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Experimental Control of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea Stoebe

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Experimental Control of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea Stoebe Experimental Control of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) within Critical Habitat of the Endangered Half-moon Hairstreak Butterfly (Satyrium semiluna): A Pilot Study of Blakiston Fan, Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta by Sonya Oetterich B.E.S., University of Waterloo, 2015 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Ecological Restoration Program Faculty of Environment (SFU) and School of Construction and the Environment (BCIT) © Sonya Oetterich 2018 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Summer 2018 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Sonya Oetterich Degree: Master of Science in Ecological Restoration Title: Experimental Control of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) within Critical Habitat of the Endangered Half-moon Hairstreak Butterfly (Satyrium semiluna): A Pilot Study of Blakiston Fan, Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta Examining Committee: Douglas Ransome Supervisor, Chair Professor British Columbia Institute of Technology Ken Ashley Internal Examiner Professor British Columbia Institute of Technology Anayansi Cohen-Fernández Internal Examiner Professor British Columbia Institute of Technology Date Defended/Approved: April 18th, 2018 Abstract Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) is a non-native invasive forb found throughout North America that suppresses native vegetation and reduces biodiversity. The designation of Blakiston Fan (Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta) as critical habitat for the endangered half-moon hairstreak butterfly (Satyrium semiluna) brought forward concerns of the effects of knapweed management practices on the hairstreak and its native larval and nectar host plants. This pilot study used a randomized complete block design to examine the within-season change in cover of spotted knapweed and silky lupine (Lupinus sericeus) in response to herbicide application and two timings of manual removal (i.e., mid-June and late-July). This study also examined changes in the vegetation community and relative abundance of hairstreak butterflies across the fan. Significant treatment effects (p= 0.006, f3, 12= 6.89) were seen in the change in percent cover of spotted knapweed two weeks post-treatment between herbicide and control plots. There was no significant difference in the change in lupine percent cover among treatments (p= 0.075, f3, 12= 2.96). Cover of native host plants and hairstreak abundance were greatest in the south fan. Increases in knapweed cover were lowest in the south fan. Based on these results, a triaged management plan was recommended with restoration efforts focused on the south fan. Recommendations for the south fan include selective herbicide application to limit spotted knapweed distribution, closure of horse trails, and a native planting and seeding experiment. Management of the north and central fan was recommended to focus on the control of knapweed monocultures through intensive herbicide application and establishing biological control agents for long-term control. Further research of the hairstreak lifecycle is needed to understand the primary mechanism of decline, as well as, research into the response of native nectar host plants to knapweed control. Monitoring the response of the vegetation community and relative abundance of hairstreaks following the Kenow fire of 2017 is key in prioritizing restoration actions for Blakiston Fan. Keywords: species at risk; host plant; invasive species; ecological restoration; aminopyralid; vegetation mapping ii Acknowledgements Thank you to everyone who has been involved in and supported me along this journey! First, I would like to thank Robert Sissons (Parks Canada) for providing resources and guidance throughout the field season, as well as, for his input into this report. Thank you to Parks Canada and Robert for enabling me to spend the summer working and exploring the gorgeous landscape of Waterton Lakes and the Rocky Mountains! I would also like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Doug Ransome (British Columbia Institute of Technology) for his support and direction in completing my Applied Research Project, as well as, the members of my defence committee: Dr. Ken Ashley and Dr. Anayansi Cohen-Fernández. Thank you to all the wonderful folks without whom I would not have been able to complete the many vegetation and hairstreak surveys this summer: Kim Pearson, Jen Carpenter, Candace Jung, and many members of the Waterton Lakes Restoration Crew. Also, a huge thanks to Brett Squirrell for accompanying me on a whirlwind of a trip out to Waterton over the Thanksgiving long weekend to examine the site after the Kenow fire. Thanks to Dave Harper for providing a BCIT vehicle fully equipped for the mountain passes; and thanks to Rod Watt and Robert for coordinating site access for this visit. Thank you to all my friends and peers whom I have had the pleasure to work alongside over the past two years. We have made it through this rollercoaster of an adventure! Looking forward to working with everyone in the future and to see what amazing things we can accomplish! Last but not least, thank you to my partner for all his support and positivity that has helped me stay on track and motivated me to push through stressful days. March 2018 Sonya Oetterich iii Table of Contents Approval ........................................................................................................................... i Abstract ........................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures................................................................................................................ vii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................... ix Chapter 1. Literature Review ..................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) ................................................................ 2 1.2.1. Plant Structure and Phenology ...................................................................... 2 1.2.2. Mechanisms of Invasion ................................................................................ 3 1.2.3. Impacts of Invasion ........................................................................................ 6 1.2.4. Control Methods ............................................................................................ 7 1.3. Half-moon Hairstreak (Satyrium semiluna) ......................................................... 12 1.3.1. Larval and Nectar Host Plants ..................................................................... 13 1.3.2. Mechanisms of Decline of the Half-moon Hairstreak.................................... 14 1.4. References ......................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2. Blakiston Fan Site Conditions ............................................................... 25 2.1. Historical Conditions ........................................................................................... 25 2.2. Current Conditions .............................................................................................. 28 2.3. Ecological Stressors ........................................................................................... 32 2.3.1. Invasive Species .......................................................................................... 32 2.3.2. Climate Change ........................................................................................... 33 2.3.3. Natural Disturbances ................................................................................... 35 2.4. Desired Future Conditions .................................................................................. 36 2.5. References ......................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 3. Experimental Control of Spotted Knapweed on Blakiston Fan .......... 40 3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 40 3.2. Methods.............................................................................................................. 40 3.2.1. Experimental Design.................................................................................... 40 3.2.2. Block Selection ............................................................................................ 42 3.2.3. Sampling ..................................................................................................... 43 3.2.4. Data Analysis............................................................................................... 43 3.3. Results ..............................................................................................................
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