Part 4. Colombia Coca Cultivation Survey

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Part 4. Colombia Coca Cultivation Survey PART 4. COLOMBIA COCA CULTIVATION SURVEY Colombia Coca Survey for 2005 SUMMARY FACTS SHEET Variation 2004 2005 on 2004 Net coca cultivation (rounded total) 80,000 hectares + 8% 86,000 hectares Of which Meta-Guaviare region 28,500 hectares - 9% 25,970 hectares Pacific region 15,800 hectares + 12% 17,650 hectares Central region 15,100 hectares + 4% 15,630 hectares Putumayo-Caqueta region 10,900 hectares +28% 13,950 hectares Elsewhere 10,100 hectares +24% 12,570 hectares Reported accumulated aerial spraying of 136,550 hectares + 2 % 138,775 hectares coca bush Reported manual eradication of coca bush 2,589 hectares 31,285 hectares US$ 810 /kg + 12 % US$ 910 /kg Average farm-gate price of coca paste COP 2,119,000 /kg - 0.5% COP 2,109,000 /kg Total farm-gate value of the production of coca leaf US$ 843 million and derivatives in percent of GDP (US$ 122 billion in 2005) 0.7% in percent of GDP of agricultural sector 6% (US$ 13.8 billion in 2005) Number of households involved in coca 68,600 cultivation households Annual household gross income from the US$ 12,300 production of coca leaf and its derivatives Annual use of fertilizers on coca fields ~85,000 mt Annual use of herbicides on coca fields ~12 million litres Potential production of cocaine 6401 mt 640mt In percent of world cocaine production 68 % 70 % US$ 1,713 /kg + 9% US$ 1,860/kg Average cocaine price COP 4,600,000 /kg - 6% COP 4,315,000/kg Reported seizure of cocaine 149,297 kg + 16% 173,265 kg Reported seizure of heroin 773 kg - 4% 745 kg Reported destruction of illegal laboratories2 1,865 + 5% 1,953 1 Cocaine production for 2004 has been revised following the field findings obtained in 2005. 2 Includes laboratories processing coca paste/base, cocaine hydrochloride, heroin, morphine, potassium, permanganate, and non specified. 105 Colombia Coca Survey for 2005 Abbreviations CICAD Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission COP Colombian Pesos DANE National Department of Statistics DEA US Drugs Enforcement Agency DIRAN Colombian Anti-Narcotics Police DNE National Narcotics Office DNP National Planning Department ICMP Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme INCB International Narcotics Control Board IDB Inter-American Development Bank IDP Internally Displaced People PDA Alternative Development Programme PCI Presidential Programme against Illicit Crops RSS Colombian Social Solidarity Net SIMCI II Integrated Illicit Crops Monitoring System UIAF Special Administrative Unit on Information and Financial Analysis UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. US$ United States Dollars Acknowledgements The following organizations and individuals contributed to the implementation of the 2005 coca cultivation survey in Colombia, and to the preparation of the present report: Government of Colombia: Ministry of Interior and Justice National Narcotics Office -DNE Colombian Anti-Narcotics Police -DIRAN Ministry of Defence Colombia Agency for International Cooperation –ACCI Presidential Agency for Social Action and International Cooperation UNODC: Rodolfo Llinás, SIMCI Project Coordinator Orlando González, Digital Processing Expert Sandra Rodríguez, Digital Processing Expert Zully Sosa, Digital Processing Expert Maria Isabel Velandia, Digital Processing Expert Martha Paredes, Research and Analysis Expert Leonardo Correa, Field Engineer Juan Carlos Parra, Editing Engineer Martha Luz Gutierrez, Administrative Assistant Javier Espejo, Assistant Engineer Juan Pablo Ardila, Assistant Engineer Sandro Calvani, Representative for Colombia Guillermo Garcia, National Programme Officer Coen Bussink, Remote Sensing and GIS expert (UNODC – Research and Analysis Section - ICMP) Denis Destrebecq, Regional Illicit Crop Monitoring Expert (UNODC – Research and Analysis Section - ICMP) Anja Korenblik, Programme Manager (UNODC – Research and Analysis Section - ICMP) Thibault le Pichon, Chief (UNODC – Research and Analysis Section) Thomas Pietschmann, Research Officer (UNODC-Research and Analysis Section) Martin Raithelhuber, Programme Officer (UNODC – Research and Analysis Section – ICMP) Javier Teran, Statistician (UNODC – Research and Analysis Section – ICMP) The implementation of UNODC’s Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme in the Andean countries and the Colombia survey in 2005 was made possible thanks to financial contributions from the Governments of The United States of America (USAID), The Netherlands and United Kingdom. 106 Colombia Coca Survey for 2005 TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 108 2 FINDINGS.............................................................................................................................................. 110 2.1 CULTIVATION .................................................................................................................................. 110 2.1.1 Coca Cultivation....................................................................................................................... 110 2.1.1.1 Regional analysis .......................................................................................................................... 118 2.1.1.2 Meta-Guaviare region.................................................................................................................... 120 2.1.1.3 Pacific region................................................................................................................................. 122 2.1.1.4 Central region................................................................................................................................ 124 2.1.1.5 Putumayo-Caqueta region ............................................................................................................ 126 2.1.1.6 Orinoco region............................................................................................................................... 128 2.1.1.7 Amazonia region ........................................................................................................................... 130 2.1.1.8 Sierra Nevada region.................................................................................................................... 132 2.1.1.9 Possible areas of new cultivation .................................................................................................. 133 2.1.1.10 Coca plant varieties....................................................................................................................... 135 2.1.1.11 Coca cultivation and poverty ......................................................................................................... 139 2.1.1.12 Coca cultivation and displacement................................................................................................ 141 2.1.1.13 Coca cultivation and the forest warden families programme ........................................................ 143 2.1.1.14 Coca cultivation in National Parks................................................................................................. 145 2.2 NEW FINDINGS ON YIELD AND PRODUCTION..................................................................................... 149 2.2.1 Coca leaf yield and coca leaf production................................................................................. 149 2.2.2 Annual yield ............................................................................................................................. 151 2.2.3 Coca leaf, coca paste and base production............................................................................. 159 2.2.4 Revised potential cocaine production ...................................................................................... 164 2.3 PRICES .......................................................................................................................................... 166 2.3.1 Coca leaf, coca base and cocaine prices ................................................................................ 166 2.4 REPORTED AERIAL SPRAYING AND MANUAL ERADICATION................................................................ 172 2.5 REPORTED SEIZURE ....................................................................................................................... 176 Index of Maps Map 1: Coca cultivation density in Colombia, 2005 ............................................................................ 109 Map 2: Coca cultivation density change in Colombia, 2004-2005 ..................................................... 112 Map 4: Coca cultivation density in Colombia, 2005 ............................................................................ 114 Map 3: Coca cultivation density in Colombia, 2004 ............................................................................ 114 Map 5: Changes in coca cultivation in Colombia, 2001- 2005............................................................ 115 Map 6: Coca cultivation by region in Colombia, 2001-2005 ............................................................... 117 Map 7: Coca cultivation density in the Meta-Guaviare region, Colombia 2005................................ 119 Map 8: Coca cultivation density in the Pacific region, Colombia 2005............................................. 121 Map 9: Coca cultivation density in the Central region, Colombia 2005 ............................................ 123 Map 10: Coca cultivation density in the Putumayo-Caqueta region, Colombia 2005.......................
Recommended publications
  • Slang Terms and Code Words: a Reference for Law Enforcement
    UNCLASSIFIED Slang Terms and Code Words: A Reference for Law DEA Enforcement Personnel Intelligence DEA-HOU-DIR-022-18 July 2018 ReportBrief 1 UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED DEA Intelligence Report Executive Summary This Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Intelligence Report contains new and updated information on slang terms and code words from a variety of law enforcement and open sources, and serves as an updated version to the product entitled “Drug Slang Code Words” published by the DEA in May 2017. It is designed as a ready reference for law enforcement personnel who are confronted with hundreds of slang terms and code words used to identify a wide variety of controlled substances, designer drugs, synthetic compounds, measurements, locations, weapons, and other miscellaneous terms relevant to the drug trade. Although every effort was made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the information presented, due to the dynamics of the ever-changing drug scene, subsequent additions, deletions, and corrections are inevitable. Future addendums and updates to this report will attempt to capture changed terminology to the furthest extent possible. This compendium of slang terms and code words is alphabetically ordered, with new additions presented in italic text, and identifies drugs and drug categories in English and foreign language derivations. Drug Slang Terms and Code Wordsa Acetaminophen and Oxycodone Combination (Percocet®) 512s; Bananas; Blue; Blue Dynamite; Blueberries; Buttons; Ercs; Greenies; Hillbilly Heroin; Kickers; M-30s;
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Colombia in 1998
    THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF COLOMBIA By David B. Doan Although its mineral sector was relatively modest by world foundation of the economic system of Colombia. The standards, Colombia’s mineral production was significant to its constitution guarantees that investment of foreign capital shall gross domestic product (GDP), which grew by 3.2% in 1997. have the same treatment that citizen investors have. The A part of this increase came from a 4.4% growth in the mining constitution grants the State ownership of the subsoil and and hydrocarbons sector.1 In 1998, however, Colombia ended nonrenewable resources with the obligation to preserve natural the year in recession with only 0.2% growth in GDP, down resources and protect the environment. The State performs about 5% from the year before, the result of low world oil supervision and planning functions and receives a royalty as prices, diminished demand for exports, terrorist activity, and a economic compensation for the exhaustion of nonrenewable decline in the investment stream. The 1998 GDP was about resources. The State believes in privatization as a matter of $255 billion in terms of purchasing power parity, or $6,600 per principle. The Colombian constitution permits the capita. Colombia has had positive growth of its GDP for more expropriation of assets without indemnification. than six decades and was the only Latin American country not The mining code (Decree 2655 of 1988) covers the to default on or restructure its foreign debt during the 1980's, prospecting, exploration, exploitation, development, probably owing in no small part to the conservative monetary beneficiation, transformation, transport, and marketing of policy conducted by an independent central bank.
    [Show full text]
  • A Land Title Is Not Enough
    A LAND TITLE IS NOT ENOUGH ENsuRINg sustAINAblE lANd REstItutIoN IN ColoMbIA Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. First published in 2014 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom © Amnesty International 2014 Index: AMR 23/031/2014 English Original language: English Printed by Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. To request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] Cover photo : A plot of land in El Carpintero, Cabuyaro Municipality, Meta Department. Most of the peasant farmers from El Carpintero were forced to flee their homes following a spate of killings and forced disappearances of community members carried out by paramilitary groups in the late 1990s.
    [Show full text]
  • COLOMBIA by George A
    THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF COLOMBIA By George A. Rabchevsky 1 Colombia is in the northwestern corner of South America holders of new technology, and reduces withholding taxes. and is the only South American country with coastlines on Foreign capital can be invested without limitation in all both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The majestic sectors of the economy. Andes Mountains transect the country from north to south in The Government adopted a Mining Development Plan in the western portion of the country. The lowland plains 1993 as proposed by Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en occupy the eastern portion, with tributaries of the Amazon Geociencias, Mineria y Quimica (Ingeominas), Empresa and Orinoco Rivers. Colombiana de Carbon S.A. (Ecocarbon), and Minerales de Colombia is known worldwide for its coal, emeralds, gold, Colombia S.A. (Mineralco). The plan includes seven points nickel, and platinum. Colombia was the leading producer of for revitalizing the mineral sector, such as a new simplified kaolin and a major producer of cement, ferronickel, and system for the granting of exploration and mining licenses, natural gas in Latin America. Mineral production in provision of infrastructure in mining areas, and Colombia contributed just in excess 5% to the gross environmental control. The Government lifted its monopoly domestic product (GDP) and over 45% of total exports. Coal to sell gold, allowing anyone to purchase, sell, or export the and petroleum contributed 45% and precious stones and metal. metals contributed more than 6% to the Colombian economy. In 1994, the Colombian tax office accused petroleum companies for not paying the "war tax" established by the Government Policies and Programs 1992 tax reform.
    [Show full text]
  • Smokable Cocaine Markets in Latin America and the Caribbean a Call for a Sustainable Policy Response
    Smokable cocaine markets in Latin America and the Caribbean A call for a sustainable policy response ideas into movement AUTHORS: Ernesto Cortés and Pien Metaal EDITOR: Anthony Henman DESIGN: Guido Jelsma - www.guidojelsma.nl COVER PHOTO: Man smoking crack pipe Colombia, L. Niño. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This publication was made possible through the financial support of the Open Society Foundation (OSF) and the Global Partnership on Drug Policies and Development (GPDPD). GPDPD is a project implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and under the political patronage of the Federal Government’s Drug Commissioner. The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of TNI and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the donors. PUBLICATION DETAILS: Contents of the report may be quoted or reproduced for non-commercial purposes, provided that the source of information is properly cited. TRANSNATIONAL INSTITUTE (TNI) De Wittenstraat 25, 1052 AK Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: +31-20-6626608, Fax: +31-20-6757176 E-mail: [email protected] www.tni.org/drugs @DrugLawReform Drugsanddemocracy Amsterdam, December 2019 2 | Smokable cocaine markets in Latin America and the Caribbean transnationalinstitute Contents Introduction 4 Methodological approach 6 The Substance(s) 8 Smokable cocaine in Cochabamba (Bolivia) in the early 1990s 9 Users 14 Impact on health 17 The Market 21 Harm Reduction experiences 25 Conclusions and Discussion 28 Policy Recommendations 29 Good Practices: examples from Brazil 30 Bibiography and references 32 International smokable cocaines working group 33 Endnotes 34 transnationalinstitute Smokable cocaine markets in Latin America and the Caribbean | 3 Introduction regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Drugs and Development: the Great Disconnect
    ISSN 2054-2046 Drugs and Development: The Great Disconnect Julia Buxton Policy Report 2 | January 2015 Drugs and Development: The Great Disconnect Julia Buxton∗ Policy Report 2 | January 2015 Key Points • The 2016 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on the World Drug Problem (UNGASS) will see a strong lobby in support of development oriented responses to the problem of drug supply, including from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). • The promotion of Alternative Development (AD) programmes that provide legal, non-drug related economic opportunities for drug crop cultivators reflects the limited success of enforcement responses, greater awareness of the development dimensions of cultivation activities and the importance of drugs and development agencies working co-operatively in drug environments. • Evidence from thirty years of AD programming demonstrates limited success in supply reduction and that poorly monitored and weakly evaluated programmes cause more harm than good; there has been little uptake of best practice approaches, cultivators rarely benefit from AD programmes, the concept of AD is contested and there is no shared understanding of ‘development’. • AD was popularised in the 1990s when development discourse emphasised participatory approaches and human wellbeing. This is distinct from the development approaches of the 2000s, which have been ‘securitised’ in the aftermath of the Global War on Terror and which re-legitimise military participation in AD. • UNGASS 2016 provides an opportunity for critical scrutiny of AD and the constraints imposed by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs on innovative, rights based and nationally owned supply responses. Cultivation is a development not a crime and security issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf | 271.02 Kb
    United Nations S/2019/1017 Security Council Distr.: General 31 December 2019 Original: English Children and armed conflict in Colombia Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report, submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1612 (2005) and subsequent resolutions, is the fourth report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Colombia and covers the period from 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2019. The report provides information on the six grave violations against children, on parties to conflict responsible, where identified, and on progress made in the protection of children affected by armed conflict. The reporting period was marked by the implementation of the Final Agreement for Ending the Conflict and Building a Stable and Lasting Peace (S/2017/272, annex II) between the Government of Colombia and the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP), which put an end to a five-decade-long conflict. A decrease in the total number of grave violations against children was documented and can be explained in part by the signature of the peace agreement and the subsequent demobilization of the largest armed group in the country. Over the same period, however, other armed groups expanded their territorial presence, including in areas vacated by FARC-EP, and FARC-EP dissident groups emerged. These developments have continued to expose children to grave violations, in particular recruitment and use and sexual violence. Highlighted in the report are the efforts made by the Government of Colombia to strengthen the framework to respond to, end and prevent grave violations against children, including through prevention strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • FULLTEXT01.Pdf
    1 Cover photo: José Ramón Gomez, Arauca, 2012 Front page designed by: Manuela Giraldo 'When an Indigenous People disappears, a whole world is extinguished forever, along with its culture, spirituality, language, ancestral knowledge and traditional practices ... The survival of Indigenous Peoples with dignity is all in our hands.” National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC) "We are not myths of the past neither ruins in the jungle. We are people and we want to be respected…” Rigoberta Menchu Tum 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 5 PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ 7 ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Aim and Research Question ............................................................................................ 10 1.2 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................... 10 1.2.1 Structural Violence ................................................................................................ 11 1.2.2 Civilians Targeted by GAO ML..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia Page 1 of 21
    Colombia Page 1 of 21 Colombia Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 6, 2007 Colombia is a constitutional, multiparty democracy with a population of approximately 42 million. On May 28, independent presidential candidate Alvaro Uribe was reelected in elections that were considered generally free and fair. The 42-year internal armed conflict continued between the government and terrorist organizations, particularly the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN). .The United Self Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) was demobilized by August, but renegade AUC members who did not demobilize, or who demobilized but later abandoned the peace process, remained the object of military action. While civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces, there were instances in which elements of the security forces acted in violation of state policy. Although serious problems remained, the government's respect for human rights continued to improve, which was particularly evident in actions undertaken by the government's security forces and in demobilization negotiations with the AUC. The following societal problems and governmental human rights abuses were reported during the year: unlawful and extrajudicial killings; forced disappearances; insubordinate military collaboration with criminal groups; torture and mistreatment of detainees; overcrowded and insecure prisons; arbitrary arrest; high number of
    [Show full text]
  • Booklet 4 Stimulants Preface
    4 STIMULANTS 4 STIMULANTS 2019 2019 © United Nations, June 2019. All rights reserved worldwide. ISBN: 978-92-1-148314-7 eISBN: 978-92-1-004174-4 United Nations publication, Sales No. E.19.XI.8 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. Suggested citation: World Drug Report 2019 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.19.XI.8). No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNODC. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Research and Trend Analysis Branch of UNODC. DISCLAIMER The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any endorsement. Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime PO Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria Tel: (+43) 1 26060 0 Fax: (+43) 1 26060 5827 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org/wdr2019 PREFACE The findings of this year’s World Drug Report fill in same time clamping down on organized crime and and further complicate the global picture of drug trafficking.
    [Show full text]
  • Meta Fecha De Realización Del Informe: 09 De Diciembre De 2019 Nombre De Quien Elabora El Informe: Juliana Daniela Padilla Castillo 1
    FORMATO DE PREPARACIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN PARA LA RENDICIÓN DE CUENTAS Periodo a reportar: 01 de diciembre de 2018 al 31 de diciembre de 2019 Página: 1 de 26 DATOS GENERALES Dependencia y /o Regional: Meta Fecha de realización del informe: 09 de diciembre de 2019 Nombre de quien elabora el informe: Juliana Daniela Padilla Castillo 1. Meta del Plan Estratégico Institucional1 1. Acompañamientos Psicojurídicos en procesos Judiciales de víctimas. (No. de acompañamientos Psicojurídicos en procesos Judiciales de víctimas atendidos / 0 No. de acompañamientos Psicojurídicos en procesos Judiciales de víctimas solicitados) 2. No. de víctimas orientadas en las audiencias. 0 3. Sesiones de la Mesa de Participación acompañadas (No. de sesiones de Mesa de Participación realizadas / No. de sesiones de Mesa de Participación ordenadas por el protocolo de participación) 8 4. Comités territoriales de justicia transicional. (No. de participaciones en Comités territoriales de justicia transicional / No. de Comités territoriales de justicia transicional convocados) 17 5. No. de Trámites por la vía Judicial 98 6. No. de Tramites por la vía Administrativa 646 7. No. de solicitudes de representante judicial para procesos de justicia y paz, diligenciadas y remitidas a 5 Defensoría Pública en el proceso de Justicia y Paz. 8. No. de orientaciones y asesorías individual realizadas 2182 9. Eventos del componente grupal de la estrategia psicojurídica. (No. de eventos del componente grupal de la estrategia psicojurídica realizadas / No. de eventos del componente grupal de la estrategia psicojurídica 56 programadas y convocadas) 10. No. de víctimas orientadas en las actividades del componente grupal de la estrategia psicojurídica. 1657 11. Declaraciones recibidas en la Regional para sujetos colectivos no étnicos (No.
    [Show full text]
  • Production and Supply of Drugs, Pharmaceuticals, and Chemical Precursors
    THE DRUG PROBLEM IN THE AMERICAS: STUDIES PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY OF DRUGS, PHARMACEUTICAL, AND CHEMICAL PRECURSORS Organization of American States 1 2 The Drug Problem in the Americas: Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Findings ..................................................................................................................... 5 PART 1 COCAINE AND HEROIN ........................................................................................ 7 COCAINE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.................................................................. 7 Coca Cultivation ...................................................................................................... 8 Cocaine Manufacturing ........................................................................................... 11 Cocaine Flows ....................................................................................................... 12 Transport Methods................................................................................................. 15 HEROIN PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION .................................................................. 15 POLICIES TO CONFRONT COCAINE AND HEROIN PRODUCTION AND TRAFFICKING ............ 17 Illicit Crop Reduction .................................................................................................. 17 Impact of Crop Reduction Policies ................................................................................ 18 Interdiction and Attacks on Organizations ....................................................................
    [Show full text]