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VEGETABLE PESTS of UTAH Disease and Arthropod Pest Identification Guide

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VEGETABLE PESTS of UTAH Disease and Arthropod Pest Identification Guide VEGETABLE PESTS OF UTAH disease and arthropod pest identification guide PUBLICATION COORDINATORS AND EDITORS Cami Cannon (Vegetable IPM Associate and Graphic Design) Marion Murray (IPM Project Leader) Editing assistance by: Diane Alston (Entomologist) Claudia Nischwitz (Plant Pathologist) AUTHORS Cami Cannon Marion Murray Taun Beddes (diseases: herbicide damage, sunscald) Candace Schaible (insects: spinach leafminer diseases: phytophthora root/stem/crown rot) CONTACT INFORMATION Utah State University IPM Program Dept. of Biology 5305 Old Main Hill Logan, UT 84322 (435) 797-0776 utahpests.usu.edu/IPM FUNDING FOR THIS PUBLICATION WAS PROVIDED BY: USU Extension Grants Program CONTENTS Preface .......................................................................................7 INSECT, MITE, AND OTHER ARTHROPOD PESTS Aphids .....................................................................................10 Beetles .....................................................................................14 Caterpillars/Moths ...................................................................28 Earwigs ....................................................................................44 Grasshoppers ...........................................................................46 Leafhoppers .............................................................................48 Maggots/Flies ..........................................................................52 Plant/Seed Bugs .......................................................................64 Psyllids ....................................................................................78 Thrips ......................................................................................80 Whiteflies .................................................................................82 Mites ........................................................................................84 Symphylans................................................................................92 Collembola/Springtails .............................................................94 Crustaceans ..............................................................................96 Molluscs ...................................................................................98 DISEASES AND ABIOTIC DISORDERS Bacterial Diseases ................................................................... 102 Fungal Diseases ...................................................................... 110 Fungal-Like Diseases .............................................................. 130 Nematode-Caused Diseases ..................................................... 136 Viral Diseases......................................................................... 138 Abiotic (Non-Living) .............................................................. 156 PREFACE How to Use this Guide This guide is organized by specific insect pests and diseases within the following groups: Insects and Related Pests: Diseases Caused by: • Aphids • Bacteria • Beetles • Fungi • Caterpillars/Moths • Fungus-Like Organisms • Earwigs • Nematodes • Grasshoppers • Viruses • Leafhoppers • Abiotic (Non-Living) • Maggots/Flies • Plant/Seed Bugs • Psyllids • Thrips • Whiteflies • Mites • Symphylans • Collembola/Springtails • Crustaceans • Molluscs Each insect pest page lists the approximate size range of adults and sometimes nymphs or larvae and should be interpreted as follows: Dark gray line refers to lower number of size range A: refers to adult size A: 4-7 mm long Light gray line refers to higher L: refers to larva size number of size range or L: 1-9.5 mm long N: refers to nymph size Length is represented as line length from left-to-right. Width of line from top-to-bottom has no relation to insect size and was simply chosen for visibility of the line Purpose of this Guide One of the goals of the USU IPM program is to reduce the use of broad-spectrum pesticides for pest control in favor of using more selective products that are safe on beneficial insects, water quality, and human health. Proper identification of pests in monitoring practices is crucial in accurately identifying alternative control methods. INSECT PESTS INSECT PESTS INSECT, MITE, AND OTHER ARTHROPOD PESTS Aphids .....................................................................................10 Beetles .....................................................................................14 Caterpillars/Moths ...................................................................28 Caterpillars/Moths ...................................................................30 Earwigs ....................................................................................44 Grasshoppers ...........................................................................46 Leafhoppers .............................................................................48 Maggots/Flies ..........................................................................52 Plant/Seed Bugs .......................................................................64 Psyllids ....................................................................................74 Thrips ......................................................................................76 Whiteflies .................................................................................78 Mites ........................................................................................80 Collembola/Springtails .............................................................90 Crustaceans ..............................................................................92 Molluscs ...................................................................................94 INSECT PESTS INSECT PESTS APHIDS APHIDS Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) ............................................................... A: 2-2.5 mm long Corn Leaf Aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) ......................................................... A: 1-2.4 mm long APHIDS Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae) .............................................................. A: 1.8-2.1 mm long Melon/Cotton Aphid (Aphis gossypii) ................................................................. A: 1-2 mm long Potato Aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) .......................................................... A: 2.4-3.6 mm long Hosts: Wide host range including apricot, When and Where to Scout: asparagus, barley, broccoli, cabbage, • Adults first seen late May and June. catalpa, celery, some cherries, corn, • Adults and nymphs often found in cucumber, eggplant, legumes, melon, clusters on leaves or stems, but may millet, mustard green, nectarine, oats, be found singly. okra, peach, pepper, some plums, potato, • Eggs laid in fall or winter on woody pumpkin, rose, rose-of-sharon, rye, host plants, crop residue, or weeds. sorghum, spinach, squash, tomato, wheat, • Watch for rapidly increasing weeds such as crabgrass, foxtail, and other populations and feeding damage in ornamentals, weeds, and vegetables the late spring through early fall. Appearance: Adults may be winged or Threat Level: Aphids are common but wingless with a pear-shaped, soft body. typically do not cause severe economic Adults and nymphs vary in color from damage unless they vector a virus or are pale to dark-green, pink, red, bluish-green, present in high populations. black, yellow, and gray, and may have a waxy covering (cabbage aphid). Top Management Techniques: • Manage nitrogen levels; avoid excess. Damage Symptoms: Adults and • Encourage natural enemies; avoid nymphs feed on hosts with piercing- toxic chemicals, provide nectar and sucking mouthparts causing stippling, pollen resources. chlorosis, curled leaves, and/or slow plant • Keep crop area weed-free. growth. Over one hundred different • For viruses transmitted by aphids: viruses can be transmitted by adults and – Plant resistant cultivars nymphs. – Plant early – Remove and destroy infected Damaging Lifestage(s): Nymph, Adult plants immediately. Life Cycle: When to Consider Treatment: • Egg | Nymph (4 stages) | Adult • If populations are high and causing (wingless or winged) economic damage. • Multiple generations per growing • If vectored virus diseases cannot be season. tolerated (e.g. seed production). • Overwinter as eggs on woody hosts • If vectored viruses occur. or crop debris. Look-alikes: potato/tomato psyllid Time for Concern: Mid-April through (winged adults), whiteflies (shed aphid the end of the growing season. skins) 10 INSECT PESTS INSECT PESTS Aphids can generally be recognized by a pair of cornicles (tailpipe-like appendages at the posterior end of the APHIDS body), pear-shaped body, and fairly long antennae. APHIDS Green peach aphid adults can be yellow to green in Green peach aphid winged adult. David Cappaert, Bugwood summer and vary from pale to dark-green, pink, or red in fall. David Cappaert, Bugwood.org Corn leaf aphids are bluish green or gray in color and Cabbage aphids are gray to green with a waxy covering can give plants a black, sooty appearance. Cami Cannon, Utah and short cornicles. David Cappaert, Bugwood.org State University Potato aphid adults can be pink or green in color. Joseph Melon/cotton aphid adults can be yellow, dark green, or Berger, Bugwood.org almost black in color. Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org 11 INSECT PESTS INSECT PESTS Aphid Plant Hosts by Species and Season APHIDS Common Name Winter Hosts Summer Hosts Cabbage Aphid Only crucifers Only crucifers including broccoli, APHIDS (crop
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