FULLMETAL ALCHEMIST E A LITERATURA OCIDENTAL _ 47 1. Aventura: género e tema _________________________________________________________ 47 2. Queda e Redenção: afinidades entre Fausto e Fullmetal Alchemist ______________________ 51 3. Novos arquétipos ________________________________________________________________ 54 O herói __________________________________________________________________________ 55 A mãe ___________________________________________________________________________ 57 O pai ____________________________________________________________________________ 59 O ditador e o rei ___________________________________________________________________ 61 O mestre/o mentor _________________________________________________________________ 64 O anti-herói ______________________________________________________________________ 65 ix 4. Motivos Literários presentes ______________________________________________________ 67 Imortalidade ______________________________________________________________________ 68 Consumição do indivíduo na busca pelo conhecimento __________________________________ 70 O duplo __________________________________________________________________________ 72 Perda da inocência ________________________________________________________________ 75 Perda de aptidões__________________________________________________________________ 76 5. Texto monstruoso – Alphonse, quimeras e A
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