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Female Migrant Domestic Workers As “Precarious Workers” and As “Reconciliators”

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Female Migrant Domestic Workers As “Precarious Workers” and As “Reconciliators” INTEGRATION OF FEMALE MIGRANT DOMESTIC WORKERS Strategies for Employment and Civic Participation INTEGRATION OF FEMALE MIGRANT DOMESTIC WORKERS Strategies for Employment and Civic Participation insert logo University of Nicosia Press Nicosia 2008 Coordinated by: The Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies University of Nicosia Partner organisations: ANTIGONE—Information & Documentation Centre on Racism, Ecology, Peace and Non Violence, Greece CREA (Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities) University of Barcelona, Spain ISIS, Institute for Social Infrastructure, Germany LAI-MOMO is a non-profit cooperative, Italy The Filipino National Workers Association, Cyprus © Published by University of Nicosia Press 2008 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in the University of Nicosia Press, copyright in individual chapters belongs to the respective authors All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher Special thanks are extended to Professor Dr. Floya Anthias, Professor of Sociology and Social Justice, School of Social Sciences and Business, Roehampton University, London, UK, for her role in evaluating this project Acknowledgement is given to the University of Nicosia Press for providing editorial support for this publication and to Christina McRoy and Carrie Rodomar for their expertise in copy-editing and typesetting the manuscript Financially supported by The INTI Preparatory Actions 2005 for the integration of third country nationals of the European Commission Cover design: Antonia Konnaridou—A.K. Design Ltd Printed and bound in Cyprus by J G Cassoulides and Son Ltd ISBN 978-9963-634-51-4 Contents 1. Introduction 7 Josie Christodoulou and Maria Padrós 1.1 Why focus on female migrant domestic workers 8 1.2 The “reconciliators” 9 1.3 A few words on integration 9 2. Gendering Migration and Integration Policy Frames. Female 11 Migrant Domestic Workers as “precarious workers” and as “reconciliators” Zeleia Gregoriou 3. National Reports: Mapping Survey—Integration of Female 31 Migrant Domestic Workers: Strategies for Employment and Civic Participation 3.1 National Report: The Case of Cyprus 33 Margarita Zervidou 3.2 National Report: The Case of Germany 63 Mone Spindler and Ramona Lenz 3.3 National Report: The Case of Greece 91 Dimitris Parsanoglou and Joseph Tsiamoglou 3.4 National Report: The Case of Italy 107 Tatiana Di Federico 3.5 National Report: The Case of Spain 131 Rocío García, Maria Pedrós and Fatima Fuentes 6 Integration of Female Migrant Domestic Workers 4. A General Overview 153 Dimitris Parsanoglou 5. Policy Recommendations on the Integration of Female 159 Migrant Domestic Workers on National and European Level 5.1 Policy Recommendations for Cyprus 161 Integration of Female Migrant Domestic Workers in Cyprus: From “duties”to “labour”, from “maternalism” to “labour rights” — Strategies for Employment and Civic Participation Zeleia Gregoriou 5.2 Policy Recommendations for Germany 179 Domestic work: Germany’s most open secret Sabine Hess 5.3 Policy Recommendations for Greece 185 Employment rights, Civic Rights and Migration Regime Athanasios Theodoridis 5.4 Policy Recommendations for Italy 189 A Tool to Develop Integration Models for Female Migrant Domestic Workers Sandra Federici, Andrea Marchesini Reggiani and Fabio Federici 5.5 Policy Recommendations for Spain 193 Short and Long-term Measures to improve Female Migrant Domestic Workers’ inclusion and participation in Spanish Society Lena de Botton 6. Policy Recommendations at the European Level for the 197 Integration of Female Migrant Domestic Workers Lena de Botton, Fabio Federici, Sandra Federici, Zeleia Gregoriou, Sabine Hess, Andrea Marchesini Reggiani, and Athanasios Theodoridis 7. Bibliography 209 8. About the Authors and the M.I.G.S. Team 223 Introduction Josie Christodoulou and Maria Padrós Background This resource book is the result of an 18 month project entitled ‘Female Migrant Domestic Workers: Strategies for Employment and Civic Participation’ funded under the INTI Preparatory Actions 2005. The project coordinators are the Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies and the University of Nicosia [Intercollege], Cyprus. The partners of the project are ANTIGONE [Greece], CREA [Spain], ISIS [Germany], LAI MOMO [Italy] and the Filipino National Workers Association [Cyprus]. The main aim of the project is to stimulate transnational cooperation involving a wide range of actors at the local, regional and EU level, and consisting of the transfer of information, lessons learned, and best practices in order to develop recommendations for an integration model responding to the specific needs of female migrant domestic workers and their host countries, and adaptable to different contexts. The activities of the project involved among others a mapping survey by the five partners using a questionnaire to collect information on existing integration services and policies, best practices and strategies adopted by all partner countries in relation to the target group, particularly I the areas of employment and civic participation. Throughout the project the partners had an opportunity to visit a number of governmental, intergovernmental, NGOs and, most importantly, migrant organisations in each of the member countries. The study visits proved to be one of the most important activities of the project as it helped members of the team to gain an insight into the migration model followed in each partner country. More 8 Integration of Female Migrant Domestic Workers precisely, the fact that an opportunity was provided to female migrant domestic workers to attend the meetings, either as participants or as hosts has, according to the team, been very innovative for the project. Crucially, through their participation, the team has been better equipped to understand the situation of female migrant domestic workers in-depth, in each country. Such meetings also gave female migrant domestic workers the opportunity to voice their experiences, share their concerns and contribute to the EU integration debate. Furthermore, the study visits enabled the team to meet with stakeholders and share experiences and knowledge, discuss and analyse the situation of female migrant domestic workers in each country and identify commonalities and differences. The reports of each activity are available at [www.medinstgenderstudies.org]; the website of the leading institute. 1.1 Why focus on female migrant domestic workers? The widespread phenomenon known as the feminisation of migration forms a testament to the women who increasingly migrate for better job prospects. As the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) points out, migrant women now constitute approximately 50% of all migrants. Although such migration trends can be empowering for women they can, on the other hand, be often rendered more vulnerable and susceptible to exploitation and discrimination due to the nature of employment engaged in usually in the host countries, where it is proven that their choices and employment opportunities are limited by current hierarchical structures and cultural practices. Specifically, migrant women bear the double brunt of ‘female’ and ‘foreign’ status and are usually confined to low paid, unskilled jobs, traditionally reserved for women such as domestic labour. Moreover, such occupations often perpetuate situations of modern slavery where female migrant domestic workers are marginalised with regard to civic rights and left unprotected in terms of their employment. Ongoing discussions concerning integration requirements reflect the political importance that member states assign to the successful integration of third country nationals.1 Thus, a major area of debate concerns the nature of integration programmes and the kind of integration measures that should be implemented, whether they should be obligatory for member states or not, and the legal and financial consequences of non-compliance, if any. Research has revealed that migrants and migrant women in particular, “experience many barriers and disincentives often in the form of exclusion from the labour market, major social, legal and political institutions as well as exclusion within communities and neighbourhoods. Thus, the process of social integration has become a frequent subject of study”.2 1 Benchmarking in Immigration Integration by Han Entzinger and Renske Biezeveld, August 2003. 2 “Report on Migration and Social Integration of Migrants—Report on the Assessment of research reports carried out under the European Commission Targeted Socio-Economic Research (TSER) Programme”, Stephen Castles, Alisdair Rogers, Ellie Vasta and Steven Vertocec, Centre for Migration and Policy Research, University of Oxford, Brussels, 2003. 1: Introduction 9 Although women are increasingly less prone to migrate as economic dependants of their male partners, their choices and employment opportunities are limited by current hierarchical structures and cultural practices in the host countries in question. The hierarchical structures of their country of origin are often reproduced in the host countries. Women migrants are concentrated in low paid industries and occupations and are often found in informal work situations with little access to information and/or social support; with no right to civic participation, and as a result are left vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. 1.2 The “reconciliators” The results of this project indicate
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