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Proquest Dissertations Beyond snaketown: Household inequality and political power in early Hohokam society Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Craig, Douglas Broward, Jr. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 16:38:21 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290061 BEYOND SNAKETOWN: HOUSEHOLD INEQUALITY AND POLITICAL POWER IN EARLY HOHOKAM SOCIETY by Douglas Broward Craig, Jr. Copyright © Douglas Broward Craig, Jr. 2004 Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2004 UMI Number: 3132209 Copyright 2004 by Craig, Douglas Broward, Jr. All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3132209 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 The University of Arizona ® Graduate College As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Douglas Broward Craig, Jr. entitled Beyond Snaketown: Household Inequality and Political Power in Early Hohokam Society and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy date date 4c \3•cM date X- /date date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. i/idoj Dissertation Erector; ' d^te 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillments of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of sources is made. Requests for permission for extended quotations from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be gn Signed 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people and institutions have assisted with this study. The data were collected as part of the Grewe Archaeological Research Project (GARP), a large-scale contract project sponsored by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). Institutional support for the GARP investigations was provided by Northland Research. From Northland, many thanks are extended to Johna Hutlra, David Dechambre, and William Marmaduke for their commitment to supporting a research-oriented cultural resource management company. I could not have completed this study without their support. Friends and colleagues who helped shape many of the ideas presented here Include T. Kathleen Henderson, David Gregory, David Abbott, Jonathan Mabry, Glen Rice, John Marshall, James Cogswell, Michael Lindeman, Ellen Ruble, Kyle Woodson, and Ted Oliver. Tobi Taylor provided editorial assistance on earlier drafts of several of the chapters. Figures were prepared by Stephanie Sherwood of Compass Rose and Brent Kober of Northland Research. My dissertation committee was chaired by Suzanne Fish and also included Barbara Mills, Paul Fish, and Jeffrey Dean. Members of my minor committee in cultural anthropology included Alice Schlegel and Thomas Park. Comments provided by committee members on earlier draft chapters were extremely helpful and greatly improved the final version. Special thanks are extended to Suzy Fish for her guidance, good humor, and gentle prodding. 5 DEDICATION To my wife, Rebecca, and my parents, Peggie-Lou and Broward, for their encouragement, support, and, above all, patience. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 9 LIST OF TABLES 11 ABSTRACT 12 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 13 Hohokam Political Organization 14 Household Inequality and Hohokam Political Development 17 Power and Architecture 23 A Context for Research 27 Outline of Study 32 CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.. 39 Environmental Setting 41 Previous Archaeological Research 46 Grewe Archaeological Research Project 51 A Brief History of the Casa Grande-Grewe Settlement 59 CHAPTER 3: POPULATION DYNAMICS 69 Methods 70 Spatial Considerations 74 Temporal Considerations 81 Household Size 90 A Demographic Overview of Grewe 91 Discussion 100 Conclusions 104 CHAPTER 4: HOUSEHOLD ORGANIZATION 106 Hohokam Households: Conceptual Considerations 108 Courtyard Reconstructions at Grewe 111 Residential Area A 116 Yard 11 116 Yard 12 119 Yard 13 120 Residential Area B 122 Yard 21 123 Yard 22 126 Yard 23 126 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Yard 24 132 Yard 25 134 Yard 26 138 Residential Area C 142 Yard 31 142 Residential Area D 148 Yard 41 148 Yard 42 153 Yard 43 155 Residential Area E 159 Yard 51 160 Residential Area F 163 Yard 61 164 Yard 62 166 Yard 63 168 Yard 64 170 Yard 65 172 Courtyard Attributes and Comparisons 172 Discussion 180 CHAPTER 5: DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE AND HOUSEHOLD INEQUALITY 186 Raw Materials 190 Construction Sequence 195 House Pit 195 Walls and Roof Support System 197 Closing Materials 199 Internal Features 201 Summary 202 Construction Costs 203 Comparative Data 206 Domestic Labor and Household Inequality 208 Conclusions 234 CHAPTER 6: AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY 236 Gila River Streamflow 240 Early Pioneer Period 243 Late Pioneer Period 246 Pioneer/Colonial Period Transition 247 Early Colonial Period 248 Middle Colonial Period.. 249 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Late Colonial Period 250 Early Sedentary Period 252 Middle Sedentary Period 253 Mid-to-Late Sedentary Period 254 Discussion 255 Surplus Food Production 258 Conclusions 262 CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 266 Summary of Analyses 269 Methodological Contributions 270 Household Inequality: A Brief Review 272 Dimensions of Power 275 Economic Power 276 Ideological/Ritual Power 280 Political Power 286 Modeling Organizational Change in Hohokam Society 290 REFERENCES 295 9 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1.1 Hohokam culture area 15 FIGURE 1.2 The Casa Grande irrigation community, ca. A.D. 1300 (after Midvale 1965) 28 FIGURE 2.1 Hohokam irrigation communities along the lower Salt and middle Gila rivers (after Gregory 1991) 40 FIGURE 2.2 The Grewe Archaeological Research Project (GARP) project area 52 FIGURE 2.3 Distribution of pit houses and other features in GARP residential district 53 FIGURE 2.4 Frequencies of GARP feature types 57 FIGURE 3.1 Frank Midvale's 1946 map of the Grewe site 77 FIGURE 3.2 Location of hypothesized trash mounds in GARP residential district 79 FIGURE 3.3 Temporal distribution of GARP pit house sample 87 FIGURE 4.1 Courtyard groups in the GARP residential district 115 FIGURE 4.2 Yards 11 and 12 117 FIGURE 4.3 Yard 13 121 FIGURE 4.4 Yard 21 124 FIGURE 4.5 Yards 22 and 23 127 FIGURE 4.6 Yard 24 133 FIGURE 4.7 Yard 25 135 FIGURE 4.8 Yard 26 139 FIGURE 4.9 Yard 31 144 10 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) FIGURE 4.10 Yard 41 150 FIGURE 4.11 Yard 42 154 FIGURE 4.12 Yard 43 157 FIGURE 4.13 Yard 51 161 FIGURE 4.14 Yard 61 165 FIGURE 4.15 Yard 62 167 FIGURE 4.16 Yard 63 169 FIGURE 4.17 Yards 64 and 65 171 FIGURE 5.1 Pit houses used in labor cost analysis 188 FIGURE 5.2 Hypothesized pit house roof construction 192 FIGURE 5.3 Pit house construction sequence 196 FIGURE 5.4 Stem-and-leaf diagram of pit house construction costs... 217 FIGURE 5.5 Spatial distribution of pit houses by labor class 219 FIGURE 5.6 Gini index of household construction costs 229 FIGURE 5.7 Household labor costs over time 233 FIGURE 5.8 Grewe population estimates 236 FIGURE 6.1 Gila River agricultural productivity measures 244 FIGURE 6.2 Gila River Recurrence Intervals (Rl) 257 11 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 Age groups defined at Grewe 56 TABLE 3.1 Grewe pit house ages (Northland excavated sample) 82 TABLE 3.2 Tentative age assignments for pit houses identified at Grewe on previous projects 84 TABLE 3.3 Project number of pit houses at Grewe 86 TABLE 3.4 House replacement episodes per age group at Grewe 89 TABLE 3.5 House population estimates based on floor area 92 TABLE 3.6 Grewe population estimates 93 TABLE 4.1 Descriptive information on Grewe house clusters 174 TABLE 4.2 Descriptive statistics for Grewe house clusters 176 TABLE 4.3 Grewe courtyard attributes by time period 177 TABLE 4.4 Regional comparisons of Hohokam courtyard size 179 TABLE 5.1 House construction costs in kin-based labor systems 209 TABLE 5.2 House construction costs at Grewe 210 TABLE 5.3 Descriptive statistics for Grewe house construction costs.... 215 TABLE 5.4 Descriptive statistics for Grewe house construction by time period 220 TABLE 5.5 Temporal distribution of Grewe houses by labor class 222 TABLE 5.6 Correlation matrix of pit house size and labor costs 223 TABLE 5.7 Total house construction costs for Grewe courtyards 226 TABLE 6.1 Descriptive statistics for Gila River streamflow 242 This study examines Pre-Classic Hohokam sociopolitical organization using data collected from recent research in the middle Gila River Valley of southern Arizona.
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