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Otherness and Identity in Shonen Manga

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Otherness and Identity in Shonen Manga OTHERNESS AND IDENTITY IN SHONEN MANGA ALEX JAMES LEWINGTON DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF YORK SOCIOLOGY AUGUST 2020 ABSTRACT This thesis explored how Otherness was identified and interpreted by adult readers within the United Kingdom, through their engagement with shonen manga. Using semi-structured interviews of 40 participants, 21 males and 19 females, this study investigated how UK manga readers contemplated Otherness, when the concept was broken down into overarching themes of exclusion, dehumanization and Othered identity. This study examined how questions of Otherness led readers to consider manga in relation to their identities. The findings indicate UK readers consider Otherness in relation to struggles of identity recognition and value. The Other is interpellated by UK manga readers as either a threat to power hierarchies between the Self and the Other, or a means for the Self to reinforce such hierarchies. The findings further suggest that UK manga readers commonly consider themselves to be the Other by way of social rejection, devaluation and systematic disregard; they often perceive themselves as underdogs; their identification of Otherness themes and their propensity to identify with Othered characters largely depends on their lived experiences of Otherness. Furthermore, UK manga readers widely report manga to be an inspirational medium, the reading of which is empowering, boosts self-esteem, encourages readers to embrace Otherness, to resist conformity to social norms, and inspires a never-give-up attitude in their pursuit of recognition. Lastly, their engagement with manga beyond the textual level provides UK manga readers with a sense of belonging within a community of other Others. 2 LIST OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 7 1.1: WHAT IS MANGA AND WHY DOES IT MATTER? ............................................... 8 1.2: MANGA AND OTHERNESS ................................................................................. 11 1.3: THE FIELD AND THE GAP .................................................................................... 16 1.4: A THESIS OUTLINE ............................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 21 2.1. A COMPREHENSIVE INTRODUCTION TO MANGA ......................................... 21 2.2. READER INTERACTION WITH MANGA ............................................................. 33 2.3. A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF OTHERNESS ..................................................... 43 2.4. TYPES OF OTHERED IDENTITY .......................................................................... 55 2.5. A MODEL DEHUMANIZATION ........................................................................... 61 2.6. PARADIGMS OF EXCLUSION ............................................................................. 67 2.7. STRUGGLE AND CONFLICT ............................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 03: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 76 3.1: RESEARCH PARADIGM ....................................................................................... 77 3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN .............................................................................................. 79 3.3. SAMPLING PROCESS ........................................................................................... 81 3.4. INTERVIEW PROCESS .......................................................................................... 83 3.5. DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 87 3.6. LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................................ 90 3.7. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................. 92 CHAPTER 04: EXCLUSION ............................................................................. 95 4.1. THE REJECTED OTHER ........................................................................................ 96 4.1.1: THE REJECTED OTHER – OSTRACISM ....................................................... 97 4.1.2: THE REJECTED OTHER – BULLYING ......................................................... 106 4.1.3: THE REJECTED OTHER – FAMILIAL ESTRANGEMENT ........................... 113 4.2. THE THREATINING OTHER ............................................................................... 117 4.2.1: THE THREATINING OTHER – A THREAT TO POWER .............................. 119 3 4.2.2: THE THREATINING OTHER – MORAL AMBIGUITY .................................. 124 4.3. THE DISCONNECTED OTHER .......................................................................... 131 4.3.1: THE DISCONNECTED OTHER – SELF-EXCLUSION ................................. 132 4.3.2: THE DISCONNECTED OTHER – SYSTEMATIC DISREGARD .................. 140 CHAPTER 05: DEHUMANIZATION ............................................................... 149 5.1. OTHERED BY MANGA ....................................................................................... 151 5.1.1: OTHERED BY MANGA – UNDERREPRESENTED ...................................... 152 5.1.2: OTHERED BY MANGA – STEREOTYPED ................................................... 157 5.1.3: OTHERED BY MANGA – OBJECTIFIED ..................................................... 163 5.2. THE MONSTROUS OTHER ................................................................................ 173 5.2.1: THE MONSTROUS OTHER – MANMADE FREAKS ................................... 174 5.2.2: THE MONSTROUS OTHER – MANMADE VILLAINS ................................ 182 5.2.3: THE MONSTROUS OTHER – SUPERNATURAL HYBRIDS ........................ 189 CHAPTER 06: OTHERED IDENTITY .............................................................. 200 6.1. THE NON-CONFORMING OTHER ................................................................... 201 6.1.1: THE NON-CONFORMING OTHER: MANGA PROTAGONISTS ............. 203 6.1.2: THE NON-CONFORMING OTHER: MANGA READERS .......................... 212 6.2. STRUGGLE OF THE UNDERDOG ..................................................................... 220 6.2.1: STRUGGLE OF THE UNDERDOG: EMPOWERMENT .............................. 222 6.2.2: STRUGGLE OF THE UNDERDOG: NEVER GIVE UP ................................ 230 6.3. ACCESSING A COMMUNITY ............................................................................ 237 CHAPTER 07: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 252 7.1: CONTRIBUTION TO THE FIELD ........................................................................ 253 7.2: FINDINGS & IMPLICATIONS ............................................................................. 256 7.3: THE POTENTIAL FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ..................................................... 264 APPENCIDES ................................................................................................ 268 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 270 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisors, David Beer and Ruth Penfold-Mounce for their very academic and emotional support over the last half decade; their advice and kindness made the hard times far easier to cope with. I would like to thank my parents Michael and Julie Lewington for helping me make this crazy whim a reality; if it weren’t for their encouragement, I would never have backed myself to apply and if it weren’t for their support, I would never have finished. I would like to thank my sisters Rae Lewington, for giving me a home away from home during the final year, especially when the world went into lockdown, and Hana Lewington for checking up on me whenever things were tough. I am extremely grateful to the forty individuals who were willing to share their manga journeys with me and ultimately, who helped shape this thesis into what it has become. I am also grateful to my close friends Aydin Saribal, Alexander Drozd, Yousuf bin-Suhayl and Michael Gratton for being there whenever I needed to unpack my thoughts, or escape from them. I would like to give special thanks to my partner, Gabrielle Connabeer, for her unwavering faith in me and for believing in me even when I did not. Lastly, albeit slightly out of left field, I would like to acknowledge Masashi Kishimoto for creating Naruto, the manga that changed my life and the lives of countless others. 5 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is a presentation of original work and I am the sole author. This work has not previously been presented for an award at this, or any other, University. All sources are acknowledged as References. 6 CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION This thesis explores how Otherness is communicated to readers within the United Kingdom, through their engagement with shonen manga. I argue that Otherness is considered by UK manga readers in relation to notions of recognition and power, and that readers predominantly identify with Othered characters who match their lived experiences of Otherness. Furthermore, I argue that by engaging with manga texts, readers are influenced towards embracing Othered identities, both their own and those around them. As UK manga readers are the main source of data collection throughout this thesis, I will investigate how readers interpret and reflect upon the
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