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A Guide for Beginning Specialty Crop Growers

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A Guide for Beginning Specialty Crop Growers pests and diseases ORGANIC PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF SELECTED CROPS ON CALIFORNIA’S CENTRAL COAST: A Guide for Beginning Specialty Crop Growers General Management Strategies his brief guide to Effective ecological arthropod and disease management begins with design and management of a farming system that avoids or suppresses pests and diseases. Such T organic pest and a system requires few external inputs. Knowing which pests and diseases are prevalent in your area allows you to implement strategies to manage them before they occur. disease management reviews By anticipating likely pest and disease species for crops you intend to grow, you can identify them correctly when they do appear. general management Before you select varieties and plant your crop, look up common pests that affect strategies, then describes the crop in your area. Learn about pest and disease life cycles, preventive practices, and possible treatments using resources such as the UC IPM website (ucipm.edu), options for reducing the your county Cooperative Extension offices, ATTRA’s Biorationals: Ecological Pest Management Database (ncat.org/attra-pub/biorationals), local growers, and other occurrence and impacts knowledgeable professionals. The information in this guide is not intended to take of the most common pests the place of advice provided by professional pest and disease management experts or organic certification personnel. and diseases affecting dry- Note that if using material inputs, include all materials you plan to use in your organic system plan (OSP); apply only after the material is approved for your intended use by farmed tomatoes, potatoes, your certifier. If you decide during the season to use a material that was not included winter squash, peppers, and in your OSP, check with your certifier first. Use material inputs only when preventive practices, including natural enemies, are insufficient to prevent economic damage. bush beans on California’s Select pesticide materials for minimal toxicity to beneficial insects (see ATTRA’s Biorationals: Ecological Pest Management Database). Central Coast. Much of the Arthropods information provided here is • Use resistant varieties when available. based on the UC IPM website • Exclude pests. Use certified seed and pest-free planting materials; certified seed means the planting stock is certified to be free of certain pests and diseases. Seed (ucipm.edu). certification is distinct from, but complimentary to organic certification. Organic producers should seek both, as well as varieties that are well adapted to local growing conditions. pests and diseases • Create habitat for biological control organisms (e.g., • Design fields and rows with aspect and airflow in mind. insect predators and parasites, birds, bats, soil and foliar South slopes get more sun and dry more quickly. Orienting microorganisms). This usually involves increasing in- and rows N-S prevents rows in multi-row beds from getting less around-field plant diversity to enhance biological control sun and more humidity than others. N-S rows also improve organisms: airflow, reducing pockets of high humidity. • Insectary plants as rows within the crop (normally 1 • Build your soil, e.g., by adding compost, growing cover bed/12 beds of crop), or as individual plants (one plant crops, and reducing tillage. Manage nutrients, balance every 50 sq. ft.): e.g., white alyssum, regular cilantro, cations, and match nitrogen with crop need. These practices and green and white dill. Insectary plant species vary increase soil organic matter and augment biological activity with crop and time of year to match insectary flowering with microorganisms that suppress damping-off diseases, with crop life cycle. while reducing excessive growth that makes some crops • Hedgerows: native woody perennial shrubs and small more susceptible to some diseases. trees planted along roads, pruned as necessary to • Practice temporal crop rotation (timing). Avoid growing discourage vertebrate pests. crop during times of the season when diseases may be • Summer and winter cover crops. unmanageable. • Control host vegetation, manage weeds. Mow field margins • Practice spatial crop rotation/isolation. Put serial plantings to reduce alternate hosts for pest arthropods. of the same crop upwind. Isolate serial plantings from each • Reduce tillage to destroy fewer soil-dwelling biological other as much as possible to minimize foliar diseases that control organisms. spread with wind and/or rain. • Practice temporal crop rotation (timing). Avoid growing • Practice genetic crop rotation. Rotate crops such that those crops during times of the season when pests may be that share the same important soilborne diseases (or foliar unmanageable. diseases that overwinter in soil) are grown on the same • Practice spatial crop rotation/isolation. Put serial plantings ground as infrequently as possible (never sequentially; upwind (especially for weak fliers such as aphids). Isolate sometimes separated by several years’ time). Best rotations serial plantings from each other as much as possible (for include pasture, livestock, trees, broad-leaved species after strong fliers, such as cucumber beetles). or before grass family species, and different plant families. • Use row covers. • Irrigate to minimize foliar/fruit wetting (for non-powdery • Use insect vacuums (bug vacuums). Four bed and larger are mildew foliar diseases) and to minimize periods of soil most effective. Fields should always be vacuumed at least saturation (for soilborne diseases). twice during each treatment. Vacuums are a little dangerous • Supplement drip irrigation with sprinkler irrigations (for some if used early in the season because natural enemies of powdery mildews). pests may also be removed before they can control the • Reduce crop residue (for damping-off diseases and other infestation. Begin vacuuming a few weeks before harvest diseases that survive on crop residue). Time, tillage, and when it is clear that natural enemies won’t provide control irrigation facilitate breakdown of crop residue. and there won’t be time for another pest to build up. • Maximize airflow (for foliar diseases). Generous plant • Scout fields regularly and use farm-developed action spacing, staking, and pruning can reduce the canopy’s thresholds for insecticide applications. Effective field relative humidity. scouting is 1–3 times per week. Frequency should increase • Reduce soil/fruit contact by using drip irrigation, staking, with temperature. As you gain experience, you will learn mulch (for fruitrot; soilborne diseases that affect fruit). what level of uncontrolled infestation leads to crop loss and therefore triggers insecticides application(s). • Provide covered growing areas, such as high tunnels or plastic covered hoops (for foliar diseases that spread with • Use insecticides only when necessary and choose materials abundant free moisture and/or water splashing). with little to no impact on biological control organisms when possible. Cooperative Extension, other farmers, and • Scout fields regularly, and use farm-developed action ucipm.edu are the best sources for information on specific thresholds for disease-suppressive materials applications. materials. Be sure that registrations and inclusion on lists of Effective field scouting is 1–3 times per week. Frequency products allowed for use in organic production are current. should increase with temperature. Always follow the label. • Apply disease-suppressive materials before disease is seen. • Rogue (remove) affected plants. E.g., apply dusting sulfur to prevent powdery mildew in late season cucurbit crops. Disease pressure varies widely with Diseases crop and time of year. Most crops receive no supplemental • Exclude pathogens. Use certified seed and disease-free pesticides for diseases, others require regular protection. planting materials (see page 1). Compost using disease- Your goal is to anticipate disease and apply materials before destructive methods. Sanitize equipment. disease starts: pesticides are less effective after diseases start. • Use resistant varieties when available. • Rogue (remove) affected plants. 2 | Center for Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems pests and diseases • Scouting and pesticides: Check for mites above any greasy- Dry-farmed Tomatoes: looking or bronzed lower leaves and stems every 2–3 days Pests and Diseases, Prevention, at the stage of crop development when green fruit reaches 1” in diameter. Mark the boundaries of infested areas. Treat and Management Options immediately if damage symptoms spread. Apply micronized Main dry-farmed tomato arthropod pests sulfur 7–14 days apart. Stink bugs: Consperse stink bug, Euschistus conspersus. Aphids and viruses: Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae and Redshouldered stink bug, Thyanta pallidovirens (= T. Potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae accerra). Say stink bug complex, Chlorochroa sayi and Aphids can spread many tomato viruses that severely affect Chlorochroa uhleri. Southern green stink bug, Nezara tomato plants. High aphid populations can cause necrosis, viridula distort foliar growth, and stunt plants. The honeydew secreted Several stink bugs feed on and damage tomatoes. All have by aphid feeding promotes secondary infections of sooty mold the characteristic shield shape of true bugs, with similar life on foliage and fruit. Aphid feeding reduces yields most when histories and damage. Adults are brown or green, some with aphid populations are high, 6–8 weeks before tomato harvest. distinct markings.
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