MANGAN HISTORIA Japanilainen Sarjakuva, Sen Kehittyminen, Merkitys Ja Valinta Kirjastojen Kokoelmiin

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MANGAN HISTORIA Japanilainen Sarjakuva, Sen Kehittyminen, Merkitys Ja Valinta Kirjastojen Kokoelmiin Jani Nyman MANGAN HISTORIA Japanilainen sarjakuva, sen kehittyminen, merkitys ja valinta kirjastojen kokoelmiin MANGAN HISTORIA Japanilainen sarjakuva, sen kehittyminen, merkitys ja valinta kirjastojen kokoelmiin Jani Nyman Opinnäytetyö Syksy 2015 Kirjasto- ja tietopalvelu Oulun ammattikorkeakoulu TIIVISTELMÄ Oulun ammattikorkeakoulu Kirjasto- ja tietopalvelun koulutusohjelma Tekijä(t): Jani Nyman Opinnäytetyön nimi: Mangan historia Työn ohjaaja: Juho-Antti Tuhkanen Työn valmistumislukukausi- ja vuosi: Syksy 2015 Sivumäärä: 83 + 28 Tämän opinnäyetyön aiheena on mangan historia ja kehittyminen Japanissa, sekä tarkemmin, mikä sen historia on Suomessa. Sen on tarkoitus myös antaa ohjeita kirjastonhoitajille mangan valinnassa kirjastoihin. Opinnäytetyön toimeksiantajana toimii Oulun ammattikorkeakoulu. Opinnäytetyön pääasiallinen tehtävä on kertoa mangan pitkästä historiasta maailmalla ja Suo- messa, sekä ohjeistaa kirjastonhoitajia mangan valinnassa kirjastojen kokoelmiin. Tästä syystä opinnäytetyöhön on liitetty kirjastojen käytettäviksi mangasuositus-listat lapsille, nuorille ja nuorille aikuisille, sekä ohjeet mangan valintaan. Tämän lisäksi sen tarkoituksena on selvittää ihmisille, mitä manga tarkalleen ottaen on ja mitä syitä löytyy sen suosiolle ja ihmisten kiinostukselle siihen. Opinnäytetyön materiaalina toimivat aiemmin suoritetut tutkimukset, artikkelit ja videot. Lähteinä toimivat sekä kirjat, että Internet. Opinnäytetyö sisältää aiheestaan johtuen paljon vieraskielisiä sanoja ja termistöä, minkä vuoksi opinnäytetyöhön on liitetty mukaan sanasto. Työn tutkimukselli- sessa osuudessa nousee esille miten pitkä historia mangalla on ja miten pienestä se alun perin lähti liikkeelle Japanissa. Sen käytännöllisessä osuudessa taas listataan kirjastoon suositeltavia mangoja ikäluokittain, ja annetaan ohjeita kirjastojen manganvalintaan. Asiasanat: mangat, historia, Suomi, Japani, sarjakuvat, kokoelmatyö 3 ABSTRACT Oulu University of Applied Sciences Library and information service program Author(s): Jani Nyman Title of thesis: The history of manga Supervisor(s): Juho-Antti Tuhkanen Term and year when the thesis was submitted: Fall 2015 Number of pages: 83 + 28 The subject of this thesis is the history of manga and its development in Japan and more closely its history in Finland. It also gives advice to librarians in regards to what manga should be added into library collections. The client of this thesis is the Oulu University of Applied Sciences. This thesis’ main objective is to explain the long history of manga, its history in Finland and also what to take in consideration when choosing what manga to add in library collections. That is why this thesis has attached to it manga recommendation lists for children, youngsters and young adults. Its other objectives are to explain what manga actuelly is, why it is so popular and why people enjoy it so much. The materials for this thesis were previously done research, articles and videos. Both books and Internet were used as source material. Because of its topic, the thesis contains lots of foreign and manga associated words, which is why it also includes a vocabulary. The study part of the thesis brings up how long history manga has and from how small it actually started all those years ago in Japan. The practical portion of the thesis on the other hand lists recommendable manga to add into library collections for different age groups, and gives advice to how choose what manga to add. Keywords: manga, history, Finland, Japan, comics, collection work 4 SISÄLLYS 1 JOHDANTO .................................................................................................................................6 2 MITÄ MANGA ON .......................................................................................................................8 3 MANGAN ESIHISTORIA: 600-LUVULTA JAPANIN AVAUTUMISEEN 1853 ....................... 17 3.1 Chojugigasta ja muista emakimonoista kuviin............................................................. 17 3.2 Ezoshi ja ukiyo-e ........................................................................................................... 19 4 JAPANILAINEN SARJAKUVA SYNTYY: JAPANIN AVAUTUMISESTA 1853 TOISEN MAAILMANSODAN LOPPUUN ............................................................................................... 23 4.1 Länsimaiset mangan isät ja ensimmäiset japanilaiset sarjakuvan piirtäjät ................ 24 4.2 Mangan japanilainen isä aloittaa työnsä ja lasten mangan synty .............................. 29 4.3 Japanin militarisoituminen ja mangan marssi sotaan ................................................. 33 4.4 Kamishibai eli paperiteatteri ......................................................................................... 37 5 MANGA TOISEN MAAILMANSODAN JÄLKEEN ................................................................... 41 5.1 Nykyaikaisen mangan synty ja ensimmäinen mangabuumi ....................................... 41 5.2 Gekiga ........................................................................................................................... 48 5.3 Japanin taloudellinen kasvu ja toinen mangabuumi ................................................... 50 5.4 Shojo-mangan ja naismangakoiden nousu ................................................................. 52 5.5 Shojo-mangan kehittyminen ja uudet genret ............................................................... 54 5.6 Doujinshi ja erikoiset hautajaiset .................................................................................. 58 6 KOLMAS MANGABUUMI 1980-LUVULLA JA MANGAN HISTORIA SIITÄ ETEENPÄIN ... 61 6.1 Hentai-mangan kehittyminen ja otaku-murhat............................................................. 63 6.2 1990-luvun lama ja länsimarkkinoiden kasvu .............................................................. 64 6.3 Mangalehtien myynnin lasku Japanissa ja keskittyminen mangan ulkomaan markkinoihin .................................................................................................................. 66 6.4 Mangapiratismi .............................................................................................................. 68 6.5 Sendain maanjäristys ja mangan tulevaisuus ............................................................. 69 7 MANGAN HISTORIA SUOMESSA.......................................................................................... 71 8 MIKÄ MANGASSA VIIHDYTTÄÄ ............................................................................................ 74 9 POHDINTA ............................................................................................................................... 76 LÄHTEET ........................................................................................................................................... 77 LIITTEET ............................................................................................................................................ 84 5 1 JOHDANTO Opinnäytetyöni tarkoituksena on käsitellä japanilaisen sarjakuvan eli mangan, historiaa ja kehit- tymistä, ja sekä sen historiaa Suomessa. Tarkoitukseni on tuoda työssäni esille se, mitä manga tarkalleen ottaen on, mikä tekee siitä niin puoleensavetävää ja antaa ohjeita mangan valintaan kirjastoon. Nostan esille muutaman merkittävän mangan tekijän, joilla oli suuri merkitys mangan alkutaipaleella. Työni tarkoituksena on käsitellä vain mangaa, minkä takia en käsittele muita sarjakuvia, jotka ovat saaneet siitä vaikutteita, kuten eteläkorealainen sarjakuva, manhwa. Tämän lisäksi pitäydyn historian käsittelyssä pääasiassa Japanin ja Suomen mangahistoriassa, enkä aio seikkaperäises- ti kertoa miten manga vaikutti ja levisi esimerkiksi Yhdysvalloissa tai Kiinassa. Yhtenä syynä aiheen valintaan on se, että tällaista tutkimusta on tehty Suomessa vain vähän. Animesta eli japanilaisesta animaatiosta on paljon tutkimuksia suomeksikin, mutta mangasta ne ovat harvinaisempia. Työni tarkoituksena on täyttää tätä tyhjiötä ja samalla selventää mangan taustoja, alkuperää ja olemusta. Työni on Hanna Vilkan ja Tiina Airaksisen kirjan Toiminnallinen opinnäytetyön ohjeiden avulla tehty toiminnallinen opinnäytetyö, johon kuuluu historiallinen tutki- mus ja käytännöllisenä osuutena mangan valintaohjeet (LIITE 2) ja mangasuosituslistat kirjastoil- le (LIITE 3, LIITE 4, LIITE 5). Suoritin työni tutkimalla mangan ja japanilaisen kuvataiteen histori- aa käsittelevää kirjallisuutta, verkkosivuja ja artikkeleja. Materiaaliksi valitsin sellaisia lähteitä, jotka ovat tunnettuja, tunnettujen tutkijoiden tekemiä ja joihin viitataan usein muissa tutkimuksis- sa. Työni tärkeimmät lähteet olivat kirjallisia, joista sain suurimman osan tarvitsemistani tiedoista, sekä rungon työlleni. Verkkolähteistä sain pääasiassa täydentäviä tietoja. Työssäni on myös pal- jon havainnollistavia kuvia joista monet ovat niin vanhoja, että niistä on tullut tekijänoikeudetto- mia. Opinnäytetyöni tarjoaa hyvät alkutiedot kaikille, jotka haluavat tulevaisuudessa tehdä omia tutkimuksia mangasta tai siihen liittyvistä aiheista. Opinnäytetyöstäni tekee ajankohtaisen se, että vaikka mangan suosio on aina vain kasvussa Suomessa, ihmiset mangaharrastuksen ulkopuolella eivät välttämättä ymmärrä, mitä manga oi- keastaan on ja miten se on syntynyt. Tämä johtaa helposti väärinkäsityksiin ja virheellisten ste- reotypioiden pitämiseen totena. Monet mangaa tuntemattomat esimerkiksi luulevat, että kaikki 6 manga on pelkkää seksiä tai väkivaltaa, tai että kaikki sarjakuvat
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