Expanded General Index

1 SYWTSS Index (Expanded Version)

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

So You Want to Sing Spirituals by Randye Jones

General Index (Expanded Version)

This version of the index for So You Want to Sing Spirituals includes contents from both the print book and the online appendices:

Ap1: Appendix 1 – Recommended Recordings Ap2: Appendix 2 – Concert Spiritual Singers and Their Recordings Ap3: Appendix 3 – Spirituals in Musical Anthologies Ap4: Appendix 4 – Song Literature Classification Ap5: Appendix 5 – Relevant Resources Ap6: Appendix 6 – African–American Art Songs Resource List Ap7: Appendix 7 – Composers Brief Biographies Ap8: Appendix 8 – Art Songs by African American Composers in Musical Anthologies Ap9: Appendix 9 – Spirituals in Choral Music Anthologies

Entries from the book are in black and include references for figures that are italicized, with indexed notes consisting of a page number, the abbreviation “n,” and the note number. Appendix entries are direct links consisting of appendix number and page. Please access the song index for listing of individual song titles.

A abdomen, 219 abduction, 223 Abromeit, Kathleen, 59 accents, syllabic, 13, 86, 126, 127, 166–67, 175, 231. See also syllables, stressed and unstressed affected by dialect, 107 ACDA, 185, 189, 255. See also American Choral Directors Association Adams, H. Leslie, Ap8p1-2, Ap8p11, Ap8p12 Adams, Lydia, 201, Ap9p3 Adderley, Cedric, Ap8p3 Aframerican Folksong: Telling the Story of the Life of Christ (Hayes, 1961?), Ap2p7 Aframerican spirituals. See spirituals Africa dance, 126 ; language, influence of, 86 ; music, 7–8, 35, 126–27, 197, 203n5 ; spiritual growth and purification, 66 ; tracing musical roots, 25, 64–65, 179n7 African American Art Song Alliance (AAASA), 34 African American English (AAE) dialect, 206–13, 208. See also dialect African American Heritage Hymnal, 199–200 African American Music for the Classical Singer: Spirituals and Hymns (Simpson–Curenton, 2018), Ap3p22, Ap4p13, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p24

Contents of this document may be used for non-commercial purposes only if the source is acknowledged. All material remains the property of its creator. All commercial rights reserved. Copyright ©2019. 2 SYWTSS Index (Expanded Version)

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

African American musical stylistic elements, 165–70, 167, 169. See also performance practice African American musicians in Europe, 20, 22, 23, 26, 29, 44, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 97, 105, 146, 148, 149–50, 181, 184 African American spirituals. See spirituals African diaspora, 23, 39, 96, 99, 100, 105, 108, 256 Afro-American Folksongs (Hayes, 1983), Ap2p7 Ah! Love But a Day (Toppin, 2000), Ap2p4, Ap7p4, Ap7p13 Aiken, Conrad, Ap8p11 Ain’t a That Good News: African-American Art Songs and Spirituals (Heard, 1998), Ap2p7 Ain’t That Good News!: Arrangements of Traditional Spirituals, SATB (Hogan/Purifoy, 1999), 202, Ap9p8 Ain’t That Good News/Were You There (Clark, 1922), Ap2p8 Albert, Donnie Ray, Ap2p8 Albert McNeil Jubilee Singers, 184–85, 185 Albrecht, Sally K., Ap3p3 Album of Negro Spirituals (Johnson, 1940, 2000), Ap3p17, Ap4p8, Ap4p10, Ap4p11, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p17, Ap4p19, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p25, Ap4p27, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p31, Ap4p32, Ap4p35 Album of Negro Spirituals: Arranged for Solo Voice (Burleigh, 1917), 57, 73, Ap3p9, Ap3p17, Ap4p5, Ap4p8, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p15, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p26, Ap4p28, Ap4p32, Ap4p33 alcohol, 242, 249 Alda, Frances, Ap2p1, Ap7p2 Alexander, Roberta, Ap2p1, Allen, Betty, Ap2p4 Allen, William Francis, 73, 93n5, 180 allergies, 245 Alston, Lettie Beckon, Ap3p20, Ap8p3, Das Alte Lied von Alabama (Spencer, 2010), Ap2p11 Althouse, Jay, Ap3p3-4 Alto Rhapsody; Selected Spirituals (Anderson, 2007), Ap2p6 alveoli, 217 Amazing Grace (Norman, 1990), Ap7p7 Amen! African-American Composers of the 20th Century (Moses, 2001), Ap2p10, Ap7p4 American Art Songs for the Progressing Singer (Various, 2017), Ap3p4, Ap4p13 American Choral Directors Association (ACDA), 255, 256 American colonies, 13 American Spiritual Ensemble (ASE), 119 American Spirituals (Spencer, 1945?), Ap2p11 America’s Great Baritone: Sings Folk Songs (Duncan, 195–?), Ap2p8 amplification, 227–29, 252 Anderson, Anita Turpeau, Ap8p11 Anderson, Lela, Ap9p15

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Anderson, Marian, 21, 26, 29, 34, 45, 46, 47–49, 48, 56, 141, 142, 155, 156, 164, 172, 176, 179n1, Ap1p6, Ap1p16, Ap1p17-18, Ap2p6, Ap7p2, Ap7p5, Ap7p7, Ap7p18 Lincoln Memorial concert (1939), 30 ; Metropolitan Opera, 30, 144 ; singing spirituals, 80, 162–63 Anderson, T[homas] J[efferson], Ap8p11 Angels’ Glory (Battle, 1996), Ap1p2, Ap2p2, Ap7p13 Angels Watching Over Me (Graves, 1997), Ap1p5, Ap2p4 Angels Watching Over Me (Quivar, 1997), Ap2p5 Anne Brown Sings Spirituals (195-?), Ap2p2 Anthology of Art Songs by Black American Composers (Patterson, 1977), 152, 159, Ap6p3, Ap8p11 antiphonal texture, 165, 169, 177, 256. See also call–and–response anxiety, 212, 243–44, 251 ; drugs, 243 apple cider vinegar, 239–40, 253n8 Arnold, Matthew, Ap8p4 Arroyo, Martina, 75, 107, Ap1p17-18, Ap7p18 The Art of Marian Anderson: Arias, Songs and Spirituals (Anderson, 1986), Ap2p6 art song, 108, 129, 132, 135, 141, 194, 255, 259 by African American composers, 40, 144–60 ; comparison with folk song, 11, 145 concert spirituals, 6, 25, 30, 35, 39, 128, 132, 134, 162–63, 171, 172, 174, 175, 179, 194 opposition to concert spirituals, 1, 26–27, 103–4 The Art of Dorothy Maynor (Maynor, 1969), Ap2p3 The Art of Maureen Forrester, Ap1p7 The Art of Roland Hayes (Hayes, 1990), Ap2p7 The Art of Roland Hayes: Six Centuries of Song (Hayes, 2010), Ap2p7 Art Songs and Spirituals (Hayes, 1967), Ap2p7 Art Songs and Spirituals by African American Women Composers (Taylor, 1995), 159, Ap3p1, Ap3p23, Ap4p6, Ap4p10, Ap4p15, Ap4p18, Ap4p33, Ap6p3, Ap7p4, Ap7p8, Ap8p14 Art Songs and Spirituals by Contemporary African American Composers (Bullock/Cox, 2011), Ap6p2, Ap8p3 articulation, 216, 231–32 Arvey, Verna, Ap8p5, Ap8p13 arytenoids, 224 aspiration for dramatic effect, use of, 167–68 athletic demands, 234–36, 242–43, 244–47 audience, 112, 125, 134, 136, 147, 149, 155, 157, 204, 251. See also congregation acceptance of spiritual performance, 103, 154, 158, 160, 181, 190 ; effects of spiritual performance practice, 130, 158, 230, 244 ; impact of spiritual performance, 1, 20, 23, 54, 69, 76, 83, 104, 141, 192, 194, 252 ; negative reactions, 147, 154 autonomic nervous system (ANS), 244 Ayers, Vanessa, Ap1p15, azmari, 11, 257. See also griot

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

B Bailey, Mable, Ap8p12 Baker, Barbara W., Ap9p15 Baker, David, Ap8p11 Baker, Janet, Ap2p4 balancing, 75, 178 Baldwin, Dalton, Ap1p4 A Balm in Gilead (Matthews, 2000), Ap1p11, Ap2p9 baptism, 65, 67 Barnett, Steve, 201, Ap9p3 Barnabas, as a literary reference, 58 Bartholomew, Marshall, Ap9p9, Ap9p15 Bass, George Houston, Ap8p11 Battle, Kathleen, 32–33, 59, 84, 117, 141, Ap1p2, Ap1p17, Ap1p18, Ap1p19–20, Ap2p1-2, Ap7p13, Ap7p16, Ap7p18, Ap7p19 Bayard Rustin Sings Spirituals, Work & Freedom Songs (Rustin, 1988, 2003), Ap2p8 Bayard Rustin Sings Twelve Spirituals on the Life of Christ (Rustin, 195–?), Ap2p8 Bayard Rustin, The Singer (Rustin, 1992), Ap2p8 Becton, Shelton, Ap1p5 Beck, Andy, Ap3p4 Been in de Storm So Long: Songs My Fathers Taught Me (Overton, 2012), Ap7p13 Beethoven, , Ap8p13 Belafonte, Harry, 35 Bennett, Gwendolyn B., Ap8p12 The Best of Kathleen Battle (Battle, 2004), Ap2p2, The Best of Negro Spirituals (Various, 2003), Ap7p6 Best of Spirituals & Gospels (Luedeman, 2001), Ap3p18, Ap4p7, Ap4p10, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p18, Ap4p23, Ap4p25, Ap4p26, Ap4p27, Ap4p28, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p31, Ap4p32, Ap4p33, Ap4p34 biblical characters, 57, 68 biblical texts in spirituals: 58–59, 67–68, 89, 130, 197 Biblical Women (Alston, 2011), Ap8p3 Bible, 58, 65, 66, 84, 87. See Christianity used to justify slavery, 15 Big Psalms, Hymns and Spirituals Box (Hayes, 2015), Ap2p7 Black Christmas: Spirituals in the African–American Tradition (Ayers/Young/Mosley, 1990), Ap1p15 black church, 34 hymnals, 198 ; impact of, 34 Black Europe: Sounds & Images of Black People (2013), Ap1p15, Ap2p9 Black Sacred Music Symposium, 117 Black spirituals. See spirituals Black Swan Records, 22 black voice, 104–8

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Blackwell, David, 201 Bledsoe, Jules, Ap1p16, Ap1p18, Ap2p8, Ap7p18 blues, 2, 30, 39, 78, 111, 129, 193, 199, 203n1, 226 Blues Everywhere I Go (Hendricks, 2015), Ap2p3 Boatner, Edward, 45, 49, 67, 67, 262, Ap1p3, Ap1p4, Ap1p7, Ap1p10, Ap1p11, Ap1p13, Ap1p14, Ap1p17, Ap3p5-6, Ap3p21, Ap7p7, Ap7p18 body chemistry, 240 Bohanan, Otto Leland, Ap8p5 Bon Voyage Recital @ McCormick Place (Matthews, 1966), Ap2p9 Bonds, Margaret, 29, Ap1p4, Ap1p8, Ap1p11, Ap1p17, Ap1p19, Ap1p20, Ap3p6, Ap3p23, Ap7p4, Ap7p9, Ap7p18, Ap7p19, Ap8p3, Ap8p11, Ap8p14 Bontemps, Arna, Ap8p13 The Book of American Negro Spirituals (JR Johnson/JW Johnson, 1925), 23, Ap3p16, Ap7p2, Ap7p5 The Books of American Negro Spirituals: Including The Book of American Negro Spirituals and The Second Book of Negro Spirituals (JR Johnson/JW Johnson, 1977), Ap4p5, Ap4p6, Ap4p7, Ap4p8, Ap4p9, Ap4p10, Ap4p11, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p17, Ap4p19, Ap4p21, Ap4p22, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p26, Ap4p27, Ap4p30, Ap4p31, Ap4p32, Ap4p34, Ap4p35 Border Line, op. 24 (Owens, 2018), Ap8p6, Ap8p9 borrowing from musical sources, 7, 16 Bound for Glory!: A Collection of Spirituals (Leavitt, 2017), Ap9p9 Bowles, Fred G., Ap8p4 The Boy’s Changing Voice: 20 Vocal Solos (Walters, 2013), Ap3p23, Ap4p13 Boyd, , Ap3p24 Boyer-Alexander, René, Ap9p16 Boytim, Joan Frey, Ap3p6-7 Boyle’s Law, 217 brain, 232, 235, 243, 244 Brant, Leroy V., Ap8p11, Ap8p14 Brasier, Virginia, Ap8p5 Brazeal Dennard Chorale, 185, 204 breath support, 221–22 breathing, 217, 222–23, 238, 245, 246, 247 breathlessness, 243 Brewer, Christine, 112–13, Ap2p2, Ap7p12 Brice, Carol, Ap2p6 Bridges, J’nai, Ap1p20, Ap7p18 Briscoe, James R., Ap8p3 Brontë, Emily Jane, Ap8p9, Ap8p10 Brooks, Phillips, Ap8p11 Broome, George W., 22 Broome Special Phonograph Records, 22, 257 Brown, Angela, 36, Ap1p2, Ap2p2, Ap7p4

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Brown, Anne Wiggins, 28, Ap2p2, Brown, Charles, Ap3p20, Ap8p11, Ap8p12 Brown, Lawrence, 23, 24, 26, 44, 49, 50, 69, 70n20, 116, Ap1p7, Ap1p10, Ap1p16, Ap1p17-18, Ap3p8, Ap3p16, Ap7p2, Ap7p5, Ap7p18 Brown, Rae Linda, Ap8p12 Brown, Ray, Ap1p13, Brown, Sebastian, Ap9p17 Brown, William, 36, Ap2p7, Ap3p15, Ap8p6 Brown, Jr., Uzee, 34, 129, Ap3p8, Ap7p15, Ap8p11 Browning, Robert, Ap8p6 Brownlee, Lawrence, 106, 114n20, Ap2p7, Ap7p17 Bumbry, Grace, Ap2p4 Buckland, Graham, Ap9p13 Bullock, Kathy, Ap6p2, Ap8p3 Burke, James Joseph, Ap8p5 Burleigh, Harry (Henry) Thacker, 21–23, 26, 30, 37n13, 37n17, 39, 41, 49, 59, 93n6, 99, 112, 131, 148, 199, 200, 207, Ap1p3, Ap1p4, Ap1p5, Ap1p7, Ap1p8, Ap1p10, Ap1p12, Ap1p13, Ap1p16, Ap1p17, Ap1p18, Ap2p8, Ap3p4, Ap3p6, Ap3p7, Ap3p9-10, Ap3p23, Ap3p24, Ap7p2, Ap7p5, Ap7p18, Ap8p3-4, Ap9p9 Album of Negro Spirituals, 22, Ap3p9; art songs, 41; biography, 40–42 ; choral music, 194–95; compositional approach, 27, 42 ; “Deep River,” 21–22, 28, 57, 79–80, 95–96, 164 ; use of dialect, 111 ; view on concert spirituals, 103, 148 ; view on performing spirituals, 73–74 ; work with Antonín Dvořák, 22, 38, 40, 148 Burlin, Natalie Curtis, 13, 36n4, 84–87, 85 Burns, Robert, Ap8p11 Burton, Ken, Ap9p3 Butler, Mark, Ap9p15 By an’ By/Oh! Didn’t It Rain (Clark, 1924), Ap2p8 Byron (Lord), George Gordon, Ap8p9

C Cain, Noble, 195, 200, Ap9p9, Ap9p14 call–and–response, 5, 6, 7, 12, 27, 35, 42, 123, 125, 169, 170, 177, 196, 197, 257, 262 A Camilla Williams Recital (1952?), Ap2p4 Camilla Williams Sings Spirituals (195–), Ap2p4 camp meetings, 15, 16, 180 Canaan, as literary reference, 17, 257. See also Canada, Heaven, promised land Canada, 17, 18, 102, 257, 260, 261, 263 cancer, 249 Cantata: for Voice and Piano (Carter, 1964), 112–13, 141, Ap3p10, Ap4p13, Ap4p31, Ap4p36, Ap7p12 Capers, Valerie, Ap8p3 carcinogens, 249 Caribbean music, 193, 198, 199, 200, 256

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A Carnegie Hall Christmas Concert (Battle, 1992), Ap2p2, Carnegie Hall Recital (Verrett, 2011), Ap2p5 A Carol Brice Recital (Brice, 1950), Ap2p6 Carolyn Sebron, Mezzo-soprano; Marie-Claude Arbaretaz, Piano (Sebron, 1993), Ap2p5 Carter, John Daniels, 31, 37n21, 112, 117, 141, Ap3p10, Ap7p12 Carter, Roland, 30, 34, 116, 190, 204, Ap1p8, Ap3p2, Ap3p25, Ap7p11, Ap7p12, Ap7p15, Ap9p9 cartilages, larynx, 216, 224–25, 247 Catholic church, 198 The Celebrated Negro Spirituals (Burleigh, 1917, 1919), Ap3p9, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p22, Ap4p23, Ap4p29, Ap4p31, Ap4p32, Ap4p34 cell phones, 248 Les 100 Plus Beaux Airs de Barbara Hendricks (Hendricks, 2012), Ap2p3 Chaiter, Yoram, 96 Chambers, H. A. (Henry Alban), Ap3p10 chants, 38, 107 chariots, as literary reference, 18, 258. See also freedom train, gospel train, Underground Railroad Charlton Heston Reads from The Life and Passion of Jesus Christ (Hayes, 2003), Ap2p7 Cheatham, Kitty, 22 Cheatham, Wallace McClain, Ap8p13 chest mode, or modal voice, 225–26, 226 chest voice for dramatic effect, use of, 175 Chilcott, Bob, 200, 201, 202, Ap9p3 Child’s World (Bailey, 2004), Ap8p12 The Choral and Vocal Arrangements of Moses Hogan (1995), 190 choral music, 3, 30, 34, 42, 122, 157, 190 call–and–response, 12 ; historical development, 193–95 ; interpretation of spirituals, 5, 7, 32, 68, 128, 136 ; motivation for singing spirituals, 25 ; musical analysis, 196 ; musical anthologies, 57 ; performance practice, 205–06 ; recording, reference to, 32, 33, 36, 56, 112 ; unaccompanied works, 36, 45, 184, 186, 188, 190, 191n2, 193, 201, 202 Christ, Jesus. See Jesus Christ Christianity as expressed in song, 4, 58, 64, 67 ; as religious force for slaves, 62, 65–66, 84 ; conversion to, 4 ; slavery reinforced by, 15 ; Christmas music, 29 ; “City Called Heaven,” 60 ; civil rights protests in the United States, 30–31, 51, 147, 258, 261, 262 ; use of spirituals, 63 The Christmas Album (Brice, 1997), Ap2p6 The Christmas Collection: 53 Songs for Classical Singers (Walters, 2002), Ap3p23 Christmas Chestnuts: A Message and a Gift (English-Robinson, 2014), Ap2p2 Christmas Spiritual Collection (Walker, 1973), Ap9p17 Christmas Spirituals for Choirs: 12 Specially Commissioned Choral Arrangements (Chilcott/Burton, 2003), Ap9p3 civil rights protests in the United States, 30, 31, 51, 63, 147, 258, 261, 262, Ap7p9, Ap7p15 Civil War, 3, 14, 15, 16, 18, 25, 41, 68, 103, 144, 148, Ap7p1 Clapham, Ruthland, Ap1p13,

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Clark, Clarence Carroll, Ap2p8 Clark, Edgar Rogie, Ap3p11, Ap3p26, Ap8p4 Clarke, Bonna Mae Perine, Ap9p3 Classic Negro Spirituals/Deep River and Other Classic Negro Spirituals (McFerrin, 1959), Ap2p9 Classical Contest Solos (Various, 1997), Ap3p11, Ap4p23 Clemmons, Francois, 186, Ap9p18. See also Harlem Spiritual Ensemble Cloud, Lee, Ap9p9 Coates, John, Ap9p4 Cohen, Cecil, Ap8p4, Ap8p11 Coleridge–Taylor, Samuel, 21, 23 Collected Songs (Adams, 1986), Ap8p1 A Collection of Negro Spirituals for Mixed Voices (Clarke, 1939), Ap9p3 A Collection of 25 Selected Famous Negro Spirituals (Frey, 1924), Ap3p12, Ap4p5, Ap4p8, Ap4p9, Ap4p15, Ap4p17, Ap4p18, Ap4p24, Ap4p28, Ap4p32, Ap4p34, Ap7p3 The Collector's Paul Robeson (Robeson, 1989), Ap2p10 Collins, Leslie Morgan, Ap8p2, Ap8p6, Ap8p12 Colored Christian Singers. See Fisk Jubilee Singers Come Down Angels and Trouble the Water: Negro Spirituals, an American National Treasure! (Moses, 2014), Ap2p10, Ap7p10 compensatory vocal behaviors, 243 Complete Collection of Songs and Spiritual Albums (Price, 2011), Ap2p3 The Complete Decca Recitals (Horne, 2008), 112, Ap2p5 The Complete EMI Sessions: 1928–1939 (Robeson, 2008), Ap2p10 Concert Hall Spirituals: Settings for Piano and Voice (Labenske, 1999), Ap3p18, Ap4p13, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p17, Ap4p18, Ap4p19, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p30, Ap7p17 concert program development, 131–32 concert spirituals, 2, 7, 8, 22, 25, 26, 32, 33, 35, 38, 55, 57, 58, 69, 78, 103, 108, 109, 110–112, 122, 123. See also spiritual art songs, spirituals using dialect, 71, 73, 75–77, 79–80, 87, 92, 106, 111 ; for chorus, 204 ; for solo voice, 25– 29, 32–33, 45–47, 64, 69, 95, 103–4, 105, 141, 262 ; instrumental collaboration, 128–29, 134, 142 ; opposition to, 1, 103 ; song collections, 23–24, 55, 65, 66, 73, 200 ; “traditional,” 99 Cone, James, 193, 194 congregation, 61, 64, 78, 198, 257, 261. See also audience call and response, role in, 35, 89 ; singing, 35, 95, 121 Connelly, Nora, Ap8p5 Conrad, Barbara, Ap2p4, Ap7p7 Contemporary American Songs (Bernard, 1960), Ap8p13 cooldowns, 247, 253n10 coping mechanisms, 243 Copper Sun: A Collection of Negro Folk Songs (Clark, 1957), Ap3p11, Ap4p21 Cotter, Joseph, Ap8p5 Cotton Blossom Singers, 182 Cotton, Roy, Ap8p3

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Cox, Donna, Ap6p2, Ap8p3 Cozad, Oscar O., Ap8p6 Creole, Louisiana, 206–07, 213n6, 258 cricoid cartilage, 224 cricothyroid (CT) dominant, 224, 226 CT. See cricothyroid dominant Cullen, Countee, Ap8p4, Ap8p10, Ap8p11, Ap8p13 Culli, Benjamin, Ap3p7 Cuney, William Waring, Ap8p8 Cuney Hare, Maud. See Hare, Maud Cuney Cunningham, James, Ap8p11 Curtis, William, Ap8p13

D Da Costa, Noel, Ap8p11 Dallas, Dick, Ap1p4 dance as body movement in musical expression, 15, 124, 126, 127, 193, 196, 246 dance used in minstrelsy, 97, 146 Dandridge, Damon H., Ap9p15 Daniel (biblical character), as literary reference, 6, 87, 91, 173, 201 Darkey Spirituals (Guion, 1918), 21 dating of spirituals, problem of chronological, 3 David (biblical character), as literary reference, 6, 62, 64–65 Davis, Carl, 112, Ap1p6 Davis, Ellabelle, Ap1p16, Ap1p18, Ap2p2, Ap7p18 Davis, Frank Marshall, Ap8p6, Ap8p13 Davis, Henrietta, Ap1p16, Davis, Julia Johnson, Ap8p5, Ap8p12 Davis, Ollie Watts, 117–18, 118, 128, 132 Dawson, William Levi, 23, 183, 186, 195, 207, 262, Ap1p4, Ap1p15, Ap1p19, Ap7p18, Ap7p19, Ap9p4 Dawson Spirituals: Music for Mixed Chorus (SATB) (Dawson, 2008), Ap9p4 Daybirth: A Collection of Songs on Texts of Joette McDonald, for Voice and Piano (Adams, 2008), Ap8p2 De–Lisser, Mark, Ap9p4 de Paur, Leonard, 190, Ap1p4, Ap1p17-18, Ap7p18, Ap9p9 death, as literary reference, 30, 195 death of Jesus (crucifixion), as literary reference, 30, 60 Deep River (Seagle, 1916), Ap2p9 Deep River (Warfield, 1953), Ap2p11 Deep River: Songs and Spirituals of Harry T. Burleigh (Moses, 1995), Ap2p10 Deep River and Other Classic Negro Spirituals/Classic Negro Spirituals (McFerrin, 1959), Ap1p11, Ap2p9

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

The Deep River Collection: Ten Spirituals Arranged for Solo Voice and Piano (Hogan, 2000), Ap1p16, Ap3p14, Ap4p7, Ap4p13, Ap4p15, Ap4p17, Ap4p18, Ap4p19, Ap4p21, Ap4p23, Ap4p34, Ap4p36, Ap7p16 Deep River/I’m So Glad Trouble Don’t Last Alway (Clark, 1924), Ap2p8 Deep River/Nobody Knows the Trouble I’ve Seen (Spencer, 1963?), Ap2p11 Delany, Clarissa Scott, Ap8p2 deliverance in songs, 62, 65, 74, 173, 201 Dent, Cedric, Ap3p20 Desire, op. 13 (Owens, 2005), Ap8p7 despair in spirituals. See sorrow songs Dett, Robert Nathaniel, 23–24, 26, 29, 52, 53, 141, 162, 195, 200, 207, 262, Ap1p7, Ap1p16, Ap1p17-18, Ap3p11, Ap3p20, Ap7p3-4, Ap7p18, Ap8p4, Ap8p11, Ap9p4-5, Ap9p9 The Dett Collection of Negro Spirituals: Originals, Settings, Anthems and Motets (Dett, 1936), Ap9p4-5 dialect, 6, 42, 59, 71–93, 105, 106, 111, 148–49, 199, 204, 206, 212, 238, 258, 260. See also African American English (AAE). See also Creole, Louisiana; diction; Gullah advocacy to use in performance, 74, 104, 212 ; enunciation, 205–10, 206 ; International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 260 ; negative impressions about, 211–12 ; performance practice (choral), 165, 213 ; performance practice (solo vocal), 75–92, 93n2, 132, 169, 171, 175, 177, 200 ; song text using, 60, 72, 81–82, 87, 88–89, 91 ; Southern States White English (SSWE), 211, 262 ; used in minstrelsy, 73, 97 ; used in vocal pedagogy, 133 diaphragm, 218–9, 222 Dickerson, Roger, Ap8p11 Dickinson, Emily, Ap8p7, Ap8p11 diction, 77–78, 92, 107, 132, 133, 165, 184, 204, 211, 212. See also dialect diet, 236, 239, 241, 242 Dillard, Pamela, Ap1p20–21, Ap7p19 Dilworth, Rollo, 204 diphthongs, 80, 84, 90, 92, 209, 211, 231 Dismond, Binga, Ap8p6 Diton, Carl, 148–49, 159, Ap3p26, Ap8p4, Ap9p9 The Diva Live (Fernandez, 2011), Ap2p2 Dixie Jubilee Singers. See Eva Jessye Singers Dobbs, Mattiwilda, Ap2p2, Dodson, Owen, Ap8p11 Done Crossed Every River: Freedom’s Journey (Parks, 1995), Ap2p3 Donnie Ray Albert in Recital (Albert, 2003), Ap2p8 Dorothy Maynor in Concert at Library of Congress (Maynor, 2007), Ap2p3, Ap7p4 double meaning in spirituals, 17, 36n6, 70n3, 197. See also secret signals, hidden meaning Douglas, Frederick, Ap8p11 Dove, Evelyn, Ap1p15, Ap1p18, Dream Cycle (Adderley, 2011), Ap8p3 3 Lieder für Bariton mit Klavierbegleitung, op. 20 (Owens, 1998), Ap8p7, Ap8p9 3 Lieder für eine tiefe Stimme mit Klavierbegleitung, op. 47 (Owens, 1988), Ap8p7, Ap8p9

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

3 Lieder für Mezzosprano mit Klavierbegleitung, op. 19 (Owens, 1998), Ap8p7 drinking, 237, 249 drinking gourd (Big Dipper) (North Star), 17, 258 drugs, 240–41, 242, 243, 249 drum, use of, 125–26 Dry, Marion, Ap7p7 Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt (W. E. B.), 10, 259, 261 reference to spirituals in The Souls of Black Folk, 36n1, 132 Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 41, 148, Ap8p1, Ap8p2, Ap8p4, Ap8p5, Ap8p6, Ap8p8, Ap8p10, Ap8p11, Ap8p12, Ap8p13, Ap8p14 Dunbar Songs: Three Songs on Texts of Paul Laurence Dunbar (Adams, 1981), Ap8p2 Duncan, Todd, 28, 29, 90, 94n30, Ap1p10, Ap2p8, Ap7p2 Dunn, Adrian, Ap9p5 Dunn–Powell, Rosephanye, 75–76, 76. See also Powell, Rosephanye. Dvořák, Antonín, 22, 40, 56n1, 142, 148, Ap7p1 views on developing American national music, 38–39 Dvořák Discoveries (1996), 55

E Easy Songs for the Beginning Baritone/Bass (Boytim, 2000), Ap3p7, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p30 education diversifying music programs, 108–10, 152–60 ; educating slaves, prohibition, 15, 73 in the black church, support of, 34 ; integrating spirituals into musical education, 121, 122, 151, 204 ; of ex–slaves, 18, 181 ; segregation, 31 Edwards, Leo, Ap1p11, Eichendorff, Joseph von, Ap8p7 Eight Negro Spirituals: Arranged for SSA Unaccompanied (Phillips, 1971), Ap9p14 elastic recoil, 219 Elder, Odessa P., Ap8p5 Elizabethan Songs & Negro Spirituals (Rustin, 1952?), Ap2p8 Ellabelle Davis Sings Negro Spirituals (Brown, 1950?) , Ap2p2 Ellison, Max, Ap8p13 Elzy, Ruby, Ap2p2, Emancipation Proclamation, 131, 144, 147, 148, 258 Emerson, Roger, Ap9p16 emotional expressiveness, performing with, 12, 33, 46, 53, 75, 76, 82, 123, 129, 133, 141, 148, 163, 172, 174, 176, 178, 234, 243–44, 251–52. See also projection of feelings emotional impact, 1, 51, 64, 68, 76, 123, 157 Encores for Choirs 1: 24 Show–Stopping Concert Pieces (Gritton, 1998), Ap9p6 Encores for Choirs 2: 30 Crowd–Pleasing Concert Pieces (Gritton, 2004), Ap9p6 English (language), 13, 16, 59, 66, 71, 72–73, 75, 80, 81, 177, 205, 206, 208, 211, 213n5, 261, 262 English colonies, North America, 13 English tradition, 21 English-Robinson, Laura, Ap2p2

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Entertainer’s Secret, 237 environmental irritants, 249 epiglottis, 224 epithelial layer, 223 Epstein, Dena, 3, 15, 37n7 Espirituales Negros (Hendricks, 1983), Ap2p2 The Essential Collection (Robeson, 2018), Ap2p10 The Essential Leontyne Price (1996), Ap2p3 The Essential Leontyne Price: Spirituals, Hymns & Sacred Songs (1996), Ap2p3 The Essential Paul Robeson (Robeson, 2000), Ap2p10 Estes, Simon, 32, 100, 106–7, 117, Ap2p9 eternity, slaves’ perceptions of, 64 Eva Jessye Singers (Dixie Jubilee Singers), 183, Ap7p5. See also Jessye, Eva Evans, Mari, Ap8p11 An Evening with Roland Hayes, Tenor (Hayes, 1953), Ap2p7 Ev’ry Time I Feel the Spirit: Arias, Songs and Spirituals: Original Recordings, 1930–1947 (Anderson, 2004), Ap2p6 exercise, 222, 235, 242, 247, 250, 252. See also physical well–being Expressions of Freedom: Anthology of African-American Spirituals, Complete Edition: A Collection for Voices and Orff Instruments (Boyer-Alexander, 2001), Ap9p16 expressiveness, 5, 49, 51, 133, 169, 170, 178, 180, 190. See also message external intercostal muscles, 219, 220, 222 external obliques, 219, 221 Extreme Spirituals (Moses, 2006), Ap2p10

F faith, songs of, 58, 62, 74, 195, 197, 262 falsetto for dramatic effect, use of, 175 falsetto mode, 226, 226 Famous Negro Spirituals: A Collection of 25 (Frey, 1900s), Ap3p12, Ap4p7, Ap4p8, Ap4p10, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p18, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p26, Ap4p27, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p31, Ap4p32 Famous Spirituals (Estes, 1997), Ap2p9 Fanni Jones et Oswald Russell (Jones, 19––?), Ap2p5 Farewell Recital (Anderson, 1964), Ap2p6, Ap7p2 Farrell, Eileen, Ap2p3, Ap7p2 Farwell, Arthur, 21 Favorite American Spirituals (Various, 1985), Ap9p5 Favorite Spirituals (Hayes, 1995), 55, Ap1p9, Ap2p7 Fax, Mark, Ap8p4, Ap8p11 fear, 154, 163, 243, 244 Federal Writers’ Project/WPA, 31 Feel the Spirit (Hogan/Thomas, 2005), Ap9p8-9

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Feel the Spirit: A Cycle of Spirituals for Mezzo-Soprano Solo, Mixed Choir, and Orchestra or Chamber Ensemble (Rutter, 2001), 200, 201, Ap9p11 Fenner, Thomas P., Ap9p18-19 Fernandez, Wilhelmenia, Ap2p3 Fettke, Tom, Ap3p3 Fi–yer! A Century of African American Song (Brown, 1999), Ap2p7 Fields of Wonder (Taylor, 2006), Ap2p8, Ap7p10 15 Easy Spiritual Arrangements for the Progressing Singer (Walters, 2005), Ap3p24, Ap4p11, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p18, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p27, Ap4p29, Ap4p32, Ap4p34, Ap4p36 “fight or flight” response, 244 The First Book of Baritone/Bass Solos (Boytim, 1991–2005), Ap3p6, Ap4p23, Ap4p34, Ap4p36 The First Book of Mezzo–Soprano/Alto Solos (Boytim, 1991–2005), Ap3p7, Ap4p7 The First Book of Tenor Solos (Boytim, 1991–2005), Ap3p7, Ap4p12, Ap4p32 The First Recordings (Melba, 2008), Ap2p3 First Time Buyer’s Guide to American Negro Spirituals (2006), 36, 55, Ap1p16, Fisher, William Arms, 22–23, Ap3p11, Ap3p26, Ap7p1-2 Fisk Jubilee Singers (Colored Christian Singers), 18–21, 19, 29, 44, 57, 97, 107, 181–82, 190, 192, 194, 258, Ap7p1, Ap7p8 recordings by, 8 Five Art Songs (Price, 2010), Ap8p12 Five Art Songs for Voice and Piano (Herbison, 2004), Ap8p13 Five Classic Albums Plus Bonus Tracks (Robeson, 2017), Ap2p10 Five Creek-Freedmen Spirituals (Bonds, 1946), Ap3p6, Ap4p21, Ap4p33 Five Dunbar Lyrics (Hailstork, 2004), Ap8p13 Five Millay Songs: For Voice and Piano (Adams, 1977), Ap8p2 Five Negro Songs (Brown, 1923), Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p32, Ap4p34 Five Negro Spirituals (Rogers, ), Ap3p21, Ap4p13, Ap4p26 Five Songs for Soprano and Piano (Henderson, 2004), Ap8p13 Five Songs of Laurence Hope, Ap8p3 Fjerstad, Helen Lavaas, Ap9p14 Fletcher, John, Ap8p11 Florida Atlantic University, Recorded Sound Archives (RSA), 69 Flowers of Darkness (Moore, 1989), Ap8p6 folk music, 1, 11, 60, 105, 142, 144, 147, 194 African–European duality, 7 ; spirituals as, 7, 23, 25, 29, 35, 37n7, 110 folk song, 10, 12–13, 16, 20, 21–22, 31, 39, 40, 41, 70n9, 73, 99, 114n17, 129, 142, 158, 184, 190, 192, 193, 259, 262 comparison to art song, 11, 145 ; compilations, 73 ; opposition to using folk songs, 1, 26– 27, 69, 103–4 ; performance practice, 205–06, 213n2 ; preservation, 57 ; roots of concert spirituals, 7, 26, 31, 36n4, 45, 55, 58, 63, 71, 104, 123, 127, 132–33, 145, 149, 193, Ap7p15 folk spirituals, 10–18, 66, 68 use during Civil Rights Movement, 30–31 folk tales, 74

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

footstamping, 16, 124, 196 forced resonance, 227–28 formants, 132, 228–31, 229 Forrest, Hamilton, 26, 49, Ap1p7, Ap1p14, Ap7p7 Forrester, Maureen, Ap1p7 Forty Negro Spirituals: Compiled and Arranged for Solo Voice (White, 1927), Ap3p25, Ap4p5, Ap4p6, Ap4p10, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p17, Ap4p19, Ap4p21, Ap4p22, Ap4p23, Ap4p25, Ap4p27, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p31, Ap4p32, Ap4p34, Ap4p35, Ap7p3 44 Art Songs and Spirituals of Florence Price (Price/Heard, 2015), 159, Ap3p14, Ap4p23, Ap6p3, Ap7p4, Ap8p5 Four A Cappella Spirituals (Hayes, 2009), Ap9p7 Four American Carols: For Unison High Voices and Piano (Bennett, 2010), Ap9p17 Four Encore Songs, Ap8p5 Four Love Songs (Hailstork, 2002), Ap8p11 Four Love Songs (McDaniel, 2004), Ap8p13 4 Motivations, op. 21 (Owens, 1969), Ap8p7 4 Negro Spirituals (Spencer, 1958?), Ap2p11 Four Romantic Love Songs (Hailstork, 2018), Ap8p4 Four Songs (Price, 2000), Ap3p20, Ap4p23, Ap8p12 Four Songs, op. 121 (Owens, 2013), Ap8p8 4 Sonnets to Duse, op. 102 (Owens, 2012), Ap8p8 Four Spirituals for Denyce Graves (Mills, 1998), Ap3p19, Ap4p14, Ap4p17, Ap4p26, Ap4p32 440 Hertz, 226 Fourteen Sacred Solos (Walters, 2004), Ap3p23, Ap4p16, Ap4p23 Fox, Fred, Ap9p13 France, interest in spirituals, 23 free resonance, 227, 228 freedom, 31, 63, 92, 131. See also Canada, Canaan, heaven, home as goal, 6, 18, 58, 62, 131, 199 freedom train, 18, 258, 259, 260. See also chariot, Underground Railroad Freeman, James Dillet, Ap8p2 frequency, 226, 227, 230, 241, 248, 251 Frey, Hugo, Ap3p12, Ap7p3 From Another American: Songs of America (Maynor, 2002), Ap2p9 From the Hearts of Women (Still, 1961, 2004(5)), Ap8p13 fugitive, 257, 259 Fugitive Slave Act, 14, 259 fundamental pitch, 226, 230, 248

G G. Schirmer Collection of American Art Song: 50 Songs by 29 Composers (Various, 2007), Ap8p4 Gamble, Mary Rolofson, Ap8p5 gargling water, 239

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Garrison, Lucy McKim, 73, 93n5, 180 gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), 235, 241–42 Gaul, Harvey B., Ap3p26 George Shirley at 80: My Time Has Come!, (Shirley, 2014), Ap2p8, Ap7p11 GERD. See gastroesophageal reflux Gerlitz, Carsten, Ap9p6 Gershwin, George, 28, 100–1 Gilbert, [unknown], Ap1p13 Gilpin, Greg, Ap3p4 Giovanni, Nikki, Ap8p12 The Giovanni Songs (Cheatham, 2004), Ap8p12 Give Me Jesus (Hendricks, 1998), Ap2p3, Ap7p17 Glickman, Sylvia, Ap8p12 The Glory of Christmas (Smith, 196–?), Ap2p5 glottis, 223–24, 226, 228 Go Down Moses/Deep River (Bledsoe, 19––?), Ap2p8 God deliverance by, 173 ; in dialect, 83 ; using spirituals to communicate to, 4 God Is a God (Jackson King/Whalum/Carter, 1983), Ap3p25, Ap4p6, Ap4p10, Ap4p24, Ap4p27, Ap7p11, Ap7p12, Ap7p14 God of Our Fathers (Warfield, 196–?), Ap2p11 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 146, 150 Golden Gate Quartette, 183 Golden Voices Sing Golden Favorites (Farrell, 1990), Ap2p2 Good News: Vintage Negro Spirituals (Thomas, 2006), Ap2p4 The Gospel Choirbook: 20 New Arrangements for Mixed Voices (Gerlitz, 2007), Ap9p6 gospel music, 56, 60, 121, 128, 131, 134, 140, 141, 184, 199, 259, Ap7p15 development from spirituals, 116, 133 ; influence on concert spirituals, 2, 32, 34, 39, 78, 111, 129, 142, 143n19 ; gospel train, 18, 259. See also chariot, freedom train, Underground Railroad The Gospel Train: 20 Gospels & Spirituals for Solo Voice or Choir with Piano Accompaniment and Chord Symbols (Skellen, 2001), Ap9p20 Gospels & Spirituals Gold Collection (Verrett, 1995), Ap2p5 Grace Bumbry: A Portrait (Bumbry, 1999), Ap2p4 Graves, Denyce, Ap1p5, Ap2p4 Great American Spirituals (Quivar, 1994), Ap2p5 Great Day: Indra Thomas Sings Spirituals (Thomas, 2012), Ap2p4, Ap7p16 Great Day! Spirituals (Brown/English–Robinson/Harris, 2005), Ap2p2, Ap7p15 Great Day in the Morning (Norman, 1982), Ap2p3 Great Migration, 149, 150, 160n4, 259 Great Moments at Carnegie Hall (Price, 2016), Ap7p8 Great Spirituals: An Anthology or Program for Solo Voice and Piano for Concert and Worship (Albritton, 2007), Ap3p3, Ap4p14, Ap4p17, Ap4p23, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p32 Great Voices of the Century: Marian Anderson (Anderson, 1996), Ap2p6

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Grenville, R. H., Ap8p2 Grimke, A., Ap8p4 Gritton, Peter, Ap9p6 griots, 11, 12, 257. See also azmari group religious worship, 17 group singing, 110, 125, 129, 158, 196, 256, 261. See also call–and–response recordings, 36, 207 Guion, David, 21 Gullah, 206, 207, 259

H Hailstork, Adolphus, Ap8p3, Ap8p4-5, Ap8p11, Ap8p13 Hairston, Jacqueline, 33, 116, 255, Ap1p2, Ap1p8, Ap1p11, Ap3p12, Ap3p20, Ap7p13, Ap8p13, Ap9p15 Hairston, Jester, 190, 195, 200, 262, Ap1p8, Ap7p13, Ap9p7, Ap9p9 Hall, Frederick, Ap1p4, Ap3p13, Ap8p4, Ap9p6, Ap9p14, Ap9p15 Hall Johnson Choir (Hall Johnson Negro Choir), 26, 27, 155, 183, 184. See also Johnson, Francis Hall The Hall Johnson Collection: Over 50 Classic Favorites for Voice and Piano Including Two Performance CDs (Johnson, 2003), 94n28, Ap3p1, Ap3p15, Ap4p5, Ap4p7, Ap4p9, Ap4p17, Ap4p19, Ap4p20, Ap4p22, Ap4p26, Ap4p27, Ap4p30, Ap8p6 The Hall Johnson Collection (Brown, Toppin, 2003), Ap2p4, Ap2p7 Hall Johnson Spirituals and Other Folk Songs (Simpson, 2016), Ap1p14, Ap2p11 Hall Johnson Spirituals Competition, 35, 159, 259. See also Johnson, Francis Hall Halloran, Jack, 200, Ap9p9 Hamilton, Ruth, Ap1p20–21, Ap7p19 Hampton Series Negro Folk–Songs, Book I–IV (Burlin, 1919), 207 Hampton Institute Choir/Hampton Quartette, 21, 52, 86, 182, 183, 190 Hancock, Eugene W., Ap9p19, Ap8p11 handclapping, 16, 74, 124, 133, 196 Handy, William Christopher, Ap9p7 Hare, Maud Cuney, 5, 9n5, 11 Harlem Renaissance, 25–26, 74, 149–50, 212, 259, Ap7p4 Harlem Spiritual Ensemble, 186. See also Clemmons, Francois harmonic series, 226–27, 227, 230 harmonics, 227–28, 229, 230 harmony, 38, 126, 129, 138, 145, 197, 226–27, 229–30 African–European musical integration, 7 ; argument against spirituals, 27, 103 ; in concert spirituals, 24, 27, 30, 42, 103, 115, 121, 125, 202, 205 ; limitations in notating spirituals, 32 Harris, Jo Ann, Ap8p11 Hart, Paul, 201, Ap9p3 Hassler, Suzanne, Ap8p1 Hatch, Edwin, Ap8p12

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Hayden, Robert E., Ap8p6, Ap8p13 Hayes, Mark, 34, 129, Ap1p10, Ap3p3, Ap3p4, Ap3p13, Ap7p16, Ap9p7-8 Hayes, Roland, 34, 44, 64–65, 176, 257, Ap1p3, Ap1p4, Ap1p5, Ap1p7, Ap1p9, Ap1p11, Ap1p12, Ap1p15, Ap1p16, Ap1p17-18, Ap1p19, Ap2p7, Ap3p13, Ap7p5, Ap7p6, Ap7p18 as composer, 26, 39, 49, 90–92 ; as performer, 8, 21, 22, 25, 29, 46, 47, 51, 116, 141, 155, 163, 164 ; bio, 43–45 ; member of Fisk Jubilee Singers, 20 ; recordings, 55–56, 56n6 ; views on dialect, 71 He Rose/Wake Up, Jacob (Bledsoe, 19––?), Ap2p8 He’ll Bring It to Pass: The Spirituals of Hall Johnson for Voice and Piano (Toppin, 2006), Ap2p4 Headlee, Celeste Anne, Ap6p2, Ap8p5 health. See physical well–being Hear Me, Yet Winds and Waves (Simpson, 2005), Ap2p11 Heard, Richard, Ap2p7, Ap3p14, Ap6p3, Ap7p4, Ap8p5 Heart on the Wall, op. 14 (Owens, 1968), Ap8p8 Heart on the Wall: African American Art Songs for Orchestra (Toppin, 2011), Ap7p14 The Heart That Flutters (Brownlee, 2013), Ap2p7 Heaston, Nicole, Ap7p11 Heath, Fenno, Ap9p15 Heaven (Heav’n, heav’m), 91. See also Canaan, Canada, eternity, freedom, home as freedom goal, 6, 17, 18 ; as home, 257 ; as literary reference, 58, 60, 64, 68, 77, 85, 87; in dialect, 6, 83, 177 Hebrew, as literary reference, 87, 91, 173 Heimweh Nach Virginia (Spencer, 2015), Ap2p11 Hell, as literary reference, 58 Hellman, William C., Ap1p10, Hemminger, Graham Lee, Ap8p5 Henderson, William H., Ap8p13 Hendricks, Barbara, 32, 107, Ap1p3, Ap1p17-18, Ap2p3, Ap7p18 Henley, William, Ap8p4 Henry, Paul, Ap8p5 Herbison, Jeraldine Saunders, Ap8p13 Herrick, Robert, Ap8p11 A Heritage of Spirituals: A Collection of American Spirituals for Mixed Chorus and Piano or Organ (Work, 1975), Ap9p13 Hesse, Hermann, Ap8p7, Ap8p9 hidden meaning in spirituals, 6, 12, 16, 59. See also double meaning, secret signals (meaning) Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 181 His Name So Sweet (Battle, 1986), Ap2p1 The Historic Paul Robeson (Robeson, 19––?), Ap2p10 Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, Ap8p7, Ap8p9 Hogan, Moses, 34, 189, 189, 190, 199, 200, 202, 204, 262, Ap1p3, Ap1p8, Ap1p9, Ap1p16, Ap3p2, Ap3p14, Ap7p16–17, Ap9p8-9

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Hoisington, Mary Folwell, Ap8p5, Ap8p12 Holland, Charles, Ap2p7 hollers, 193, 196 Holy Spirit (Ghost), 66, 89 home, 18, 58. See also freedom as literary reference, 80, 101, 201, 260 Honeysucker, Robert, Ap1p20–21, Ap7p7, Ap7p19 Honor! A Celebration of the African American Cultural Legacy (Norman, 2009), Ap2p3 Honor! Honor!/Talk about a Child That Do Love Jesus (Holland, 19––?), Ap2p7 Honors and Arms (Simpson, 2005), Ap2p11 Hope, Laurence, Ap8p3 Hopkins, Gerard Manley, Ap8p12 Horne, Marilyn, 107, 112, Ap1p6, Ap2p5 How Sweet the Sound (Taylor, 2011), Ap1p9, Ap2p6, Ap7p9, Ap7p13 Hughes, Langston, 25, 150, 161n7, 212, 260, Ap8p2, Ap8p3, Ap8p4, Ap8p5, Ap8p6, Ap8p7, Ap8p8, Ap8p9, Ap8p11, Ap8p12, Ap8p13, Ap8p14 human, 149, 164 as literary reference, 85, 88 ; body/voice, 107, 216, 217, 222, 223 ; expressiveness, 10, 60, 67, 68, 155, 160 ; in slavery, 14, 99 ; rights, 51 humidification, 237–38 Hunt Lieberson, Lorraine, Ap2p5 Hurston, Zora Neale, 25, 26–7, 212, 215n26 hydration, 236–37, 247, 252. See also physical well–being hymns, 20, 31, 60, 70n19, 121, 142, 260, 261 adaptation by slaves, 16, 65, 100, 193 ; lined, 35 ; Protestant, 16 ; singing in the “sanctified” black church, 163 hymnals, 197–200, 203 Protestant, 180

I I Got Shoes (Thomas, 1924), Ap2p4 I Got Shoes/Somebody’s Knocking at Your Door (Thomas, 1928), Ap2p4 I Stood on de Ribber ob Jordan/Plenty Good Room (Davis, 19--?), Ap2p2 I Wanna Be Ready/Tone de Bell (Thomas, 1924), Ap2p4 I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free (Price, 2011), Ap2p4 I’m So Glad Trouble Don’t Last Always (Clark, 1924), Ap2p8 Images, op. 15 (Owens, 1968), Ap8p8 improvisation, 122, 143, 260 in African music, 7, 12, 163 ; in performance practice, 111–12, 127, 128–30, 132, 134–35, 138, 142 ; in recordings, 32, 90 ; in spirituals, 16, 123, 193, 196, 197 In His Hand: Seven Spirituals Arranged by Margaret Bonds (Bonds, 2010), Ap3p6, Ap4p18, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p31, Ap4p35, Ap7p9, In the Need of Prayer: 20 Favorite Spirituals for Mixed-Voice Choirs (Norton, 2011), Ap9p10

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

In the Spirit: Spirituals and American Songs with Orchestra and Chorus (Sims, 2009), Ap2p9, Ap7p13 Inez Matthews Sings Spirituals (Matthews, 2011), Ap2p5 inflammation, 224, 239–40, 241 inharmonic overtones, 226 inspiration, 102, 103, 116, 136, 139, 202, 204 biblical, 64, 67 ; by poetry, 150 ; by slave narratives, 131 ; from hymns, 65 instant gratification, 246 instrumental music, 3, 39, 41, 135, 216, 228. See also vocal music accompaniment, 11, 13 ; comparisons to vocal music, 216, 223, 227–28, 231, 234, 243, 246, 251, 252 ; role in concert spiritual performance, 125 instrumentalists, 29, 83, 121, 158 insurrection, 15 internal intercostal muscles, 219–20, 220 internal obliques, 220 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), transcribing AAE, 209 interpretation, 33, 60, 96–97, 106, 112, 121, 155, 203n1, 205, 213 based on composer’s instructions, 28, 70n7, 113, 155 ; body movement, gestures in performance, 178 ; by composer as performer, 22, 55 ; choral, 188, 192 ; collaborative, 136 ; dialect, using, 78, 79, 82, 93, 104, 199, 212 ; pedagogical approaches, 162, 165–66, 166, 173, 179n1 ; recordings, studying performance, 122 ; stylistic considerations, 129, 142, 172 interpretative freedom, 8, 32, 42, 46, 102, 129, 170 intonation, 53, 125, 163, 231 Irving, Ernest, Ap1p13, Ives, Charles, Ap1p14,

J Jackman, Andrew Pryce, 201, Ap9p3 Jackson, Cynthia, Ap3p6, Ap3p7 Jackson, Cliff, 115–16, 117, 124, 140–42, 140 Jackson, George Pullen, 3 Jackson, Richard, Ap9p9 Jackson King, Betty, 30, 255, Ap1p3, Ap1p9, Ap1p11, Ap1p20, Ap3p2, Ap3p20, Ap3p23, Ap3p25, Ap7p4, Ap7p11, Ap7p12, Ap7p14, Ap7p19, Ap8p12, Ap8p14, Ap9p9 James, Willis, Ap1p11, Ap1p15, jazz, 33, 102, 103, 126, 131, 135, 142, 151, 184, 199, 257, 260, 263 development from spirituals, 133 ; elements in concert spirituals, 2, 30, 39, 78, 111, 128, 129, 134 ; Jazz Hymns (Maynor, 2001), Ap2p9 Jennings, Joseph, 201, Ap9p3 Jennings, Roy, Ap3p2 Jericho, as literary reference, 5, 57, 64, 201, 202 Jessye, Eva, 29, 60–61, 61, 183, 191n7, Ap1p11, Ap3p14, Ap7p5-6. See also Eva Jessye Singers

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

as choral director, 28, 184 ; as composer, 61, 70n5, Jessye Norman at Notre Dame: A Christmas Concert (Norman, 1992), Ap2p3 The Jessye Norman Collection (Norman, 2005), Ap2p3 Jesus Christ, 59 as literary reference, 29, 60, 62, 63, 67, 79, 81–84, 88–90, 141, 201 ; identification with, 6, 62 Jim Crow laws, 25, 149, 150, 260, Ap7p4. See also laws restricting civil rights, segregation Job, as literary reference, 58, 59 Johnson, Francis Hall, 39, 42–43, 43, 127, 131, 141, 190, 195, 199, 259, 262, Ap1p5, Ap1p7, Ap1p9, Ap1p10, Ap1p11, Ap1p12, Ap1p13, Ap1p14, Ap1p15, Ap1p17-18, Ap1p19, Ap3p7, Ap3p15, Ap3p20, Ap3p21, Ap6p3, Ap7p18, Ap7p19, Ap8p6, Ap8p11, Ap9p9. See also Hall Johnson Choir, Hall Johnson Spirituals Competition as choral director, 26 ; as composer, 26, 30, 49, 56n5, 62, 88–90, 111, 148, 184 ; recordings of spirituals, 36, 90 ; views on dialect, 77 ; views on spirituals, 7, 9n7, 26, 125– 26, 184 Johnson, Georgia Douglas, Ap8p2, Ap8p12 Johnson, Howard, Ap1p18, Ap7p18 Johnson, James Weldon, 23, 24, 37n15, 51, 78, 153, 195, 205, Ap1p13, Ap1p16, Ap1p19, Ap3p16- 17, Ap3p26, Ap8p2, Ap8p5, Ap8p6, Ap8p12; views on dialect, 72, 74, 200, 205, 206, 212, 213n2 ; views on spirituals, 3, 24, 24, 66, 78, 96, 110, Ap7p2 Johnson, John Rosamond, 23, 24, 26, 37n15, 153, 199, Ap1p10, Ap3p16-17, Ap7p2, Ap8p4, Ap8p11 as composer, 23, 66, 74, 87–88, 195 ; recordings of spirituals, 88 Jonah, as literary reference, 57–58 Jones, Fanni, Ap2p5 Jones, Matilda Sissieretta, 23 Jones, Thomas S., Ap8p4 Jordan River, as literary reference, 6, 18, 63, 80, 261 as dialect, 6, 83 Joshua, as literary reference, 5, 57, 59, 64, 201, 202 Joubert, Joseph, 142, Ap1p3, Ap3p15, Ap8p6 Jubilee, 6, 19, 133 Jubilee choruses, 20, 68 Jubilee: SATB (Work, 1962), Ap9p13 Jubilee Songs: As Sung by the Jubilee Singers of Fisk University (Seward/White, 1884), 57, 69, 207, Ap9p11 judgment, 65 Jus’ Keep on Singin’ (Anderson, 1965), Ap2p6 justice, 74, 116, 131

K Kaiser, Kurt, Ap1p19, Ap7p19 Kathleen Battle at Carnegie Hall (Battle, 1992), Ap2p2 Kathleen Battle in Concert (Battle, 1994), Ap2p2

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Kenneth Spencer (Spencer, 1995), Ap2p11 Kenneth Spencer in Memoriam (Spencer, 1968), Ap2p11 Kenneth Spencer Singt Neger-Spirituals (Spencer, 19––?), Ap2p11 Kern, Philip, Ap3p4 Kerr, Jr., Thomas, Ap1p4, Ap1p9, Ap1p19, Ap3p20, Ap7p9, Ap7p19, Ap8p11, Ap8p12 Kilgore, James, Ap8p13 King, Jr., Martin Luther, 31, Ap8p11, Ap8p13 The King’s Singers 40th Anniversary Collection (Various, 2008), Ap9p16 kingdom, as literary reference, 1

L Labenske, Victor, Ap3p18, Ap7p17 The Lady from Philadelphia (Anderson, 1958, 1993), Ap2p6 Lain, LaToya, 131 lamina propria, 223, 223 laryngeal cancer, 249 laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), 241 larynx, 222–24, 225, 226, 228, 231–32, 235, 237, 238, 241, 243, 247 Larson, Lloyd, Ap3p26 laughing, 245, 248 Lawrence, William, 26, 29, 49, Ap1p5, Ap1p7, Ap1p12, Ap1p18, Ap7p6, Ap7p18, Ap9p9 Lawrence Winters: Recital (Winters, 2007), Ap2p11 laws restricting civil rights, 13, 73, 182. See also Jim Crow laws Lazarus, as a literary reference, 58 Lead Me, Guide Me (hymnal, 1987), 198 Leavitt, John, Ap9p9 Lebendige Vergangenheit: Marian Anderson (Anderson, 2004), Ap2p6 Lebendige Vergangenheit: Robert Merrill (Merrill, 1999), Ap7p7 Lee, III, James, Ap3p20, Ap8p12 Lee, Sylvia Olden, 33, 106, 116, 142, 142n1, Ap1p20, Ap7p19 Leontyne Price reDiscovered (Price, 2002), Ap2p3 Leontyne Price Sings Spirituals (Price, 2012), Ap1p4, Ap2p4 Let Freedom Ring! (Anderson, 2016), Ap2p6 Let It Shine! (English-Robinson, 1994), Ap2p2 Let’s Have a Union (Honeysucker/Dry, 2009), Ap7p7 libraries, 32, 109, 131, 207 Library of Congress, National Jukebox, 8 Library of Congress, National Recording Registry, 8, 45 Liebergen, Patrick, Ap3p18 Lieder (Norman, 1988), Ap2p3 Liederabend (Arroyo, 2012), Ap2p1, life, 11, 31, 116, 124, 126, 262 as a slave, 16, 64, 70n13, 97, 124, 193, 196, 197 ; as literary reference, 12, 58, 68 ; cultural and intellectual, 25 ; reaffirmation, 65–66

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life coaches, 139 lifetime servitude, 13, 60. See also slavery Lift Every Voice and Sing (hymnal, 1981), 198 Lima, Philip, Ap1p10, Ap2p8, Ap7p16 lips, 216, 228, 231 Little Voices: Gospel (Turner, 2007), Ap9p17 Live (Norman, 1987?), Ap2p3 Liverman, Will, Ap1p20, Ap7p18 Lloyd, Jr., Charles, 34, 255, Ap1p19, Ap3p18, Ap3p20, Ap7p15, Ap7p19, Ap8p11 loft voice, 226, 226 Logan, Wendell, Ap8p11 London, George, 96 A Lonesome Road: Paul Robeson Sings Spirituals and Songs (Robeson, 1984), Ap2p10 The Long Road to Freedom: An Anthology of Black Music, 35 Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 1891–1922 (2005), 55, Ap1p17, Ap2p8 loudness, 245 LPR. See laryngopharyngeal reflux Luboff, Norman, Ap9p9 Lucretia West Sings Spirituals (West, 1957?), Ap2p5 Luedeman, H., Ap3p18 lungs, 217–18, 219, 222, 224 The Lyric Suite: A Collection of Spirituals in Gospel Style (Morris, 2000), 129, Ap7p14 lyrics, 6, 68, 79, 13, 102, 116, 117, 145. See also text Lyrics of the Afro–American Spiritual: A Documentary Collection (Peters), 59–68

M M. Dobbs Sings Negro Spirituals (Dobbs, 1960), Ap2p2 MacGimsey, Robert, 29, 81–84, 94n18, Ap1p2, Ap1p5, Ap1p6, Ap1p7, Ap1p18, Ap7p7, Ap7p18 Magnificent Voice of William Warfield (Warfield, 19––?), Ap2p11 Manney, Charles Fonteyn, Ap3p26 Margetson, Edward, Ap8p4 Mark Rucker Sings Lena McLin: Songs for Voice & Piano (Rucker, 2002), Ap7p12 Marian Anderson, Vol. 1 (Anderson, 1988), Ap2p6 Marian Anderson Album of Songs and Spirituals (Rupp, 1948), Ap3p21, Ap4p26, Ap4p7 Marian Anderson and Dorothy Maynor in Concert (Anderson, 1980, 1995), Ap2p6 Marian Anderson in Concert 1943–1952 (Anderson, 1993), Ap2p6 Marian Anderson: Portraits in Memory (Anderson, 1993), Ap2p6 Marian Anderson: Rare and Unpublished Recordings, 1936–1952 (Anderson, 1998), Ap2p6 Marian Anderson Sings Eleven Great Spirituals (Anderson, 1955, 2017), Ap2p6 Marian Anderson Sings Spirituals (Anderson, 1948, 1995), Ap2p6 marijuana, 249 Marilyn Horne: The Complete Decca Recitals (Horne), Ap1p6 Marilyn Horne Foundation Presents on Wings of Song: Recital No. 9, Ap7p11

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Marsh, Don, Ap1p19, Ap7p19 Marshall, Melanie, Ap1p14, Martin, Warren, Ap9p9 Martinelli, Madeleine, Ap7p2 Masterworks of Choral Literature, v. 1 (Various, 1969), Ap9p20 Matthews, Benjamin, Ap1p10-11, Ap2p9, Ap7p13 Matthews, Inez, Ap2p5 Maynor, Dorothy, 25, 28–29, 45, 46, 52–55, 53, 56, 141, Ap1p16, Ap1p18, Ap2p3, Ap7p4, Ap7p18 Maynor, Kevin, Ap2p9, Ap7p8 McCall, Maurice, Ap8p11 McCorvey, Everett, 119, 120, 256 McDaniel, William Foster, Ap8p13 McDonald, Joette, Ap8p2, Ap8p11 McFerrin, Robert, Ap1p11, Ap2p9 McKay, Claude, Ap8p9, Ap8p10, Ap8p11 McLin, Lena, Ap1p11, Ap3p19, Ap7p11-12, Ap8p6, Ap9p9 McLin, Manuel, Ap8p6 McLin, Nathaniel, Ap8p6 [McLin], Spencer, Ap8p6 McRae, Shirley W., Ap9p16 medications, 236, 240–41, 242, 247 Melba, Nellie (Dame), Ap2p3 melodic embellishment, 163, 165, 170, 175, 178, 260. See also improvisation melodic lines in spirituals, 27, 116, 126, 132, melody, 38, 63–64, 76, 115, 138, 145, 165, 166, 170, 171, 195, 197, 227, 257, 259, 261 African–European musical integration, 16 ; argument against spirituals, 27, 39 ; borrowing from other sources, 7, 16 ; in concert spirituals, 5, 22, 24, 42, 80, 84, 111, 132, 133, 145, 147, 148–49, 196, 205 ; in folk spirituals, 14, 64, 123, 147, 196, 199, 207 limitations in notating spirituals, 32 mental wellness, 243, 251. See also physical well–being Merrill, Robert, 83, Ap7p7 message, 251. See also expressiveness Methusaleh, as literary reference, 85, 87, 88, 91 Millay, Edna St. Vincent, Ap8p2, Ap8p11 Miller, James, Ap1p18, Ap7p18, Ap9p13 Mills, Marvin, Ap1p6, Ap3p19 Milnes, Sherrill, Ap1p12, ministers. See preachers minstrelsy, 73, 97–8, 98, 114n16, 146–47, 148, 150, 250, 251 dialect used in, 73, 74 ; effects of, 19, 74, 97, 99, 102, 104, 154 ; performers of, 97, 98, 98, 182 modal voice, 225–26, 226 Monk, W. H., Ap9p8

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Montague, J. Harold, 190 Montoe, Annetta, 188 The Moods of My People (Motley/Sherrill, 2004), Ap8p13 Moore, Donald, Ap3p4 Moore, Dorothy Rudd, Ap8p6, Ap8p11 Moore, Thomas, Ap8p4, Ap8p5 Moore, Undine Smith, 29, 190, 195, Ap1p3, Ap1p21, Ap3p20, Ap3p23, Ap7p4, Ap7p8, Ap7p19, Ap8p11, Ap8p13, Ap8p14, Ap9p9 More Still: Music by William Grant Still (Various, 1999), Ap7p6 Morris, Robert L., 33, 129, 200, Ap1p9, Ap7p14, Ap8p12, Ap9p9, Ap9p15 Morrow, David, Ap9p15 Mortal Storm, op. 29 (Owens, 1969), Ap8p8 Moses (biblical character), as literary reference, 5, 6, 17, 22, 42, 55, 58, 63, 165–170, 173 Moses. See Tubman, Harriet Moses Hogan Chorale (Singers), 189–90, 189, 191n12, 204. See also Hogan, Moses. Moses, Oral, 36, Ap2p10, Ap7p10 Mosiac: A Collection of African-American Spirituals with Piano and Guitar (Brown, 2004), Ap1p2, Ap2p2, Ap7p4 Mosley, Robert, Ap1p15 Motley, John L., Ap3p15, Ap8p6 mouth, 228, 230, 231–32, 241, 244 MPA. See musical performance anxiety mucus, 223, 236–39, 241, 247 music libraries, 188 musical performance anxiety (MPA), 243–44 musicianship skills, 53, 133–34, 184, 231, 238–39 My Dream: Art Songs and Spirituals (Heard, 2012), Ap2p7, Ap7p4 My Favorite Spirituals: 30 Songs for Voice and Piano (Hayes, 2001), 55, Ap3p13, Ap4p7, Ap4p11, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p19, Ap4p20, Ap4p22, Ap4p23, Ap4p27, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p33, Ap4p35 My Lord What a Mornin’ (Holland, 1982, 1988), Ap2p7 My Spirituals (Jessye, 1927), Ap3p14, Ap4p8, Ap7p5-6 Myers, Gordon, Ap3p7

N NANM. See National Association of Negro Musicians naps, 249 narrative in spirituals, 7, 89–92, 133 nasal, 90, 228, 231, 239 Nash, Ogden, Ap8p5 National Association of Negro Musicians (NANM), 24, 34, 261, Ap7p3 National Association of Teachers of Singing (NATS), 35, 123, 233 National Conservatory of Music of America, 22, 38, 40, 148, Ap7p1 NATS. See National Association of Teachers of Singing

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Negro, historical context, 4–5 Negro Art Songs: Album by Contemporary Composers (Clark, 1946), 159, Ap3p26, Ap4p14, Ap8p4 Negro Folk Songs (Brown, 1930), Ap3p8, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap7p5 Negro Folk–Songs (Burlin, 1918), 84–87 Negro Spirituals (Duncan, 1952), Ap2p8, Ap7p2 Negro Spirituals (Fernandez, 1982, 2011), Ap2p2 Negro Spirituals (Hendricks, 1983), Ap2p2 Negro-Spirituals (Holland, 19––?), Ap2p7 Negro Spirituals (Jones, 1974), Ap2p5 Negro Spirituals (Jones, 1977), Ap2p5 Negro Spirituals (Maynor, 1942, 2018), Ap2p3 Negro Spirituals (Quivar, 1998), Ap2p5 Negro Spirituals (Ragin, 2006), Ap1p9, Ap2p6, Ap7p17 Negro Spirituals (Robeson, 19––?, 1980?), Ap2p10 Negro Spirituals (Smith, 195–?), Ap2p5 Negro Spirituals (Spencer, 19––?), Ap2p11 Negro Spirituals (Thomas, 1924), Ap2p5 Negro Spirituals (Various, 1998), Ap1p17-18, Ap7p18 Negro Spirituals (West, 196–?), Ap2p5 Negro Spirituals III (West, 1959), Ap2p5 Negro Spiritual mit Lukretia West (West, 195–?), Ap2p5 Negro spirituals. See spirituals Negro Spirituals: 1924–1949 (Anderson, 2004), Ap2p6 Negro Spirituals and Folk Songs: Sixteen Choral Arrangements (Hairston/Wilson, 1960), Ap9p6 Negro Spirituals Arranged by John Payne: For Low Voice (Payne, 1942), Ap3p20, Ap4p7, Ap4p8, Ap4p10, Ap4p15, Ap4p28, Ap4p34, Ap7p2 Negro Spirituals Arranged for Men’s Voices (Hall, 1939), Ap9p15 Negro Spirituals Arranged for Mixed Voices (Hall, 1967), Ap9p6 Negro Spirituals Arranged for Women’s Voices (Hall, 1939), Ap9p14 Negro Spiriruals: for Three-Part Treble Voices (Cain, 1946), Ap9p14 Negro Spirituals für Bass und Klavier (Negro Spirituals for Bass (baritone) and Piano) (Owens, 2005), Ap3p20, Ap4p6, Ap4p7, Ap4p22, Ap4p35 Negro Spirituals: The Concert Tradition, 1909–1948 (Various, 1999), Ap1p18, Ap7p18 Negro Spirituals: with Settings for Solo Voice (Dett, 1919), Ap7p3 Negro Spirituals en Concert (Jones, 1987), Ap2p5 Neti pot, 238 neurology, 231, 232, 244 The New Anthology of American Song (Various, 1942), Ap8p6 A New Anthology of Art Songs by African–American Composers (Simmons/Wagner, 2004), Ap6p3, Ap8p12 New Historical Anthology of Music by Women (Briscoe, 2004), Ap8p3 New Negro Movement. See Harlem Renaissance The New Orleans Heritage Choir. See The Moses Hogan Chorale

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

The New Negro Spiritual (Patterson, 2002), 33, Ap3p20, Ap4p6, Ap4p10, Ap4p13, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p25, Ap4p31, Ap4p33, Ap7p8, Ap7p13 The New Negro Spiritual (Shirley, Toppin, 2002), Ap2p4, Ap2p8 New Testament, 6, 58, 60, 64, 89 The New World Ensemble. See The Moses Hogan Chorale Nhuong, Huynh Quang, Ap8p12 Nicodemus, as literary reference, 85, 88, 89, 92 Nightsongs (Adams, 1976), Ap8p2, Ap8p12 No Borders (Hendricks, 2005), Ap2p3 Noah, as literary reference, 57 Nobody Knows: Songs of Harry T. Burleigh (Parks, 2007), Ap2p3 Nobody Knows de Trouble I’ve Seen (Clark, 1921), Ap2p8 Nobody Knows de Trouble I’ve Seen (Talbert, 19––?), Ap2p4 Nobody Knows de Trouble I’ve Seen/I Don’t Feel No Ways Tired (Seagle, 1918?), Ap2p9 Norman, Jessye, 32, 33, 83–84, Ap1p3, Ap1p4, Ap2p4, Ap7p7, Ap7p9, Ap7p16, Ap7p19 Norton, Christopher, Ap9p10 notation, 115, 117, 122, 128–29, 132, 133, 165, 200 IPA, 209, 260 ; limitations of, 32, 45, 73, 128 nutrition, 235–36, 252. See also physical well–being

O O Redeemed!: A Set of African–American Spirituals for Medium–High Voice and Piano (Brown, 1994), 129, Ap3p8, Ap4p28, Ap7p15 O’ What a Beautiful City/City Called Heaven (Williams, 19––?), Ap2p4 Oberlin Conservatory (College), 19, 21, 23, 141, Ap7p3 [O’Dethed, Grace], Ap8p11 Ohio River. See Jordan River Okpebholo, Shawn, 34, Ap1p20, Ap3p2, Ap3p19, Ap7p18 Ol’ Man River: His 56 Finest, 1925–1945 (Robeson, 2008), Ap2p10 Ol' Man River: The Very Best of Paul Robeson (Robeson, 2012), Ap2p10 Old American Songs (Simpson,2005), Ap2p11 Old Testament, 6, 58–59, 64, 68, 84, 87, 89, 90 On Consciousness Streams (Hairston, 2004), Ap8p13 On My Journey: Paul Robeson’s Independent Recordings (Robeson, 2007), Ap2p10 On Wings of Song (Allen, 1960?), Ap2p4 Open Boundaries (Sebron, 1989), Ap2p5 Opera Ebony Sings Spirituals (Parks, 2002), Ap2p3 oral tradition, 3, 16, 60, 63, 73, 95, 117, 120–22, 129, 149, 180, 193 O’Reilly, John Boyle, Ap8p5 Osterman, Eurydice V., Ap9p15 overhydration, 237 Overton, Kenneth, Ap7p13 overtones, 226–27, 227 Owens, Robert, Ap3p20, Ap7p10, Ap8p6-10, Ap8p11, Ap8p13

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The Oxford Book of Spirituals (Hogan, 2001), 200, 201, Ap7p16, Ap9p9

P Paget, Michael, Ap9p10 Parham, R. P., Ap1p19, Ap7p18 Parker, Alice, 195, 195, 200, Ap9p5, Ap9p9, Ap9p10-11 Parks, Karen, Ap2p4 Passionale: Four Songs for Tenor (Burleigh, 1915), Ap8p3 pastors. See preachers Patterson, Willis, 33, 145, 152, 156, 159, 160n1, Ap1p4, Ap3p20, Ap6p3, Ap7p13, Ap7p15, Ap8p11-12 Paul, as literary reference, 57 Paul Robeson (Robeson, 19––?, 1989), Ap2p10 Paul Robeson Collection (Robeson, 1998), Ap2p10 Paul Robeson in Live Performance (Robeson, 1971), Ap2p10 Paul Robeson Remembered (Maynor, 1998), Ap2p9 Paul Robeson Sings Negro Spirituals (Robeson, 19––?), Ap2p10 The Pause That Refreshes on the Air (Farrell, 19––?), Ap2p2 Payne, John C., 23, Ap1p7, Ap1p15, Ap1p16, Ap1p18, Ap1p19, Ap2p9, Ap3p7, Ap3p20, Ap3p21, Ap7p18 PBS Presents Denyce Graves: a Cathedral Christmas (Graves, 1997), Ap2p4 pedagogy, 117, 243, 246. See also teaching and coaching, vocal music African American art songs, of, 145, 156 ; discomfort/fear introducing black music, 163, 172, 212 ; spirituals, of, 162, 179n1 pentatonic scale, melodies in, 32, 133, 196 performance practice, 2, 26, 160, 213n2. See also, dialect concert spirituals, 39, 43, 45, 71, 115, 127, 130, 132, 143n11, 149, 154, 157, 198, 204–5, 207, 209, 213 ; melodic embellishment, 163, 165, 175, 178, 260 ; pedagogy, 163, 171–72, 175–76 ; rhythmic functions, 5, 16, 123. 124–28, 165, 166, 175, 196–97, 205 Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Ap3p20, Ap7p13, Ap8p11, Ap8p12 Perry, Julia, Ap1p21, Ap3p23, Ap7p4, Ap7p10, Ap7p19 Perry Merry Dixi: Thirteen Easy Songs for Mixed Voices (Coates, 1990), Ap9p4 personal connections with spirituals, developing, 60, 95, 117–9, 122, 130, 141, 158, 172–4 Peters, Erskine, 59–68, 70n4 pharynx, 228, 239, 241. See also throat Phelps, Mary, Ap8p11 Phillips, John C., Ap9p14 phonation, 219, 223–4, 235, 237 phonation threshold pressure (PTP), 237, 253n3 phonotrauma, 234, 245, 248, 251 physical exercise, 242–43, 250, 252 physical well–being, 234 exercise, 242–23, 250, 252 ; hydration, 236–37, 247, 252 ; mental wellness, 243, 251 ;

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nutrition, 235–36, 252 ; of throat, 239–40 ; vocal longevity, 246–47 ; vocal wellness, 246– 52 Pierson, Jay A., Ap7p4 pitch 125, 130, 177, 223–24, 226–31, 245, 260 effects on text enunciation, 75 Pittman, Evelyn La Rue, Ap9p9 Plantation Melodies Old and New (Burleigh, 1901), 41, 79 Plantation Songbook: The Original Manuscript Collection of Robert Hunter MacGimsey, 81, 83 plantation songs, 2, 10, 20, 38, 40, 41, 79, 190, 196, 207, 261 Pleasures of Their Company (Battle, 1986), Ap2p2 poetry, 136, 145, 150, 158, 160 elements, 25, 66, 170, 196 ; sources, 58 poets, 60, 71, 148, 150, 205 polyphonic texture, 197, 260 polyrhythm in African songs, 13, 126, 196 Poor Monah/Go Down Moses (Bledsoe, 19––?), Ap2p8 popular music 10, 33, 103, 117, 125, 133, 136, 142, 146, 151 influence on concert spirituals, 39 Porter, Steven, Ap9p5 Powell, Rosephanye, Ap9p15. See also Dunn-Powell, Rosephanye Powell, William C., Ap9p15 The Power and the Glory (Robeson, 1991), Ap2p10 Power, Ruth, Ap9p4 power source, 216–22 practice strategies, 250 prayer, 62, 199 prayer meetings, 17 preachers, 61, 72, 73, 83, 84, 89, 95, 121 intoning, 163 pressure (breathing), 217, 219–222 pressure, performance, 136, 137 Price, Deon N., Ap1p9, Price, Florence, 26, 30, 49, 148, 159, 255, Ap1p3, Ap1p5, Ap1p7, Ap1p11, Ap1p21, Ap3p14, Ap3p20, Ap3p23, Ap6p3, Ap7p4, Ap7p19, Ap8p4, Ap8p5, Ap8p11, Ap8p12, Ap8p14 Price, Leontyne, 28, 29, 31, 34, 101, 105, 141, Ap1p4, Ap2p4, Ap7p6, Ap7p8, Ap7p9, Ap7p12 Prima Voce: Marian Anderson (Anderson, 1996), Ap2p6 primitive songs, 24, 103, 126, 127. See also folk songs projection of feelings, 46, 103, 173. See also emotional expressiveness, performing with protest songs, 31, 63. See also civil rights protests in the United States Protestant church, 18, 257 hymns, 16, 180, 199 Purifoy, John, Ap9p8 Pushkin, Alexander, Ap8p11

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Q Quine, J. Henry, Ap8p4 Quivar, Florence, Ap1p6, Ap1p17-18, Ap2p5, Ap7p18

R race, 1, 2, 4, 39, 75, 84, 95–108, 110, 122, 144, 150–55, 158, 160, 199, 212, 256 racial identity, 5 Ragin, Derek Lee, 190, Ap1p8, Ap2p6, Ap7p17 Ragland, Dave, 34, Ap3p2, Ap3p20, Ap7p17 ragtime, influence on concert spirituals, 129 Rare Live Broadcast Performances (Anderson, 2013), Ap2p6 Ready to Sing–Spirituals: Eleven Spirituals Simply Arranged for Voice and Piano, for Solo or Unison Singing (Althouse, 2000), Ap3p3, Ap4p12, Ap4p16, Ap4p24, Ap4p28, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p32 Reagon, Bernice Johnson, 35 Recital at Ravinia (Hunt Lieberson, 2009), Ap2p5 Recital of Negro Spirituals by Ellabelle Davis (Brown, 1950?), Ap2p2 recordings, sound ; role in development of concert spirituals, 21, 31, 35–36, 42, 103, 105, 207 Anderson, Marian, 49, 80, 162 ; Burleigh, Harry T. spirituals 22, 26, 42, 80–81, 131, 164– 70 ; choral music, 2, 26, 43, 86, 183, 184, 186–88, 190, 256 ; Fisk Jubilee Singers, 8, 20– 21, 44 ; Hayes, Roland, 44–45 ; Robeson, Paul, 50 ; solo vocal music, 22–23, 28–29, 32– 33, 39, 46, 55–56, 69, 81–84, 88, 90–92, 96, 99, 106, 112, 142, 257, 262 rectus, 219, 221 Reddick, William, Ap3p21 reflexive habits, 232 rehearsals, 121, 133 religion, 26, 98, 99–100, 172 for slaves, slaveowners’ views of, 15 ; musical expression, 15–16, 58, 78, 103, 113n7, 149, 192–93, 262 ; role in slaves’ lives, 16, 17, 123, 180, 196 ; role for contemporary African Americans, 128, 163, 173 religious folk songs, 149, 192, 193. See also spirituals Religious Folk–Songs of the Negro Sung at Hampton Institute (Fenner, 1874, 1920; Dett, 1927), 207, Ap9p18-19 Religious Music, v. 2 (Thomas, 1999?), Ap2p4 Remembering Marian Anderson (Robinson, 1997), Ap2p4 repertoire and resources, 1–2, 3, 57, 103, 110, 130, 132, 133, 146, 159, 198 assessing material for, 137, 152, 153, 156–58 ; choral music, 19–20, 21, 155, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190, 195, 250 ; effect of instrumental collaboration on, 133–34, 136–37 ; exclusion of spirituals from, 32, 154, 162 ; pedagogical approach, 163, 165–78 ; solo vocal music, 29, 33, 46, 50, 87, 88, 95, 107, 108, 114n16, 149, 152, 157, 160, 164 repetition (repeated lines) of text, 6–7, 16, 66, 129, 175, 178, 196 resonance, 132–33, 216, 225, 230, 235, 245, 248, 252 in the “black” voice, 107 ; free, 228 ; forced, 228 ; of instruments, 227–28 ; private, 228 ; vocal tract as source of, 227–28, 231

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resonator, 216–17 respiratory system, 217 Return to Carnegie Hall (Price, 1996), Ap2p3 Revelations: New Spiritual Arrangements & Gospel Songs in Seeking Justice for Black Lives (Dunn, 2018), Ap9p5 rhythm, 10, 13, 26, 104, 145, 163, 250, 260, 261, 263 African–European musical integration, 7, 13 ; body movement, 78, 106 ; effects of text on, 6, 71, 73, 86 ; in concert spirituals, 78, 82, 83, 90, 130, 133, 165–66, 171, 174, 176–77, 190, 202 rhythmic function in spirituals, 5, 16, 123. 124–28, 165, 166, 175, 196–97, 205 Rimband, Arthur, Ap8p9 Rimband Cabaret, op. 101 (Owens, 2012), Ap8p9 Ride On, King Jesus: Florence Quivar Sings Black Music of America (Quivar, 2010), Ap1p6, Ap2p5 ring dance, 193, 196 River Jordan. See Jordan River Robert Shaw Chorale, 21. See also Shaw, Robert Robert Sims Sings the Spirituals of Roland Hayes (Sims, 2015), Ap1p12, Ap2p9 Roberts, Howard, Ap1p18, Robeson, Paul, 21, 23, 25–26, 29, 30, 45, 46, 49–51, 56, 69, 116, 141, 154, 155, 163, 164, Ap1p13, Ap1p16, Ap1p18, Ap2p10, Ap7p2, Ap7p5, Ap7p18 Robinson, Faye, Ap2p4 Rogers, Wayland, Ap3p21 Roland Hayes: My Songs (Hayes, 1956), Ap2p7 A Roland Hayes Recital (Hayes, 19––?), Ap2p7 Roland Hayes Sings: Negro Spirituals, Aframerican Folk Songs (Hayes, 19––?), Ap2p7 Roland Hayes Sings Christmas Carols of the Nations (Hayes, 1954?), Ap2p7 Roland Hayes Sings the Life of Christ: As Told through Aframerican Folksong (Hayes, 1976), Ap2p7 Romantic American Art Songs: 50 Songs by 14 Composers (Walters, 1990), Ap8p14 room humidification, 237–38 Roots: My Life, My Song (Norman, 2010), Ap2p3 Rosten, Norman, Ap8p12 Ruby Elzy in Song: Rare Recordings 1935–1942 (2006), Ap2p2 Ruck, , Ap3p24 Rucker, Mark, Ap7p12 Rumi, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad, Ap8p8, Ap8p10 Run, Mary, Run/Nobody Knows de Trouble I Sees (Thomas, 1928), Ap2p4 Rupp, Franz, Ap3p21 Rustin, Bayard, Ap2p8 Rutter, John, 200, 201–202, 203, Ap9p11

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S The Sacred Collections (Walters, 2001), Ap3p24, Ap4p5, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p18, Ap4p21, Ap4p22, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p27, Ap4p28, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p31, Ap4p32, Ap4p36 Sacred Songs (Norman, 1983), Ap2p3 Sadin, Robert, Ap7p18 Saint Louis Woman (Brewer, 1993), Ap2p2 saliva production, 241 saltwater rinse, 238–39 Samson, as a literary reference, 57, 84, 86–87, 89, 90–91 Sanders, Wayne, 142 Sappho, Ap8p11, Ap8p14 Saracen Songs, Ap8p4 Save the Children, Save Their Lives (Estes, 2010), Ap2p9 Scandalize My Name (Robeson, 1976), Ap2p10 Schenck, Elliot, Ap9p9 Schleifer, Martha Furman, Ap8p12 Schubert, Debussy, Fauré, Negro Spirituals (Hendricks, 1990), Ap2p2 Seagle, Oscar, 22, 95, 112, Ap2p9 Sebron, Carolyn, Ap2p5 Second Anthology of Art Songs by Black American Composers (Patterson, 2002), 145, 159, Ap6p3, Ap8p11 second formant, 229, 230, The Second Book of Negro Spirituals, 23, Ap3p16-17, Ap7p2 secret signals in spirituals, 62, 63. See also double meaning, hidden meaning segregation, 150, 182, 257, 262 Sence You Went Away (Videmus, 1998), Ap7p12 Seventy Negro Spirituals (Fisher, 1926), 23, Ap3p11-12, Ap4p5, Ap4p7, Ap4p8, Ap4p9, Ap4p10, Ap4p11, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p17, Ap4p20, Ap4p21, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p25, Ap4p27, Ap4p28, Ap4p29, Ap4p32, Ap4p33, Ap4p34, Ap7p2 Seward, Theodore, Ap9p11 Shackley, Larry, Ap3p3 Shafferman, Jean Anne, Ap3p3 Shakespeare, William, Ap8p13, Ap8p14 Shanti, Nadine, Ap8p13 Shaw, Robert, 195, 200, Ap9p5, Ap9p9 The Shawn E. Okpebholo Collection of Negro Spirituals (Okpebholo, 2013), Ap3p19, Ap4p8, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p25, Ap4p27, Ap4p28, Ap4p31, Ap4p32, Ap4p34 Sheppard, Myrtle Vorst, Ap8p11 Sherrill, Barbara, Ap8p13 Shirley, George, 29, 104, 152, 159, 270, Ap2p8, Ap7p11 Shirley Verrett: Edition (Verrett, 2013), Ap2p5 Shirley Verrett Recital (Verrett, 1991), Ap2p5, Ap7p10 Shout for Joy: Spiritual Christmas (Noël Sacré) (Hendricks, 2010), Ap2p3

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shouts, 16, 35, 193, 196 Silver Rain, op. 11 (Owens, 1975), Ap8p9 Silverman, Jerry, Ap3p22 Simmons, Margaret, Ap6p3, Ap8p12 Simms, Patsy, Ap3p3, Ap3p4 Simon Estes Sings Christmas Carols (Estes, 2005), Ap2p9 Simon Sings His Favorite Gospels &Spirituals (Estes, 1999), Ap2p9 Simpson, Elmer A., Ap1p11, Simpson, Eugene Thamon, 62, 72, 77, 77, 89, 90, 92, 93n2, 111, Ap1p14, Ap2p11, Ap3p15, Ap8p6 Simpson–Curenton, Evelyn, 116, 141, Ap1p3, Ap1p6, Ap1p20, Ap3p22, Ap7p16, Ap7p19, Ap9p9, Ap9p15 Sims, Robert, Ap1p12, Ap1p16, Ap2p9, Ap7p12, Ap7p13 Sing Out! Spirituals, Seven Traditional Spirituals for Today’s Choirs (De–Lisser/Power, 2014), Ap9p4 Singer Portrait: Lawrence Winters (Winters, 2012), Ap2p11 singer’s formant, 132, 228–30 Singin’ in the Spirit: 5 Spirituals for S.A.T.B. Voices (Parker, 2006), Ap9p10 Singin’ in the Storm (Verrett, 2011), Ap2p5 Six Negro Folk Songs (Brown, 1943), Ap3p8, Ap4p9, Ap4p29 Six Negro Spirituals for Bass (Baritone) and Piano (Owens, 2005), Ap7p10 Sixteen New Negro Spirituals (Johnson, 1939), Ap3p17, Ap4p19, Ap4p27 Sixty–four Spirituals A Cappella: Traditional Afro–American Song (Buckland, 2011), Ap9p2 Sixty-two Southland Spirituals: Including Lift Every Voice and Sing (Various, 1946), Ap9p11 Skellen, Peter, Ap9p20 skill development, 93, 129–30, 131, 132, 135, 136, 138, 146, 231, 250 skill set diversification, 1, 109–10, 145, 149 slave narratives, 31, 131 Slave Songs of the United States (Allen/Ware/Garrison), 73, 180, 207 slavery, 13–15, 31, 39, 60, 61, 62, 97, 102, 123, 144, 190, 197, 211, 256, 263 slaves, 55, 57, 58, 62, 64, 100, 102, 146, 180, 256, 258, 259, 262 African traditions retained by, 7, 11, 65, 66 ; and escape via Underground Railroad, 17, 59, coded communications, 12, 17–18, 63 ; dialects spoken by, 6, 71–72, 210 ; forced illiteracy of, 3, 15, 73 ; in United States, 13–18 ; musical expression by, 4, 10, 16, 58–9, 123, 124, 144, 147, 190, 193, 194 ; narratives, 31 ; oral traditions, 16 ; religious expression, 6, 17, 62, 65–66, 67, 68, 84, 180, 193, 196 sleep, 251 Smith, Byron J., Ap9p15 Smith, Hale, Ap1p8, Ap1p9, Ap1p20, Ap3p20, Ap7p11, Ap7p19 Smith, Mary Carter, Ap8p13 Smith, Muriel, Ap2p5 smoking, 242, 245, 249 sneezing, 245, 248 Sneed, Damien, 34, 106, 142, Ap3p2, Ap3p22, Ap7p17

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social media, 34, 101, 138 societal impacts, 99–100, 126–27, 149–50, 155, 157, 235 of slavery, 14, 97, 190 ; on African Americans, 25, 30, 34, 99, 146–47, 154 Softly Awakes My Heart: Very Best of Marian Anderson (Anderson, 2001, 2016), Ap2p6 Something within Me (Warfield, 2000), Ap2p11 song literature, 57–69, 108, 109, 133, 146, 152–55, 162, 172, 194, 246 Song of the Seasons, Ap8p3 Songs (Hunt Lieberson, 2007), Ap2p5 Songs America Loves (Farrell, 1965), Ap2p2 Songs and Spirituals, v. 1 (Jac. Hairston, 2019), Ap3p12, Ap4p12, Ap4p15, Ap4p17, Ap4p19, Ap4p20 Songs by Wagner, Wolf, Britten and John Carter (Brewer, 2008), Ap2p2, Ap7p12 Songs for Sunday (Baker, 1981), Ap2p4 Songs for Today: Eine Sammlung Amerikanischer (American Negro Spirituals) (Clemmons, 1997), Ap9p18 Songs for Voice & Piano (McLin, 2003), Ap3p19, Ap4p17, Ap4p20, Ap4p34, Ap8p6 Songs My Mother Taught Me (Alexander, 1999), Ap2p1, Songs of a Wayfarer (Lima, 2017), Ap2p8 Songs of America (Moses, 2008), Ap2p10 Songs of America from Another American (Maynor, 2002), Ap2p9, Ap7p8 songs of consolation and faith, 62 songs of jubilation and triumph, 64–65 songs of judgment and reckoning, 65 Songs of Love (McLin, 2003), Ap8p6 Songs of Love and Justice (Hailstork, 2002), Ap8p11, Ap8p13 Songs of My People (Robeson, 1972), Ap2p10 songs of regeneration, 65–66 songs of resistance, defiance and deliverance, 62–63 Songs of Separation (Still, 1949, 1990s), Ap8p13 songs of spiritual progress, 66–67 songs of transcendence, 67–68 Songs of a Wayfarer (Lima, 2017), Ap1p10, Ap7p16 Songs of Wagner, Wolf, Britten & John Carter (Brewer, 2008), 112 Songs of Zion (hymnal, 1998), 198 Soprano (Brown, 1995), Ap2p2 sorrow songs, 1, 2, 10, 16, 60–61, 133. See also, spirituals Soul of a Singer: Robert Sims Sings, African-American Folk Songs (Sims, 1998?), Ap2p9, Ap7p12 sound system, 252 Southern, Eileen, 37n16, 161n8, 176, 196 Southern states, United States, 25, 31, 45, 64, 207, 259, 260 dialect, 78, 205, 206, 211, 262 ; slavery in, 3, 14–15, 18–19, 196 Southern States White English (SSWE), 211, 262 speaking text (dialect), 72–73, 76, 78, 92, 168, 211–12 speaking voice, 248

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spectrum analyzer, 230–31 Spencer, Kenneth, Ap2p11 spiritual art songs, 6, 162–163, 171, 172, 179. See also, concert spirituals The Spiritual: An Underground Railroad (Maynor, 2000?), Ap2p9 The Spiritual Art Song Collection (Lloyd, 2000), Ap3p18, Ap4p6, Ap4p15, Ap4p17, Ap4p18, Ap4p28, Ap4p32, Ap4p36, Ap7p15 A Spiritual Journey (Matthews, 2000), Ap2p9 The Spiritual Renaissance Singers, 188. See also Trice, Patrice; Montoe, Annetta Spiritual Sketches (Brownlee, 2013), Ap2p7, Ap7p17 Spiritual Sketches (Sneed, 2013), Ap3p22, Ap4p6, Ap4p12, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p27, Ap4p31, Ap4p33 Spiritual Songs: Hymns and Folk-Songs of Early America, for SA or Equal Voices, Accompanied by Piano or Organ with Optional Use of Violin, Recorder, Flute and Oboe (Fjerstad, 1968), Ap9p14 spirituals. See also concert spirituals characteristics of, 5 ; European interest in, 23, 29, 39, 194 ; first historic references, 15–16, 180–81 ; research of, 3, 11, 35, 100, 182, 207 ; unaccompanied works for chorus, 36, 45, 184, 186, 188, 190, 191n2, 193, 201, 202 ; Western European music, influences of, 7 Spirituals (Anderson, 1955, 1999), Ap1p6, Ap2p6 Spirituals (Arroyo, 1991), Ap2p1 Spirituals (Conrad, 1995), Ap2p4, Ap7p7 Spirituals (Dett, 1943), Ap3p11 Spirituals (Estes, 1985), Ap2p9 Spirituals (Fernandez, 1982), Ap2p3 Spirituals (Hendricks, 2005), Ap2p3 Spirituals (Norman, 1990), Ap1p4, Ap2p3, Ap7p9 Spirituals (Robeson, 1945, 1948?), Ap2p10 Spirituals (Silverman, 1995), Ap3p22, Ap4p7, Ap4p8, Ap4p10, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p19, Ap4p23, Ap4p26, Ap4p27, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p31, Ap4p32, Ap4p36 Spirituals (West, 1954), Ap2p5 Spirituals: A Collection, Eleven Arrangements for Mixed Voice Choirs (Allain, 2006), Ap9p2 Spirituals: A Multidisciplinary Bibliography for Research and Performance (Abromeit, 2015), 59 Spirituals & Art Songs, v. 1 (Ragland, 2017), Ap3p21, Ap4p6, Ap4p12, Ap4p14, Ap4p16, Ap4p27, Ap4p31, Ap4p33, Ap7p17 Spirituals and Gospel Songs for SAB Voices: For Concerts, Contests and Worship (Hayes, 2004), Ap9p8 Spirituals, Arias, Songs: 1940–1943 (Maynor, 1994), Ap2p3 The Spirituals Database (Jones, 2015-), 39, 46, 96, 262 Spirituals: Five Negro Songs (Brown, 1923), Ap3p8, Ap7p5 Spirituals for Choirs: 20 Specially Commissioned Choral Arrangements (Chilcott, 2001), 200–01, Ap9p3

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Spirituals for Solo Singers: 11 Spirituals Arranged for Solo Voice and Piano: for Recitals, Concerts and Contests (Althouse, 1994), Ap3p4, Ap4p12, Ap4p16, Ap4p19, Ap4p28, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p32, Ap4p36 Spirituals for Solo Singers: 10 Spirituals Arranged for Solo Voice and Piano: for Recitals, Concerts and Contests, v. 2 (Althouse, 1994), Ap3p4, Ap4p20, Ap4p21, Ap4p22, Ap4p23 Spirituals for Two: A Collection of 2-Part Arrangements for Young Voices (Emerson, 2010), Ap9p16 Spirituals for Two Voices: Medium Voice Vocal Duets (Larson, 2008), Ap3p26, Ap4p7, Ap4p14, Ap4p17, Ap4p23, Ap4p27, Ap4p30, Ap4p32, Ap4p34, Ap4p35 Spirituals for Upper Voices (Powell, 2011), Ap9p15 Spirituals for Young Singers (Liebergen, 2013), Ap3p18, Ap4p6, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p16, Ap4p18, Ap4p23, Ap4p28, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p32 Spirituals in Concert (Battle, Norman, 1991), Ap1p19, Ap2p2, Ap2p3, Ap7p16, Ap7p19 Spirituals in Zion: A Spiritual Heritage for the Soul (Moses, 2003), Ap2p10 The Spirituals of Harry T. Burleigh (Burleigh, 1984), Ap3p9, Ap4p5, Ap4p8, Ap4p10, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p17, Ap4p18, Ap4p19, Ap4p21, Ap4p22, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p26, Ap4p27, Ap4p28, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p31, Ap4p32, Ap4p34, Ap4p35 Spirituals: Original Recordings, 1925–1936 (Robeson, 2003), Ap2p10 Spirituals Reborn (Paget, 1976), Ap9p10 Spirituals Triumphant Old and New: Printed in Both Round and Shaped Notes (Boatner, 1927), Ap3p5 Spirituals: 200 Years of African-American Spirituals (Warfield, 1993), Ap2p11 stamina, 235, 247, 250–51 Standin’ in the Need o’Prayer/Golden Crown (Seagle, 1920), Ap2p9 Stanzas for Music (Owens, 1972), Ap8p9 Steal Away (Okpebholo, 2014), Ap1p20, Ap7p18 Steal Away: My Favorite Negro Spirituals (Estes, 1994), Ap2p9 steam inhalers, 237–38 Sterling, Robert, Ap3p3 sternum, 218, 219 Still, William Grant, 29, 195, 200, 255, Ap1p12, Ap1p18, Ap3p2, Ap3p22, Ap7p6, Ap8p4, Ap8p11, Ap8p13, Ap8p14 The Story of the Spirituals: 30 Spirituals and Their Origins (Boatner, 1973), Ap3p5-6, Ap4p6, Ap4p7, Ap4p9, Ap4p12, Ap4p14, Ap4p16, Ap4p17, Ap4p18, Ap4p20, Ap4p23, Ap4p26, Ap4p27, Ap4p28, Ap4p29, Ap4p32, Ap4p33, Ap4p34, Ap7p7, Ap9p9 straight singing, without improvisation, 32, 128, 134 straight tone, 169, 177, 178 stress, 224, 252 The Student Singer: 25 Songs in English for Classical Voice (Walters, 2005), Ap3p24, Ap4p8, Ap4p13, Ap4p18, Ap4p24 stylistic diversity, 2, 7, 28, 30, 32, 39, 78, 103, 111, 129, 130, 133, 142, 178, 222, 227, 232 Summer. Life. Song: for Voice and Piano, Ap8p5 Summerville, Willie, 118, 119, 119, supplemental vibration, 227

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Swanson, Howard, Ap8p11, Ap8p12 Swenson, May, Ap8p11, Ap8p12 Swing Low, Sweet Chariot (Clark, 192–?), Ap2p8 Swing Low, Sweet Chariot (Thomas, 1924), Ap2p4 Swing Low, Sweet Chariot (Robeson, 195–?), Ap2p10 Swing Low, Sweet Chariot: Fourteen Spirituals (Price, 1962), Ap2p3 Swing Low, Sweet Chariot/Goin' To Shout All Over God's Heaven (Bledsoe, 1935), Ap2p8 Swing Low, Sweet Chariot/I Stood on de Ribber ob Jordan (Clark, 1924), Ap2p8 syllables, stressed and unstressed, 13, 86, 126, 209–10. See also accents, syllabic Sylvester, Joshua, Ap8p12 Symphonic Spirituals (Brown, 1979), Ap2p7 syncopation, 5, 13, 125, 126, 165–65, 176, 196, 260, 261

T Talbert, Florence Cole, Ap2p4 Taylor, Bernard, Ap8p13 Taylor, Darryl, 36, 159, 255, Ap1p8, Ap2p6, Ap2p8, Ap7p9, Ap7p10, Ap7p13, Ap8p9 Taylor, Vivian, 159, Ap3p1, Ap6p3, Ap7p4, Ap8p14 tea, 239 teaching, choral music, 121, 188, 256 teaching and coaching, vocal music, 104, 222. See also pedagogy concert spirituals repertoire, 132, 133, 163, 172–76 ; diversification of methodology, 121, 137, 144, 160, 176–79 Tearless, op. 9 (Owens, 1985), Ap8p9 Tearless: Six Song-Cycles for Bariton and Piano (Owens, 1998), Ap8p9 Teasdale, Sara(h), Ap8p4, Ap8p8, Ap8p13 tempos, use of, 5, 16, 75, 83, 88, 90, 113, 123, 124, 125–26, 127, 136, 165, 170, 175, 176, 178. See also rhythm Ten Negro Spirituals: in Song Form (Fisher, 1925), Ap3p26, Ap4p8, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p23, Ap4p26, Ap4p27, Ap4p29, Ap4p32 Ten Spirituals: for Solo Voice and Piano (Work, 1952), Ap3p25, Ap4p10, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p17, Ap4p20, Ap4p35 10 Spirituals for Solo Voice: for Concerts, Contents, Recitals and Worship (M. Hayes, 1998), Ap3p13, Ap4p16, Ap4p17, Ap4p23, Ap4p32 tessitura, 21, 133, 248, 250 text, 7, 21, 27, 41, 42, 58, 60, 65, 72, 79–81, 102, 108, 111, 129, 130, 132, 145–46, 150, 154, 157– 58, 175, 176, 180, 197, 250, 252. See also lyrics alterations to, 16, 31 ; hidden meanings, 12, 17, 59, 123, 155, 193 ; performance using dialect, 75–79, 81–92, 111, 134, 199, 204, 208, 212 ; repetition of, 6, 169, 196 Thanks Be to Thee (Simpson, 2005), Ap2p11 themes, 28, 50, 58, 60, 68, 100, 197, 262 There’s a Meeting Here Tonight (Arroyo, 1974), Ap2p1 Thirteen Jazz Settings (Perkinson, 2002), Ap8p12

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Thirteen Spirituals for Equal Voices in Unison and Two Parts, with Organ, and Unaccompanied (Hancock, 1973), Ap9p19 30 Negro Spirituals, Book 1 and 2 (Brown, 1972), Ap9p17 Thirty Spirituals Arranged for Voice and Piano (Hall Johnson, 1949, rev. 2007), 35, Ap3p15, Ap4p8, Ap4p10, Ap4p11, Ap4p12, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p24, Ap4p25, Ap4p26, Ap4p32 33 Spirituals: for Upper Voices (Buckland, 2014), Ap9p13 36 More Solos for Young Singers (Boytim, 2012), Ap3p6 36 Solos for Young Singers (Boytim, 2001), Ap3p6, Ap4p18, Ap4p19, Ap4p23, Ap4p30 Thomas, André, 200, 204, 213n1, Ap9p8-9 Thomas, Edna, Ap2p4 Thomas, Indra, Ap2p4, Ap7p16 Thompson (Corley), Maria, Ap1p9 thorax, 218–20, 222 Three Countee Collen Songs, op. 27 (Owens, 1964), Ap8p10 Three Dream Portraits: Poems from the Dream Keeper by Langston Hughes (Bonds, 1959), Ap8p3, Ap8p11, Ap8p14 Three Dunbar Poems (Jackson King, 2002), Ap8p12 Three Generations Live (Matthews, Sims, Warfield, 2000), Ap2p9, Ap7p13 Three Simple Songs (Hailstork, 2011), Ap8p3, Ap8p11 3 Songs, op. 41 (Owens, 1988), Ap8p9, Ap8p10 Three Songs for a Deep Voice and Piano, op. 18 (Owens, 1998), Ap8p9, Ap8p10 3 Songs for Coloratura and Piano, op. 31 (Owens, 1998), Ap8p10 Three Spirituals: SATB Choir, Unaccompanied (Warren, 2007), Ap9p12 throat, 75, 104, 223, 227, 228, 231, 232, 237, 239–40, 241, 245 Thurman, Howard, Ap8p13 thyroarytenoid (TA) dominant, 224–25, 225 thyroid cartilage, 224, 225 Tillis, Frederick, Ap8p13 Tindley, Charles, Ap1p11, Todd Duncan Recital (Duncan, 194–?), Ap2p8 Todd Duncan Sings Spirituals (Duncan, 1952), Ap1p10, Ap2p8 tongue, 228, 231–32 Toppin, Louise, 36, 159, Ap2p4, Ap3p15, Ap7p4, Ap7p13, Ap8p6 Traditional Spirituals (Bartholomew, 1996), Ap9p15 transverse abdominis, 220 The Treasury of Negro Spirituals (Chambers, 1959), Ap3p10, Ap4p5, Ap4p7, Ap4p8, Ap4p10, Ap4p11, Ap4p12, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p16, Ap4p17, Ap4p19, Ap4p21, Ap4p22, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p26, Ap4p27, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p31, Ap4p32, Ap4p33, Ap4p34, Ap4p35 A Tribute to William Warfield (Warfield, 1994), Ap2p11 Trice, Patricia, 188, 188 trouble, as a literary theme, 22, 84, 112, 141, 201 Tryin’ to Get Ready: 30 African American Spirituals Arranged for SATB Voices (White, 2006), Ap9p12

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Tryin’ to Make Heaven My Home (Brown, 2002), Ap3p8, Ap4p24, Ap4p29, Ap4p31, Ap4p33 Tubman, Harriet, 18, 37n10, 197, 261 Tucker, Eric Hoy, 96 Turner, Barrie Carson, Ap9p17 Turner, Nat, 14, 65 Tuskegee, 21, 98, 183 Twelve Negro Spirituals: Arranged for Voice(s) and Piano (Still, 1937), Ap3p22, Ap4p11, Ap4p23, Ap4p24, Ap4p31, Ap4p34, Ap4p35, Ap7p6 21 Spirituals for the 21st Century: Songbook (Wise, 2004, 2017), Ap9p13 25 Spirituals Arranged by Harry T. Burleigh (Burleigh, 2012), Ap3p10, Ap4p5, Ap4p8, Ap4p12, Ap4p13, Ap4p14, Ap4p15, Ap4p18, Ap4p19, Ap4p21, Ap4p22, Ap4p23, Ap4p27, Ap4p28, Ap4p29, Ap4p30, Ap4p31, Ap4p32, Ap4p33 Twine, Linda, 187 Two Negro Spirituals (Reddick, 1918), Ap3p21, Ap4p10, Ap4p15 Two Negro Spirituals (Reddick, 1919), Ap3p21 Two Songs for Julie Ju (Noel Da Costa), Ap8p11 Two Songs for Mezzo-Soprano & Cello, op. 120 (Owens, 2013), Ap8p10

U Uncle Remus stories, 74 Underground Railroad, 6, 14, 33, 63, 263 songs associated with, 17, 35, 59 ; terms referencing, 17–18, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263 Unusual Negro Spirituals (Hall, 1964), Ap3p13

V Valance, Nikos, Ap8p1 van Dijk, Peter Louis, 201, Ap9p3 Verrett, Shirley, 105, 108, 141, Ap2p5, Ap7p10 The Very Best of Barbara Hendricks (Hendricks, 2005), Ap2p3 The Very Best of Marian Anderson (Anderson, 2009), Ap2p6 The Very Best of Paul Robeson (Robeson, 2009), Ap2p10 vibration, 105, 216, 217, 225–26, 226, 227–28, 248, 249 vibrato, 230 A Victoria Christmas in Song (Quivar, 1993), Ap2p5 Videmus, Ap1p20-21, Ap7p4, Ap7p6, Ap7p9, Ap7p10 Une Vie Pour le Chant (Norman, 2013), Ap2p3 Virginia (U.S. state), 13, 14, 52, 84, 98, 190 visualization techniques, 244 vocal folds, 223–24, 235–37, 239, 247, 248–49, 252 damage to, 241, 245, 249, 251 ; structure of, 223 ; vibration, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228 vocal longevity, 246–47. See also physical well–being vocal music, 1, 59, 96, 111, 112, 144, 192. See also instrumental music

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accompaniment, 137 ; comparisons to instrumental music, 216, 223, 227–28, 231, 234, 243, 246, 251, 252 vocal tract, 225, 227–28, 231 vocal wellness, 246–52. See also physical well–being vocalise, 246, 247, 250 voice articulation, 216, 231–32 ; athletic demands of, 234–36, 242–43, 244–47 ; balancing, 75, 178 ; beauty of, 132, 235 ; challenges of, 247 ; conservation, 250 ; cross–training, 250, 252 ; development of, 146, 246 ; disorders, 245 ; fatigue of, 236, 241, 251 ; fitness program for, 247 ; forced resonance and, 227–28 ; habits, 234, 236 ; health of, 234–252 ; hygiene education, 245 ; injury of, 234, 235, 237 ; injury prevention, 245–49 ; intensity of, 248, 250 ; larynx, vibrator of, 222–228 ; ligament, 223–24 ; loft, 226 ; longevity, 246 ; medications and, 240–41 ; misuse and abuse of, 235, 245 ; modal, 225–26, 226 ; problems with, 230, 235 ; production, 244, 246 ; pulmonary system as power source of, 217–22 ; qualities, 165, 177, 225 ; reflux and, 241–42 ; side effects, 242 ; speaking, 248–49 ; styles, 222 ; technique, 75, 245–47, 251 ; training, 251–52 ; vibrato, 250–51 ; vocal naps, 249 ; vocal tract as source of resonance of, 227–31 ; wellness, 235–43, 245–52 La Voix du Ciel (Hendricks, 1991), Ap2p2 Volkslieder & Spirituals (Spencer, 197–?), Ap2p11 vowels, 75, 227–31, 229, dialect, in, 86, 88, 90, 132, 133, 205, 211

W W. C. Handy’s Collection of Negro Spirituals for Mixed Voices, Male Voices; Also Vocal Solos with Piano Accompaniment (Handy, 1938), Ap9p7 W. C. Handy’s Second Collection of 37 Spirituals (Handy, 1938), Ap9p7 Wade, Ray, Ap7p12 Wade in the Water (Hayes), 129 Wade in the Water: African American Sacred Music Traditions, 35 Wagner, Jeanine, Ap6p3, Ap8p12 Walker, Alfred, Ap1p16 Walker, David S., Ap9p17 Walker, George, Ap1p9, Ap8p11 Walker, Wyatt Tee, 193, 199, 255 Wallace, Louise C., Ap8p4, Ap8p5, Ap8p11, Ap8p14 Walters, Richard, 96, Ap3p23-24, Ap8p14 Ware, Charles Pickard, 73, 93n5, 180 Warfield, William, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 45, 141, 162–164, Ap2p11, Ap7p11, Ap7p13 analysis, recordings of Burleigh spirituals, 164–70 ; performance practice, teaching strategies, 171–78 warm–up, 241, 247, 250 Warren, K. Scott, Ap9p12 Washburn, Jon, 201, Ap9p3 Washington, Booker T., 182

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Watch and Pray: Spirituals and Art Songs by African–American Women Composers (Various, 1994), Ap7p4, Ap7p9, Ap7p10 water, as literary reference, 17, 35, 63, 201 Weedun, Howard, Ap8p11 Were You There? (Brown, 1965), Ap2p2 Were You Dere?/Swing Low, Sweet Chariot (Thomas, 19––?), Ap2p4 West African music, 37n8, 126–27, 180, 193 West, Lucretia, Ap2p5 Western European music, 13, 21, 73, 104, 109, 122, 144, 146, 151, 155, 163, 172 African music, comparison to, 13, 45, 122 ; afrocentric music, integration with, 115, 121, 148, 193, 194, 196, 200 Whalum, Wendell, 29, 30, 186, 190, Ap1p15, Ap3p25, Ap7p11, Ap7p12, Ap7p14, Ap9p9 White, Clarence Cameron, 23, 102, Ap3p25, Ap7p3 White, Clayton, Ap9p12 White, Dolores, Ap8p13 White, George L., 18, Ap9p11 White, Walter, Ap1p13, White, Willard, Ap1p14, whole body wellness. See physical well–being The Wider View (Adams, 1988), Ap8p2, Ap8p12 Wilde, Oscar, Ap8p4 Willard White Sings: Copland ; American Spirituals ; Folk–Songs (White, 1991), Ap1p14 Willette, Florence Hynes, Ap8p13, Ap8p14 William Grant Still: An Art Song Collection (Headlee, 2000), Ap6p2, Ap8p5 Williams, Camilla, Ap2p4 Williams, Julius P., Ap3p15, Ap8p6, Ap8p13 Williams, Lucy Ariel, Ap8p4 Williams, R. E., Ap1p8, Williams, Roderick, 201, Ap9p3 Wilson, Ernest J., Ap8p13 Wilson, Harry Robert, Ap9p6 Wilson, Olly, Ap8p11 Winters, Lawrence, Ap2p11 Wise, Raymond, Ap9p13 Witness (Toppin, 2006), Ap2p4 Women Composers: Music through the Ages (Various, 1996), Ap8p12 Woods, Fannie Carter, Ap8p4, Ap8p5 Words My Mother Taught Me (Anderson, 2002), Ap8p11 Wordsworth, Dorothy, Ap8p7 Wordsworth, William, Ap8p7, Ap8p11 Work, Jr., John Wesley, 20, 63, 63, 182, 195, 199, 255, Ap7p8, Ap8p11 Work, III, John Wesley, 3, 4, 20, 182, 186, 199, 200, Ap3p25, Ap7p8, Ap8p4, Ap8p11, Ap8p12, Ap9p9, Ap9p13 work songs, 28, 35, 81, 100, 102, 180

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Works (Videmus, 1990), Ap7p6 worship, 11, 197. See also, religion Wylie, Elinor, Ap8p11, Ap8p13

Y Young, Merel, Ap9p5 Young, Thomas, Ap1p15,