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The EU and CELAC: Reinvigorating a Strategic Partnership 2 EU-LAC FOUNDATION, 2015 Hagedornstraße 22 20149 Hamburg, Germany

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The EU and CELAC: Reinvigorating a Strategic Partnership 2 EU-LAC FOUNDATION, 2015 Hagedornstraße 22 20149 Hamburg, Germany Bi-regional relations/ Refl ection Fora Series José Antonio Sanahuja The EU and CELAC: Reinvigorating a Strategic Partnership 2 EU-LAC FOUNDATION, 2015 Hagedornstraße 22 20149 Hamburg, Germany www.eulacfoundation.org AUTHOR : José Antonio Sanahuja TEXT REVISION AND EDITING: Arturo Esquivel and Viviana Lozano GRAPHIC DESIGN: tinakoeppert.de PRINT: SCHARLAU GmbH DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12858/0115en1 This Study was financed by the EU-LAC Foundation. The EU-LAC Foundation receives funding from its member States and the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the EU-LAC Foundation, its member States, or the European Union. The first edition of this book was published in March of 2015 in 100 copies. This publication is copywrite but the text may be used free of charge for the purposes of advocacy, campaigning, education, and research, pro- vided that the source is properly acknowledged. The copywrite holder requests that all such use be registered with them for impact assess- ment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation and adaptation, permission must be secured from the Foundation. Get in touch with us via e-mail: [email protected] 3 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Prepared by José Antonio Sanahuja, this document evolves from a first version revised and discussed in the reflection fora convened by the EU-LAC Foundation (Brussels, San José Costa Rica, Hamburg and Paris) from April to June 2014, and a high representatives’ seminar with members from both regions held in November 2014 in San José, Costa Rica. The author wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Ambassador Jorge Valdez, Bettina Trueb and Arturo Esquivel along with other interlocutors from the member States and the European institutions and from Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as from academic and civil society institutions who have participated in the aforementioned fora, just as much as those who participated in the on-line consul- tation organised by the Foundation in October of 2014. The opinions and judge- ments here expressed are the sole responsibility of the author and do not reflect in any way those of the Foundation, its Member states or the participants of the fora and on-line consultation. José Antonio Sanahuja is Professor of International Relations at the Complutense University of Madrid and member of the Complutense Institute of International Studies. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS The EU and CELAC: Reinvigorating a Strategic Partnership LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... 08 Foreword ........................................................................................................................... 10 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... 20 Introduction. Looking towards the Second EU-CELAC Summit (2015): ...... 23 Bi-regional Relations in Times of change – Elements of Change in the Global and Bi-regional Stage ........................ 23 – The Purpose of this Document for Reflection............................................. 26 1 The Meaning and Scope of Bi-regional Relations in a Changing World ...... 28 – Four Decades of Institutionalised Relations, ............................................... 28 a Strategic Association: Taking Stock – Inter-regionalism and Association Agreements: ....................................... 29 End of an Era and New Strategic Horizons – A Context of International Transformations: Two Changing Relations ... 30 – CELAC: Regional Coordination and External Projection ......................... 31 for the Latin American and Caribbean Region – CELAC and Bi-regional Relations..................................................................... 34 – A Bi-regional Relation in Search of Relevance and Meaning ................. 34 – An association based on shared values … ..................................................... 36 – … In which Bi-regional Understandings are in Question ........................ 36 – An Association for Improving Global Governance: ................................... 38 Possibilities and Obstacles – Economic Interests and Strategic Alliances: ................................................ 39 Convergence or Divergence? – An Association for Cooperation as a Response ........................................... 40 to Interdependency and Mutual Interests – Risks of Decline in Bi-regional Relations and ............................................. 41 “Fragmented Bilateralism” – Social Agents and Civil Society: ....................................................................... 41 Participants without Due Recognition – Proposal for the II EU-CELAC Summit: ......................................................... 42 A Political Dialogue Reinforcing a Clear, Strategic Vision – Relevance, Legitimacy and Effectiveness of Political Dialogues:.......... 43 Meeting the Demands of the Citizenship and the Challenges in a Context of Change – Criteria for Action to Re-launch the Partnership ........................................ 45 2 Discomfort in Democracy and Renovation of the Social Contract: ..................... 48 Challenges for the Bi- regional Political Dialogue – Democracy, Citizenship and Human Rights: ............................................................ 48 The Changing Bi-regional Agenda – Discomfort in Democracy: .............................................................................................. 49 a Bi-regional Problem, although with Different Causes and Dynamics – The European Union: Social Discomfort and Identity Crisis ............................... 51 – Beyond Electoral Processes: Challenges for ............................................................ 52 Latin American and Caribbean Societies – The Democratic Challenges Posed by the Rise of the Middle Class ................... 54 – Citizens‘ Security: Challenges for Democratic Governance ............................... 56 – The Social Agenda, the EU-CELAC Summit and ..................................................... 58 the Future of Bi-regional Progress 3 Regionalism, Trade “Mega-Partnerships” and ............................................................. 60 Bi-regional Relationship – Two Regionals in the Midst of Readjustment ............................................................ 60 within Global Political Economics – Differing Visions and Common Frameworks ............................................................ 62 between Latin American Regionalism and Europe – The New “Mega-Regionalism”: Tensions Among Multilateralism, .................... 63 the Governance of Worldwide Production and Trade – Trade Mega-Deals: Geopolitical Implications ........................................................... 65 – Impact and Significance for Bi-regional Relation ................................................... 66 – The Pacific Alliance and MERCOSUR: Options and Alternatives ........................ 67 4 Governance of Global Development: .............................................................................. 70 Climate Change and Post-2015 Goals – Latin America and the Caribbean and the EU .......................................................... 70 vis-à-vis the Global Governance of Sustainable Development: Environment, Climate Change and Energy – Bi-regional Dialogue and Multilateral Cooperation: ............................................... 71 Toward the Climate Summit 2015 – Cooperation Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean: ................................. 74 MDGs, Global Risks and Middle-Income Agendas – New Approaches in the EU: the “Programme for Change”.................................... 76 and the “Graduation” of the MIC – The Rise of the South-South Cooperation in Latin America: ............................... 77 New Agents and Instruments – Beyond 2015: the EU and Latin America and ............................................................ 79 the Caribbean Facing the Global, Post-MDG Agenda ANNEX: PARTICIPANTS IN THE REFLECTION FORUMS ............................................ 80 AND ON-LINE CONSULTATION LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACP: Africa-Caribbean-Pacific ALBA-TCP: Bolivarian Alliance for the People of Our America – People‘s Trade Agreement (Alianza Bolivaríana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América – Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos) ALCSA: South American Free Trade Area (Área de Libre Comercio Suramericana) AP: Pacific Alliance (Alianza del Pacífico) ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations CAF: Development Bank of Latin America (Corporación Andina de Fomento – Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina) CELAC: Community of Latin America and Caribbean States (Comunidad de Estados de América Latina y el Caribe) CEPR: Center for Economic Policy Research CFSP: Common Foreign and Security Policy IACHR: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights COP: Conference of Parties CRA: Contingency Reserve Agreement (BRICS) DCI: Development Cooperation Instrument DFI: Direct Foreign Investment ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ESM: European Stability Mechanism EIB: European Investment Bank EU: European Union GSP: Generalised System of Preferences IACHR: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ICT: Information and Communication Technologies IDB: Inter-American Development Bank IMF: International Monetary Fund 8 INTAL: Institute for the Integration
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