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Western and Japanese Mythology in Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood

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Western and Japanese Mythology in Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Larbi Ben M’hidi University-Oum El Bouaghi Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English Western and Japanese Mythology in Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Anglo-American Studies By: CHERAIFIA Djihed Supervisor: Miss HADDAD Mordjana Board of Examiners Examiner: Miss ACHIRI Samya JUNE 2016 i Dedication To my loved ones, you should always know that you are loved and that you have made this heart happy and innocent again. To those close to my heart, every time you smile, you melt away my fears and fill my heart with joy. To those who feel lonely and abandoned by this world because of their “childish” interests, without these interests this work would remain just a random thought in a closed mind. To those who battle life each day and feel they are growing weak and losing the battles, you might be losing few battles but you are winning the war. To the younglings who are pressured to think they are growing too old to fulfill their dreams, you can do it, dreams know no age. To whoever taught me a word, a skill, or an attitude, without all of you I wouldn’t be the person I am today (thank you). To those who held my hand when I was down and supported me when my feet were bruised, I shall support you and be there for you for the rest of my life. ii Acknowledgments In the name of Allah, I hereby acknowledge the efforts of my supervisor Miss Haddad Mordjana for her tremendous efforts, patience and kindness which without, I wouldn’t be able to finish my research. I also thank the jury for their comments and guidance. I also thank my teachers in the department of English who helped me in choosing my topic and refining it. I also give my sincere thanks to my best friend Mohamed and his friend Jo who provided me with all sources I needed to complete this work. I also thank my teachers of primary, middle and high-school who shaped my background knowledge and my critical thinking. I also give special thanks to my high-school teacher Khalaf, my second father, who made me love English and thrive to study it and Miss Shahat and Miss Bouragaa who believed in me and showed me how the field of literature can be really interesting. I also thank all my Otaku Friends and those Otaku of Algeria who helped me finish my online survey which was crucial to my work. iii Abstract Mythology has always defined the life and culture of people. It survived and it still survives in different shapes of culture especially the popular culture. Anime seems at first like any other means of entertainment, however, it is an important part of the Japanese popular culture that could be a host of different mythological elements. Though it is Japanese, anime incorporates and draws from both Western and Japanese mythologies. So, this work investigates the elements of Western and Japanese mythologies in a well-known anime entitled Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood. This research aims at finding the possible source of ideas this anime is based on and its link with Western and Japanese mythology through the use of Myth Criticism. Keywords: mythology, Western mythology, Japanese Mythology, anime, Japan, culture, Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood. iv ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺎھﻤﺖ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ ﺣﯿﺎة و ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﻮب ﺣﯿﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﺣﺎﺿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ و اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﯿﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ. ﻣﻦ أول ﻧﻈﺮة, ﯾﺒﺪو اﻷﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻤﺠﺮد وﺳﯿﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻓﯿﮫ و ﻟﻜﻨﮫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎن اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ وﺟﺰءا ﻻ ﯾﺘﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﯿﺔ. ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ أن أﺻﻠﮫ ﯾﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ, ﻓﺎﻧﮫ ﯾﻮظﻒ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻻﻏﺮﯾﻐﯿﺔ و اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﯿﺔ و اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﯿﺔ. ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﯾﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﻲ وﺟﻮداﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﯿﺔ و اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻧﯿﻤﻲ ﻣﺸﮭﻮر ﺑﻌﻨﻮان Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﯾﮭﺪف اﻟﻰ اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﺼﺪر اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ ھﺬا اﻻﻧﻤﻲ و رﺑﻄﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﯿﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﯿﺔ و اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﺪ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﯿﺔ: اﻟﻤﯿﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ, اﻟﻤﯿﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﯿﺔ, اﻟﻤﯿﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﯿﺔ, اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎن, اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ, Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood v i Table of Contents Dedication .............................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................ ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................... iii iv ..................................................................................................................................... ﻣﻠﺨﺺ General Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Mythology .................................................................................................... 3 Chapter two: why Anime? ................................................................................................ 26 Chapter Three: Western and Japanese Mythological Elements in Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood ........................................................................................................................ 44 General Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 63 Works Cited ....................................................................................................................... 65 Appendix ............................................................................................................................... i ii 1 General Introduction Western mythology existed and still exists in different parts of the world and has managed to stay as an undying aspect of many cultures. It can be identified in different mediums even those that seem totally untouched by it such as anime. As a part of Japanese popular culture, anime was never meant to be destined to an audience outside of Japan; however, it is widely spread and followed by many people. Anime fans exist everywhere even here in Algeria and they are working constantly to spread the anime culture or what is known as the Otaku culture, and along with it the Japanese culture as well. The Japanese animation is initially drawn from many sources such as Japan’s history, culture, and mythology, but it is mixed with Western mythology. Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood is a very successful and internationally famous anime. This anime incorporates elements from both Western and Japanese mythology. So, this research aims at investigating the presence of those elements within this anime. The reason behind the significant success of anime, is not only economic but also cultural. This work assumes that this success is due to the use of mythology. The success of pop culture products is always turned to the existence of an element that attracts the attention of the consumer who feels identified/targeted by it. This element is called an archetype (Gillespie 58). So, this work will opt for Archetype or Myth Criticism. This theory is mostly used in films or literary works. The application of Myth Criticism requires a certain level of knowledge about mythology. For this reason, Chapter One is entitled “Mythology”. It will deal with the etymology of mythology then with the Western and the Japanese mythology. The second chapter, entitled “Why Anime?” explains the significance 2 and importance of anime in culture and economy globally with reference to the Otaku Community in Algeria. In the last chapter, Western and Japanese mythological elements will be identified in the plot, themes, motifs, symbols, and characters of Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood. There are many works about mythology and its study all over the world, and much more that are specifically made to discuss anime and its importance in culture and economy. For instance. Michelle M. Houle’s Gods and Goddesses in Greek Mythology and H. Rose’s A Handbook of Greek Mytholog deal with Greek and Roman mythology and Nihongi (the Chronicles of Japan) and Kojiki (the Book of Ancient Matters) which are the most authentic sources of Japanese mythology. Works about anime in English include Gilles Poitras’s The Anime Companion: What’s Japanese about Japanese Animation, Antonia Levi’s Samurai from Outer Space: Understanding Japanese Animation and Susan Napier’s Anime from Akira to Howl’s Moving Castle: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation. However, there was a lack of references that combine or analyze mythology in anime. So, this research seems to be the first of its kind because it links Western and Japanese mythology and anime in a single work. It also sheds light on the Otaku culture in Algeria. 3 Chapter One: Mythology Mythology is not just a collection of stories told for the sake of entertainment. It is an important part of the tradition and culture of many nations. The Greco-Roman mythology is one of the well-known mythologies in the world. Also, the Japanese mythology is another culture that seems totally different from the first. Surprisingly, anime, as a part of the Japanese culture, uses both mythologies. So, this chapter will deal with mythology in general, then it will move to the Western and Japanese mythology and what characterizes them in general. This chapter defines mythology and myths and suggests the way in which myth is distinguished from other genres of stories such as legends, folktales, and sagas. A small section, then, is
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