University of Cincinnati

UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI

Date: 22-Jul-2010

I, Aniket Arora , hereby submit this original work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering It is entitled: Concurrent consideration of product usability and functionality: Development

of integrated design guidelines

Student Signature: Aniket Arora

This work and its defense approved by: Committee Chair: Anil Mital, PhD, PE Anil Mital, PhD, PE

11/1/2010 428

Concurrent consideration of product usability and functionality: Development of integrated design guidelines

A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science

in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the College of Engineering by

Aniket Arora

July 2010 Committee Chair: Dr. Anil Mital

ABSTRACT

Previous works have established separate design guidelines for consumer product usability and consumer product functionality. Since realistic product designs require simultaneous consideration of product usability and functionality, we have integrated previously developed design guidelines for product usability and functionality. The first section presents the procedural details for developing these integrated design guidelines. A comprehensive and unified approach for simultaneous optimization of usability and functionality was considered in integrating existing design guidelines. A coherent framework for a design process inclusive of several design criteria, such as performance, ease of use, safety, and environmental affinity, was established for accomplishing the design objective. An example case was used to first integrate and then generalize the comprehensive guidelines. The generic design guidelines are presented in the form of checklists. Later, generalized integrated design guidelines are validated by applying them to a consumer product that is directly used by consumers. Statistical analysis has been performed for evaluating the design guidelines developed for the studied product and to highlight the customer preferences of different design requirements, in detail. The last part of this study deals with the application of the generalized integrated design guidelines to a complex consumer product which despite of being a consumer product has very little human interface. The transmission system for cars was used for this reason.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Words are not enough to express my gratitude to Dr. Anil Mital, my advisor, for all his untiring support, encouragement and guidance he has given me. He has shown me ways to decisively shape my ideas and improve my overall thinking process. It has been a privilege for me to get an opportunity to work under him and learn so much from him. I would also like to thank Dr. Dave

Thompson and Dr. Ron Huston for taking time out of their busy schedules to serve as members of my defense committee.

I would also like to express my special thanks to all the volunteers whose efforts were important in collecting data for my work. Also want to thank my colleagues for helping me find the right methods for analyzing the data.

I want to thank Prahit, Shubham Sah, Vivek and all my other friends for helping me in innumerable ways and for making my stay at Cincinnati such a pleasure.

Finally, I would like to thank my family – my parents and my brother Abhishek for their unrelenting support and their right guidance throughout my life.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT...... (III)

1. INTRODUCTION...... 12

1.1 Customer Requirement Management...... 14

1.2 Developing Product Attributes...... 15

2. LITERATURE REVIEW...... 18

2.1 CURRENT SCOPE OF USABILITY & FUNCTIONALITY...... 18

2.1.1 Design for Environment...... 24

2.1.2 Reliability...... ,,,,25

2.1.3 Safety...... 26

2.1.4 Aesthetics...... 27

2.2 Market Research Tools...... 28

2.2.1 Qualitative Techniques...... 28

2.2.2 Quantitative Research Techniques...... 29

3. OBJECTIVE & METHODOLOGY...... 33

3.1 THE APRROACH...... 33

3.1.1 Phase 1...... 33

3.1.2 Phase 2...... 34

3.1.3 Phase 3...... 35

3.2 PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GENERIC DESIGN GUIDELINES...... 35

3.2.1 Step 1...... 35

3.2.2 Step 2...... 36

3.2.3 Step 3...... 38

4. CAN OPENER ILLUSTRATION...... 40

4.1 Identifying Linkages...... 41

4.1.1 Can Opener Assembly...... 41

4.1.2 Establishing Technical Requirements & Generating Product Features...... 41

4.1.3 Process Deployment...... 43

4.1.4 Manufacturing deployment...... 44

5. DEVELOPMENT OF GENERIC GUIDELINES...... 46

6. GUIDELINES DEVELOPMENT: MOUNTAIN TOURING BIKE...... 65

6.1 MOUNTAIN TOURING BIKES...... 65

6.2 COMPONENTS AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE MOUNTAIN BIKE...... 66

6.3 Bicycle Manufacturing Process...... 69

6.4 CUSTOMIZED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING GUILDELINES...... 70

6.4.1 Development Procedure...... 70

6.4.1.1 Description of Group………………...... 71

6.4.2 User Requirements...... 72

6.4.3 Mapping Design Dimensions...... 73

6.4.4 Linkage Identification...... 74

6.4.4.1 Technical Requirement Deployment...... 74

6.4.4.2 Product Feature Generation...... 74

6.4.4.3 Process Characteristics...... 75

6.5 Checklist Development...... 77

6.6 SURVEY DEPLOYMENT AND TESTING...... 93

vii

6.6.1 Data Collection and Data Analysis...... 93

6.6.2 Test Results & Discussion...... 95

I. Reliability & Validity...... 95

II. Variable Screening...... 96

7. GUIDELINES DEVELOPMENT: AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION...... 98

7.1 Components of Automatic Transmission...... 98

7.2 PERFORMANCE (FUNCTION) AND USABILITY OF AUTOMATIC

TRANS-MISSIONS: AS PERCEIVED BY USERS...... 99

7.2.1 Usability-Functionality Design Criteria...... 100

7.2.1.1 Description of Group…………………………………………..….…..100

7.3 DEVELOPMENT OF LINKAGES USING FLOW DIAGRAMS...... 102

7.4 DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN GUIDELINES...... 104

7.5 SURVEY DEPLOYMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS...... 110

7.5.1 Test Results: Reliability and Validity...... 110

8. DISCUSSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH...... 112

8.1 Future Research...... 112

9. REFERENCES...... 114 10. APPENDIX...... 120

viii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: AFFINITY DIAGRAM

TABLE 2: FUNCTIONAL CLASSES AND BASIS FUNCTIONS

TABLE 3: VARIABLE‟S INFLUENCE EXPLAINED USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT REGRESSION

TABLE 4: GROUPING DIMENSIONAL CATEGORIES FOR DESIGN CRITERIA

TABLE 5: FACTORS CONSTITUTING DIFFERENT USABILITY-FUNCTIONALITY DESIGN CRITERIA

TABLE 6: MANUFACTURING & DESIGN VARIABLES

TABLE 7: RELEVANT USABILITY-FUNCTIONALITY FACTORS

TABLE 8: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR EASE OF USE

TABLE 9: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PERFORMANCE

TABLE 10: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR RELIABILITY

TABLE 11: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR SAFETY

TABLE 12: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR MAINTAINABILIY AND SERVICIABILITY

TABLE 13: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AFFINITY

TABLE 14: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR AESTHETICS

TABLE 15: DESIGN DIMENSIONS (SPECIFIC TO MTB)

TABLE 16: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PERFORMANCE

TABLE 17: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR EASE OF USE

TABLE 18: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR SAFETY

TABLE 19: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR AESTHETICS

TABLE 20: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR MAINTAINABILITY/SERVICEABILITY

TABLE 21: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR ECOLOGICAL AFFINITY

TABLE 22: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR RELIABILITY

TABLE 23: RELIABILITY & VALIDITY TEST VALUES

TABLE 24: PC VARIANCES AND THE LOADING FOR EACH DIMENSION (EASE OF USE)

TABLE 25 PC VARIANCES AND THE LOADING FOR EACH DIMENSION (PERFORMANCE)

TABLE 26 DEGREE OF INFLUENCE OF THE IDENTIFIED DIMENSIONS

TABLE 27 RELEVANT USABILITY-FUNCTIONALITY FACTORS (AT)

TABLE 28: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR „PERFORMANCE‟ (PRODUCT: AUTOMATIC TRANSMSSIONS)

TABLE 29: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR „USABILITY‟ (PRODUCT: AUTOMATIC TRANSMSSIONS)

TABLE 30: RELIABILITY & VALIDITY TEST VALUES

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: CONSUMER PROCESS

FIGURE 2: CUSTOMERS REQUIREMENT MANAGEMENT

FIGURE 3: PRODUCT USABILITY CLASSIFICATION

FIGURE 4: LIFE CYCLE DESIGN STRATEGY (SDS) WHEEL

FIGURE 5: PROCEDURE SHOWING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN GUIDELINES

FIGURE 6: PROCESS OF LINKING USER REQUIREMENTS TO PROCESS VARIABLES

FIGURE 7: ELABORATIVE TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAM FOR CAN OPENER (DESIGN CRITERION: PERFORMANCE).

FIGURE 8: ELABORATIVE TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAM FOR CAN OPENER (DESIGN CRITERION: USABILITY).

FIGURE 9: MANUFACTURING DEPLOYMENT STAGE

FIGURE 10: PROCESS DEPLOYMENT

FIGURE 11: MOUNTAIN TOURING BIKE

FIG 12: TECHNICAL REQUIREMENT DEPLOYMENT

FIG 13: PRODUCT FEATURES DEPLOYMENT

FIG 14: MANUFACTURING PROCESS DEPLOYMENT

FIGURE 15: ELABORATIVE TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAM FOR AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS (DESIGN CRITERION: PERFORMANCE OR FUNCTIONALITY)

FIGURE 16: ELABORATIVE TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAM FOR AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS (DESIGN CRITERION: USABILITY)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The markets are flooded with innumerable variants of all kinds of consumer products. However, time and again it has been seen that only those products succeed in the marketplace which deliver the main function they are intended for, in the most satisfactory and convenient-to-use manner. It requires a superior product design to ensure the sophisticated technical features that makes it more users friendly without obstructing or compromising the functionality of the product. The consumer market is fraught with the products that fail to meet the expectations of consumers, despite the best effort from everyone involved in the design process (Bailetti and Litva 1995). For instance, many models of laptops presently being sold in the market often fail to accomplish some of the very basic product design goals, for instance a lack of external compatibility (Babbar, Behara, & White,

2002).

Consumers have always been intended to be at the centre of the all the design activities. Their needs and requirements have fomented increased competition in the marketplace and have forced companies to consistently work upon improving their products. Product design today has moved beyond the symbolic „shape‟ and „appearance‟ considerations of products. The Industrial

Designers Society of America (IDSA) defines design as “...professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value, appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of the user and the manufacturer”..

Unlike commercial products, consumer products are meant for the general public use. According to Cushman, the consumer product user is likely to untrained, can be from any varied segment of population, works under no or minimal supervision. The consumer product market is highly

dynamic and now for a considerable period the variety of design goals have been influencing and shifting the product design paradigm. The assembly lines, interchangeable parts, and standardization brought to fore the concept of mass production (Lacey 1989; Ziemke 1993). The rapid increase in green marketing and research in the 1990s coincided with the drastic and inevitable shift of consumers towards green products. The global consumer boycott of Choloro

Floro Carbon (CFC) driven aerosol products is an excellent example of this attitude (Peattie and

Crane 2005; Prothero 1990). The present day concurrent engineering process gained importance with the concept of Design for „X‟. The process focuses on number of design goals, where includes

Assembly, Manufacturability, Production, Life Cycle, etc. (Bralla 1996; CHU and HOLM 1994;

Gupta et al. 1997; G.Q. Huang 1996; G. Q. Huang and Mak 1998; Jansson, Shankar and Polisetty

1990; Nevins and Whitney 1989; Priest 1990; Ullman 1997). This process ensures the integration of all phases of the product development, i.e., design and other downstream processes such as manufacturing, distribution, maintenance, and disposability amongst others.

The ultimate focus of any product development process is the customer satisfaction. Therefore, a variety of customer needs management tools and the corresponding transformation into product specifications have been proposed in last some years.

Consumer Process Customer's focus

Product Promises Pre Sales • Functions • Product Features

Point of Purchase Attractiveness

Out of the Box Packaging & Installation

Extended Use Ease of Use, Overall Performace

Lifetime

Figure 1 Consumer Process (Adapted and Modified from (Ouden et al. 2006)

1.1 Customer Requirement Management

It is the management of the customer requirements information starting from the customer needs to defining product specification. According to (Jiao and Chen 2006), the process consists of 3 stages which include:

(i) Requirement Elicitation: This involves extraction and the preparation of the customer

requirement inventory. Other factors like business objectives, viability, and market

study also studied in this phase.

(ii) Requirement Analysis: The Voice of Customer (VoC) is converted into the language

which could be understood by the design and engineering team. The stage involves

Classification, Prioritization and Negotiation of Customer needs.

(iii) Requirement Specification: The process involves development of clear product

specifications.

Figure 2 Customers Requirement Management (Jiao and Chen 2006)

1.2 Developing Product Attributes

The various tools have been developed for transforming the customer requirements into the product features/product specifications. The Customer Optimization route and Evaluation (CORE) proposed by (Mousavi et al. 2001) stressed on the back and forth communication between design and the market needs. (Shoji S. 1993) pressed on discovering the underlying facts from the qualitative requirements through the use of semantic methods like the KJ method and multi-pick up method.

There are many more studies which focused towards correlating customer requirements with the product design and development. The Methodology of Organizing specifications in Engineering

(MOOSE) taxonomy translated requirements into specifications using the hierarchical structure of design issues. (Huang and Mak 1999)developed a computerized decision support tool. It used a tree like architecture for relating function and sub functions to the obtained customer information.

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is one of the most powerful tools available to translate customer requirements into the product specification. It makes use of House of Quality (HoQ) matrix to link user needs to the design features and prioritization. Various researched have been conducted to enhance the power of the QFD technique. A structured brainstorming technique could be applied in QFD to incorporate customer requirements more effectively.

The product development team in practice has to focus their efforts into integrating the requirements arisen out of various product life cycle phases. The design perspectives have ever been changing, but the provision of both usability and functionality has been a cornerstone in the product design process; these represent two of the most important product attributes for consumers considering purchasing a product.

However, despite considerable development in design methodologies, it is still an uphill task for a design team to develop a multi-functional usable product as existing design processes lack means to integrate multiple design criteria. Integration of design criteria remains a secondary design goal; the outcome being enhanced functionality with marginal usability or vice-versa. The work reported here aims at simultaneous consideration of multiple design criteria defining both the overall functionality and overall usability of consumer products. Such consideration requires a clear and concise understanding of customer requirements and comprehensive elaboration and identification of critical issues pertaining to functionality and usability and how these impact the design of the product.

The following chapter reviews and analyses different design goals and criteria which are critical for designing the product for entire life cycle. The prior research in the field is also reviewed alongside the tools which have been critical in the evaluating product usability/functionality. The chapter 3 describes the methodology used to accomplish the research objective; the procedure

elaborates on the design dimensions for each of the design criteria. Chapter 4 presents the case study which illustrates the procedure of incorporating customer‟s requirements into product design. Chapter 5 proposes the generic design guidelines for multiple design criteria which ensures the product‟s usability and functionality for its life cycle. In chapter 6 the checklists for the specific product are derived and the procedure is also illustrated. It also evaluates the effectiveness of the design checklists and shows the application of quantitative procedures to find the most significant design dimensions. In Chapter 7 the same procedure is applied on the Automatic Transmissions; the commonly used product but rather indirectly. The same rigorous procedures are applied to test the guidelines developed. In the end chapter 8 discusses the scope of future research in the field.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

The development of products that remain usable and functional throughout the product life cycle recognizes these as the essential design requirements (Wen-Chuan Chiang 2000; Han and Kim

2003).

The purpose of this chapter is to review the different design goals, methodologies and tools and to understand their impact on the design of the product.

2.1 CURRENT SCOPE OF USABILITY & FUNCTIONALITY

According to (Ouden et al. 2006), usability for human-machine interaction is the ease of use of the functions and features of the product experienced by the user under specified operating environment. The product usability consists of several underlying design dimensions and there exists a functional relationship between them (Kim and Han 2008). These dimensions were classified into three groups P (Product), PU (Product & User), PUT (Product, User & Task) group.

The P group dimensions are based only on the product features. The PU group dimensions determine the relationship between user and the product. The dimensions in the third group are evaluated in the context of its use.

Product Feature

 Simplicity  Consistency Product Group  Modelessness

User Control, User Support, Flexibility

 Locus of Control  Directness  Feedback Product & User Group  Helpfulness  Error Prevention  Accessibility

Cognitive Support, Perfromance

 Learnability  Memorability  Familiarity  Predictability Product, user &  Informativeness task group  Effectiveness  Efficiency

Figure 3 Product Usability Classification (Adapted from (Kim and Han 2008)

Govindaraju (1999) called for concurrent consideration of several design goals namely reliability, safety, ecological design, customizability amongst others in the designing and manufacturing of usable consumer products.

Babbar, Behara, & White (2002) used affinity diagrams to sift through customer experiences of different consumer products. The research captured user related problems associated with these products. The database generated provided insights into specific dimensions of product usability.

Table 1 Affinity Diagram (Adapted from Babbar, Behara, & White (2002))

Usability Dimension User Experience Instances Lack Of Control  Difficult to set precise cooking times with the dial type timer.  Difficult to control water height with switches on water fountains. Lack of Compatibility Lack of Internal  Frosting container unable to hold the Compatibility cake made from the standard cake mix. Lack of External  Laptop requires specific brand of chip Compatibility for memory upgrade. Lack of Accessibility From Package  Difficult to break safety seals of soft drinks and tennis ball cans. In Use  Car‟s seat belt gets entangled with the lumbar lever. For Servicing  Battery fits too tightly in calculator Dysfunctional feature  LCD screens not visible in sunlight.  Paper guide on printer does not align and center paper. Missing Feature  To open the tail-gate of the car the soft top has to be disconnected and reconnected.  Lamp‟s power cord does not let the lamp sit straight Insufficient  Ignition key gets stuck information provided  Buttons and markings on the door of microwave do not correspond.

(Chaing, Mital and Desai 2009) made significant contributions to generate generic design criteria for functionality. They used the systematic approach of Pahl and Beitz (SAPB) as a design process model. The research extended the definition of product functionality by including several design criteria which impact the product‟s overall functional design. The research successfully utilized checklists to evaluate different functionality criteria. The methodology developed provided a new direction for considering functionality into the product.

(Stone and Wood 2000) introduced the design language, called functional basis for facilitating systematic function structure generation, right identification of product metrics and increasing the

creativity in concept generation. The functional basis allows the designer to represent the function of product into set of sub-functions while showing their connectivity. The functional basis described the standard set of functions and flows. It subsumes all the existing classification schemes provided by other function-based design methodologies. The design language provided the list of basic functions and the corresponding appropriate flows by studying hundreds of products.

Table 2 Functional Classes and Basis Functions (Adapted from (Stone and Wood 2000))

Restricted to Class of Function Basic Function Synonyms Flow Separate Switch, Divide, Release, Branch Refine Remove Detach etc. Distribute Import Export Transmit Lift, Move, Conduct, Transfer Channel Transport Convey, Direct, Steer, Translate Turn, Spin etc. Guide Rotate Allow DOF Couple Join, Assemble, Combine, Connect Mix Blend, Coalesce etc. Supply Contain, Collect, Provision Store Replenish, Expose etc. Extract

2.1.1 DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT

It focuses on developing and designing products for reducing the environmental impact, reducing waste, lowering emission and optimum resource utilization. The philosophy of concurrent engineering ensures the Eco-designed products to be reliable, durable, adaptable, modular, dematerialized, reusable and to be competitive in the market. The function of the product has to be rationalized with the environment.

1. Concept Development  Functional Optimization  Shared Use  Product Integration

8. Optimize end-of-life. 2. Select Low-impact  Reusability materials.  Recyclability  Non-hazardous  Safe Disposal  Recyclable  Remanufacturabil  Recycled ity. DoE

7. Optimize initial life. 3. Reduce Materials  Adaptability  Reduce weight  Upgradeability  Reduce Volume  Reliability  Maintenance 4. Clean Production  Low energy use

8. Impact reduction at  Low waste user end generation  Low emissions  Clean Inputs  Low waste generation 5. Clean Distribution  Low material  Low Impact Packaging consumption  Minimize packaging  Low water use Material

 Clean transportation source

Figure 4 Life Cycle Design Strategy (SDS) Wheel (Adapted from (Brezet and Hemel 1997)

An Eco-functional matrix was developed by (Lagerstedt et al. 2003), it combines the functional requirements with the environmental impact thereby optimizing functional and environmental profile. The viewpoints of economic reality, technical capacity and demands were considered in its development.

(Hill 1993) proposed eight design axioms to consider the environmental impact for the product‟s life cycle:

 Manufacture without producing/minimizing hazardous waste

 Use clean technologies

 Lower product‟s chemical emissions during use.

 Reduce the energy consumption of product

 Use non-hazardous recyclable material.

 Product should be reusable or recyclable at the end-of-life.

 Design for disassembly

 Use recycled materials and reused components.

Large international corporations have used these axioms to develop the more detailed and product specific DfE criteria (Jesweit 2008). Some of them are listed below:

1) Eliminate use of toxic substances

 Do not use materials which have been banned by company‟s internal agreements or

by other regional or national legislatures.

 Use non-hazardous substance but without compromising the functionality of the

product.

 If use of hazardous material is unavoidable then use the recyclable materials.

2) Minimize energy and resource consumption in the production and transportation phase.

 Waste should be sorted out

 Prefer reused components if they ensure same quality

 To keep resource consumption to minimum by optimizing logistics. Make

maximum use of design philosophies like JIT, Kaizen engineering etc.

3) Design for repair and maintenance.

 Use modular design

 Improve the accessibility for parts.

4) Lower the consumption (energy and resource) during use phase.

 Reduce standby energy by using standby functions.

 Minimize aerodynamic drag in vehicles, develop energy efficient vehicles and

energy regeneration in vehicles

 Develop electronic components with high efficiency.

There are many more guidelines which push for high quality and structured materials, durable materials, unblended and homogeneous materials in the product design.

This makes it all the more essential for the consumer products not only be easy to use or be superior in performance but also safe to use, maintain and reliable. And with ever increasing rules and regulation related to environmental protection

2.1.2 Reliability

Reliability of a product is its probability to perform the specified function unfailing under the specified operating environment and other conditions for specified time duration (Birolini 2007).

Reliability Deployment in the products is to minimize or eliminates the premature failure of the product through early prediction. According to (Yang 2007), the implementation of reliability engineering is to maximize the reliability and minimize the impact of failure. The first stage for achieving it is to maximize the reliability in product design and development stage. Next is to minimize the production process variability so that the inbuilt reliability is not degraded. Third

step is the proper maintenance during its useful life.

To meet the reliability challenge of the product the activities of a reliability team are divided in three stages. The stages are Design for Reliability (DfR), Reliability Verification and Analytical

Physics. The standard tools which could be used for designing reliability in the product are FMEA and the competitive benchmarking. The reliability predictive modeling techniques can be used to make MTTF initial estimates. These estimates are important to understand the viability of the design goals for reliability (Crowe and Feinberg 2000). Few of the guidelines available to designers for optimizing the reliability are:

1) Simplify the design and improve the reliability of individual components in the product.

Prefer materials with established reliability ratings (Priest 1988).

2) Design to avoid failures due to fatigue. Minimize stress concentration points. Reduce

overheating by providing adequate ventilation for the electronic products (Rao 1992).

3) Provide sufficient protection from external adverse effects such as moisture, radiation,

heat, shocks etc.

2.1.3 Safety

Safety of the product implies/indicates the absence of undesirable events during the life cycle of the product. The safety is ensured only if the risks are eliminated. The risk is probability and severity of injury or damage. With the increasing number of user related accidents involving consumer products makes safety an important factor to be considered during product design. To aid the designer number of methods have been developed for integrating safety in the product design. An innovative Risk Assessment Design (IRAD) design method has been developed within framework of systematic design (Ghemraoui et al. 2009). The process consists of

systematic risk identification through the use of experience feedback and the standardization.

Standard techniques like Fault Tree Analysis, FMEA, sneak circuit analysis are also used for designing safety in products (Hammer 1980). An iterative three step method to predict and solve the safety problems has been developed by (Schoone-Harmsen 1990) . It consists of (i) Analysis of problem, (ii) Identification of critical factors, (iii) Synthesis.

Below are the few guidelines for the aid of designers to aid them in designing a safer product.

These are developed through the experience feedback of safety engineers and have been customized by each corporation for their use.

1) Design should be fail safe. Anticipate errors from the users. These errors should not lead to

an accident.

2) If accidents are unavoidable then reduce their impact and also provide the safety devices

like air bags, helmets etc.

3) Provide guards and protection from the dangling components or other hazardous material

or components in the device.

4) Provide warnings of the possible dangers and presence of hazards.

5) Provide safety manuals to train the users of avoiding the hazards.

2.1.4 Aesthetics

The consumer choice is influenced by the product‟s appearance in several ways (Bloch 1995). The various roles of the product appearance identified for the consumers are: 1) Communication of

Aesthetics, 2) Symbolic, 3) Functional, 4) Attention Drawing, 5) Ergonomic Information, 6)

Categorization. According to (Desmet and Hekkert 2007), the product experience is “the set of affects that is elicited by the interaction between the user and the product, including the aesthetic

experience, experience of meaning and emotional experience”. The image of the product forms an impression on the mind of user regarding its ease of use and the easiness of its operation (Creusen and Schoormans 2005).

Kensei engineering which gained popularity showed the relationship between product properties and product experience. The objective of the development of this relationship was to use it in the design of the product to elicit relationships (Nagamachi 2002).

The different type of industry which has made use of Kensei Engineering (KE) includes: 1)

Automotive Industry, 2) Construction Machine Industry, 3) Electric Home appliance Industry, 4)

Office machines, 5) Costume, 6) Cosmetic and few others.

2.1.5 Maintainability & Serviceability

It is the capacity of the product to perform satisfactorily during its life time with little expenditure of money and time. It can either be preventive or the breakdown maintenance. Serviceability is measured in terms of easiness of both these maintenance. The lower reliability of the product could be offset by the high serviceability. Serviceability can be accounted in terms of turnaround time and cost. Overview of some of the design guidelines in place for improving the product design for both maintainability and serviceability are presented below:

1) The components prone to wear or breakdown should be at the accessible locations for the

ease in inspection, testing and replacement (Mital 1995).

2) The design should require standard tools for easy field repair.

3) Adopt a modular design which could be easily replaced for the purposes of repair and

testing (Moss 1985).

4) Design for easy testability. Adopt the established testability principles.

5) Use attachments which could be easily disconnected. High mortality parts should be joined

using them. Design the parts for easy disassembly.

6) Malfunction Annunciation: Developing a means of notifying a user when the malfunction

is present (Dodson and Nolan 1999)

7) Fault isolation: Ensure that the malfunctions are traceable. Provide connectors to connect

the product to external equipment or provide built in diagnostics (Dodson and Nolan 1999)

2.2 Market Research Tools

The earliest stage in the design process is the market research. An effective application of

the market research tools is essential for a successful product. These research techniques

are important for a designer or an organization as it provides an insight into customer‟s

opinions, tastes and distastes. Besides gaining the consumer‟s perspective it can also

quantitatively determine the effectiveness of product design. In this section we will focus

our attention on various qualitative and quantitative tools proposed in the previous

researches.

2.2.1 Qualitative Techniques

Various different methods which could be used in this technique include Focus group

interviews, in-depth interviews, projective techniques, Content Analysis, Delphi Method,

Observational research, Grounded Theory etc. All these methods broadly make use of

subjective criteria in order to understand customer choices. They generally also serve as

the prelude to the primarily quantitative study (Morgan 1997). Due to this it is

recommended during the early phase of the project. These methods give us the rough

requirements of consumer‟s requirements and attitude towards the product. Brief synopses

of some of the techniques which are relevant to this work are:

1) In-depth Interviews: In this only one person is interviewed at a time. The format of the

interview varies from unstructured to semi-structured; the interview is generally

conducted by a researcher. These interviews generally last from 0 to 30 minutes where

researcher is not sure about the research objective in advance. They may be conducted

face to face, on phone or online.

2) Focus Groups: According to Dr. David Garson, Focus groups are the group of

individuals who are representative of some class (ex., the class of consumers of a

product, the class of voters). The forum encourages the discussion between these

individuals. The discussion brings out insights and understandings in ways which

simple questionnaire items may not be able to tap (Morgan 1997). The group generally

comprises of 6-10 people and a moderator is present to facilitate the discussion

between the unacquainted participants.

2.2.2 Quantitative Research Techniques

These are objective in nature which uses the numerical data to obtain information. The results of these studies could be generalized and are used to test the hypothesis.

Lot of information could be extracted from the data collected using several sampling design and analysis procedures. The other difference of this from the qualitative research is that the results can easily be generalized and also the researcher is aware of the requirements. Quantitative research consists of variety of inferential and screening techniques most commonly used include Choice

Modeling, Reliability and Validity testing, Cluster Analysis, Factor Analysis, Perceptual Mapping

and other inferential techniques. Some of the techniques which might prove to be useful for analyze our design checklists have been briefly discussed.

1) Conjoint Analysis: It is a research method which is a subset of choice modeling technique.

Conjoint analysis is also known as trade-off analysis. This is a multivariate technique that

numerically determines the relative utility of different variables, attributes, or product

features associated with a product, design or service. In this technique each variable‟s

importance is determined implicitly or indirectly i.e. the respondent is unaware of what is

being measured. This technique has been long used in TQM for linking product properties

to the user impressions of the product (Green and Rao 1971).

2) Cluster Analysis: As per the SAS Institute, Cluster analysis is the technique of examining

the characteristics of variables (or cases) and clustering them that share common

characteristics. The clusters are mutually exclusive and are lesser in number of starting

variables. It is a screening process which in the past has been a good source of building

usability models (Han and Kim 2003). Refer to (Anderberg 1973) for detailed description

about this method.

3) Principal Component Regression: According to (Dunteman 1989), when variables are

highly correlated Principal Component analysis replace the correlated ones with

independent ones. Principal Component is the linear combination of the original correlated

variables. PCR is the regression model using Principal Components as the variables. The

degree of influence of any variable in PCR is describes as the ratio of the variance

explained by the variable to the total variance (Han and Kim 2003). Larger the ratio greater

is the influence of the variable.

If there are n correlated variables X 1, X 2, X 3 …., X n. then we can select p Principal Components

(PCi). Table shows the variance explained by each of the individual PC, the variance explained by each original variable and their degree of influence. Pij is the loading vector between PCi and X j

Table 3 Variable’s Influence explained using Principal Component Regression (Adapted

from (Han and Kim 2003)

Principal Component Variables

Variance X1 X2 …… Xn

PC1 SSR(PC1) P11 P12 …… P1n

PC2 SSR(PC2) P21 P22 …… P2n …… …… …… …… …… …… p 2 p 2 p 2 SSR (PC1,PC 2,…..PCp) ∑i=1 SSR(PCi)P i1 ∑i=1 SSR(PCi)P i2 …… ∑i=1 SSR(PCi)P in p 2 p 2 p 2 Influence ∑i=1 SSR(PCi)P i1/SSR (PC1,PC 2,…..PCp) ∑i=1 SSR(PCi)P i2/SSR (PC1,PC 2,…..PCp) …… ∑i=1 SSR(PCi)P in/SSR (PC1,PC 2,…..PCp)

The method has been successfully used previously to screen the usability design variables for the electronic products.

4) Reliability and Validity Testing: These tests play an important role whenever a measuring

device is used to collect the data from the respondents. The results either support or reject

our proposed concept or theory.

(i) Reliability: It examines the consistency and replicability of the test, survey or any other

measuring device. The statistic of interest is known as reliability coefficient which

represents the correlation. The different type of reliability tests are

 Test-Retest Reliability: This examines the consistencies among the several administrations

of tests. These tests are affected by the memory of the subject to whom the test is being

administered as all the pre-test and post-tests are similar.

 Parallel form Reliability: This eliminates the memory effect as pre-test and post-tests are

now different from each other. For the reliability to be high the reliability coefficient

should be high and positive.

 Inter-Rate Reliability: Estimation in this is based on the correlation of the observations of

two or more observers who rate the same subjects.

 Internal Consistency: Estimation is based on the correlation amongst the items in the

questionnaire measuring the same concept. The reliability coefficient is also called the

cronbach‟s alpha. It measures the correlation of the measurement scale with all other scales

measuring same thing with the same items.

(ii) Validity: A research is valid only if the measuring instrument really measures what it aims to.

The various different type of validity tests include: (i) Construct Validity, (ii) Concurrent Validity,

(iii) Predictive Validity, (iv) Content Validity. All of these methods measure the validity by finding the quantitative value of correlation amongst the test scores on the evaluative instrument and the score on the pre existing and the well established scale (standard instrument).

CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVE & METHODOLOGY

3.1 The Approach

The overall objective of this work was to integrate existing design methodologies for ensuring both usability and functionality in the design of a consumer product. The intent was to generalize these integrated design guidelines and then demonstrate their application through examples.

The integration work was performed in 3 different phases:

1) development of generic guidelines for various usability and functionality criteria;

2) deriving customized checklists for a specific product (or family) from generic checklists;

and

3) testing the integrated design criteria checklists.

Figure 5 shows the schematic of the procedure used to integrate functionality and usability requirements in the design of a consumer product.

3.1.1 Phase 1

The multiple usability-functionality design criteria are valid across all the consumer product families. This makes it all the more important to develop the generic design and manufacturing guidelines which could provide the designer with suitable product and process design options. The information necessary to develop these guidelines has been accumulated from the sources like customer surveys, questionnaires, published literature, design and manufacturing handbooks, and

Figure 5 Procedure showing the development of design guidelines

user complaints database. To add to the current level of information available a case study was carried out which demonstrates the relationship between the usability-functionality requirements and the manufacturing attributes. It uses the flow diagrams and transformation matrices to establish these linkages. The different set of guidelines, in form of checklists, for each of the design criteria has been developed.

3.1.2 Phase 2

The generic design guidelines will have to be customized for a specific product before they can be used by a designer. The guidelines developed in the previous phase are translated for the specific

product family. Additional information was collected from the users and the manufacturers of the product as the usability-functionality requirements for each specific product families are different.

The inputs obtained included customer requirements, manufacturing processes, etc.

3.1.3 Phase 3

The customized checklists prepared in the previous phase were statistically tested. The usability-functionality index models were also created for each of the criteria which helped quantify the significance of the specific design dimensions. The design dimensions were rank ordered based on their degree of influence. The consumer score for each dimension was used as an input.

3.2 Procedure for Development of Generic Design Guidelines

The process carried out for developing the generic guidelines consisted of 4 iterative steps:

1) Understanding the scope of products’ usability and functionality;

2) Developing specific dimensions for each of product’s usability and functionality criteria;

3) Identification of design and manufacturing variables and linking them to the

usability-functionality requirements; and

4) Development of guidelines in the form of checklists.

4.2.1 Step 1

After thoroughly reviewing the existing customer surveys, guidelines etc., the different design criteria identified were ease of use, performance, reliability, safety, maintainability/serviceability, environmental affinity, and aesthetics.

4.2.2 Step 2

It was presumed that the design criteria identified in the previous step could be broken down into the latent factors that are also known as design categories. Table 4 shows the categories for each criterion. These latent variables are not directly measurable but can be explained using various indicators or specific dimensions. The necessary information regarding these categories and dimensions was gathered from variety of sources such as case studies, published literature and from the vast data base of user experiences and complaints.

Table 4 Grouping dimensional categories for design criteria

Design Criteria Design Categories Ease of Use Interaction Methods, Task Simplification, Learning, Instinctive Design Performance Material, Part features, Product Integration Reliability Protection, Diagnostics, Redundancy, Components Safety Failure Rules, Packaging, Protective Devices, Clearances Aesthetics Image Description, Subjective Perception, Basic Shape/Sense Environmental Affinity After life, Raw Materials, Disposal Procedures, Energy & Water conservation Maintainability / Standardization, Product order & layout, Location Serviceability & Joints

Table 5 shows the specific dimensions for each criterion. Their classification under various design categories was deliberately avoided due to their high correlation and overlapping nature. These dimensions were controlled through different variables discussed in detail in the next step. The efforts of any design team should be fully directed towards optimizing these dimensions, doing this will improve the product‟s usability and functionality.

Table 5 Factors constituting different usability-functionality design criteria (Adapted and modified from Chiang, Mital, & Desai 2009 and Han et al. 2001) Performance Ease of Use Safety Reliability Environmental Maintainability Aesthetics Affinity & Serviceability Resiliency & User Surfaces Number of Recyclable Modular design Good durability Friendliness Irregularities parts Displays Product Memorability Provision of guards Redundancy No toxic Diagnosis system Subjective ordering material Satisfaction Operating Simplicity Modular design Material Disposability Standardization Attractive Environment Strength Stability Modlessness Abuse Diagnosis Disassembly Identification of Preference consideration weak components Minimising Ergonomics Interlock provision Loads and Degradable Accessible parts Enticing Mass/ Capacity scrap shape Strength Ratio Responsivenes Utilizing Redundancy Testability Reusable Joints Rust proof s Constraints Functional Expecting Poka - yoke Failure Rules Qty. of heavy Toxic gases / Smooth Variability human errors metals liquids surface (Forgiveness) Upgradability Controls Two way Geometric Manufacturing Location of Brightness communication Variability processes used failure prone parts Multifunctiona Error Identification of Wear Out Energy Sharp parts Gentle touch l parts Prevention hazardous Consumed experience components and other sources Efficiency Predictability Moving Parts Serviceable Water usage Testability Translucency

Effectiveness Feedback Effective diagnosis Identification No. of Provision of Metaphoric of Function Provision system of weak materials used Inspection Image components Smooth Use of Clearances Abuse Material Used Interchangeable Salience Operation Mapping Redundancy Balance Detailed safety Controlling Joint of parts Part labelling Granular guidelines and Environmental procedures Conditions Subassemblies Interactive Flying objects Failure Paints Traceability of Clean displays Analysis defects Profile of Flexibility Toxic materials Product Modular Repair guidelines Harmonious functional Integration viz. Design for easy design surfaces structure and malfunctions ordering Power Losses Leverage Warning devices Load sharing Disposability Steadiness Compatibility Fail Safe Standard parts Product Layout Consistency Adaptability Safe disposal Scope of thermal expansion Noise Free Controls Protection Conversion

4.2.3 Step 3

The various design and manufacturing variables are essential in controlling the factors considered under various design criteria. Manufacturing variables consists of material and process variables.

Customers‟ usability–functionality requirements dictate the material to be used. Material properties in turn determine the appropriate manufacturing processes. Design variables are under direct control of designers. They are highly subjective in nature and are influenced by factors such as the designer‟s experience, and type of design (creative or adaptive), etc. Design variables are treated as constraints. In Table 6 some material, process and design variables are shown.

It is difficult to quantify the optimum values of these variables. However, if prepared after consulting designers, manufacturing handbooks and using design axioms, etc., their impact on the specific dimensions could be determined. To increase the utility of design guidelines it is important to add to this current level of knowledge.

Table 6 Manufacturing & Design Variables

Material Variables Process Variables Design Variables Strength Temperature Tolerance Hardness Pressure Height Density Time Tools Fatigue Resistance Depth of Cut Product Structure

A case study was carried out for this same reason. It also illustrates the procedure which will facilitate the future researchers in developing more design information and data. Figure 6 shows the complete procedure of linking usability-functionality features to manufacturing attributes of a product.

Various techniques could be used for effectively transferring usability-functionality requirements into the corresponding process variables. In this work, flow diagrams and transformation matrices were used for developing the linkages.

Figure 6 Process of linking user requirements to process variables

CHAPTER 4

CAN OPENER ILLUSTRATION

Here an example of can opener is used with a twofold purpose of adding to the existing design data

and for the better illustration of relationships. The development of generalized checklists was not

the purpose of this case study. Rather, the guidelines for usability and functionality were integrated

with the aid of this case; the generalization of the guidelines was performed subsequently. Flow

diagram and transformation matrices were used for establishing the relationships.

The usability-functionality requirements were determined after one-on-one interviews with the

users of this product. All participating users were very familiar with the use of the product. The can

opener, according to the users, is a product which pierces the lid of the can in an efficacious

manner without discomforting the user in anyway. This statement was analyzed further and the

mandatory features were classified into various design criteria. The principle

usability-functionality requirements are listed below.

 Neatly Pierces the lid

 Rolls without Slipping

 Effective on thick surfaces

 Silent Operation

 Easy to grip

 Avoids awkward motion

 Durable

4.1 Identifying Linkages

As mentioned earlier, Flow diagrams and transformation matrices were used to correlate the specific dimensions to manufacturing variables. The various stages involved in the process were:

4.1.1 The Product Assembly

It was acquired from the manufacturer. The critical components of can opener are: upper handle, lower handle, blade, crank and the drive sprocket. Join the upper handle with crank and drive sprocket. The blade is joined to the lower handle. The above 2 subassemblies are joined to form the overall assembly. The sprocket wheel holds onto the outer rim of can when the blade pierces the lid after the opener is mounted onto the can. The torque is applied through the crank wheel which helps the blade cut the lid until it is completely severed.

4.1.2 Establishing Technical Requirements & Generating Product Features

This process entailed translating the specific criteria into the technical requirements and then further into product features (Figure 7). It is important for an organization to work upon the technical requirements in order to satisfy customer needs. The user requirements were listed in the upper row and the technical requirements in the row beneath it. The next row contained product features which embodied the design requirements. The connectors of different thickness were used to represent the degree of relationship between them.

The design dimensions (or specific usability-functionality factors) identified after breaking down the customer requirements into the technical requirements and corresponding product features are listed in Table 7 below:

Table 7 Relevant usability-functionality factors

Performance Ease of Use Appropriate Material Learnable

Effectiveness of function Task Simplicity Tolerances User friendliness Subassemblies Avoids awkward posture Material Strength

Similarly, the requirements were mapped to the specific usability-functionality factors for other design criteria.

Figure 7 Elaborative transformation diagram for can opener (Design criterion: performance)

Ease of Use

Easy to learn Easily turn able Rolls without Comfortable grip Mechanism knob slipping

Low handle Smooth Surface High Contact force High cutting force Simple Design Low Crank Torque Structural Rigidity gripping force and Edges of sprocket on rim of the blade

Surface & Edge Sprocket Fewer Parts Joints of parts Surface Treatment Blade Hardness Material Regularity Hardness

Figure 8 Elaborative transformation diagram for can opener (Design criterion: Usability)

4.1.3 Process Deployment

In this step (Figure 9) the concept of transformation matrices, which is apparently similar to

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) technique, was brought into use. This phase shows the manufacturing processes required to produce the product. The product features identified in the previous step are listed in the horizontal sections and the manufacturing processes needed to achieve them are listed in the vertical sections. The strength of relationship is shown be using a numeric, greater the value stronger is the relationship.

Figure 9 Manufacturing Deployment Stage (Adapted and modified from Chiang, Mital, &

Desai 2009)

For example, blade needs to be swaged for improving its sharpness. Swaging increases the surface hardness as it results in the finer grain structure. Similarly, nickel plating is used for enhancing corrosion resistance and improving luster.

4.1.4 Manufacturing deployment

The method used was similar to the one used in previous step. Now the various manufacturing processes were placed in the rows and the process variables which are needed to optimize the manufacturing process were placed into the vertical headings (Figure 10). The successful

implementation of this step required detailed knowledge of the manufacturing processes and the underlying dimensions which control these processes.

Figure 10 Process Deployment (Adapted from (Chiang, Pennathur and Mital 2001))

The manufacturing processes generally have numerous controlling variables but only those which affect the can opener were considered in this case study. For example, the die dimensions and the die clearance are the variables necessary to be controlled during the stamping operation. As they determine the burrs produced and uniformity of thickness.

The case study of the can opener shows how controlling the process variables can cater to the user interests. The next step was to bring in use the above case study, along with other literature to develop the generic checklists.

CHAPTER 5

DEVELOPMENT OF GENERIC GUIDELINES

Using all the knowledge gained, we systematically developed the design and manufacturing guidelines. The procedure described above is recursive and the new information can continuously be added to the make these guidelines more efficacious. Tables 8 through 14 show detailed guidelines in the form of checklists. The items in the questionnaire could be evaluated by the designers on a 1-5 scale, with 1 being the least important and 5 being the most.

TABLE 8 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR EASE OF USE

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Simplify the tasks.

 The control process should simulate the actual mechanism. Choose an item.  The control operations should be straightforward and easy to Choose an understand. item.  Mapping: The control should map the actual operation of the Choose an mechanism. item.  Reduce the complexity in the design of the product. Usability Choose an increases with simplicity in design. item.  Should eliminate or minimize the decision making or the prior Choose an planning process involved in controlling an operation. item.  Control of an operation should be provided adjacent to the part Choose an which performs it. item. Learnable

 The user interactive methods should be intuitive. Choose an item.  Design should adopt familiar controls, user interface and Choose an interactive methods. item.  Design for modelessness i.e. each control should have only one Choose an designated behavior or output. item. (i) Should conform to the users. Choose an item.  Limit the static strength requirements to 5 percent and dynamic Choose an to 10 percent of the maximal volitional strength exerted when item. muscle loading is protracted (Govindaraju 1999).  Try to minimize the lifting load and the parts Choose an item. (ii) Avoiding awkward postures. Choose an item.  Provide means to leverage the force applied by a human. Choose an item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item  The controls and the parts requiring a frequent physical user Choose an touch should be placed at accessible location and should be item. grouped.  The handles and grips should be free of burrs or sharp corners. Choose an Should allow for the uniform distribution of force over the item. entire area. Controlling errors.

 Reverse or erroneous movement of the controlling parts should Choose an be restricted. item.  Allow for reversal of error Choose an item.  Anticipate the most common human error and design to Choose an minimize them. item. Provide clear, consistent and interpretable displays.

 Use digital displays wherever precise information is required, Choose an as it enhances readability. item.  Minimize the no. of controls used or activated to operate the Choose an part. item.  Use analog, if monitoring the changing conditions is Choose an important. item.  Use displays to provide the status of the product and response Choose an to any user action taken. item. Designing the controlling parts

 The controlling parts like knob should be sufficient wide and Choose an long, so that they fit into hands comfortably item.  Different controls should be designed differently. For ex., Choose an knobs, push buttons should be different in shape. item.  Match the knob with its corresponding display. Choose an item.  The operating force should not be high except for the Choose an emergency parts. item.  Group the controls operating the same part. Choose an item.  The display of the control should be matched to its direction of Choose an movement. item.  Provide controls in the accessible location. Choose an item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item  The most often used control should be provide nearest to the Choose an operator‟s location and so on. item.  Identify the potential errors and design to minimize them, Choose an phase out all the hazardous ones. item.  Provision for reversing the error. Choose an item. Minimize the variability in functions of the product. The Choose an functional variance undermines the usability of the product. item. The product should be internally and externally compatible. Choose an Using standard sizes could help reduce this. item.

Additional Points Importance

1) Add your point here Choose an item.

2) Add your point here Choose an item.

Aggregative rating for design in terms of ease of use Rating

TABLE 9 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PERFORMANCE

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item Material Properties

(i) Select the material operable in all kind of environment.  Wide range of temperature i.e. provision for thermal Choose an expansion item.  Insensitive to the moisture content in the air. Choose an item.  Are not prone to static electricity and are non magnetic. Choose an item. (ii) User requirements to features correspondence

 Minimize the no. of different materials used. Choose an item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item  Use a material which successfully maps the maximum no. of user Choose requirements into a corresponding product features. an item. The material used should permit the concept of maximum no. of part Choose integration. The processes like die casting and powder metallurgy an item. allows numerous shapes. Maximize the no. of subassemblies in the design. These should be Choose structurally self sufficient an item. Reduce the product‟s complexity and redundancy. Choose an item.  Try to integrate the parts into multifunctional single parts. Choose an item.  The part or subassembly should not interfere or undermine other Choose part or subassembly‟s performance. an item.  Reduce the no. of functional surfaces. Choose an item.  Mating parts and subassemblies should be of similar material as Choose far as possible. an item. Design to minimize geometric and functional variability in style, Choose shape and function of product. an item. Carefully monitor the different manufacturing variables affecting the Choose performance, during a production stage. an item. Adopt the modular design approach. This approach promotes Choose functional requirement independence. In this the parts and the an item. subassemblies performing specific functions are combined in a self-contained single unit. Minimize the mass strength ratio. The mass of the part should not be Choose more than the strength required of it (Govindaraju 1999). an item. Carefully narrow down on the sizes and geometric dimensions which Choose optimize the performance of the product. an item. All the surfaces transmitting forces and motion should have a smooth Choose profile. an item. Avoid over or under tolerance of components. Provide sensible Choose tolerances using tolerance analysis. an item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item During the design stage pay attention to controlling both Choose an dimensional and functional tolerances. item. Provide a solid base in order to improve the durability and also Choose an making the product easier to be oriented or transported. item. Identify all the manufacturing processes which also generate some Choose an aberrations on the surface of the product. Provide suitable finishing item. process to remove the abnormalities.

Additional Points Importance

1) Add your point here Choose an item.

2) Add your point here Choose an item.

Aggregative rating for design in terms of Performance Rating

TABLE 10 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR RELIABILITY

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Protection

(i) Overheating

 Incorporate fins and minimize the direct contact with the heat Choose an sources. Position them in the direction of air flow. item.  Provide heat sinks for the heat disposal. Choose an item.  Use ventilation to prevent overheating. Choose an item.  Provide heat conducting paths and place them so that the heat Choose an transfers through them to the heat sink. item.  Components highly sensitive to heat like semiconductors should Choose an be provided extra protections and be placed away from high item. temperature points.  Use coolants. Choose an item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item  Locate the functional surfaces close to the coolant flow or in the air Choose field. an item.  Use resistors and larger area conductors. Choose an item.  Keep important electrical components protected by providing Choose fuse, shear pins etc. an item.  Provide seals to protect against moisture and other foreign Choose impurities. an item. (ii) Protection from environment

 Keep the product or components protected from radiation, using Choose shields. an item.  Design to accommodate for other environmental influences like Choose fire, vibrations, electrical hazards etc. Anticipate the possible an item. environmental impacts and provide measure to protect against those factors.  Use galvanization or rust free coating for protection against Choose corrosion. an item. Simplify the part design and minimize the no. of parts. Choose an item. Strength of Material

 Phase out brittle materials like glass and ceramic etc. Choose an item.  Use materials with greater shock resistance and impact strength. Choose Also provide some cushioning or other shock absorbing materials. an item. The product should be properly packaged. Provide two different layers. Choose Primary packaging should envelope the product by being in direct an item. contact and the secondary packing is outside the primary. This protects it from compression, shock vibration and unfavorable temperature conditions. Redundancy

 Critical components and subassemblies should be duplicated Choose an item.  Provide standby components in case of failure of the primary one. Choose an item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Failure Analysis and Rules

 Use FMEA, Fault Tree Analysis etc. to diagnose the problems Choose associated with reliability. an item.  Identify the weakest component in the assembly or subassembly Choose and work towards improving their reliability. an item.  Label all the functional surfaces. Choose an item.  Collect and analyze the data related to different kind of failures. Choose Record the part no. and estimated time of failure. This would an item. simplify the detection of erroneous mechanisms and parts.  Design so as to fail safely in case of a sudden breakdown. Choose an item. Testability and Inspection Choose an item.  Identify the defective parts by testing them at the escalated stress Choose levels. an item.  Use the product function monitoring system to test the overall Choose reliability. an item. Field Replaceable Units Choose an item.  The components involved in performing a specific function Choose should be combined together in a single self contained unit. These an item. Field Replaceable units (FRU) are easy to be replaced and are installed as a single subassembly.  Make the identification of components, modules and interface Choose easier. Use a suitable numbering, color coding scheme etc.. an item. Reduce the complexity of design. Simpler designs tend to have more Choose reliability. an item. Applications like coating, soldering, welding etc. are more efficient if Choose the surfaces are clean. an item. Increase customer awareness through the use of service manual and Choose instruction manuals. an item. Design component for higher stress level than it actually experiences. Choose an item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Use engineering techniques like Reliability Centered Maintenance. Choose This makes the failure diagnosis easier and warns about impending an item. system or part failure. For ex. fuel gauge used in the cars. Design the product for allowing load sharing. In case of failure of a Choose component the other parts keep the product in a functional state. an item.

The rate of wear out is to a greater extent controlled by degree of Choose surface finish. an item. Avoid sharp corners and stress concentration points to avoid fatigue Choose failures. an item.

Additional Points Importance

1) Add your point here Choose an item.

2) Add your point here Choose an item. Aggregative rating for design in terms of Reliability Rating

TABLE 11 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR SAFETY

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Design the product to fail safe. For both mechanical and electrical Choose equipments a feature or device should be provided that eliminates or an item. minimizes the harm to users and other parts in case of a failure. For ex. a fuse, circuit breaker, a hand crank etc. Provide both active safety devices (like seat belt) and passive safety Choose devices (like air bags) etc. which work towards minimizing the an item. chances of human injury in case of a failure. Moving parts and Clearances

 The surfaces, parts or subassemblies moving relative to each Choose other should be placed away from the human reach. an item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item  Provide sufficient clearances between the moving parts. This Choose would decreases the chances of crushing or shearing of fingers. an item. Use modular design approach. This allows use of Field Replaceable Choose units, which could be removed or installed quickly. This design an item. approach makes the unit more accessible, easily repairable, more mobile and relatively risk free. Material

 Minimize the use of flammable material. Choose an item.

 The product should not contain toxic substances. Keep it away Choose from the direct contact, if the use is unavoidable. an item.  None of the material used should emit any harmful fumes, Choose vapours, radiations. an item.  Use resilient materials like the toughened glass. Avoid the use Choose of brittle materials as they would break down into fragments on an item. breaking.  The materials should be chemically stable. Choose an item.

 The outer body should be made from a non conducting Choose material. an item. The product should be structurally stable. It is not tilted, has an upright Choose stance and should not wobble. an item. The product requiring frequent relocation should not be heavy. For Choose bigger products provide wheels at its base to increase mobility. an item. There should be no projection or exposed electrical cables. Both of Choose them have a potential threat of harming a user. an item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Try to minimize sharp corners. Replace them with the contours of Choose liberal external radii. an item. Packaging

 Mention all the handling instructions on the packing of the Choose product. Provide pictorial markings for handling. Provide an item. special symbol for hazardous materials.  Use Child resistant packing. This prevents children from Choose ingesting dangerous items. an item.  The plastic bags used for packing should not be either too Choose thin or too thick. Only bags with thickness more than 0.0015 an item. inch can cause asphyxiation. Provide a separate safety instructions manual with the product. Choose Provide adequate warnings for the dangerous to use parts. an item. Consideration for ergonomics of design

 Design the product so as to operate within human Choose capabilities, in terms of force. an item.  User should not have to assume an awkward posture to Choose operate the product. an item.  Eliminate redundant repetitious motion required. Choose an item.  Phase out all the lengthy user control operations. They Choose increase the chances of cumulative trauma disorders. an item. The disposal of the product after its use should be safe. For ex. it Choose should not explode on accidentally catching fire. an item. Provide guards

 To cover sharp blades or other sharp edges. Choose an item.  To keep the foreign particles out. For ex. a windshield keeps Choose unwanted flying objects out of the car. an item.  Should not scrape the user‟s hand or cause any other danger Choose during the time of operation an item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Provide sufficient factor of safety to all the under critical stress Choose components. This reduces the risk of injury to user at a sudden failure an item. of the product. Use interlocks, a device which prevents the working of machine in Choose undesired state. For ex. interlock switches provide in microwaves an item. disables the magnetron in case the door of microwave is open. If the product is dissipated during the use. Then it should not emit any Choose harmful / toxic gases during the period it is in use. an item. Minimize the use of heavy metals like mercury, lead or asbestos Choose products in the products. Use their alternatives instead. an item. The body of the product should not become scathing hot. Provide Choose adequate heat sinks and sources for ventilation. an item. Provide audiovisual warning indicators which flashes when user has Choose not completed all the safety measures. For ex. door lock indicators, an item. seat harness buzzer etc.

Additional Points Importance

1) Add your point here Choose an item.

2) Add your point here Choose an item.

Aggregative rating for design in terms of Safety Rating

TABLE 12 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR MAINTAINABILIY AND SERVICIABILITY

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Adopt modular design approach for expediting the repair of faulty Choose an systems. As replacing the faulty modules would repair the unit item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Easy diagnostics, Testing & Inspection of the system

 Provide the warning indicators like brake fuel gauge which Choose signals the imminent maintenance requirement. an item.

 Design the product components for them to be tested using Choose standard instruments. an item.

 Provide built in diagnostic capabilities. Choose an item.

 Ease the accessibility of test probes to various components Choose and test points by providing ports, tool holes and giving an item. proper markings.  Design for malfunction annunciation. Provide a means for Choose identifying the malfunction in the product. For ex. Fuel gauge an item. or oil pressure gauge.  For easy fault isolation provide multi pronged connectors Choose with test points so that they could be connected to external an item. equipments and checked for operability.  Design so that the Field Replacement units do not need to be Choose disassembled for testing. an item.

 Provide the fault detection system in the product. Choose an item.

 Incorporate the modular design approach for easy tests of Choose operability and easy fault isolation. an item.

Use modular design approach for the products which requires fast Choose replacements and consists of relatively inexpensive parts. an item.

Standardization

 Standardize the tests and make them easy so that they could Choose be performed in the field. an item.

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item  Use standard parts to promote interchangeability. Choose an item.

 Design for compatibility amongst the mating parts Choose an and minimize no. of different designs. This item. reduces spare part requirements, reduces maintenance time required and makes it more cost-effective.  Standardize the assembly & disassembly Choose an procedures with standard sizes, shapes and item. interface locations for modules. Tolerances, both dimensional and functional should be Choose an controlled to make the replacement easier in the field item.

Use predictive maintenance techniques like vibration Choose an analysis, sound level measurements, oil analysis item. etc..They help in determining the state of in service equipment. The maintenance therefore can be performed when it is most cost effective. Accessibility

 The components or modules requiring periodic Choose an maintenance should be placed at the accessible item. locations.  Fastening devices should be at visible and Choose an accessible locations. item.

 For modular design the higher reliability parts Choose an should be assembled before the lower reliability item. or high mortality rate components.  Spatial arrangements should be controlled for Choose an providing better accessibility to the items. item.

 Assembly should be simple and should not make Choose an worker assume the awkward postures while item. servicing. Joint of parts

 Use slips fits, funnel openings, snap fits and Choose an tapered ends. This makes the disassembly easier. item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Design the product so that the operator does not come in contact Choose an with the toxic elements present, if any. item. Provide explicit warning over the dangerous components or Choose an critical components which should only be serviced or repaired by a item. specialist. Minimize the sharp points or edges in the inside of product. Choose an item. Provide protection to all the critical or fragile components likely to Choose an get damaged while performing a routinely service tasks. item. Provide sufficient outlets for the drainage of fluids. Provide Choose an necessary drainage plugs. item.

Additional Points Importance 1) Add your point here Choose an item. 2) Add your point here Choose an item. Aggregative rating for design in terms of Rating Maintainability/Serviceability

TABLE 13 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AFFINITY

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Recyclability and Disassembly consideration  Minimize the no. of parts. As it makes easier to sort Choose an products for recycling. item.  Avoid using dissimilar materials they either cannot or are Choose an difficult to separate. item.  Avoid the use of fasteners. Connections like snap fits makes Choose an the disassembly easier and also reduces dissimilar item. materials.  Minimize the screw head types and different sizes of Choose an fasteners. As it will take more time and more tools to item. disassemble them.  Use ultrasonic, friction welding over adhesive bonding. Or Choose an else, use the material compatible to adhesive bonding. item.

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item  Give identification to different materials and Choose an parts. Color coding, bar coding or labeling could item. be used for easy recognition.  Use welding over other joining processes like Choose an soldering or brazing. item.

 Use materials which are easier to recycle. Choose an Thoroughly review all the metals, plastics, other item. materials which fulfill the user requirements and are easy to be recycled.  Use water based solvents paints (latex). As they Choose an are easy to be recycled. item.

 Minimize the no. of fasteners used and should be Choose an located at visible and accessible places. This item. reduces the disassembly time taken after its end of life. Design components so that they can be remanufactured Choose an and not only reclaimed for its materials. item.

Use the standard sizes and parts. This makes the Choose an refurbishing process easier. item.

Paints and their disposal

 The paints with environmentally harmful Choose an solvents. Use water based solvents as it has less item. volatile organic content compared to the oil based solvents.  Oil based paints and paint thinners should be Choose an disposed of as a hazardous material. They should item. never be discharged in the storm drains.  Close all the inlets to drains. This stops it from Choose an reaching the water system in case of accidental item. spills.  Avoid using aerosol paint cans. As the propellants Choose an used in them poses huge environmental risks. item. Classify the used up cans as the hazardous waste as it possess flammable contents.

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item  Avoid using paints consisting of heavy metals and Choose an toxic ingredients. Refer to green seal standard for item. paints before finalizing.  Use reblended paints as they are cost effective and Choose an also energy efficient. item.  Clean the floor for any spillage after the use of Choose an paints otherwise it may flow onto streets, drains, item. catch basin etc.. Avoid using heavy metals like mercury or lead. As there Choose an emission into environment even in small concentration item. poses serious health risks. Use highest purity raw materials. Choose an item. Avoid using greenhouse or ozone dissipating gases in the Choose an product. item. Disposal

 Materials like battery, other heavy metal Choose an containing products which could emit heavy item. metals into environment on disposal should be treated as hazardous waste and special measures should be taken before their disposal in landfills. Pack them in non flammable containers and wrap the ends to prevent sparking.  Have proper hazardous waste cleanup equipments Choose an available. For ex. Mercury spill kits should be item. used for mercury spills.  Follow the specific state guidelines for the Choose an disposal of universal paints. Educate the workers item. about the rules and methods. Design the products to near net shape. This will reduce Choose an the amount of material used. Lesser the material used item. corresponds to less landfill space consumed at the end of the life of the product. Reduce the amount of packaging material. Or use Choose an refillable, consumable, refillable packaging. item. Manufacturing Process

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item  The process used should produce minimum of the scrap. Choose an item.  Plan the process so that it significantly reduces water Choose consumption. an item.  If possible eliminate or else minimize the emission of harmful Choose gases (like carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons etc.), an item. chemicals, heavy metals (like lead) or other solid pollutants (like charcoal) during the manufacturing process.  Separate the residuals into different classes before discharging Choose them. As in hazardous materials should be separated from an item. recyclable.  Minimize the use of all those materials which are limited in Choose supply in nature. an item.  Minimize the use of materials like paper, coal etc. which Choose directly consumes ecological wealth. Numerous alternatives an item. are available for each of them.  Use the materials that are not toxic or radioactive. Choose an item.  Make the process energy efficient. Develop the process such Choose that it minimizes its dependence on different energy sources. an item.  All those materials requiring periodic replenishment or Choose disposal should be avoided. Materials like batteries, coolants an item. come under this category.  Buy bulk quantities of raw material in large container. As this Choose would reduce the quantity to be disposed. an item.  Lessen the use of alkalis, acids and solvents during the Choose manufacturing process. an item.

Additional Points Importance

1) Add your point here Choose an item.

2) Add your point here Choose an item. Aggregative rating for design in terms of Environmental Rating Friendliness

TABLE 14 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR AESTHETICS

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item The colors and shape of the product should be decided prudently. Choose Using appropriate market research techniques select the apposite an item. color-shape combinations for the segment targeted.  The contour should be round and should fit the profile of Choose human hand. an item.  Avoid the sharp corners Choose an item.  Use suitable inorganic coating technique to color the product. Choose For example, different conversion coatings can be used to an item. impart variety of colors.  The suited color can also be given by painting. Select right Choose mixture of pigments, binder, additives etc. an item. Use techniques like Kensei engineering to translate the consumer‟s Choose perception about the product into its design. an item. The product should have a smooth surface finish. Use techniques like Choose grinding, polishing, honing etc. to give the highest level of surface an item. finish Gentle touch experience  Use materials like rubber, velvet etc. they will give it a soft Choose touch experience an item.  Provide leather finish, wooden finish at the exterior. Choose an item. The style should be appealing. The product should appear to be Choose compact with a mix of style and simplicity. an item. Use coatings, like zinc phosphate, which besides slowing down the Choose wear out process also gives a glossy appearance an item. Cleanliness  The surface should be free of nooks or small pockets. These Choose places gather dust and are harder to clean. an item.  The product should give a feeling of cleanliness. This Choose increases the elegance and is perceived as more hygienic. an item. Provide coating or other corrosion resistant finish to give its surface a Choose long lasting life. an item. The components should appear to be well matched with each other. Choose an item. The exterior should be worked out with great care and should exhibit Choose fine details. an item. Judiciously decide on the translucency (opaque, translucent or Choose transparent) and the level of brightness of the product. an item.

CHAPTER 6

GUIDELINES DEVELOPMENT: MOUNTAIN TOURING BIKE

This chapter focuses on developing design and manufacturing guidelines for a specific consumer product, which in our case is the mountain touring bike (MTB). The objective was to manifest how the methodology and the generic guidelines developed previously could be applied to a certain consumer product. We selected a mountain touring bike for this case study.

The generic guidelines developed earlier were modified for the bike after relevant inputs were obtained from the designers, users and the published literature. Not all dimensions present in the generic guidelines were applicable to the MTB. Interaction with bike users was important in understanding, and incorporating, their requirements into the design of the bike. These requirements were analysed using usability-functionality transformation matrices. The information extracted was integrated in the customized checklists. It is expected that the generic guidelines can be similarly customized to enhance the usability-functionality of other consumer products.

6.1 MOUNTAIN TOURING BIKES

There are different types of bikes available in market. These include road bikes, recumbent bikes, hybrid bikes and mountain bikes. The road bikes are designed for the use on paved roads while recumbent bikes provide an ergonomic design by having the rider in the laid back position rather than the more common upright position. Hybrid bikes are a cross between road and the mountain bikes. Mountain touring bikes are specifically designed for off road conditions including bumpy and terrains. Both the recumbent bikes and hybrid bikes are also available in a mountain bike

variation. However, here we only focus on the mountain bike as a product for our case study. For the enthusiast, riding a mountain bike is purely an emotion and an inspiration. Mountain bikes are currently available in the rigid frame and the suspension frame design.

Figure 11 Mountain Touring Bike (Reprinted from Thomas 2009)

6.2 COMPONENTS AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE MOUNTAIN BIKE

The most important components of the bike are frame, fork, brake, wheels, and derailleur and crank set. The brake, derailleur and crank set are bought from the vendor and assembled. For the purpose of understanding the product a brief description of different parts used is given here. The specifics are not included as this was used as the concept design.

The most common frame designs for the mountain bikes are the rigid frame and suspension frame which are available in numerous variations. The members of the frame are down tube, head tube, top tube, seat tube, chain stay, seat stay, bottom bracket shell, shock (for suspension frames), main, and dropout pivot, and braze-ons like shock mount, etc. There are two important suspensions in the full suspension frame design viz. the front (fork) and the rear suspension. The frame consists of

the front triangle which includes fork, head tube, top tube, down, seat tube and bottom bracket shell. The rear assembly includes thee swing arm which consists of chain stays and the seat stays.

For the suspension frame, the seat stays are connected to the subassembly of seat and down tube through the use of pivots. The shock is mounted onto the top tube using shock mount which is soldered to the top tube. Seat stays are then pivoted to chain stay using the dropout pivot and is pivoted to the lever at the upper end. Lever is mounted on the seat tube.

Fork connects the handlebar to the front wheel. The fork subassembly consisting of steering tube, fork crown, outer and inner fork legs, brake bosses, fork boots and the suspension comprising of spring and the dampening system. In this, the inner legs are attached to the fork crown. The outer legs along with steering tube are attached to the front hub. The fork is connected to the frame through bearing mounted in the head tube.

Wheels comprise of rims, spokes, tires, tubes, cassette and hubs. Rim, spoke, nipple and hub are required to assemble the wheel. The spoke is connected to the rim with the help of nipples which are connected to the rim through eyelets. The head of the spoke is connected to the hub shells.

Hub is connected to the rim through spokes. The standard cup and cone hub contains the axle and bearings. Cassette hub and cogs are integral part of rare hub; it ensures that the wheel move freely when the pedals are not turning. Eight or nine speed cassettes are more common these days. The wheel is mounted to the frame and the fork via dropouts.

Derailleurs (front and rear) are purchased from the vendor along with the shift cables and shifters.

The rear derailleur is responsible for moving the chain from one cog to another or between the chain rings. It is bolted to the hanger on the rear dropout. The front derailleur moves the chain from one chain ring to another. It is mounted either on the face of the bottom bracket shell or to braze on

boss. Shifters are mounted on the handlebar and is the leverage device using which a user can move the chain between the chain rings and the cassette cogs. The shifter cables connect the shifters to derailleurs. The chain is routed through chain rings, cog and the jockey wheel of the derailleur.

Saddle is connected to the frame through the seat post. Saddle is connected to the seat post using the clamping bolts. The seat post is inserted inside the seat tube and is tightened using the seat binder bolt.

Another important subassembly for the drive train is the crank set. It consists of crank arms, chain rings, bottom bracket, chain ring bolts and crank bolts. It is purchased from a vendor. The crank arm has spider arms protruding out to which the chain rings are bolted using the chain ring bolts.

The crank arm is slipped onto the bottom bracket spindle and clamped using the crank bolt. Pedals are screwed to the crank arm at the end.

For mountain bikes disc and rim brakes are the most popular types of brakes. The brake assembly consists of brake caliper, brake lever, and cables. The levers are mounted on the handlebar using a bolt. Disk brakes have the pads squeezed against the hub-mounted disc. Disc brakes have the rotor bolted to the hub of the wheel; the caliper is then mounted onto the fork (Zinn 2005). The cable or hose is then used to connect the lever to the caliper. In the rim brakes pad applies the force against the wheel rims. Rim brakes are mounted on the brake boss on the fork brace. The cable is tightened at the end of the lever using the barrel adjuster and with the cable-clamping bolts on the rear wheel side. For disc brakes the cable at the front end is terminated at the brake caliper and for V-brakes at the stop on the fork brace.

Steering subassembly consists of the handle bar, stem, shifters, grips and bar ends. The bar ends are connected to the handlebar using the bar end bolts. Grips are twisted onto the handlebar. The handlebar is connected to the frame through the stem to which it is bolted. The stem is further joined to the steering tube through either the clamp bolts or is slipped into it depending on the design of steering tube.

6.3 Bicycle Manufacturing Process

A brief description of the manufacturing process is given in this section for the rigid frame and for the parts which are manufactured in-house (frame, fork, and wheel). The designer should nonetheless be completely familiar with other components‟ design and functioning. The manufacturing process was obtained from the manufacturer and case study on „Hybrid Bikes‟ by

Govindaraju was also referred.

Frame: There are as many different frame materials as the variations in frame design. The materials which are most commonly used include steel, aluminum, carbon composites, metal matrix, titanium, etc. The frame is made by welding together seamless tubes. These tubes are manufactured through hot extrusion process and are joined together using TIG welding, brazing or lugs. The joining procedure chosen depends upon the frame material and design variable selection.

For steel, aluminum and Titanium, TIG welding is the most efficient and cost effective method.

Whereas, for the carbon fiber frames lugs are more commonly used. Lugs are manufactured through investment casting. After the joining of frame various braze-ons are added, such as front derailleur hanger, brake noses, and water-bottle bosses. The joints for these are produced using silver solder. It is then sandblasted to remove the flux. The fluxes from the tough parts are removed

using taps. This includes bottom brackets, derailleur hanger, bosses mounted etc. The frame is then sent for painting and coating.

For alignment, the frame is fixed to a jig and is inspected for the alignment. This is done at the room temperature and is called cold setting (Govindaraju 1999).

Fork: The subassembly includes steering tube, a fork crown, fork legs, brake bosses and fork ends.

Fork legs and the steering column are manufactured using the hot extrusion process. The fork crown is brazed to the steering tube on a jig. The fork ends are inserted in fork legs. The two subassemblies are assembled with each other using the same joining techniques that are used for frames. The fork is thereafter bent cold using mandrel. The same finishing process is then applied to fork.

Wheel: The rim is produced through the extrusion process by squeezing the aluminum through a die. It is then roll formed and cut into wheel rings. The end is closed using resistance welding. The rim is hardened using the T3 hardening process (Govindaraju 1999). Anodization is used to improve the appearance. Before it is final, it is important to tension the wheel, truing (laterally and radially) and dishing the wheel.

6.4 CUSTOMIZED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING GUILDELINES

6.4.1 Development Procedure

The generic guidelines formulated in part I of this paper were customized for the bicycle. As an example, the user requirement of “ease in braking” can be integrated with the following guideline

“Provide means to leverage the force applied by a human”. The guideline was refined for a product as “The lever on the left handlebar must operate the front brake and similarly the right handlebar

lever must operate the rear brake”. The guidelines were made more specific to the product at hand after consultation with the designers, experts and users. The information gathered was used to modify generic guidelines developed in the previous section. For instance, the following additional modification was done to the just discussed guideline after consultation “The brake pads must contact the braking surface on the wheel if the force of 10 pound or less is applied 1 inch from the end of the lever. For brake cables, use frictionless cable sealing as it will reduce the force required”. Similarly other generic guidelines too were made more specific to the product. Next section gives the description of the group studied and the insight into how the inputs obtained from them were used to customize the generic guidelines.

6.4.1.1 Description of Group:

The user requirements were taken from 20 different users. The group included 10 general users (all from university setting), 10 experts (which included 6 bike mechanics and 4 designers). The bike mechanics were all working for bicycle repair shops located in Cincinnati. The designers were from well established bike manufacturing companies. All of the designers had experience in designing the MTB.

The recommendations were incorporated into the study during the process of developing design/manufacturing linkages. The inputs from general users in most cases were limited to obtaining the user requirements. More specific inputs related to development of suitable product features and subsequently the manufacturing processes, process characteristics and design variables were obtained from experts. The communication with experts was mostly through onsite visits and few through the phone conversation. The interaction with 10 general users was one on one. Through these interactions we tried to capture all the possible linkages and correlation

between the user requirements and the corresponding product features (also process and design variables). But possible sampling errors cannot be ignored.

The usability-functionality requirements gathered from the users were analyzed using flow diagrams and usability-functionality matrices; this facilitated the development of design/manufacturing linkages. It is essential to understand that not all the generic guidelines could be transformed into corresponding customized guidelines.

6.4.2 User Requirements

A one-on-one interview was conducted to gather information. All users had been riding mountain bike for at least 5 years and had knowledge of all the different parts. All users were experienced in servicing and repairing their bikes to a considerable extent. The following are the usability-functionality requirements put in an elaborative format below:

 Adequate stiffness: The bike should be able to withstand the weight of the rider

 Should stay steady when the force is applied while pedaling.

 Comfortable: The saddle should be designed to provide the maximum comfort to the rider.

 Smoothness: Handlebar should have a smooth contact points and should not make a rider

assume an awkward posture.

 Should provide a good traction over sand and slippery surfaces.

 Suspension: Protect the rider from shocks when riding on a bumpy roads or dirt trails.

 Adjustability: The seat height and the handle height should be easily adjustable. All different

type of riders within a specified age range should be able to easily operate the shift & brake

lever.

 Smooth Shifting: The gears should fall into place smoothly in both the directions and at

multiple speeds.

 Steady handling: The handling should be steady and responsive. It should stay stable at

different speeds and tracks but should respond to the slightest of the flicks.

 Effective braking: The braking should be smooth and the stopping distance should be

optimum. It should be effective in both the dry and wet conditions.

 The manufacturing and the afterlife of the bicycle should be environmental friendly.

 Suitable Material: The frame should be robust and sturdy but should be light.

 Accessibility: The critical components such as chain, crank set, cassette cogs, etc., should be

located in the accessible locations.

 Should require low maintenance.

 Removability: Seats and Handlebars should be easily removable.

 Should have good protection from mud or other substances which may splash onto the rider

while riding.

 Appearance: The bike should have a trendy and a stylish look in terms of color and shape.

 It should have a streamlined shape.

 Safety measures for ex. provision of reflectors and chain guards etc.

 Should have a good vibration and impact resistance.

6.4.3 Mapping Design Dimensions

As discussed in part I, the usability-functionality requirements can be mapped into the following design dimensions (Table 15). Each of these dimensions is dependent on one or the other design,

manufacturing and material variables and must be tightly controlled for the optimal product design.

Table 15 Design Dimensions (Specific to MTB)

Performance: Ease of Use: 1) Appropriate Material 1) User conformity 2) Effectiveness of Function 2) Learnability 3) Consideration of Operating Environment3) Modelessness 4) Minimizing Mass/Strength Ratio 4) Simplicity 5) Profile of functional Surfaces 5) Ergonomics 6) Responsiveness 6) Balance 7) Mating Parts 7) Leverage 8) Adaptability.

6.4.4 Linkage Identification

This section uses transformation matrices to establish linkages between usability-functionality requirements and product and process requirements. It was accomplished by using a series of transformation matrices.

6.4.4.1Technical Requirement Deployment

The various usability-functionality requirements were correlated to the technical requirements in this step (fig 12). The material properties and structural rigidity are vital. For example, the material should be strong enough so as to not yield under the load and should be adequately stiff. Also, to facilitate easy removal and reducing the down time the bicycle design is the modular type. Other issues such as transmission efficiency, friction characteristics, etc., were also considered.

6.4.4.2Product Feature Generation

The products features including functional mechanism, subassemblies that are required to fulfill the technical requirements were designed into the bicycle. The concept design of MTB was generated at this stage. The tech. requirements were linked to product features (Fig 13).

6.4.4.3Process Characteristics

The product features identified previous could only be implemented through the right use of manufacturing process, machines, and fixtures.

Fig 12 Technical Requirement Deployment

Fig 13 Product Features Deployment

The product of highest quality can only be obtained if the tight controls are established for the

process and machines. The manufacturing processes will give the optimum results only if the

manufacturing variables are strictly controlled. This step involved the process deployment and manufacturing deployment (fig 14). The knowledge of the different process variables to controlled

for improving the manufacturing processes was obtained from manufacturing handbooks.

Fig 14 Manufacturing Process Deployment (Adapted and Modified from Govindaraju 2009)

6.5 Checklist Development

Based on the information garnered using the above steps the design and manufacturing guidelines were developed. The guidelines were prepared in the form of checklists (Table 16 to Table 22).

The items in the questionnaire were evaluated by the designers on a 1-5 scale, with 1 being the least important and 5 being the most important.

TABLE 16 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PERFORMANCE

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item Select a suitable material that optimizes mass/strength Choose an ratio. item. Appropriate materials for frame are (composites made Choose an from carbon, boron & Kevlar fibers) and titanium item. magnesium alloys, aluminum alloy, chromium molybdenum steel alloy etc. Composites are most preferred because of their highest strength/density ratio. Appropriate material for crank sets, chain rings, Choose an derailleurs are usually made of aluminum or stainless item. steel. Use titanium, aluminum or chrome-moly-steel for stems. Choose an item. Use superior joining techniques such as Tungsten Inert Choose an Gas welding over traditional arc welding. TIG produces item. stronger joints; it produces lighter joints compared to fillet brazing joint and is cheaper. Brazing can also be used for joining purposes. As it could Choose an be done at lower temperatures (at around 800 degrees) item. and produces more ductile joints. Can be used to join tubes of various diameters. Ensure compatibility between wheel and bike by Choose an selecting correct rim width, wheel diameter, hub axle item. width and tire. Prefer ball bearing over plain bearings, as they require Choose an less starting torques and also have less coefficient of item. friction. Use tubeless tires as they provide better traction and also Choose an better suspension. item. Use appropriate finishing processes to give a smooth Choose an profile to all the mating surfaces and components item. transmitting forces such as chains, cassette cogs, ball bearings, bottom bracket axle, brake pivot, suspension fork legs, threads and wheel axles etc. In case metal is used for the frame material. Heat treat the Choose an frame (anneal) to relive it of stresses and increase the item. toughness. Use a one-piece seatpost as they are more efficient than Choose an two-piece seatposts. item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Use double butted tubes instead of single butted tubes. Choose an item.

Use cup and cone model headsets. They are simple in design, efficient Choose and are not expensive. an item.

For front derailleurs use the cage which not only push the chain both Choose sideways but also lift it. This increases the speed of shifts from small an item. to large chain rings. For mountain bikes use threadless type stem with greater stem Choose diameter. an item.

Use maximum no. of subassemblies possible. Use subassemblies for Choose headsets, crank sets, suspension, brakes, seat posts, derailleurs, etc. an item.

Prefer disc brakes over rim brakes. Disc brakes perform consistently Choose in different weather conditions. They also have more mechanical an item. advantage than rim brakes. Pay close attention to the height of cage plates, the distance between Choose cage plates and the rigidity while designing a derailleur. an item.

Use double pivot rear derailleurs. As it can handle the much wider Choose range of cassette cogs than one with the single pivot. an item.

Use cassette cogs for holding gears on the rear wheels as they are Choose more efficient than freewheels. an item.

Use wider gear ranges in order to minimize the customization of drive Choose train. The speeds are usually 19, 22 or 25. For mountain bikes use 3 an item. chain rings and use 7, 8 or 9 speed cassettes. Try to minimize “pogoing” and “biopacing” by using an appropriate Choose rear suspension design. The multiple pivot design and saddle an item. suspension systems can minimize them (Langley 1999). Use seamless tubes for frames. If required increase the strength or Choose decrease their weight by altering the thickness of tube walls. an item. Techniques like butting should be used for this purpose as it also increases the resilience of the frame.

Questions Additional Comments Rate an Item Use hubs with medium sized flanges. As it gives the right Choose an mix of stiffness and comfort. item.

The stem of a handlebar must have a permanent mark Choose an representing the minimum depth the handle stem must be item. inserted in bicycle fork. The circle should be made at 2.5 times the diameter of the stem from the bottom of stem.

While designing a frame pay a close attention to various Choose an measurements such as seat angle, head angle, fork rake, item. chainstay length and drop. These factors collectively determine the bike‟s wheelbase. Distance between wheel and a frame should be no more Choose an than 3 mm. item.

Use suspension forks to minimize vibrations. Besides be Choose an careful about the factors such as preload, spring stiffness. item.

Use indexed shifters for shifting the gears. Either of the Choose an trigger or twist shifter could be used. item.

To optimize the performance of the derailleurs, use the shift Choose an levers and front & rear derailleurs manufactured by the item. same company. Use narrow width chains with higher speed drive trains. Choose an item. For best results, use similar material in the mating Choose an components. item.

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item Use and design the parts so that there is minimum friction Choose an between mating surfaces. This requires superior surface item. finish and proper machining processes. Any subassembly or part used should be compatible with Choose an all other parts and subassemblies. And in no way should item. undermine their performance. Use die drawn brake cables as they operate with less Choose an friction. item. Use diamond, double diamond, full or rear suspension Choose an frame with larger tubing diameter compared to road item. bikes. Provide a higher bottom bracket in mountain bike frames. Choose an This gives more ground clearance and thus makes it more item. suitable for the bumpy rides. Rim brakes are cheap, so, if using rim brakes prefer Choose an sidepull cantilever/ V-Brake design. item.

Additional Points Importance 3) Add your point here Choose an item. 4) Add your point here Choose an item. Aggregative rating for design in terms of Performance Rating

TABLE 17 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR EASE OF USE

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Adults of normal intelligence must be able to understand the assembly Choose of the bicycle easily. an item. The bicycle should not have any sharp protrusions like a sheared Choose metal edge that may cut the user‟s hands or legs. All the sharp edges an item. must be freed of feathering or burrs through rolling or processes like anodization of aluminum frame.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Unless specified by the customer, the distance between handle lever Choose and the handle bar should not be more than 3.5 inches. an item.

The lever on the left handlebar must operate the front brake and Choose similarly the right handlebar lever must operate the rear brake. an item.

The brake pads must contact the braking surface on the wheel if the Choose force of 10 pound or less is applied 1 inch from the end of the lever. an item. Use frictionless cable sealing as it will reduce the force required. To ensure slip free performance pedals must have treads on both Choose sides. Make the tread width around 1.15˝, it would increase the an item. traction. For avoiding awkward posture handlebar should be made Choose symmetrical. The vertical distance between the seat in its lowest an item. position and the handlebar in its highest should be no more than 16 inches. Ends of the handlebar must be capped or covered. Choose an item.

No part of the seat, seat support or accessories attached to it must be 5 Choose inches above the surface of the seat. an item.

Quick release devices with the lever must be adjustable. Allowing the Choose lever to be set for the tightness an item.

Use rubber hood covers that fir around the lever body. They increase Choose the comfort as the hands can rest on the lever hoods. an item.

Use set of screws running through the clamp to set the saddle tilt Choose instead of serrations. This kind of design increases the seat an item. adjustability. Add bar ends to the handlebar. It provides rider with more traction Choose when shifting body positions and also eliminates the discomfort on an item. the jarring rides.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item For providing cushioning effect to the rider the seat should be Choose adequately padded. Saddles should be generally padded with vinyl an item. bases, vinyl or leather. Provide sufficient spring support to the saddle for absorbing Choose vibrations and shocks from the road. an item. Do not weld seat stem to the frame. Use clamps to make the seat Choose adjustable. Once the seat is tightened at particular position it should an item. not move from there during normal use. Bearings should be packed and sealed with grease. This minimizes Choose the rotation torque required by the user. an item. For gears, use indexed shifters. This will help in dtiscrete shifting. Choose an item. Rapid fire shifting mechanism can be used for people with less Choose dexterity. an item. Choose For mountain bikes, use 1 ” stem diameter. This reduces the flex required for steering. an item. For avoiding awkward posture handlebar should be made Choose symmetrical. The vertical distance between the seat in its lowest an item. position and the handlebar in its highest should be no more than 16 inches. Keep the seat tubes shorter for more stand-over clearance. Choose an item. No part of the seat, seat support or accessories attached to it must be 5 Choose inches above the surface of the seat. an item. Use the lightweight but resilient materials. The weight of the bike Choose should be less so that the biker does not experience any discomfort in an item. pulling the bike. For lighter weight use tires with tubes as tubeless are heavier with Choose sealant in it. an item. Use either a standard flat or rise handlebars. As they allow more Choose upright position while riding an item. Use stem made of titanium, aluminium or chrome-moly steel. They Choose permit greater adjustment of the handlebar. an item.

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item Use clipless pedals as they are easier to use and are more Choose an comfortable. These could be used with any of the item. following different types of pedals such as nylon block, rattrap, quill and platform.

Additional Points Importance 1) Add your point here Choose an item. 2) Add your point here Choose an item. Aggregative rating for design in terms of ease of use Rating

TABLE 18 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR SAFETY

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item

Bicycle should not have sheared metal edges. They must be Choose an rolled or finished to remove burrs or feathering. item.

Bicycle pedals must have reflectors. Choose an item.

Provide reflectors behind seat locations so that they are Choose an visible from distance. item.

Each bicycle should have a safety manual attached to its Choose an frame. It should be inclusive of information about safe riding item. methods and should also contain information about auxiliary protective gear available and their uses. Minimize the excessive length and route the control cables in Choose an a way that cables from brakes and shifters should not item. interfere with the movement of the rider. Equip bicycle with the safety horn or the bell. Choose an item. Avoid using paints which contain heavy metals such as Choose an cadmium, mercury, lead or arsenic. item.

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item

Bicycles with single front and rear sprockets should have a chain Choose an guard. For at least 90% of the part of front sprocket that chain item. contacts.

Provide saddles with the extra padding under the Ischia, the Choose an item. pelvic bones area. These bones bear the entire weight of the upper body while riding in upright position. Adjust the brake lever so that it is in line with the natural bend of Choose an the average built person‟s wrists. More or less than the natural item. can lead to a twitch the wrist. Use splash guards to protect the rider from the foreign particles. Choose an Some sharp pointed objects could serious wound the rider. item.

Ensure a failsafe design. The failure of any part should not cause Choose an any human injury. For instance top caps should not hit the rider item. in case the elastomer-sprung fork bottoms out. In the safety manual, provide the list of all the parts which Choose an should be serviced under the expert supervision only. item.

Provide the users with the list of recommended lubricants for the Choose an bicycle parts. The lubricants should also be rated for their degree item. of hazardousness.

Provide a warning sign on all the parts which could sever, crush Choose an or lead to any other injury to any body part of the user. item.

Additional Points Importance 1) Add your point here Choose an item. 2) Add your point here Choose an item. Aggregative rating for design in terms of Safety Rating

TABLE 19 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR AESTHETICS

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item

Use leather, vinyl leather tops for the saddles. This provides the Choose comfort and the gentle experience to the rider. an item.

Make the frame corrosion resistant by either using composites or Choose aluminum. If the frame or other body parts are of steel, use a very thin an item. phosphate coating that inhibits rust.

Provide appropriate cleaning materials like WD 40 with the bike. Choose Mountain bikes tend to accumulate dirt as they are frequently used to an item. muddy terrains. The cleaning materials will help the bike maintain a near new look for longer duration. For hub axels, use O-rings over the end of axles. This makes it Choose resistant to water and dirt. an item.

Use baked enamels, catalyzed enamels and urethanes like Imron to Choose provide the topcoat. They are most durable. Do not use lacquers as an item. they chip easily. Make a streamlined design. The aerodynamically design besides being Choose more efficient also has attractive appeal. an item. The index shifter should be made of resin. This makes it durable and Choose also gives a gentle touch experience. an item. Use appealing color combination for frame. Choose an item. Properly wax the frame to provide it with an adequate luster. Choose an item. Use graphical stickers or decals resembling the spirit of mountain Choose rider, on the frame and other components. an item. Provide lubricants for various body parts. They help the components Choose stay in good condition and rust free for longer duration. an item.

Additional Points Importance 1) Add your point here Choose an item. 2) Add your point here Choose an item. Aggregative rating for design in terms of Aesthetics Rating

TABLE 20 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR MAINTAINABILITY/SERVICEABILITY

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item

Use a modular design approach. Use sub assemblies for wheels, Choose cranksets, derailleurs, saddles, suspension, pedals, brakes and handlebar an item. & stems. This makes their removal for maintenance, replacement and testing easier. Eliminate or minimize the needs for special parts. This will promote Choose interchangeability and restrict the no. of tools required. For instance, an item. chains used should eliminate the need of special pin for linking. Another example may be the use of standard fasteners. Use parts which minimize the need for lubrication, replacement or other Choose maintenance work. For ex., hub should have dust cover or dust seals an item. over the end of axles; this provides protection from dirt and water, use teflon housing for brake cables. The components used should be able to tested and diagnosed for fault Choose easily, preferably using standard instruments. For instance, the use of an item. simple chain elongation gauge to check for the chain wear, cog wear indicator gauge to determine cog wear, spoke tension gauge, chain elongation gauge to check if the chain needs replacing. The components used should have standard installation, disassembly Choose and reassembly procedures. This is facilitated by using the parts which an item. have standard sizes, interface location and shapes. This is applicable to connecting or disconnecting of chains, installation and adjustment of derailleurs, installation of shift levers, tires, cables in shift levers and brakes etc. Minimize different types of fasteners used. This will minimize type of Choose tools required. an item.

Provide the installation, disassembly, adjustment and reassembly Choose procedure booklet for the subassemblies used, if the procedures are not an item. standard. This will make the maintenance and servicing easier and would reduce their time significantly. The components should be so designed that they require minimum no. Choose of tools to open and refit. This makes the maintenance easier and an item. reduces the service time.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item

Provide the values for the optimum tire pressure to be maintained for Choose best results. an item.

Design should permit lubrication without requiring any removal of Choose the part or the subassembly. an item. Recommend a list of lubricants that are best suited for different parts Choose and the surfaces present. Using a right lubricant would keep the an item. surfaces in the good condition and relatively low on friction. Try to place the fasteners at visible locations and at easily accessible Choose points. an item. Eliminate any burrs, sharp or protruding corners as they may pose a Choose grave threat to the servicing person. an item. The subassemblies and components should be easily removable for Choose repair or replacements. Use easy clamp mechanisms for derailleurs, an item. crankset, wheel assembly, saddles, seatposts or handlebar assembly etc. Use barrel adjuster for the gear shifter so that the cable tension could Choose be easily adjusted. an item.

Additional Points Importance 3) Add your point here Choose an item. 4) Add your point here Choose an item. Aggregative rating for design in terms of Maintainability/Serviceability Rating

TABLE 21 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR ECOLOGICAL AFFINITY

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item

Design with disassembly consideration. Minimize the types of Choose an screw heads. Otherwise it will take a much longer time to item. disassemble.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item

The fasteners should be at the accessible and visible locations. Choose an item.

Avoid using aerosol paint cans to paint the frame or other part. As Choose propellants in it are big environmental hazard. an item.

Avoid using heavy metals like mercury or lead or other heavy metal. Choose As there emission into environment even in small concentration an item. poses serious health risks. Avoid using paints consisting of toxic ingredients. Refer to green seal Choose standard for paints before finalizing. an item. Use reblended paints as they are cost effective and also energy Choose efficient. an item. Follow the specific state guidelines for the disposal of universal Choose paints. Educate the workers at plant about the rules and methods. an item. Glued parts are easier to disassemble. But adhesive bonding should Choose only be used with the compatible parts such as for composites with an item. fiber embedded in resin. Prefer welding for other material type. Use water based solvents as they are recyclable and have less Choose volatile organic content. an item. Prefer using refurbished components. This holds true for derailleurs, Choose cranksets, chainsets etc. This will also bring down the cost of the an item. bikes. Separate hazardous material from the recyclable before disposing. Choose an item. Reduce the amount of packaging material required. Ship the bike in Choose disassembled form. an item. The raw materials should be purchased in large containers. This Choose reduces the no. of containers to be disposed. an item. Use eco friendly lubricants, as they need to be replenished Choose periodically. Their disposal should not pose threat to the environment an item. around.

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item

The packaging should be reusable and the material is Choose an recyclable. item.

The oil based paints should be disposed off as a hazardous Choose an material. Do not dispose them in storm drains or streets. item.

Close all the inlets to drains. This would prevent paints and Choose an other liquids from entering the water systems. item.

In case of spillage, the floor should be immediately cleaned. If Choose an the condition is not attended to properly then the spill could item. reach drains or streets. Avoid using materials which are limited in their supplies. Use Choose an of titanium as the material for frames and forks should be item. discouraged. The manufacturing process should produce minimum scrap Choose an and should minimize the requirement for water. item.

The parts manufactured in-house or purchased from a vendor Choose an should be designed in a way that they can be remanufactured item. or refurbished and not only reclaimed for its materials. Use materials which are easier to recycle. Thoroughly review Choose an all the metals, plastics, other materials which fulfill the user item. requirements and are easy to be recycled. Use standard sizes, shapes for derailleurs, shift levers, brakes Choose an etc. This will decrease the disassembly time. item.

Clamp the subassemblies to the main body rather than Choose an welding them. item.

Additional Points Importance 1) Add your point here Choose an item. 2) Add your point here Choose an item. Aggregative rating for design in terms of ecological affinity Rating

TABLE 22 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR RELIABILITY

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item

The surface should be free of corrosion. Use baked enamels, catalyzed Choose enamels and urethanes like Imron to provide the topcoat. They are an item. most durable. Do not use lacquers as they chip easily. Prior to being assembled or put in service all the components should Choose be tested for their reliability. an item. Provide easy clamp mechanisms for the subassemblies like Choose derailleurs, cranksets. This will make it easier to uninstall thereby an item. reducing the servicing time significantly. Ship the disassembled bike packed in two different layers. The Choose primary should envelope the product and secondary packing is outside an item. the primary. This will protect them from compression, shock vibration and unfavorable temperature conditions. Use simple designs for components such as deraillleurs. As simpler Choose design tend to have more reliability. an item. Strengthen the stress concentration points. This will reduce the Choose chances of fatigue failure. an item. The steel or aluminum tubes should be heat treated for boosting their Choose physical properties thereby improving reliability of the frame. an item. Use welding techniques like Tungsten Inert Gas welding for the joints Choose around rear dropout, chainstay, brake bosses etc. These joints are an item. amongst the sections under high stress. TiG produces light and strong joints. Use the appropriate materials for all the parts. Using right materials Choose increase the chances of reliable component performance. an item. Use brake cables with spiral wrapped housing lined with Teflon. Choose Housing protects it from the pressure exerted by the brake and also an item. keeps away the grit. Bearings should be properly sealed and protected from water, dirt and Choose other foreign impurities. an item.

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item

Use shock absorbing systems such as suspension forks, suspension Choose seatposts, suspension stems and suspension frame. They protect an item. crucial components by absorbing majority of the shock. Use chain guards to protect the chain from mud and dirt. This will Choose increase the functional life of chain. an item. Use modular design approach. The dysfunctional subassembly can Choose then easily be replaced by a properly functioning unit. This will also an item. make the fault identification easier and will reduce the downtime for the bike. The components and parts should be designed for the stress levels Choose higher than they would actually experiences. an item. The frame tubes should be tested for structural defects. Choose an item. Use compatible parts in a subassembly for ex, pedal and cleat Choose compatibility. As in modular design the parts involved in performing an item. a specific function are grouped together, compatibility will make the performance reliable. Check that all the cables have optimum tensions and bolts, lockrings, Choose locknuts, etc. are adequately tight. an item.

Additional Points Importance 1) Add your point here Choose an item. 2) Add your point here Choose an item. Aggregative rating for design in terms of Reliability Rating

6.6 SURVEY DEPLOYMENT AND TESTING

6.6.1 Data Collection and Data Analysis

In order to test the effectiveness of the guidelines a survey was undertaken and the subsequent analysis was performed. The objective of the study was to evaluate whether if the guidelines ensures that the user‟s usability-functionality requirements are met or not.

Few members of the same set were later used in obtaining the scores on the items in the guidelines

(which were prepared in the form of questionnaires). In total 18 users (mix of general users and experts) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of guidelines. Each participant was given the overview of the study and was told about the design and the features of the bike under consideration.

Reliability and Validity tests were conducted on the data collected through surveys. The reliability test was conducted to see if the test yielded similar results on different people. The internal consistency of the test was determined through the reliability coefficient which in this case is the value of Cronbach Alpha. The cronbach alpha values of 0.4, or above, was accepted as the reliable measure.

Validity establishes how well the instrument measures what it is intended to measure. The validity of the survey questionnaires was tested by comparing it to the questionnaire which is regarded as a standard. With the absence of the standard in this case, it became essential to compare the average score of items with the overall score of the questionnaire. To find out the degree of relationship between these two variables, correlation analysis was carried out. The Pearson‟s „r‟ is most common measure to determine the association between two variables in terms of the direction and strength of relationship.

After the reliability and validity tests it was essential to determine which all design dimensions identified for this product were most influential or most important for the customers. The objective was to quantify the importance of these dimensions. The knowledge of this would help the designers to concentrate their efforts more effectively towards more important design dimensions.

This will reduce the subjectivity involved in the selection of design variables. It should be noted that these dimensions are highly correlated to each other which renders the normal statistical techniques ineffective. Therefore, in order to overcome the drawback the Principal Component

Regression (PCR) was used for analysis. The variables for only 2 design criteria viz. Ease of Use and Performance were screened. Dimensions which were found to be relevant after considering the user requirements were evaluated (Table1).

According to (Dunteman 1989), when variables are highly correlated Principal Component analysis replaces the correlated ones with the independent ones. Principal Component is the linear combination of the original correlated variables. PCR is the regression model using Principal

Components as the variables. The degree of influence of any variable in PCR is described as the ratio of the variance explained by the variable to the total variance (Han and Kim 2003). Larger the ratio greater is the influence of the variable. All the items in this questionnaire were rated on the 10 point scale (10 – most desirable and 1- least).

6.6.2 Test Results & Discussion

(i) Reliability & Validity:

The analysis on the returned checklists was performed using the statistical software SAS and the

Microsoft Office Applications. The values of the Cronbach alpha and the Pearson correlation

Coefficient for all the design criteria are given in the Table 23.

Table 23 Reliability & Validity Test Values

Design Criteria Reliability Test Validity Test Cronbach Alpha Pearson Correlation Significance Coefficient Ease of Use 0.578198 0.68462 .001 Performance 0.660777 0.46691 .044 Safety 0.719717 0.50381 .029 Aesthetics 0.511939 0.83429 .000 Ecological Affinity 0.579859 0.49301 .032 Reliability 0.833865 0.53742 .018 Maintenance 0.575608 0.75181 .000

The coefficient has a tendency to have a higher value with the increase in questionnaire items. The value of 0.4 or above for the Cronbach alpha was considered acceptable. All the sections were considered reliable according to the rule.

As discussed earlier, the validity of the questionnaires was measured by comparing the average score of the questionnaire items with the overall score of questionnaire. Upon analysing the scores it was concluded that all the design criteria were valid. The correlation coefficient for

„Performance‟, „Safety‟, „Ecological Affinity‟, „Reliability‟ and „Ease of Use‟ were modestly valid as their values lie between 0.4 and 0.69. All the sections were found to be significant at the 0.05 level of significance.

(ii) Variable Screening

The next step was to screen the dimensions for their importance using the PCR. Based on the

MINEIGEN (which was set to be equal to unity) criteria only 3 and 4 Principal Components were selected for the two criteria. The cumulative variance explained by them was 66.14% and 88.46%, respectively. The questionnaire items for Ease of Use were named from V1-V8 and for

Performance P1-P7. Table 24-25 show the variance explained by each Principal Component (PC) and the loading of each variable (design dimension) on each of these PC‟s.

Table 24 PC Variances and the loading for each Dimension (Ease of Use)

Loading Principal EV V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8 Components PC1 2.85 0.29 0.38 0.43 0.43 0.32 0.43 0.31 0.11 PC2 1.36 0.40 -0.34 0.06 0.07 -0.47 -0.18 0.37 0.58 PC3 1.08 0.41 0.01 -0.34 -0.16 0.46 0.10 -0.48 0.49

Table 25 PC Variances and the loading for each Dimension (Performance)

Loading Principal EV P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 Components PC1 4.89 0.18 0.17 0.05 0.08 0.34 0.33 0.21 PC2 2.94 -0.11 -0.26 0.54 0.19 0.27 0.06 -0.14 PC3 2.49 -0.51 0.44 0.19 -0.03 -0.13 -0.27 0.26 PC4 2.13 0.05 -0.15 -0.09 0.60 -0.23 -0.17 0.34

The degree of influence (DOI) for each dimension is listed below (Table 26).

Table 26 Degree of Influence of the Identified Dimensions

Design Dimensions (Ease DOI Design Dimensions DOI of Use) (Performance) User Conformity 0.12 Consideration of Operating 0.15 Environment Learnability 0.11 Profile of functional Surfaces 0.14 Leverage 0.13 Appropriate Material 0.15 Modelessness 0.11 Effectiveness of Function 0.14 Ergonomics 0.15 Minimizing Mass/Strength Ratio 0.15 Balance 0.11 Mating Parts 0.14 Simplicity 0.11 Responsiveness 0.14 Adaptability. 0.14

Almost all the dimensions represent equal degree of importance. Though for „Ease of Use‟ it was observed that users found Ergonomics to be more important than others. The results were expected as only the relevant dimensions were studied.

The design guidelines, if followed properly, are a roadmap to the development of a successful consumer product. Based on the outcome of the tests conducted, it can be stated that the generic design guidelines developed in earlier to simultaneously ensure usability and functionality of products can be customized to apply to specific products.

CHAPTER 7

GUIDELINES DEVELOPMENT: AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS

Automatic transmissions are widely gaining popularity throughout the world. These transmissions are ideal for family cars as the driver is relieved of operating clutch pedals during the start-ups, gear shifting, and stopping. It completely eliminates the need for the driver to co-ordinate the operations and identifying the most suitable moment for gear shifting (Genta and Morello 2009).

For the fully automatic gearboxes all the functions ranging from start-up functions to shifting the speed are automated. The automatic transmissions were primarily produced with the purpose of increasing the comfort of driver and passenger by making the acceleration changes smooth, thereby minimizing sudden changes in acceleration (jerks).

This case study focuses on developing design guidelines for improving the overall performance

(functionality) and usability of automatic transmissions. The purpose was to test if the methodology developed can successfully be applied to the complex consumer product with limited user interface. As in the case of the mountain bike, the requirements were obtained from the users and also from the experts in the field. The requirements were analyzed using flow diagrams along the lines of Quality Function Deployment (QFD).

7.1 Components of Automatic Transmission

The typical automatic transmission system consists of a transmission gear box, a torque convertor and an electronic hydraulic control unit. The automatic transmission is expected to improve the mechanical efficiency and the ride quality. The role each part has to play is described briefly.

(i) Torque convertor: It is responsible for transferring the power to the transmission gear

box through the automatic transmission fluid (ATF). Besides multiplying torque it is

required to transfer the engine power smoothly to the transmission gearbox unit. The

torque convertor consists of a pump impeller which is connected to the engine crank

shaft; there is a turbine runner connected to the transmission gear box. The other

components are stator and the slip controlled lock-up clutch. The stator has an

important role of improving the hydraulic efficiency.

(ii) Hydraulic gear Unit: It actuates the transmission gear box and the lock-up clutch.

Hydraulic pressure is regulated electronically where the control parameters are the

speed and the throttle position. The ATF is the hydraulic oil.

(iii) Transmission gear box: Its function is to increase or reduce the engine torque through

appropriate gear ratio selection and to reverse the rotation. It consists of multiple wet

disc clutches and planetary Gear sets. The variation of speeds depends on the number

of planetary gear sets used. One planetary gear set can produce three gear ratios.

7.2 PERFORMANCE (FUNCTION) AND USABILITY OF AUTOMATIC

TRANS-MISSIONS: AS PERCEIVED BY USERS

Users want the transmission in a car to convert the engine energy into forward and reverse motions with the sufficient torque and speed of the drive shaft. The transmission should provide these functions without any noise, vibration or other harshness with an uncompromising overall shift quality. Also, the motor safety requires that transmissions provide the engine braking action.

The interview process with the users for establishing product requirements also included the most common problems encountered by them during a transmission‟s operation. These included incessant noise from the transmission, excessive heat generation, incorrect torque, incorrect gear ratio selection (causing the engine to lug if the ratio is too high or run at high RPM if ratio is low for the given load (Plotkin and Moon 2006)), delayed shifting, gear jumping, excess change of ratios in dynamic conditions or ratio busyness and ratio hunting which is continuous change of ratio under steady conditions.

7.2.1 USABILITY-FUNCTIONALITY DESIGN CRITERIA

As this product has a fairly limited direct contact with the user, the user opinion provides only the surface level view in terms of the requirements from the car transmissions. Therefore, the consumers‟ views were integrated with the experts‟ opinions for obtaining a complete scope of the product. Based on these, a list of design dimensions was selected which were then applied within the framework of systematic design process for optimizing the use and the functionality of the automatic transmission. The next section provides the group description and the process of integration.

7.2.1.1 Description of Group

Similar to the MTB, the user requirements (issues faced by users) were taken from 13 different users. The group included 5 general users (from the university setting) who were modestly familiar with the functioning of the transmissions. The remaining 8 users included 6 auto mechanics and 2 product designer, they were classified as experts. The auto mechanics were the employees of the car servicing stations (all of the service stations had nationwide presence). The designers were

100

working with the multi-national corporations (outside of USA). All other assumptions for MTB hold true in this case too.

The issues faced by users were first mapped to a relevant design dimension and the corresponding generic guidelines. The identified customer issue was then discussed with the expert of the product. For example, for the issue of “incorrect torque” was associated with the generic guidelines like properties of the material, design of functional surfaces. On discussion with the designer the relevant features were identified and the specific guidelines which were generated are

“ATF should have anti shudder properties”, “use of slip free lock-up clutches”. Strictly speaking, due to the complexity of the product (and limited human interface) the substantial amount of information came from the 2 product designers and auto mechanics. Some of the information obtained through experts was used as such because of the difficulty in associating it with generic guidelines. For remaining, the generic guidelines were modified based on the inputs.

The following list of design dimensions provided a starting point in the design and development of a successful product.

Table 27 Relevant usability-functionality factors (AT)

Performance Ease of Use Responsiveness Provision of Controls Appropriate Characteristics for the Accessibility of Controls specified Operating Environment Error Prevention (Utilizing Minimizing Mass/Strength Ratio Constraints) Product Structure (Modular/Integrated) Noise free Mapping features for facilitating Mating Parts memorability and learnability. Effectiveness of the function Feedback Provision Consistency Interactive Displays Smoothness

101

7.3 DEVELOPMENT OF LINKAGES USING FLOW DIAGRAMS

The development of linkages involved associating customer attributes/ requirements to the measurable engineering metrics and product features. Specific usability-functionality criteria were used as a starting point. Tight control of manufacturing and design parameters, such as part dimensions, shape, and materials, could optimize the consumer attributes. Fig 15 and Fig 16 show how the specific design criteria for performance and the usability were related to the product attributes. For example, the criterion „response‟ is the reflection of the power and pickup of the entire power train. This is determined by the gear ratio selected for the given condition.

If the right ratio is not selected, the vehicle will perform fairly poor. Similarly, „smoothness‟ refers to the quietness of the transmission and the smooth acceleration changes. The inconsistent transmission changes will lead to the jerks experienced by the passengers. After the matrices were determined the next step was to determine suitable product attributes. The development of product attributes involved the development of concept design and the functional mechanism. For a complicated product like transmission there can be several dependencies.

A single engineering metric could be dependent on several product attributes. Therefore, the relationship between the two is of highly complex nature as evident in the diagrams. Also, the functional performance and usability is influenced not only by the controllable parameters but by other noise factors such as the customer usage, wear-out of the product and environmental factors such as impact, sudden braking, busy throttle foot, etc (Plotkin and Moon 2006) .

102

Perfromance

Minimizing Operating Responsiven Consistency Product Mating Parts Mass/Strength Effectiveness Smoothness Environment ess Structure Ratio

Transmission Correct Load Operating Engagement Correct & Regulated Minimizing Minimize &Consistent Low Weight Low NVH Modularity Capacity Temperature Time/Gear stable ratio Pressure Slip Jerks Shift Duration Torque

Speed Electronic Control and Torque Transmission Surface Hydraulic ATF Materials Oil Sensors Tracking Coating Convertor Gear Box Finish Control Unit devices

ATF: Automatic Transmission Fluid NVH: Noise, Vibration & Harshness

Figure 15 Elaborative transformation diagram for automatic transmissions (design

criterion: performance or functionality)

103

Usability

Mapping Error Smooth Features for Provision of Prevention Ergonomics Feedback Operation of facilitating Quietness Controls (Utilizing (for Controls) Controls Meomorability Constraint) &Learnability

Accessibility of Preventing Controls/.In- Information Smooth Smooth Gear Control Accidental vehicle Display and Contact Low Noises Shifting interfaces Shifting of Interface its visibility Suraces Systems Gears

In-Vehicle Speed Surface Interlocking Information Selector Material Brake Pedal ATF Finish devices System Lever

ATF: Automatic Transmission Fluid NVH: Noise, Vibration & Harshness

Figure 16 Elaborative transformation diagram for automatic transmissions (design

criterion: usability)

7.4 DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN GUIDELINES

The next step was establishing the design guidelines after acquiring the required information about the product. We only established and tested the guidelines for two design criteria: performance, or functionality, and usability. The objective was to test if specific design guidelines could be derived from the generic design guidelines using the framework established in part I of the paper. Table 28 and Table 29 below gives the design guidelines for Performance and Usability.

104

TABLE 28: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR ‘PERFORMANCE’ (PRODUCT:AUTOMATIC TRANSMSSIONS )

Additional Questions Rate an Comments Item Use materials suitable for fulfilling the functional Choose an requirements of the user. item.

Design should consider the ATF used should have the anti Choose an wear properties which should prevent the wear of steel surface item. in pressure conditions. Phosphate compounds such as zinc dithiophosphates, or phosphorous compounds should be used as anti-wear agents (Kugimiya et al. 1998). The ATF should have the anti-oxidant agents to minimize its Choose an oxidation and also should have additives like metallic item. sulfonates, metallic phenates etc. which disperse any sludge formed due to its oxidation. The sludge could block the passage of oil in hydraulic control unit (Kugimiya, 1998). Design should consider adding suitable additives to ATF for Choose an making its friction properties corresponding to wet plate item. clutches. Fatty acids, amides, phosphate ester etc. are suitable friction modifiers. Close attention should also be paid to the viscosity Choose an temperature properties, corrosion inhibition properties of the item. ATF to be used. The shift clutches used should be tested for their friction Choose an capacities against the standard test machines. The dynamic item. torque capacity plays the role in determining the shift quality. The ATF used should have the anti-shudder properties. The Choose an shudders which are unstable vibrations can be produced due to item. the continuing slipping of the lock-up clutch. This could create the power loss and lower the fuel economy. The friction properties of wet friction material of clutches play Choose an an essential role in improving the smoothness of shift. The item. suitable friction material increases the power transfer and minimizes the relative motion. It also keeps the interface temperature low. The sintered brass lining applied to the steel disk can be used Choose an as friction material. They are compatible with most of the item. ATF. They cost little more than paper based friction material.

105

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item

The clutch face temperature during engagements is Choose an highly correlated with smooth shifts and the clutch life. item. The clutch material and the wet friction materials are the important parameters. The carefully selected friction material is important for Choose an keeping the normal load low at the clutch interface. The item. load is positively correlated to the temperature. High temperature negatively impacts friction material thereby adversely effects the clutch engagement Auxillary devices should be provided to prevent moving Choose an more than one selector bar at the same time. This could be item. done b providing the plunger interlocking devices.

Control the hydraulic pressure at hydraulic control unit Choose an using the electronic controllers. The optimum pressure is item. required for the better operation of the lock-up clutch and transmission gear unit. Consider the use speed sensors to monitoring the engine Choose an speed, turbine speed and output shaft speed. The item. operating torque of torque converter depends on the turbine and impeller speed. The gear geometry should be carefully chosen so as to Choose an minimize the transmission error. Transmission error is item. cause of excitation for gear noise.

Design should consider the factors important for Choose an minimizing noise originating from the gears, such as item. increased face width, decreased lead crowning, and threaded wheel grinding (Joachim et al. 2006). The electro valves in the hydraulic control system should Choose an be minimized by increasing the number of functions to a item. single valve.

106

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item Regulate the engine torque during the shifts using appropriate Choose an control mechanisms as they are crucial for clutch‟s life and item. also smooth acceleration change. The load carrying capacity of the gears and its efficiency Choose an greatly improves by applying proper finishing process and item. using right coatings. It also reduces coefficient of friction and provides corrosion protection. Use same number of proportional valves as the number of Choose an components to be actuated with controlled pressure. Have at item. least one proportional valve for the lock-up clutch on torque convertors, next speed engagement Use sensors to monitor the gearbox oil temperature. The Choose an response of the oil actuator is correlated with the viscosity of item. oil. The coating of Tungsten Carbon Carbide or Amorphous Choose an Boron Carbide is most appropriate for gears. Preferably apply item. it through the process of PVD as it keeps the material temperature below 200 degree Celsius (Joachim, 2006). Preferably use the slip-free lock-up clutch in torque Choose an convertors in order to minimize the loss of engine power to item. the transmission. Use parts with established reliability rating Choose an item.

Minimize the mass strength ratio. The mass of the part should Choose an not be in correspondence to the strength required of it. item.

Adopt the modular design approaches as it will maintain the Choose an independence of functions item.

Design should be sufficiently robust to be insensitive to the Choose an small manufacturing irregularities and operating environment item. variations. The robust integrated controllers should be developed for Choose an estimating the turbine torque for closed loop control of power item. train components thereby improving shift quality.

107

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item Design should consider the adverse situations arisen due to Choose an customer usage such as vehicle overload and sudden braking item. etc.

Additional Points Importance 5) Add your point here Choose an item. 6) Add your point here Choose an item. Aggregative rating for design in terms of Performance Rating

TABLE 29: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR ‘USABILITY’ (PRODUCT: AUTOMATIC TRANSMSSIONS)

Questions Additional Rate an Item Comments Provide the In-Vehicle Information systems specifically the Choose an current driving mode on the display panel. The display should item. also provide the information for possible malfunction.

The controls like gear shift lever and brake pedal should be at Choose an accessible location. For example the shift lever should be in the item. mid tunnel section or on the steering column.

Design should minimize the force required to actuate a control. Choose an Optimize the shape and surface area of controls to maximize item. the leverage. This includes controls like brake pedal, selector lever, control button the lever. The shift mechanism should not allow for the accidental Choose an shifting into reverse while driving. Use interlock to prevent the item. change of position from Drive to Reverse or Neutral to Reverse if the brake pedal is not depressed.

108

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item Provide visual displays at the visible locations to provide the feedback to the driver.  Clearly indicate the different speed positions on the Choose an speed selector. They should be clearly visible and item. should not fade away early in usable life.  In the instrument panel have the brake pressure Choose an lights indicating the current braking situation. item.  Indicators for door open/closed. This will caution Choose an the driver for changing gears from outside the car. item. Design control system to understand the driver‟s intentions based on the driver‟s inputs and other parameters.  The speed selection should provide the driver to Choose an drive at a selected automation program like E (for item. Economy), W (for Winter).  Provision for the driver to lock the speed of the Choose an gearbox in a fixed speed. item. Designer should pay close attention to the design of Choose an transmission housing. Parameters like the thickness of the item. wall, weight of the housing and the material used. The control of these parameters is important for minimizing the vibrations such as rattling and clattering low. These vibrations are absolute discomfort for the passengers (Korde and Wilson 2009). The static strength requirement for operating a control Choose an should be 10 percent less than the maximum volitional item. strength exerting ability. As no single size or shape could ascertain the accessibility Choose an of controls for the entire user population. So for critical item. controls provide alternative means to make the controls reachable. For example provide seat adjustment features. Provide dampening system for controls in order to make the Choose an vibrations present independent of the operation of controls. item. Pay close attention to the finishing of controls like the Choose an selector lever. The contact surface for the controls should item. be smooth

109

Additional Questions Comments Rate an Item The careful selection of Automatic Transmission fluid (with Choose an properties described in “Performance” section is important item. to keep the vibrations minimum and minimize the jerk originated during clutch engagement.

Additional Points Importance 1) Add your point here Choose an item. 2) Add your point here Choose an item. Aggregative rating for design in terms of Ease of Use Rating

7.5 SURVEY DEPLOYMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The questionnaires were circulated among 10 experts that included auto-mechanics and students with matching field of research. The data collection and analysis procedures were similar to the case of bicycle. Reliability and Validity of the questionnaire were tested after the scores were obtained. Unlike, the mountain bike, the individual design dimensions were not evaluated owing to the complex nature of the product.

7.5.1 Test Results: Reliability and Validity

The values of the Cronbach alpha and the Pearson correlation Coefficient for all the design criteria are given in the Table 4.

110

Table 30: Reliability & Validity Test Values

Design Criteria Reliability Test Validity Test Cronbach Alpha Pearson Correlation Significance Coefficient Usability 0.628224 0.45502 0.1864 Performance 0.728694 0.75478 .0116

The values of Cronbach alpha for both design criteria lie in the acceptable region. Therefore, the test was considered reliable. The Pearson correlation coefficient for „Usability‟ was 0.46, which is modest. However, the p-value was found to be statistically insignificant. The design criterion

„Performance‟ had a high correlation coefficient and was significant at the 0.05 level. Therefore, the checklist for the section „Performance‟ was considered valid.

The guidelines developed successfully ensured the functionality of a complex consumer product with relatively few interface elements. For the usability, some users did not concur with some of the proposed design guidelines while some considered the section incomplete resulting in a poor correlation between average and the overall values. The current research focused on surface level analysis of the product and not at an individual component level. The usability guidelines could have been improved further with a more thorough analysis. Also, the concept of overall value needs to be refined as the average score for the usability section was 3.75 indicating that in general the current guidelines are satisfactory.

111

CHAPTER 8

DISCUSSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH

This work provides a systematic procedure for integrating and generalizing design guidelines for product usability and functionality. The procedure described may be extended by including additional criteria and considering new factors evolving with time; using this model based approach as a premise.

The guidelines presented encompass a wide array of usability-functionality dimensions and should be a good source for guiding product designers to develop useful and functional products. As shown in the research that these generalized guidelines could be customized for specific product families as needed. In general, it is rather difficult to generalize the effects of various process variables as their values may have a different effect on the utility of different products. The case studies elucidated their effect on consumer products and demonstrated the customization of the generalized functionality and usability guidelines. The effectiveness of the guidelines was tested against several metrics. Though there is still a need to remove the inherent subjectivity of the evaluating criteria for ex. clear means to determine accepted significance level.

8.1Future Research

1) Better Research on customer preferences are required. Few responders try to focus more

towards mere appearance of the product rather than the product capacity as a whole. There

112

must be the development of the instruments which are effectively able to measure the

acumen and experience of the responder. The results of the study would improve the

designers understanding of customers expectations.

2) An extensive cost-worth analysis needed to be performed and integrated with the design

and manufacturing process. The researchers should focus more towards understanding the

impact of influencers like time, customer base etc. This will allow the management to

explore the product design from different viewpoints.

3) More tools need to develop to quantify the usability and functionality of product. Long

term studies should focus towards capturing the consumers‟ feedback of the product at

various stages during its lifecycle viz. before purchase, during initial use of the product and

during its extended use. The development of performance metrics will enable the

researchers to objectify different design criteria rather than making unreliable subjective

calls. The inputs can help the design team to concentrate their energies toward more

relevant design factors.

4) The researchers should focus on developing more and varied methods to incorporate

different design criteria early in the design stage viz. within the framework of systematic

design. With ever changing technology and easy transfer of knowledge between different

technological domains the current methods are becoming more reactive than being future

oriented.

5) The research should be extended to also include electronic products. Computer hardware

and software products. Also, more experimental studies needed to be performed to

understand the impact of implementing a manufacturing option on the product.

113

9. REFERENCES:

1. Anderberg, M.R. [1973], Cluster Analysis for Applications: Probability and Mathematical

Satistics (New York: Academic Press).

2. Antonio J. Bailetti, Paul F. Litva [1995], 'Integrating Customer Requirements into Product

Designs', Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-15.

3. Babbar, Sunil, Behara, Ravi, and White, Edna [2002], 'Mapping product usability',

International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 22, No. 10, pp. 1071

- 89.

4. Bailetti, Antonio J. and Litva, Paul F. [1995], 'Integrating Customer Requirements into

Product Designs', Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-15.

5. Birolini, Alessandro [2007], Reliability engineering: theory and practice

(Springer-Verlang Berlin Heidelberg).

6. Bloch, Peter H. [1995], 'Seeking the Ideal Form: Product Design and Consumer Response',

The Journal of Marketing, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 16-29.

7. Bralla, J.G. [1996], Design for Excellence (New York: Mc Graw-Hill,Inc.).

8. Brezet, H. and Hemel, C. Van [1997], 'EcoDesign: A promising approach to sustainable

production and consumption', UNEP (France).

9. Chiang, W-C., Mital, A., and Desai, A. [2009], 'A generic methodology based on

Six-Sigma Techniques for designing and manufacturing consumer products for

functionality', Int. J. Product Development, Vol. 7, No. 3/4, pp. 349-71.

10. Chiang, Wen-Chuan [2000], 'Designing and manufacturing consumer products for

functionality', (University of Cincinnati).

11. Chiang, Wen-Chuan, Pennathur, Arunkumar, and Mital, Anil [2001], 'Designing and

manufacturing consumer products for functionality: a literature review of current function

114

definitions and design support tools', Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Vol. 12, pp.

430-48.

12. CHU, XUENING and HOLM, H. [1994], 'Product manufacturability control for

concurrent engineering', Computers in industry, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 29-38.

13. Creusen, Mariëlle E. H. and Schoormans, Jan P. L. [2005], 'The Different Roles of Product

Appearance in Consumer Choice", Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 22,

No. 1, pp. 63-81.

14. Cross, N. [1989], Engineering Design Methods (New York, NY, USA: John Wiley &

Sons).

15. Crowe, Dana and Feinberg, Alec [2000], Design for Reliability (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC

Press LLC).

16. Desmet, Pieter and Hekkert, Paul [2007], Framework of Product Experience (2007).

17. Dodson, B. and Nolan, D. [1999], Reliability Engineering Handbook (CRC).

18. Dunteman, G.H. [1989], Prinicipal Component Analysis (Newbury Park, CA: SAGE

Publications Inc.).

19. Genta, G. and Morello, L. [2009], 'Automatic Gearboxes', The Automotive Chassis,

543-92.

20. Ghemraoui, R., Mathieu, L., and Tricot, N. [2009], 'Design method for systematic safety

integration', CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 161-64.

21. Govindaraju, Majorkumar [1999], 'Development of generic design gudielines to

manufacture usable consumer products', (University of Cincinnati).

22. Green, E.P. and Rao, V. [1971], 'Conjoint Measurement for quantifying judgemental

data', Journal of Marketing Research, Vol., pp. 61-68.

115

23. Hammer, W. [1980], Product Safety Management and Engineering (Englewood Cliffs,

NJ.).

24. Han, Sung H. and Kim, Jongseo [2003], 'A comparison of screening methods: Selecting

important design variables for modeling product usability', International Journal of

Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 189-98.

25. Han, Sung H., et al. [2001], 'Usability of consumer electronic products', International

Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. 28, No. 3-4, pp. 143-51.

26. Hill, B. S. [1993], 'Industry's integration of environmental product design', Electronics and

the Environment, 1993., Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE International Symposium on, pp.

64-68.

27. Huang, G. Q. and Mak, K. L. [1999], 'Web-based Collaborative Conceptual Design',

Journal of Engineering Design, Vol. 10, pp. 183-94.

28. Huang, G. Q. and Mak, K.L. [1998], 'Re-Engineering the product development process

with design for X', Proceeding of the Institution of Mechanical Engineering Part B-

Journal of Engineering Manufacture, pp. 259-68.

29. Huang, G.Q. [1996], Design for X- Concurrent Engineering Imperatives (New York, Ny,

USA: Chapman and Hall).

30. Jansson, D. G., Shankar, S.R., and Polisetty, F.S.K. [1990], Generalized measures of

Manufacturability, ed. J.R. Rinderle (Design Theory and Methodology - DTM'90).

31. Jesweit, Jack and Hauschild, Michael [2008], 'Market forces and the need to design for the

environment',

116

32. Jiao, Jianxin and Chen, Chun-Hsien [2006], 'Customer Requirement Management in

Product Development: A Review of Research Issues', Concurrent Engineering, Vol. 14,

No. 3, pp. 173-85.

33. Joachim, Franz, Kurz, Norbert, and Glatthaar, Bernhard [2006], 'Influence of Coating s and

Surface Improvement on lifetime of the Gears', 'www.GearTechnology.com'.

34. Kim, Jongseo and Han, Sung H. [2008], 'A methodology for developing a usability index

of consumer electronic products', International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. 38,

No. 3-4, pp. 333-45.

35. Korde,A. and Wilson, Brian K. [2009],'The Effect of Flexible Components on the

Durability, Whine, Rattle and Efficiency of an Automotive Transaxle Geartrain System',

'www.GearTechnology.com'.

36. Kugimiya, Takanori, Yoshimura, Narihiko, and Mitsui, Jun‟ichi [1998], 'Tribology of

automatic transmission fluid', Tribology Letters, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 49-56.

37. Lagerstedt, Jessica, Luttropp, Conrad, and Lindfors, Lars-Gunnar [2003], 'Functional

priorities in LCA and design for environment', The International Journal of Life Cycle

Assessment, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 160-66.

38. Langley, Jim [1999], Bicycling magazine's complete guide to bicycle maintenance and

repair for road and mountain bikes : over 1,000 tips, tricks, and techniques to maximize

performance, minimize repairs, and save money (Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Press).

39. Mital, Anil [1995], 'Is the background knowledge of ergonomists important if ergonomics

is to succeed within a simultaneous engineering (SE) environment?', International Journal

of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. 16, No. 4-6, pp. 441-50.

40. Moss, M.A. [1985], Designing for Minimal Maintenance Expense (New York, NY).

117

41. Mousavi, A., et al. [2001], 'Customer optimization route and evaluation (CORE) for

product design', International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, Vol. 14, pp.

236-43.

42. Nagamachi, Mitsuo [2002], 'Kansei engineering as a powerful consumer-oriented

technology for product development', Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 289-94.

43. Nevins, J. L. and Whitney, D.E. [1989], Concurrent Designs of Products and Process - A

strategy for the next generation in Manufacturing, (New York: MaGraw-Hill Publishing

Company).

44. Ouden, Elke den, et al. [2006], 'Quality and Reliability Problems from a Consumer's

Perspective: an Increasing Problem Overlooked by Businesses?', Quality and Reliability

Engineering International, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 821-38.

45. Peattie, Ken and Crane, Andrew [2005], 'Green marketing: legend, myth, farce or

prophesy?', Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 357

- 70.

46. Plotkin, W. C. and Moon, S. Kee [2006], 'Using Expanded QFD Matrix Analysis to

Establish and Link Test Instrumentation to Customer Satisfaction Attributes', Journal of

the IEST, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 90-91.

47. Priest, J.W. [1988], Engineering Design for Producibility and Reliability (New York:

Marcel Dekker Inc.).

48. Prothero, Andrea [1990], 'Green Consumerism and the Societal Marketing Concept:

Marketing Strategies for the 1990's', Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp.

87-103.

49. Rao, S.S [1992], Reliability-Base Design (New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.).

118

50. Schoone-Harmsen, M [1990], 'A design method for product safety.', Ergonomics, 33(4),

Vol., pp. 431-37.

51. Shoji S., Graham A., Walden D. [1993], 'A new American TQM', (Portland: Productivity

Press).

52. Stone, B.R. and Wood, L.K. [2000], 'Development of Functional Basis for Design',

Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 122.

53. Thomas, Peter. [2009] “Full Suspension Mountain Bike.” www.peterjamesthomas.com,

(http://peterjamesthomas.com/category/general/technology/systems-integration)

54. Ullman, D.G. [1997], The Mechanical Design Process (New York, Ny, USA: McGraw-

Hill).

55. Yang, Guangbin [2007], Life Cycle Reliability Engineering (Hoboken, New Jersey: John

Wiley & sons Inc.).

56. Ziemke, M.C. and Spann, M.S. [1993], 'Concurrent engineering's root in the World War II

era', Concurrent Engineering: Contemporary Issues and Modern Design Tools (New York,

NY, USA: Chapman and Hall), 24-41.

57. Zinn, Lennard [2005], Zinn & the Art of Mountain Bike Maintainance (4th edn.; Boulder,

Colorado: VeloPress).

119

APPENDIX

120

Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

32 EU1 EU2 EU3 EU4 EU5 EU6 EU7 EU8 EU9 EU10 EU11 EU12 EU13 EU14 Variables: EU15 EU16 EU17 EU18 EU19 EU20 EU21 EU22 EU23 EU24 EU25 EU26 EU27 EU28 EU29 EU30 EU31 EU32

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label EU1 19 4.36842 0.76089 83.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU1 EU2 19 4.15789 0.89834 79.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU2 EU3 19 4.15789 0.95819 79.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU3 EU4 19 3.84211 0.68825 73.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU4 EU5 19 3.94737 0.70504 75.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU5 EU6 19 3.94737 0.70504 75.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU6 EU7 19 4.15789 0.68825 79.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU7 EU8 19 4.36842 0.59726 83.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU8 EU9 19 3.89474 0.73747 74.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU9 EU10 19 4.05263 0.70504 77.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU10 EU11 19 3.89474 0.80930 74.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU11 EU12 19 3.94737 0.77986 75.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU12 EU13 19 3.63158 0.49559 69.00000 3.00000 4.00000 EU13 EU14 19 4.00000 0.74536 76.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU14 EU15 19 4.15789 0.89834 79.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU15 EU16 19 3.89474 0.80930 74.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU16 EU17 19 3.73684 0.99119 71.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU17 EU18 19 4.52632 0.61178 86.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU18 EU19 19 4.36842 0.76089 83.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU19 EU20 19 4.15789 0.95819 79.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU20 EU21 19 4.21053 0.91766 80.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU21 EU22 19 3.89474 1.04853 74.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU22 EU23 19 4.05263 0.70504 77.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU23 EU24 19 4.15789 0.95819 79.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU24 EU25 19 4.10526 0.93659 78.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU25 EU26 19 3.84211 0.76472 73.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU26 EU27 19 4.15789 0.89834 79.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU27 EU28 19 3.94737 0.70504 75.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU28 EU29 19 3.42105 0.76853 65.00000 2.00000 4.00000 EU29 EU30 19 3.73684 0.87191 71.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU30 EU31 19 3.84211 0.76472 73.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EU31 EU32 19 4.15789 0.76472 79.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EU32 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha Variables Alpha Raw 0.535932 Standardized 0.578198

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label EU1 0.106963 0.531424 0.151281 0.570633 EU1 EU2 0.099081 0.533234 0.093063 0.576949 EU2 EU3 0.441425 0.480662 0.492947 0.531791 EU3 EU4 0.302747 0.510075 0.281157 0.556229 EU4 EU5 0.169793 0.524413 0.265156 0.558027 EU5 EU6 0.467829 0.490542 0.506660 0.530167 EU6 EU7 0.231708 0.517861 0.305884 0.553437 EU7 EU8 0.209431 0.521749 0.199864 0.565296 EU8 EU9 0.319952 0.506563 0.345525 0.548927 EU9 EU10 0.515307 0.484946 0.454371 0.536331 EU10 EU11 0.258049 0.512404 0.233699 0.561543 EU11 EU12 0.245573 0.514549 0.296383 0.554512 EU12 EU13 0.493752 0.501199 0.537784 0.526463 EU13 EU14 0.011458 0.542229 0.041710 0.582449 EU14 EU15 0.394868 0.490618 0.420013 0.540341 EU15 EU16 0.326172 0.503506 0.342895 0.549228 EU16 EU17 0.069933 0.538568 0.037287 0.582920 EU17 EU18 -.285855 0.566875 -.270569 0.614494 EU18 EU19 0.049861 0.538077 0.009251 0.585891 EU19 EU20 -.085945 0.560364 -.132394 0.600608 EU20 EU21 0.036510 0.542167 0.025386 0.584184 EU21 EU22 0.080324 0.537843 0.029266 0.583772 EU22 EU23 0.290876 0.510911 0.284395 0.555864 EU23 EU24 -.337939 0.594284 -.324719 0.619811 EU24 EU25 0.343271 0.497097 0.347296 0.548725 EU25 EU26 0.344878 0.502602 0.327812 0.550948 EU26 EU27 -.495618 0.609056 -.470956 0.633831 EU27 EU28 -.110030 0.554306 -.091858 0.596447 EU28 EU29 0.376940 0.498437 0.343268 0.549185 EU29 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label EU30 0.222257 0.516211 0.233466 0.561569 EU30 EU31 -.273525 0.574341 -.253366 0.612790 EU31 EU32 0.116080 0.530361 0.079791 0.578377 EU32 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 EU1 EU2 EU3 EU4 EU5 EU6 EU7 EU8 EU9 EU10 EU11 EU1 1.00000 0.15400 0.22058 0.22334 0.24528 0.24528 0.41318 -0.19302 0.36997 0.16897 0.15670 EU1 0.5290 0.3642 0.3580 0.3115 0.3115 0.0787 0.4285 0.1190 0.4892 0.5218 EU2 0.15400 1.00000 0.09851 0.31213 0.10156 0.36471 0.13715 0.09264 -0.05738 0.42473 0.17696 EU2 0.5290 0.6883 0.1933 0.6791 0.1247 0.5756 0.7060 0.8155 0.0699 0.4686 EU3 0.22058 0.09851 1.00000 0.20839 0.34193 0.42417 0.29707 0.08686 0.41793 0.06925 0.02262 EU3 0.3642 0.6883 0.3919 0.1519 0.0703 0.2168 0.7237 0.0750 0.7782 0.9268 EU4 0.22334 0.31213 0.20839 1.00000 -0.01808 0.32540 0.05556 0.14938 0.18435 0.47604 0.06824 EU4 0.3580 0.1933 0.3919 0.9414 0.1740 0.8213 0.5416 0.4499 0.0394 0.7813 EU5 0.24528 0.10156 0.34193 -0.01808 1.00000 0.55294 0.59053 0.31247 0.09560 0.00588 -0.20498 EU5 0.3115 0.6791 0.1519 0.9414 0.0141 0.0078 0.1928 0.6970 0.9809 0.3999 EU6 0.24528 0.36471 0.42417 0.32540 0.55294 1.00000 0.24706 0.31247 -0.01125 0.22941 0.08712 EU6 0.3115 0.1247 0.0703 0.1740 0.0141 0.3079 0.1928 0.9636 0.3448 0.7229 EU7 0.41318 0.13715 0.29707 0.05556 0.59053 0.24706 1.00000 -0.14938 0.25348 0.09641 0.03150 EU7 0.0787 0.5756 0.2168 0.8213 0.0078 0.3079 0.5416 0.2951 0.6946 0.8981 EU8 -0.19302 0.09264 0.08686 0.14938 0.31247 0.31247 -0.14938 1.00000 0.21907 -0.04861 0.31456 EU8 0.4285 0.7060 0.7237 0.5416 0.1928 0.1928 0.5416 0.3675 0.8434 0.1896 EU9 0.36997 -0.05738 0.41793 0.18435 0.09560 -0.01125 0.25348 0.21907 1.00000 0.11810 0.25965 EU9 0.1190 0.8155 0.0750 0.4499 0.6970 0.9636 0.2951 0.3675 0.6301 0.2830 EU10 0.16897 0.42473 0.06925 0.47604 0.00588 0.22941 0.09641 -0.04861 0.11810 1.00000 0.20498 EU10 0.4892 0.0699 0.7782 0.0394 0.9809 0.3448 0.6946 0.8434 0.6301 0.3999 EU11 0.15670 0.17696 0.02262 0.06824 -0.20498 0.08712 0.03150 0.31456 0.25965 0.20498 1.00000 EU11 0.5218 0.4686 0.9268 0.7813 0.3999 0.7229 0.8981 0.1896 0.2830 0.3999 EU12 0.12812 0.01252 0.30912 -0.11985 0.29780 0.60093 0.32686 0.04394 0.08643 -0.09572 -0.00927 EU12 0.6012 0.9594 0.1978 0.6250 0.2156 0.0065 0.1720 0.8582 0.7250 0.6967 0.9700 EU13 0.37995 -0.23643 0.36329 -0.01714 0.57741 0.41841 0.66865 -0.07903 0.19201 0.21758 0.03645 EU13 0.1086 0.3298 0.1263 0.9445 0.0096 0.0746 0.0017 0.7478 0.4310 0.3709 0.8822 EU14 -0.09796 -0.08297 -0.15558 0.10830 0.31716 0.10572 0.10830 0.24959 0.30321 0.10572 -0.27630 EU14 0.6899 0.7356 0.5248 0.6590 0.1858 0.6667 0.6590 0.3028 0.2070 0.6667 0.2522 EU15 0.31655 0.10507 0.61484 0.04256 0.18928 0.18928 0.22700 0.09264 0.69734 0.42473 0.17696 EU15 0.1867 0.6686 0.0051 0.8626 0.4377 0.4377 0.3500 0.7060 0.0009 0.0699 0.4686 EU16 -0.29440 0.02413 0.52411 -0.03150 0.28185 0.08712 0.23098 0.42949 0.35274 0.10761 0.06696 EU16 0.2212 0.9219 0.0213 0.8981 0.2424 0.7229 0.3414 0.0665 0.1385 0.6610 0.7853 EU17 -0.08529 -0.07553 -0.24629 -0.14573 -0.25942 0.05858 -0.34290 0.07903 -0.42001 0.17992 0.37909 EU17 0.7285 0.7586 0.3094 0.5516 0.2835 0.8117 0.1507 0.7478 0.0734 0.4611 0.1095 EU18 0.03769 -0.46287 0.03990 -0.18750 0.19659 -0.18981 -0.07639 -0.10403 0.00648 -0.32540 -0.33072 EU18 0.8783 0.0460 0.8712 0.4421 0.4199 0.4364 0.7559 0.6717 0.9790 0.1740 0.1667 EU19 0.04040 0.31655 0.29678 0.43552 -0.27253 0.14172 -0.22334 -0.19302 -0.12506 0.06541 -0.02374 EU19 0.8696 0.1867 0.2173 0.0624 0.2590 0.5628 0.3580 0.4285 0.6100 0.7902 0.9231 EU20 -0.23662 -0.15965 -0.27070 0.03990 -0.39820 -0.15149 -0.46112 -0.10729 -0.44689 0.15149 0.02262 EU20 0.3294 0.5138 0.2623 0.8712 0.0913 0.5359 0.0469 0.6620 0.0551 0.5359 0.9268 EU21 -0.11725 0.15961 -0.10309 -0.20833 -0.06779 -0.15366 0.12037 -0.35210 -0.21171 0.32540 0.10630 EU21 0.6326 0.5140 0.6745 0.3921 0.7827 0.5300 0.6235 0.1393 0.3842 0.1740 0.6649 EU22 -0.15759 0.13659 0.01746 0.36061 -0.60912 -0.15821 -0.43759 -0.11206 0.05672 0.45882 0.05169 EU22 0.5193 0.5771 0.9434 0.1293 0.0056 0.5177 0.0610 0.6479 0.8176 0.0482 0.8336 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 EU12 EU13 EU14 EU15 EU16 EU17 EU18 EU19 EU20 EU21 EU22 EU1 0.12812 0.37995 -0.09796 0.31655 -0.29440 -0.08529 0.03769 0.04040 -0.23662 -0.11725 -0.15759 EU1 0.6012 0.1086 0.6899 0.1867 0.2212 0.7285 0.8783 0.8696 0.3294 0.6326 0.5193 EU2 0.01252 -0.23643 -0.08297 0.10507 0.02413 -0.07553 -0.46287 0.31655 -0.15965 0.15961 0.13659 EU2 0.9594 0.3298 0.7356 0.6686 0.9219 0.7586 0.0460 0.1867 0.5138 0.5140 0.5771 EU3 0.30912 0.36329 -0.15558 0.61484 0.52411 -0.24629 0.03990 0.29678 -0.27070 -0.10309 0.01746 EU3 0.1978 0.1263 0.5248 0.0051 0.0213 0.3094 0.8712 0.2173 0.2623 0.6745 0.9434 EU4 -0.11985 -0.01714 0.10830 0.04256 -0.03150 -0.14573 -0.18750 0.43552 0.03990 -0.20833 0.36061 EU4 0.6250 0.9445 0.6590 0.8626 0.8981 0.5516 0.4421 0.0624 0.8712 0.3921 0.1293 EU5 0.29780 0.57741 0.31716 0.18928 0.28185 -0.25942 0.19659 -0.27253 -0.39820 -0.06779 -0.60912 EU5 0.2156 0.0096 0.1858 0.4377 0.2424 0.2835 0.4199 0.2590 0.0913 0.7827 0.0056 EU6 0.60093 0.41841 0.10572 0.18928 0.08712 0.05858 -0.18981 0.14172 -0.15149 -0.15366 -0.15821 EU6 0.0065 0.0746 0.6667 0.4377 0.7229 0.8117 0.4364 0.5628 0.5359 0.5300 0.5177 EU7 0.32686 0.66865 0.10830 0.22700 0.23098 -0.34290 -0.07639 -0.22334 -0.46112 0.12037 -0.43759 EU7 0.1720 0.0017 0.6590 0.3500 0.3414 0.1507 0.7559 0.3580 0.0469 0.6235 0.0610 EU8 0.04394 -0.07903 0.24959 0.09264 0.42949 0.07903 -0.10403 -0.19302 -0.10729 -0.35210 -0.11206 EU8 0.8582 0.7478 0.3028 0.7060 0.0665 0.7478 0.6717 0.4285 0.6620 0.1393 0.6479 EU9 0.08643 0.19201 0.30321 0.69734 0.35274 -0.42001 0.00648 -0.12506 -0.44689 -0.21171 0.05672 EU9 0.7250 0.4310 0.2070 0.0009 0.1385 0.0734 0.9790 0.6100 0.0551 0.3842 0.8176 EU10 -0.09572 0.21758 0.10572 0.42473 0.10761 0.17992 -0.32540 0.06541 0.15149 0.32540 0.45882 EU10 0.6967 0.3709 0.6667 0.0699 0.6610 0.4611 0.1740 0.7902 0.5359 0.1740 0.0482 EU11 -0.00927 0.03645 -0.27630 0.17696 0.06696 0.37909 -0.33072 -0.02374 0.02262 0.10630 0.05169 EU11 0.9700 0.8822 0.2522 0.4686 0.7853 0.1095 0.1667 0.9231 0.9268 0.6649 0.8336 EU12 1.00000 0.52201 0.00000 0.17112 0.07876 -0.01891 -0.05516 -0.15276 -0.06261 0.01634 -0.14303 EU12 0.0219 1.0000 0.4836 0.7486 0.9387 0.8225 0.5324 0.7990 0.9471 0.5591 EU13 0.52201 1.00000 0.15040 0.26270 0.17496 0.01786 0.12537 -0.20936 -0.22167 0.18002 -0.29260 EU13 0.0219 0.5388 0.2772 0.4737 0.9422 0.6091 0.3897 0.3617 0.4608 0.2241 EU14 0.00000 0.15040 1.00000 0.00000 0.18420 -0.15040 0.00000 -0.29388 -0.31115 -0.32489 -0.07109 EU14 1.0000 0.5388 1.0000 0.4503 0.5388 1.0000 0.2220 0.1947 0.1747 0.7724 EU15 0.17112 0.26270 0.00000 1.00000 0.55903 -0.32510 -0.05852 -0.08983 -0.35328 -0.04256 0.13659 EU15 0.4836 0.2772 1.0000 0.0128 0.1744 0.8119 0.7146 0.1379 0.8626 0.5771 EU16 0.07876 0.17496 0.18420 0.55903 1.00000 -0.31348 0.00591 -0.02374 -0.33558 -0.19292 0.05169 EU16 0.7486 0.4737 0.4503 0.0128 0.1913 0.9809 0.9231 0.1601 0.4288 0.8336 EU17 -0.01891 0.01786 -0.15040 -0.32510 -0.31348 1.00000 -0.21699 -0.01163 0.68963 0.36969 0.13223 EU17 0.9387 0.9422 0.5388 0.1744 0.1913 0.3722 0.9623 0.0011 0.1193 0.5895 EU18 -0.05516 0.12537 0.00000 -0.05852 0.00591 -0.21699 1.00000 0.15704 0.03990 -0.20833 0.09117 EU18 0.8225 0.6091 1.0000 0.8119 0.9809 0.3722 0.5208 0.8712 0.3921 0.7105 EU19 -0.15276 -0.20936 -0.29388 -0.08983 -0.02374 -0.01163 0.15704 1.00000 0.06818 0.04188 0.39948 EU19 0.5324 0.3897 0.2220 0.7146 0.9231 0.9623 0.5208 0.7815 0.8648 0.0902 EU20 -0.06261 -0.22167 -0.31115 -0.35328 -0.33558 0.68963 0.03990 0.06818 1.00000 0.33919 0.40453 EU20 0.7990 0.3617 0.1947 0.1379 0.1601 0.0011 0.8712 0.7815 0.1554 0.0858 EU21 0.01634 0.18002 -0.32489 -0.04256 -0.19292 0.36969 -0.20833 0.04188 0.33919 1.00000 -0.09117 EU21 0.9471 0.4608 0.1747 0.8626 0.4288 0.1193 0.3921 0.8648 0.1554 0.7105 EU22 -0.14303 -0.29260 -0.07109 0.13659 0.05169 0.13223 0.09117 0.39948 0.40453 -0.09117 1.00000 EU22 0.5591 0.2241 0.7724 0.5771 0.8336 0.5895 0.7105 0.0902 0.0858 0.7105 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 EU23 EU24 EU25 EU26 EU27 EU28 EU29 EU30 EU31 EU32 EU1 -0.03815 -0.23662 0.17643 -0.27639 -0.33366 0.14172 0.10001 -0.09696 0.01005 -0.10553 EU1 0.8768 0.3294 0.4700 0.2520 0.1627 0.5628 0.6838 0.6929 0.9674 0.6672 EU2 0.33701 -0.15965 0.37533 0.11918 -0.51449 -0.33701 0.05929 -0.15679 -0.12343 -0.36178 EU2 0.1583 0.5138 0.1133 0.6270 0.0242 0.1583 0.8095 0.5215 0.6147 0.1280 EU3 -0.09522 -0.63376 0.28998 0.41501 -0.22419 0.34193 0.13103 -0.01400 -0.19154 0.34318 EU3 0.6982 0.0036 0.2285 0.0773 0.3562 0.1519 0.5929 0.9546 0.4321 0.1503 EU4 0.01808 -0.12858 0.54433 0.05556 -0.31686 -0.36155 0.23770 0.20465 -0.05000 -0.16111 EU4 0.9414 0.5999 0.0160 0.8213 0.1863 0.1283 0.3271 0.4007 0.8389 0.5099 EU5 0.22941 -0.15149 0.09299 0.08677 -0.16158 0.10588 -0.16189 0.06659 -0.01627 -0.18981 EU5 0.3448 0.5359 0.7050 0.7239 0.5087 0.6662 0.5079 0.7865 0.9473 0.4364 EU6 0.22941 -0.15149 0.00886 0.29286 -0.42473 -0.00588 0.14570 0.42809 -0.01627 -0.18981 EU6 0.3448 0.5359 0.9713 0.2237 0.0699 0.9809 0.5517 0.0675 0.9473 0.4364 EU7 0.43989 -0.46112 0.14515 0.15556 0.04729 0.13257 0.07739 0.16567 -0.16111 -0.15556 EU7 0.0595 0.0469 0.5532 0.5248 0.8475 0.5885 0.7528 0.4979 0.5099 0.5248 EU8 -0.04861 0.37808 0.22476 0.13444 -0.21798 -0.21526 0.00637 -0.01684 0.13444 0.23047 EU8 0.8434 0.1105 0.3549 0.5832 0.3700 0.3761 0.9794 0.9454 0.5832 0.3425 EU9 0.01125 0.02483 0.41910 -0.22813 -0.30895 0.09560 0.08254 -0.21827 0.16591 0.42515 EU9 0.9636 0.9196 0.0741 0.3475 0.1981 0.6970 0.7369 0.3693 0.4972 0.0696 EU10 0.44118 -0.09522 0.66421 0.11931 -0.54014 -0.55294 0.16189 0.29490 -0.18981 -0.01627 EU10 0.0586 0.6982 0.0019 0.6266 0.0170 0.0141 0.5079 0.2203 0.4364 0.9473 EU11 -0.08712 0.02262 0.16202 0.24095 -0.20511 -0.10761 0.25386 -0.12017 0.24095 0.20788 EU11 0.7229 0.9268 0.5075 0.3204 0.3996 0.6610 0.2943 0.6241 0.3204 0.3931 EU12 0.40948 -0.13695 -0.29624 0.07845 -0.30467 0.19676 0.31711 0.22361 0.17160 -0.17160 EU12 0.0817 0.5761 0.2181 0.7496 0.2047 0.4194 0.1859 0.3574 0.4824 0.4824 EU13 0.37657 -0.22167 0.08819 0.27775 0.01314 0.25942 0.13818 0.40600 -0.16202 -0.13116 EU13 0.1120 0.3617 0.7196 0.2496 0.9574 0.2835 0.5726 0.0846 0.5075 0.5925 EU14 0.42288 0.62230 0.07958 -0.29240 0.08297 -0.10572 -0.38794 0.25646 -0.19494 0.00000 EU14 0.0713 0.0044 0.7460 0.2244 0.7356 0.6667 0.1008 0.2892 0.4239 1.0000 EU15 0.07387 -0.35328 0.50739 0.03831 -0.51449 -0.16158 -0.02118 -0.08586 0.03831 0.52778 EU15 0.7638 0.1379 0.0266 0.8763 0.0242 0.5087 0.9314 0.7267 0.8763 0.0202 EU16 0.20498 -0.19230 0.45519 0.42049 0.02413 -0.20498 -0.19275 0.03729 -0.20788 0.47718 EU16 0.3999 0.4303 0.0502 0.0730 0.9219 0.3999 0.4292 0.8795 0.3931 0.0388 EU17 0.02092 0.22167 -0.32757 0.23531 0.04926 0.13808 0.37233 0.23683 -0.05786 0.13116 EU17 0.9323 0.3617 0.1710 0.3322 0.8413 0.5729 0.1165 0.3290 0.8140 0.5925 EU18 -0.45420 -0.05487 -0.00510 -0.05000 0.14365 0.19659 -0.26120 -0.24667 -0.05000 -0.06875 EU18 0.0508 0.8235 0.9835 0.8389 0.5574 0.4199 0.2801 0.3086 0.8389 0.7797 EU19 -0.34884 -0.31282 0.17643 0.48744 0.07272 0.03815 0.10001 -0.09696 -0.18091 -0.20101 EU19 0.1433 0.1922 0.4700 0.0343 0.7673 0.8768 0.6838 0.6929 0.4586 0.4093 EU20 -0.01298 0.03185 -0.20527 -0.03990 -0.09511 0.01298 0.58368 0.11899 0.11173 0.11572 EU20 0.9579 0.8970 0.3992 0.8712 0.6985 0.9579 0.0087 0.6275 0.6488 0.6371 EU21 0.23953 -0.22945 -0.09186 0.28750 -0.04256 0.10395 0.49752 -0.13521 0.20833 -0.20833 EU21 0.3233 0.3447 0.7084 0.2327 0.8626 0.6719 0.0302 0.5810 0.3921 0.3921 EU22 0.00791 0.01746 0.46448 0.04741 -0.27627 -0.30851 0.12700 0.15032 -0.36831 0.16045 EU22 0.9744 0.9434 0.0451 0.8472 0.2522 0.1988 0.6044 0.5390 0.1208 0.5117 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 EU1 EU2 EU3 EU4 EU5 EU6 EU7 EU8 EU9 EU10 EU11 EU23 -0.03815 0.33701 -0.09522 0.01808 0.22941 0.22941 0.43989 -0.04861 0.01125 0.44118 -0.08712 EU23 0.8768 0.1583 0.6982 0.9414 0.3448 0.3448 0.0595 0.8434 0.9636 0.0586 0.7229 EU24 -0.23662 -0.15965 -0.63376 -0.12858 -0.15149 -0.15149 -0.46112 0.37808 0.02483 -0.09522 0.02262 EU24 0.3294 0.5138 0.0036 0.5999 0.5359 0.5359 0.0469 0.1105 0.9196 0.6982 0.9268 EU25 0.17643 0.37533 0.28998 0.54433 0.09299 0.00886 0.14515 0.22476 0.41910 0.66421 0.16202 EU25 0.4700 0.1133 0.2285 0.0160 0.7050 0.9713 0.5532 0.3549 0.0741 0.0019 0.5075 EU26 -0.27639 0.11918 0.41501 0.05556 0.08677 0.29286 0.15556 0.13444 -0.22813 0.11931 0.24095 EU26 0.2520 0.6270 0.0773 0.8213 0.7239 0.2237 0.5248 0.5832 0.3475 0.6266 0.3204 EU27 -0.33366 -0.51449 -0.22419 -0.31686 -0.16158 -0.42473 0.04729 -0.21798 -0.30895 -0.54014 -0.20511 EU27 0.1627 0.0242 0.3562 0.1863 0.5087 0.0699 0.8475 0.3700 0.1981 0.0170 0.3996 EU28 0.14172 -0.33701 0.34193 -0.36155 0.10588 -0.00588 0.13257 -0.21526 0.09560 -0.55294 -0.10761 EU28 0.5628 0.1583 0.1519 0.1283 0.6662 0.9809 0.5885 0.3761 0.6970 0.0141 0.6610 EU29 0.10001 0.05929 0.13103 0.23770 -0.16189 0.14570 0.07739 0.00637 0.08254 0.16189 0.25386 EU29 0.6838 0.8095 0.5929 0.3271 0.5079 0.5517 0.7528 0.9794 0.7369 0.5079 0.2943 EU30 -0.09696 -0.15679 -0.01400 0.20465 0.06659 0.42809 0.16567 -0.01684 -0.21827 0.29490 -0.12017 EU30 0.6929 0.5215 0.9546 0.4007 0.7865 0.0675 0.4979 0.9454 0.3693 0.2203 0.6241 EU31 0.01005 -0.12343 -0.19154 -0.05000 -0.01627 -0.01627 -0.16111 0.13444 0.16591 -0.18981 0.24095 EU31 0.9674 0.6147 0.4321 0.8389 0.9473 0.9473 0.5099 0.5832 0.4972 0.4364 0.3204 EU32 -0.10553 -0.36178 0.34318 -0.16111 -0.18981 -0.18981 -0.15556 0.23047 0.42515 -0.01627 0.20788 EU32 0.6672 0.1280 0.1503 0.5099 0.4364 0.4364 0.5248 0.3425 0.0696 0.9473 0.3931 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 EU12 EU13 EU14 EU15 EU16 EU17 EU18 EU19 EU20 EU21 EU22 EU23 0.40948 0.37657 0.42288 0.07387 0.20498 0.02092 -0.45420 -0.34884 -0.01298 0.23953 0.00791 EU23 0.0817 0.1120 0.0713 0.7638 0.3999 0.9323 0.0508 0.1433 0.9579 0.3233 0.9744 EU24 -0.13695 -0.22167 0.62230 -0.35328 -0.19230 0.22167 -0.05487 -0.31282 0.03185 -0.22945 0.01746 EU24 0.5761 0.3617 0.0044 0.1379 0.4303 0.3617 0.8235 0.1922 0.8970 0.3447 0.9434 EU25 -0.29624 0.08819 0.07958 0.50739 0.45519 -0.32757 -0.00510 0.17643 -0.20527 -0.09186 0.46448 EU25 0.2181 0.7196 0.7460 0.0266 0.0502 0.1710 0.9835 0.4700 0.3992 0.7084 0.0451 EU26 0.07845 0.27775 -0.29240 0.03831 0.42049 0.23531 -0.05000 0.48744 -0.03990 0.28750 0.04741 EU26 0.7496 0.2496 0.2244 0.8763 0.0730 0.3322 0.8389 0.0343 0.8712 0.2327 0.8472 EU27 -0.30467 0.01314 0.08297 -0.51449 0.02413 0.04926 0.14365 0.07272 -0.09511 -0.04256 -0.27627 EU27 0.2047 0.9574 0.7356 0.0242 0.9219 0.8413 0.5574 0.7673 0.6985 0.8626 0.2522 EU28 0.19676 0.25942 -0.10572 -0.16158 -0.20498 0.13808 0.19659 0.03815 0.01298 0.10395 -0.30851 EU28 0.4194 0.2835 0.6667 0.5087 0.3999 0.5729 0.4199 0.8768 0.9579 0.6719 0.1988 EU29 0.31711 0.13818 -0.38794 -0.02118 -0.19275 0.37233 -0.26120 0.10001 0.58368 0.49752 0.12700 EU29 0.1859 0.5726 0.1008 0.9314 0.4292 0.1165 0.2801 0.6838 0.0087 0.0302 0.6044 EU30 0.22361 0.40600 0.25646 -0.08586 0.03729 0.23683 -0.24667 -0.09696 0.11899 -0.13521 0.15032 EU30 0.3574 0.0846 0.2892 0.7267 0.8795 0.3290 0.3086 0.6929 0.6275 0.5810 0.5390 EU31 0.17160 -0.16202 -0.19494 0.03831 -0.20788 -0.05786 -0.05000 -0.18091 0.11173 0.20833 -0.36831 EU31 0.4824 0.5075 0.4239 0.8763 0.3931 0.8140 0.8389 0.4586 0.6488 0.3921 0.1208 EU32 -0.17160 -0.13116 0.00000 0.52778 0.47718 0.13116 -0.06875 -0.20101 0.11572 -0.20833 0.16045 EU32 0.4824 0.5925 1.0000 0.0202 0.0388 0.5925 0.7797 0.4093 0.6371 0.3921 0.5117 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 EU23 EU24 EU25 EU26 EU27 EU28 EU29 EU30 EU31 EU32 EU23 1.00000 0.15149 0.15941 -0.08677 -0.18928 -0.21765 0.16189 0.38528 -0.18981 -0.22235 EU23 0.5359 0.5145 0.7239 0.4377 0.3707 0.5079 0.1033 0.4364 0.3602 EU24 0.15149 1.00000 -0.14336 -0.41900 0.09851 -0.15149 -0.24618 0.05250 0.11173 -0.11173 EU24 0.5359 0.5582 0.0742 0.6883 0.5359 0.3096 0.8310 0.6488 0.6488 EU25 0.15941 -0.14336 1.00000 0.10206 -0.41703 -0.49594 -0.06500 -0.03223 -0.28577 0.05307 EU25 0.5145 0.5582 0.6776 0.0757 0.0308 0.7915 0.8958 0.2356 0.8292 EU26 -0.08677 -0.41900 0.10206 1.00000 0.28091 0.08677 0.11940 0.26750 -0.33000 0.04500 EU26 0.7239 0.0742 0.6776 0.2440 0.7239 0.6263 0.2682 0.1676 0.8549 EU27 -0.18928 0.09851 -0.41703 0.28091 1.00000 0.36471 -0.26258 0.19785 -0.28517 0.04256 EU27 0.4377 0.6883 0.0757 0.2440 0.1247 0.2775 0.4168 0.2366 0.8626 EU28 -0.21765 -0.15149 -0.49594 0.08677 0.36471 1.00000 0.24823 -0.02378 -0.11931 0.11931 EU28 0.3707 0.5359 0.0308 0.7239 0.1247 0.3055 0.9230 0.6266 0.6266 EU29 0.16189 -0.24618 -0.06500 0.11940 -0.26258 0.24823 1.00000 0.09163 0.30846 0.06965 EU29 0.5079 0.3096 0.7915 0.6263 0.2775 0.3055 0.7091 0.1988 0.7769 EU30 0.38528 0.05250 -0.03223 0.26750 0.19785 -0.02378 0.09163 1.00000 -0.48238 0.06578 EU30 0.1033 0.8310 0.8958 0.2682 0.4168 0.9230 0.7091 0.0365 0.7890 EU31 -0.18981 0.11173 -0.28577 -0.33000 -0.28517 -0.11931 0.30846 -0.48238 1.00000 -0.05000 EU31 0.4364 0.6488 0.2356 0.1676 0.2366 0.6266 0.1988 0.0365 0.8389 EU32 -0.22235 -0.11173 0.05307 0.04500 0.04256 0.11931 0.06965 0.06578 -0.05000 1.00000 EU32 0.3602 0.6488 0.8292 0.8549 0.8626 0.6266 0.7769 0.7890 0.8389 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

39 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 Variables: P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27 P28 P29 P30 P31 P32 P33 P34 P35 P36 P37 P38 P39

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label P1 19 4.00000 0.74536 76.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P1 P2 19 3.94737 0.70504 75.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P2 P3 19 4.15789 0.76472 79.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P3 P4 19 3.57895 0.76853 68.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P4 P5 19 4.00000 0.88192 76.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P5 P6 19 3.89474 0.80930 74.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P6 P7 19 4.00000 0.66667 76.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P7 P8 19 4.26316 0.65338 81.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P8 P9 19 3.89474 0.99413 74.00000 1.00000 5.00000 P9 P10 19 4.10526 0.87526 78.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P10 P11 19 4.00000 0.66667 76.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P11 P12 19 3.63158 0.76089 69.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P12 P13 19 3.89474 0.73747 74.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P13 P14 19 4.10526 0.73747 78.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P14 P15 19 4.36842 0.76089 83.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P15 P16 19 4.15789 0.60214 79.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P16 P17 19 4.10526 0.80930 78.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P17 P18 19 4.47368 0.61178 85.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P18 P19 19 4.15789 0.83421 79.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P19 P20 19 4.42105 0.96124 84.00000 1.00000 5.00000 P20 P21 19 4.15789 0.68825 79.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P21 P22 19 4.21053 0.71328 80.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P22 P23 19 4.05263 0.70504 77.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P23 P24 19 4.15789 0.95819 79.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P24 P25 19 4.10526 0.93659 78.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P25 P26 19 3.89474 0.73747 74.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P26 P27 19 4.15789 0.89834 79.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P27 P28 19 3.94737 0.70504 75.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P28 P29 19 3.52632 0.84119 67.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P29 P30 19 3.78947 0.85498 72.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P30 P31 19 3.94737 0.77986 75.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P31 P32 19 4.31579 0.82007 82.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P32 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label P33 19 4.10526 0.93659 78.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P33 P34 19 3.89474 0.73747 74.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P34 P35 19 4.21053 0.71328 80.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P35 P36 19 4.00000 0.74536 76.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P36 P37 19 3.94737 0.62126 75.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P37 P38 19 3.89474 0.80930 74.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P38 P39 19 4.00000 0.74536 76.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P39

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha Variables Alpha Raw 0.668549 Standardized 0.660777

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label P1 0.297018 0.655036 0.303822 0.645725 P1 P2 0.199367 0.661659 0.191694 0.653844 P2 P3 0.460135 0.643395 0.460311 0.634102 P3 P4 0.565073 0.635723 0.551637 0.627160 P4 P5 0.415876 0.644058 0.403368 0.638371 P5 P6 0.481598 0.640604 0.466502 0.633635 P6 P7 0.515650 0.642670 0.519210 0.629638 P7 P8 0.547918 0.641159 0.541567 0.627931 P8 P9 0.561187 0.628221 0.572056 0.625591 P9 P10 0.296370 0.653786 0.299720 0.646025 P10 P11 0.289323 0.656459 0.270116 0.648184 P11 P12 0.160792 0.664097 0.190312 0.653943 P12 P13 -.283503 0.691788 -.303430 0.687684 P13 P14 0.399990 0.648220 0.388048 0.639512 P14 P15 0.445191 0.644552 0.448881 0.634963 P15 P16 0.022965 0.671378 0.008943 0.666711 P16 P17 0.094677 0.668864 0.091499 0.660954 P17 P18 0.407939 0.650613 0.395155 0.638983 P18 P19 0.352201 0.649919 0.346917 0.642558 P19 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label P20 0.599645 0.625711 0.588325 0.624337 P20 P21 0.079277 0.668961 0.061465 0.663059 P21 P22 0.210976 0.660898 0.200187 0.653235 P22 P23 -.337880 0.693703 -.347795 0.690561 P23 P24 0.337580 0.649548 0.348093 0.642472 P24 P25 -.076720 0.683726 -.075930 0.672535 P25 P26 0.074998 0.669598 0.074913 0.662118 P26 P27 -.110921 0.685348 -.099892 0.674162 P27 P28 -.089770 0.679271 -.078739 0.672726 P28 P29 0.044498 0.672781 0.030468 0.665219 P29 P30 -.025670 0.678083 -.022297 0.668866 P30 P31 -.021328 0.676414 -.013078 0.668231 P31 P32 0.244694 0.658103 0.242775 0.650167 P32 P33 -.076720 0.683726 -.075930 0.672535 P33 P34 0.074998 0.669598 0.074913 0.662118 P34 P35 0.065952 0.669963 0.071809 0.662335 P35 P36 -.071821 0.679021 -.061413 0.671546 P36 P37 -.228543 0.684770 -.217407 0.682034 P37 P38 0.026368 0.673637 0.037876 0.664704 P38 P39 0.221244 0.660094 0.230679 0.651041 P39 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P1 1.00000 0.74003 0.68228 0.29095 0.16903 0.00000 0.11180 0.22816 0.14995 -0.08516 -0.33541 P1 0.0003 0.0013 0.2269 0.4891 1.0000 0.6486 0.3475 0.5401 0.7289 0.1604 P2 0.74003 1.00000 0.42844 0.36695 0.35739 0.18448 0.11820 0.27294 0.15018 0.18953 -0.23639 P2 0.0003 0.0672 0.1222 0.1330 0.4496 0.6299 0.2582 0.5394 0.4371 0.3299 P3 0.68228 0.42844 1.00000 0.21393 0.16475 0.11811 0.32692 0.35698 0.38846 -0.02621 -0.32692 P3 0.0013 0.0672 0.3792 0.5003 0.6301 0.1719 0.1335 0.1003 0.9152 0.1719 P4 0.29095 0.36695 0.21393 1.00000 0.24590 0.37139 0.21686 0.23292 0.44777 0.31732 0.21686 P4 0.2269 0.1222 0.3792 0.3102 0.1175 0.3725 0.3372 0.0545 0.1856 0.3725 P5 0.16903 0.35739 0.16475 0.24590 1.00000 0.54486 0.37796 0.48207 0.31683 0.28789 0.18898 P5 0.4891 0.1330 0.5003 0.3102 0.0158 0.1106 0.0366 0.1863 0.2320 0.4384 P6 0.00000 0.18448 0.11811 0.37139 0.54486 1.00000 0.41188 0.47555 0.19262 0.40866 0.41188 P6 1.0000 0.4496 0.6301 0.1175 0.0158 0.0797 0.0396 0.4295 0.0824 0.0797 P7 0.11180 0.11820 0.32692 0.21686 0.37796 0.41188 1.00000 0.25509 0.41912 0.38084 0.37500 P7 0.6486 0.6299 0.1719 0.3725 0.1106 0.0797 0.2919 0.0741 0.1077 0.1137 P8 0.22816 0.27294 0.35698 0.23292 0.48207 0.47555 0.25509 1.00000 0.47267 0.24031 0.25509 P8 0.3475 0.2582 0.1335 0.3372 0.0366 0.0396 0.2919 0.0410 0.3217 0.2919 P9 0.14995 0.15018 0.38846 0.44777 0.31683 0.19262 0.41912 0.47267 1.00000 0.65192 0.41912 P9 0.5401 0.5394 0.1003 0.0545 0.1863 0.4295 0.0741 0.0410 0.0025 0.0741 P10 -0.08516 0.18953 -0.02621 0.31732 0.28789 0.40866 0.38084 0.24031 0.65192 1.00000 0.38084 P10 0.7289 0.4371 0.9152 0.1856 0.2320 0.0824 0.1077 0.3217 0.0025 0.1077 P11 -0.33541 -0.23639 -0.32692 0.21686 0.18898 0.41188 0.37500 0.25509 0.41912 0.38084 1.00000 P11 0.1604 0.3299 0.1719 0.3725 0.4384 0.0797 0.1137 0.2919 0.0741 0.1077 P12 0.09796 -0.03815 0.01005 0.10001 -0.33116 0.20418 0.10952 0.20585 0.16622 0.31173 0.21904 P12 0.6899 0.8768 0.9674 0.6838 0.1661 0.4018 0.6554 0.3978 0.4964 0.1939 0.3676 P13 -0.20214 -0.33180 -0.16591 -0.18057 -0.34168 -0.20576 -0.22600 -0.51581 -0.24328 -0.06795 0.00000 P13 0.4066 0.1652 0.4972 0.4595 0.1522 0.3980 0.3522 0.0238 0.3155 0.7822 1.0000 P14 0.20214 0.11810 0.46144 0.18057 0.08542 0.11268 0.33900 -0.06068 0.24328 0.32616 0.00000 P14 0.4066 0.6301 0.0467 0.4595 0.7281 0.6460 0.1557 0.8051 0.3155 0.1730 1.0000 P15 0.09796 0.14172 -0.01005 0.47002 0.08279 0.42735 0.32856 0.24114 0.12756 0.35563 0.32856 P15 0.6899 0.5628 0.9674 0.0423 0.7362 0.0680 0.1696 0.3200 0.6028 0.1351 0.1696 P16 0.12378 0.28239 0.18415 0.03159 0.20923 -0.19201 0.13840 0.17094 0.02931 0.07212 -0.55358 P16 0.6136 0.2414 0.4504 0.8978 0.3900 0.4310 0.5721 0.4841 0.9052 0.7692 0.0139 P17 -0.18420 -0.08712 -0.11811 0.16454 0.15567 0.01786 0.51485 -0.05530 0.15264 0.21878 0.30891 P17 0.4503 0.7229 0.6301 0.5009 0.5245 0.9422 0.0241 0.8221 0.5327 0.3682 0.1982 P18 0.12183 0.18981 0.06875 0.44777 0.30891 0.10630 0.00000 0.50474 0.54327 0.42047 0.27243 P18 0.6193 0.4364 0.7797 0.0545 0.1982 0.6649 1.0000 0.0275 0.0162 0.0731 0.2592 P19 0.17870 0.01491 0.13292 0.45607 -0.15103 0.02599 -0.09989 0.12339 0.28911 0.12815 0.29968 P19 0.4642 0.9517 0.5875 0.0497 0.5371 0.9159 0.6841 0.6148 0.2299 0.6011 0.2126 P20 -0.07754 -0.04746 0.13127 0.40372 0.52428 0.27438 0.34678 0.43298 0.63033 0.27456 0.52016 P20 0.7524 0.8470 0.5922 0.0865 0.0212 0.2556 0.1458 0.0641 0.0038 0.2553 0.0224 P21 0.00000 0.01808 0.05556 0.34274 0.45764 0.23098 0.24216 0.02601 0.35043 0.33977 0.24216 P21 1.0000 0.9414 0.8213 0.1509 0.0488 0.3414 0.3179 0.9158 0.1413 0.1547 0.3179 P22 -0.10450 -0.08722 0.24123 -0.13335 0.35326 0.04052 0.23366 0.35135 0.11133 -0.03747 -0.11683 P22 0.6703 0.7226 0.3198 0.5863 0.1379 0.8692 0.3357 0.1402 0.6500 0.8790 0.6338 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P1 0.09796 -0.20214 0.20214 0.09796 0.12378 -0.18420 0.12183 0.17870 -0.07754 0.00000 -0.10450 P1 0.6899 0.4066 0.4066 0.6899 0.6136 0.4503 0.6193 0.4642 0.7524 1.0000 0.6703 P2 -0.03815 -0.33180 0.11810 0.14172 0.28239 -0.08712 0.18981 0.01491 -0.04746 0.01808 -0.08722 P2 0.8768 0.1652 0.6301 0.5628 0.2414 0.7229 0.4364 0.9517 0.8470 0.9414 0.7226 P3 0.01005 -0.16591 0.46144 -0.01005 0.18415 -0.11811 0.06875 0.13292 0.13127 0.05556 0.24123 P3 0.9674 0.4972 0.0467 0.9674 0.4504 0.6301 0.7797 0.5875 0.5922 0.8213 0.3198 P4 0.10001 -0.18057 0.18057 0.47002 0.03159 0.16454 0.44777 0.45607 0.40372 0.34274 -0.13335 P4 0.6838 0.4595 0.4595 0.0423 0.8978 0.5009 0.0545 0.0497 0.0865 0.1509 0.5863 P5 -0.33116 -0.34168 0.08542 0.08279 0.20923 0.15567 0.30891 -0.15103 0.52428 0.45764 0.35326 P5 0.1661 0.1522 0.7281 0.7362 0.3900 0.5245 0.1982 0.5371 0.0212 0.0488 0.1379 P6 0.20418 -0.20576 0.11268 0.42735 -0.19201 0.01786 0.10630 0.02599 0.27438 0.23098 0.04052 P6 0.4018 0.3980 0.6460 0.0680 0.4310 0.9422 0.6649 0.9159 0.2556 0.3414 0.8692 P7 0.10952 -0.22600 0.33900 0.32856 0.13840 0.51485 0.00000 -0.09989 0.34678 0.24216 0.23366 P7 0.6554 0.3522 0.1557 0.1696 0.5721 0.0241 1.0000 0.6841 0.1458 0.3179 0.3357 P8 0.20585 -0.51581 -0.06068 0.24114 0.17094 -0.05530 0.50474 0.12339 0.43298 0.02601 0.35135 P8 0.3978 0.0238 0.8051 0.3200 0.4841 0.8221 0.0275 0.6148 0.0641 0.9158 0.1402 P9 0.16622 -0.24328 0.24328 0.12756 0.02931 0.15264 0.54327 0.28911 0.63033 0.35043 0.11133 P9 0.4964 0.3155 0.3155 0.6028 0.9052 0.5327 0.0162 0.2299 0.0038 0.1413 0.6500 P10 0.31173 -0.06795 0.32616 0.35563 0.07212 0.21878 0.42047 0.12815 0.27456 0.33977 -0.03747 P10 0.1939 0.7822 0.1730 0.1351 0.7692 0.3682 0.0731 0.6011 0.2553 0.1547 0.8790 P11 0.21904 0.00000 0.00000 0.32856 -0.55358 0.30891 0.27243 0.29968 0.52016 0.24216 -0.11683 P11 0.3676 1.0000 1.0000 0.1696 0.0139 0.1982 0.2592 0.2126 0.0224 0.3179 0.6338 P12 1.00000 0.12506 0.07295 0.15152 -0.22975 -0.02374 0.27639 0.09674 -0.07996 -0.20101 -0.36097 P12 0.6100 0.7666 0.5358 0.3440 0.9231 0.2520 0.6936 0.7449 0.4093 0.1289 P13 0.12506 1.00000 0.43011 -0.12506 -0.33582 0.20576 -0.25276 0.11882 0.06600 -0.18435 -0.37799 P13 0.6100 0.0661 0.6100 0.1598 0.3980 0.2965 0.6280 0.7884 0.4499 0.1106 P14 0.07295 0.43011 1.00000 0.42208 -0.03951 0.07349 0.00648 0.42300 0.16912 0.07489 0.06115 P14 0.7666 0.0661 0.0718 0.8724 0.7650 0.9790 0.0712 0.4889 0.7606 0.8036 P15 0.15152 -0.12506 0.42208 1.00000 -0.01276 -0.06648 0.08166 0.60346 0.07996 -0.01117 0.05388 P15 0.5358 0.6100 0.0718 0.9586 0.7869 0.7396 0.0062 0.7449 0.9638 0.8266 P16 -0.22975 -0.33582 -0.03951 -0.01276 1.00000 0.19201 0.08731 -0.27359 0.07073 -0.19756 0.56506 P16 0.3440 0.1598 0.8724 0.9586 0.4310 0.7223 0.2571 0.7736 0.4175 0.0117 P17 -0.02374 0.20576 0.07349 -0.06648 0.19201 1.00000 0.23032 -0.10827 0.51118 0.06824 0.24820 P17 0.9231 0.3980 0.7650 0.7869 0.4310 0.3428 0.6591 0.0253 0.7813 0.3056 P18 0.27639 -0.25276 0.00648 0.08166 0.08731 0.23032 1.00000 0.28074 0.49225 0.34028 0.26803 P18 0.2520 0.2965 0.9790 0.7396 0.7223 0.3428 0.2443 0.0323 0.1540 0.2672 P19 0.09674 0.11882 0.42300 0.60346 -0.27359 -0.10827 0.28074 1.00000 0.25890 -0.14260 0.03440 P19 0.6936 0.6280 0.0712 0.0062 0.2571 0.6591 0.2443 0.2845 0.5603 0.8888 P20 -0.07996 0.06600 0.16912 0.07996 0.07073 0.51118 0.49225 0.25890 1.00000 0.14585 0.34970 P20 0.7449 0.7884 0.4889 0.7449 0.7736 0.0253 0.0323 0.2845 0.5513 0.1422 P21 -0.20101 -0.18435 0.07489 -0.01117 -0.19756 0.06824 0.34028 -0.14260 0.14585 1.00000 -0.07147 P21 0.4093 0.4499 0.7606 0.9638 0.4175 0.7813 0.1540 0.5603 0.5513 0.7712 P22 -0.36097 -0.37799 0.06115 0.05388 0.56506 0.24820 0.26803 0.03440 0.34970 -0.07147 1.00000 P22 0.1289 0.1106 0.8036 0.8266 0.0117 0.3056 0.2672 0.8888 0.1422 0.7712 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27 P28 P29 P30 P31 P32 P33 P1 -0.31716 0.46673 0.00000 -0.10107 0.08297 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.09558 0.00000 0.00000 P1 0.1858 0.0440 1.0000 0.6806 0.7356 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.6971 1.0000 1.0000 P2 -0.21765 0.58864 0.00886 -0.11810 0.01385 -0.34118 -0.23172 -0.11157 0.09572 -0.06574 0.00886 P2 0.3707 0.0080 0.9713 0.6301 0.9551 0.1529 0.3398 0.6493 0.6967 0.7892 0.9713 P3 -0.32540 0.41900 0.20821 -0.16591 -0.03831 0.01627 0.12273 -0.11628 0.10786 0.27043 0.20821 P3 0.1740 0.0742 0.3923 0.4972 0.8763 0.9473 0.6167 0.6355 0.6603 0.2628 0.3923 P4 -0.26442 0.17074 0.06500 0.21152 -0.13976 -0.35076 0.27590 0.02670 0.42444 -0.04175 0.06500 P4 0.2740 0.4846 0.7915 0.3847 0.5682 0.1409 0.2529 0.9136 0.0701 0.8652 0.7915 P5 0.08935 0.59168 0.13452 0.00000 0.00000 -0.26805 -0.07489 -0.07368 -0.24233 0.15363 0.13452 P5 0.7160 0.0076 0.5830 1.0000 1.0000 0.2672 0.7606 0.7644 0.3175 0.5300 0.5830 P6 0.49708 0.45247 0.16202 -0.01960 -0.35794 -0.30235 0.24911 0.28735 -0.09729 -0.11455 0.16202 P6 0.0304 0.0518 0.5075 0.9365 0.1324 0.2083 0.3037 0.2329 0.6919 0.6405 0.5075 P7 -0.11820 0.26091 -0.08898 -0.11300 -0.27829 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.40647 -0.08898 P7 0.6299 0.2806 0.7172 0.6451 0.2486 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0842 0.7172 P8 -0.03174 0.37364 -0.04778 0.17598 0.01993 -0.08886 0.13832 0.00523 0.13772 0.14734 -0.04778 P8 0.8974 0.1151 0.8460 0.4711 0.9355 0.7175 0.5723 0.9830 0.5739 0.5472 0.8460 P9 -0.54650 0.19338 -0.28577 0.05982 -0.10477 0.07092 0.33566 -0.35433 0.27909 0.31562 -0.28577 P9 0.0155 0.4276 0.2356 0.8078 0.6695 0.7730 0.1600 0.1366 0.2472 0.1881 0.2356 P10 -0.09950 0.31029 -0.14981 -0.06795 -0.37559 -0.35064 -0.07943 -0.19146 -0.07282 -0.20368 -0.14981 P10 0.6853 0.1960 0.5404 0.7822 0.1130 0.1411 0.7465 0.4323 0.7670 0.4029 0.5404 P11 0.00000 -0.08697 -0.35590 0.11300 0.00000 0.23639 0.29720 -0.09747 0.21371 0.20323 -0.35590 P11 1.0000 0.7233 0.1348 0.6451 1.0000 0.3299 0.2166 0.6914 0.3797 0.4040 0.1348 P12 0.03815 0.16042 -0.41030 0.02605 -0.15400 0.37609 0.05939 0.21574 0.15276 -0.33739 -0.41030 P12 0.8768 0.5118 0.0810 0.9157 0.5290 0.1125 0.8092 0.3750 0.5324 0.1578 0.0810 P13 0.11810 0.10345 -0.06350 -0.43011 0.11034 0.20245 -0.08484 -0.12521 0.08643 -0.21757 -0.06350 P13 0.6301 0.6734 0.7962 0.0661 0.6529 0.4059 0.7298 0.6095 0.7250 0.3709 0.7962 P14 -0.11810 0.44689 0.06350 -0.18280 0.22509 -0.09560 -0.36293 -0.05101 -0.18303 0.03384 0.06350 P14 0.6301 0.0551 0.7962 0.4538 0.3542 0.6970 0.1267 0.8357 0.4533 0.8906 0.7962 P15 0.16897 0.06818 0.02052 0.27097 0.07272 -0.37609 -0.14619 0.29665 -0.05913 -0.01874 0.02052 P15 0.4892 0.7815 0.9336 0.2618 0.7673 0.1125 0.5504 0.2175 0.8100 0.9393 0.9336 P16 -0.28239 0.05068 0.36293 0.16462 -0.15135 -0.37193 -0.39255 -0.03976 -0.21793 0.23094 0.36293 P16 0.2414 0.8368 0.1267 0.5007 0.5362 0.1169 0.0964 0.8716 0.3701 0.3415 0.1267 P17 -0.30235 0.04902 0.05786 -0.35274 -0.32979 -0.08712 -0.08590 -0.12677 0.18531 0.28196 0.05786 P17 0.2083 0.8420 0.8140 0.1385 0.1679 0.7229 0.7266 0.6050 0.4475 0.2422 0.8140 P18 -0.31862 0.24441 -0.09186 -0.00648 -0.04256 -0.06779 -0.07955 -0.22361 0.28805 -0.09325 -0.09186 P18 0.1837 0.3132 0.7084 0.9790 0.8626 0.7827 0.7462 0.3574 0.2317 0.7042 0.7084 P19 -0.29829 -0.10242 -0.09356 0.20913 0.33555 -0.07954 0.03333 0.04920 0.18427 0.16669 -0.09356 P19 0.2148 0.6765 0.7032 0.3902 0.1602 0.7462 0.8922 0.8415 0.4501 0.4952 0.7032 P20 -0.36242 0.22540 -0.05197 -0.01237 0.04741 0.11649 0.26036 -0.22414 0.25354 0.52672 -0.05197 P20 0.1273 0.3535 0.8327 0.9599 0.8472 0.6348 0.2817 0.3563 0.2949 0.0205 0.8327 P21 0.09641 0.12858 0.14515 -0.07489 -0.31213 -0.21090 0.13636 -0.41243 0.11985 -0.29011 0.14515 P21 0.6946 0.5999 0.5532 0.7606 0.1933 0.3861 0.5778 0.0793 0.6250 0.2283 0.5532 P22 -0.13373 -0.05134 0.46395 0.04447 -0.05476 -0.19769 -0.28752 -0.01438 -0.27859 0.54486 0.46395 P22 0.5852 0.8347 0.0454 0.8566 0.8238 0.4172 0.2326 0.9534 0.2481 0.0158 0.0454 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P34 P35 P36 P37 P38 P39 P1 -0.10107 0.41799 0.10000 0.23995 0.18420 -0.20000 P1 0.6806 0.0749 0.6838 0.3224 0.4503 0.4117 P2 -0.11810 0.35468 -0.31716 -0.00668 -0.01025 -0.31716 P2 0.6301 0.1362 0.1858 0.9784 0.9668 0.1858 P3 -0.16591 0.24123 0.09747 0.36927 0.11811 -0.09747 P3 0.4972 0.3198 0.6914 0.1197 0.6301 0.6914 P4 0.21152 -0.03200 -0.29095 -0.39806 -0.07522 0.38794 P4 0.3847 0.8965 0.2269 0.0914 0.7596 0.1008 P5 0.00000 0.17663 -0.25355 -0.40559 -0.15567 -0.25355 P5 1.0000 0.4695 0.2949 0.0849 0.5245 0.2949 P6 -0.01960 -0.34444 -0.36839 -0.12213 0.23661 0.18420 P6 0.9365 0.1487 0.1207 0.6184 0.3294 0.4503 P7 -0.11300 0.00000 0.00000 0.13414 0.00000 0.22361 P7 0.6451 1.0000 1.0000 0.5841 1.0000 0.3574 P8 0.17598 -0.12548 -0.11408 -0.23771 -0.04977 0.22816 P8 0.4711 0.6088 0.6419 0.3271 0.8397 0.3475 P9 0.05982 -0.04536 0.14995 -0.36927 -0.29074 0.44985 P9 0.8078 0.8537 0.5401 0.1197 0.2272 0.0533 P10 -0.06795 -0.21544 -0.34063 -0.19358 -0.06192 0.25547 P10 0.7822 0.3757 0.1536 0.4272 0.8012 0.2911 P11 0.11300 -0.23366 0.11180 -0.53654 -0.30891 0.55902 P11 0.6451 0.3357 0.6486 0.0179 0.1982 0.0128 P12 0.02605 -0.15624 0.29388 0.30928 0.38462 0.48979 P12 0.9157 0.5230 0.2220 0.1976 0.1040 0.0333 P13 -0.43011 -0.06115 0.20214 0.22975 -0.01960 0.00000 P13 0.0661 0.8036 0.4066 0.3440 0.9365 1.0000 P14 -0.18280 0.37799 -0.10107 0.25528 0.20576 -0.20214 P14 0.4538 0.1106 0.6806 0.2915 0.3980 0.4066 P15 0.27097 0.05388 -0.39184 -0.07423 0.33713 0.19592 P15 0.2618 0.8266 0.0971 0.7627 0.1581 0.4215 P16 0.16462 0.17701 -0.24757 0.17196 0.03600 -0.24757 P16 0.5007 0.4685 0.3068 0.4815 0.8837 0.3068 P17 -0.35274 -0.23300 -0.09210 -0.09886 -0.32143 0.27630 P17 0.1385 0.3371 0.7077 0.6872 0.1796 0.2522 P18 -0.00648 0.01340 -0.12183 -0.36927 -0.23032 0.36550 P18 0.9790 0.9566 0.6193 0.1197 0.3428 0.1238 P19 0.20913 0.22113 -0.08935 -0.30466 0.19056 0.26805 P19 0.3902 0.3629 0.7160 0.2047 0.4345 0.2672 P20 -0.01237 -0.05544 0.15508 -0.51901 -0.36835 0.38771 P20 0.9599 0.8216 0.5261 0.0228 0.1207 0.1010 P21 -0.07489 -0.07147 -0.21660 -0.23934 -0.46721 0.10830 P21 0.7606 0.7712 0.3731 0.3237 0.0437 0.6590 P22 0.04447 0.12644 -0.20899 0.02639 0.04052 -0.10450 P22 0.8566 0.6060 0.3905 0.9146 0.8692 0.6703 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P23 -0.31716 -0.21765 -0.32540 -0.26442 0.08935 0.49708 -0.11820 -0.03174 -0.54650 -0.09950 0.00000 P23 0.1858 0.3707 0.1740 0.2740 0.7160 0.0304 0.6299 0.8974 0.0155 0.6853 1.0000 P24 0.46673 0.58864 0.41900 0.17074 0.59168 0.45247 0.26091 0.37364 0.19338 0.31029 -0.08697 P24 0.0440 0.0080 0.0742 0.4846 0.0076 0.0518 0.2806 0.1151 0.4276 0.1960 0.7233 P25 0.00000 0.00886 0.20821 0.06500 0.13452 0.16202 -0.08898 -0.04778 -0.28577 -0.14981 -0.35590 P25 1.0000 0.9713 0.3923 0.7915 0.5830 0.5075 0.7172 0.8460 0.2356 0.5404 0.1348 P26 -0.10107 -0.11810 -0.16591 0.21152 0.00000 -0.01960 -0.11300 0.17598 0.05982 -0.06795 0.11300 P26 0.6806 0.6301 0.4972 0.3847 1.0000 0.9365 0.6451 0.4711 0.8078 0.7822 0.6451 P27 0.08297 0.01385 -0.03831 -0.13976 0.00000 -0.35794 -0.27829 0.01993 -0.10477 -0.37559 0.00000 P27 0.7356 0.9551 0.8763 0.5682 1.0000 0.1324 0.2486 0.9355 0.6695 0.1130 1.0000 P28 0.00000 -0.34118 0.01627 -0.35076 -0.26805 -0.30235 0.00000 -0.08886 0.07092 -0.35064 0.23639 P28 1.0000 0.1529 0.9473 0.1409 0.2672 0.2083 1.0000 0.7175 0.7730 0.1411 0.3299 P29 0.00000 -0.23172 0.12273 0.27590 -0.07489 0.24911 0.00000 0.13832 0.33566 -0.07943 0.29720 P29 1.0000 0.3398 0.6167 0.2529 0.7606 0.3037 1.0000 0.5723 0.1600 0.7465 0.2166 P30 0.00000 -0.11157 -0.11628 0.02670 -0.07368 0.28735 0.00000 0.00523 -0.35433 -0.19146 -0.09747 P30 1.0000 0.6493 0.6355 0.9136 0.7644 0.2329 1.0000 0.9830 0.1366 0.4323 0.6914 P31 0.09558 0.09572 0.10786 0.42444 -0.24233 -0.09729 0.00000 0.13772 0.27909 -0.07282 0.21371 P31 0.6971 0.6967 0.6603 0.0701 0.3175 0.6919 1.0000 0.5739 0.2472 0.7670 0.3797 P32 0.00000 -0.06574 0.27043 -0.04175 0.15363 -0.11455 0.40647 0.14734 0.31562 -0.20368 0.20323 P32 1.0000 0.7892 0.2628 0.8652 0.5300 0.6405 0.0842 0.5472 0.1881 0.4029 0.4040 P33 0.00000 0.00886 0.20821 0.06500 0.13452 0.16202 -0.08898 -0.04778 -0.28577 -0.14981 -0.35590 P33 1.0000 0.9713 0.3923 0.7915 0.5830 0.5075 0.7172 0.8460 0.2356 0.5404 0.1348 P34 -0.10107 -0.11810 -0.16591 0.21152 0.00000 -0.01960 -0.11300 0.17598 0.05982 -0.06795 0.11300 P34 0.6806 0.6301 0.4972 0.3847 1.0000 0.9365 0.6451 0.4711 0.8078 0.7822 0.6451 P35 0.41799 0.35468 0.24123 -0.03200 0.17663 -0.34444 0.00000 -0.12548 -0.04536 -0.21544 -0.23366 P35 0.0749 0.1362 0.3198 0.8965 0.4695 0.1487 1.0000 0.6088 0.8537 0.3757 0.3357 P36 0.10000 -0.31716 0.09747 -0.29095 -0.25355 -0.36839 0.00000 -0.11408 0.14995 -0.34063 0.11180 P36 0.6838 0.1858 0.6914 0.2269 0.2949 0.1207 1.0000 0.6419 0.5401 0.1536 0.6486 P37 0.23995 -0.00668 0.36927 -0.39806 -0.40559 -0.12213 0.13414 -0.23771 -0.36927 -0.19358 -0.53654 P37 0.3224 0.9784 0.1197 0.0914 0.0849 0.6184 0.5841 0.3271 0.1197 0.4272 0.0179 P38 0.18420 -0.01025 0.11811 -0.07522 -0.15567 0.23661 0.00000 -0.04977 -0.29074 -0.06192 -0.30891 P38 0.4503 0.9668 0.6301 0.7596 0.5245 0.3294 1.0000 0.8397 0.2272 0.8012 0.1982 P39 -0.20000 -0.31716 -0.09747 0.38794 -0.25355 0.18420 0.22361 0.22816 0.44985 0.25547 0.55902 P39 0.4117 0.1858 0.6914 0.1008 0.2949 0.4503 0.3574 0.3475 0.0533 0.2911 0.0128 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P23 0.03815 0.11810 -0.11810 0.16897 -0.28239 -0.30235 -0.31862 -0.29829 -0.36242 0.09641 -0.13373 P23 0.8768 0.6301 0.6301 0.4892 0.2414 0.2083 0.1837 0.2148 0.1273 0.6946 0.5852 P24 0.16042 0.10345 0.44689 0.06818 0.05068 0.04902 0.24441 -0.10242 0.22540 0.12858 -0.05134 P24 0.5118 0.6734 0.0551 0.7815 0.8368 0.8420 0.3132 0.6765 0.3535 0.5999 0.8347 P25 -0.41030 -0.06350 0.06350 0.02052 0.36293 0.05786 -0.09186 -0.09356 -0.05197 0.14515 0.46395 P25 0.0810 0.7962 0.7962 0.9336 0.1267 0.8140 0.7084 0.7032 0.8327 0.5532 0.0454 P26 0.02605 -0.43011 -0.18280 0.27097 0.16462 -0.35274 -0.00648 0.20913 -0.01237 -0.07489 0.04447 P26 0.9157 0.0661 0.4538 0.2618 0.5007 0.1385 0.9790 0.3902 0.9599 0.7606 0.8566 P27 -0.15400 0.11034 0.22509 0.07272 -0.15135 -0.32979 -0.04256 0.33555 0.04741 -0.31213 -0.05476 P27 0.5290 0.6529 0.3542 0.7673 0.5362 0.1679 0.8626 0.1602 0.8472 0.1933 0.8238 P28 0.37609 0.20245 -0.09560 -0.37609 -0.37193 -0.08712 -0.06779 -0.07954 0.11649 -0.21090 -0.19769 P28 0.1125 0.4059 0.6970 0.1125 0.1169 0.7229 0.7827 0.7462 0.6348 0.3861 0.4172 P29 0.05939 -0.08484 -0.36293 -0.14619 -0.39255 -0.08590 -0.07955 0.03333 0.26036 0.13636 -0.28752 P29 0.8092 0.7298 0.1267 0.5504 0.0964 0.7266 0.7462 0.8922 0.2817 0.5778 0.2326 P30 0.21574 -0.12521 -0.05101 0.29665 -0.03976 -0.12677 -0.22361 0.04920 -0.22414 -0.41243 -0.01438 P30 0.3750 0.6095 0.8357 0.2175 0.8716 0.6050 0.3574 0.8415 0.3563 0.0793 0.9534 P31 0.15276 0.08643 -0.18303 -0.05913 -0.21793 0.18531 0.28805 0.18427 0.25354 0.11985 -0.27859 P31 0.5324 0.7250 0.4533 0.8100 0.3701 0.4475 0.2317 0.4501 0.2949 0.6250 0.2481 P32 -0.33739 -0.21757 0.03384 -0.01874 0.23094 0.28196 -0.09325 0.16669 0.52672 -0.29011 0.54486 P32 0.1578 0.3709 0.8906 0.9393 0.3415 0.2422 0.7042 0.4952 0.0205 0.2283 0.0158 P33 -0.41030 -0.06350 0.06350 0.02052 0.36293 0.05786 -0.09186 -0.09356 -0.05197 0.14515 0.46395 P33 0.0810 0.7962 0.7962 0.9336 0.1267 0.8140 0.7084 0.7032 0.8327 0.5532 0.0454 P34 0.02605 -0.43011 -0.18280 0.27097 0.16462 -0.35274 -0.00648 0.20913 -0.01237 -0.07489 0.04447 P34 0.9157 0.0661 0.4538 0.2618 0.5007 0.1385 0.9790 0.3902 0.9599 0.7606 0.8566 P35 -0.15624 -0.06115 0.37799 0.05388 0.17701 -0.23300 0.01340 0.22113 -0.05544 -0.07147 0.12644 P35 0.5230 0.8036 0.1106 0.8266 0.4685 0.3371 0.9566 0.3629 0.8216 0.7712 0.6060 P36 0.29388 0.20214 -0.10107 -0.39184 -0.24757 -0.09210 -0.12183 -0.08935 0.15508 -0.21660 -0.20899 P36 0.2220 0.4066 0.6806 0.0971 0.3068 0.7077 0.6193 0.7160 0.5261 0.3731 0.3905 P37 0.30928 0.22975 0.25528 -0.07423 0.17196 -0.09886 -0.36927 -0.30466 -0.51901 -0.23934 0.02639 P37 0.1976 0.3440 0.2915 0.7627 0.4815 0.6872 0.1197 0.2047 0.0228 0.3237 0.9146 P38 0.38462 -0.01960 0.20576 0.33713 0.03600 -0.32143 -0.23032 0.19056 -0.36835 -0.46721 0.04052 P38 0.1040 0.9365 0.3980 0.1581 0.8837 0.1796 0.3428 0.4345 0.1207 0.0437 0.8692 P39 0.48979 0.00000 -0.20214 0.19592 -0.24757 0.27630 0.36550 0.26805 0.38771 0.10830 -0.10450 P39 0.0333 1.0000 0.4066 0.4215 0.3068 0.2522 0.1238 0.2672 0.1010 0.6590 0.6703 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27 P28 P29 P30 P31 P32 P33 P23 1.00000 0.15149 0.15941 -0.20245 -0.18928 -0.21765 -0.04930 0.29589 -0.19676 -0.51078 0.15941 P23 0.5359 0.5145 0.4059 0.4377 0.3707 0.8411 0.2187 0.4194 0.0254 0.5145 P24 0.15149 1.00000 -0.14336 -0.44689 0.09851 -0.15149 -0.24668 0.04283 -0.06261 -0.20838 -0.14336 P24 0.5359 0.5582 0.0551 0.6883 0.5359 0.3086 0.8618 0.7990 0.3919 0.5582 P25 0.15941 -0.14336 1.00000 0.09737 -0.41703 -0.49594 -0.07423 -0.04017 -0.29624 -0.04568 1.00000 P25 0.5145 0.5582 0.6917 0.0757 0.0308 0.7627 0.8703 0.2181 0.8527 <.0001 P26 -0.20245 -0.44689 0.09737 1.00000 0.27805 0.09560 0.09427 0.22723 -0.29996 0.14988 0.09737 P26 0.4059 0.0551 0.6917 0.2491 0.6970 0.7011 0.3495 0.2121 0.5403 0.6917 P27 -0.18928 0.09851 -0.41703 0.27805 1.00000 0.36471 -0.26312 0.19035 -0.14608 0.23020 -0.41703 P27 0.4377 0.6883 0.0757 0.2491 0.1247 0.2764 0.4351 0.5507 0.3431 0.0757 P28 -0.21765 -0.15149 -0.49594 0.09560 0.36471 1.00000 0.23665 -0.01940 0.09572 0.31860 -0.49594 P28 0.3707 0.5359 0.0308 0.6970 0.1247 0.3293 0.9372 0.6967 0.1837 0.0308 P29 -0.04930 -0.24668 -0.07423 0.09427 -0.26312 0.23665 1.00000 0.08538 0.38332 0.14835 -0.07423 P29 0.8411 0.3086 0.7627 0.7011 0.2764 0.3293 0.7282 0.1052 0.5444 0.7627 P30 0.29589 0.04283 -0.04017 0.22723 0.19035 -0.01940 0.08538 1.00000 -0.43414 -0.05838 -0.04017 P30 0.2187 0.8618 0.8703 0.3495 0.4351 0.9372 0.7282 0.0633 0.8123 0.8703 P31 -0.19676 -0.06261 -0.29624 -0.29996 -0.14608 0.09572 0.38332 -0.43414 1.00000 0.02743 -0.29624 P31 0.4194 0.7990 0.2181 0.2121 0.5507 0.6967 0.1052 0.0633 0.9112 0.2181 P32 -0.51078 -0.20838 -0.04568 0.14988 0.23020 0.31860 0.14835 -0.05838 0.02743 1.00000 -0.04568 P32 0.0254 0.3919 0.8527 0.5403 0.3431 0.1837 0.5444 0.8123 0.9112 0.8527 P33 0.15941 -0.14336 1.00000 0.09737 -0.41703 -0.49594 -0.07423 -0.04017 -0.29624 -0.04568 1.00000 P33 0.5145 0.5582 <.0001 0.6917 0.0757 0.0308 0.7627 0.8703 0.2181 0.8527 P34 -0.20245 -0.44689 0.09737 1.00000 0.27805 0.09560 0.09427 0.22723 -0.29996 0.14988 0.09737 P34 0.4059 0.0551 0.6917 <.0001 0.2491 0.6970 0.7011 0.3495 0.2121 0.5403 0.6917 P35 -0.35468 0.19252 -0.11818 0.25570 0.63885 0.24420 -0.56530 -0.10548 -0.27859 0.25994 -0.11818 P35 0.1362 0.4297 0.6299 0.2907 0.0032 0.3137 0.0117 0.6674 0.2481 0.2825 0.6299 P36 -0.31716 -0.15558 -0.47749 0.10107 0.33188 0.95147 0.35443 0.00000 0.09558 0.36356 -0.47749 P36 0.1858 0.5248 0.0387 0.6806 0.1651 <.0001 0.1365 1.0000 0.6971 0.1260 0.0387 P37 0.26035 0.10806 0.20101 -0.37654 -0.28291 0.12016 -0.26297 0.08257 -0.12070 -0.18365 0.20101 P37 0.2817 0.6597 0.4093 0.1121 0.2405 0.6241 0.2767 0.7368 0.6226 0.4517 0.4093 P38 0.30235 0.16591 -0.05786 0.07349 0.10055 -0.01025 -0.15892 0.76909 -0.44938 -0.11455 -0.05786 P38 0.2083 0.4973 0.8140 0.7650 0.6821 0.9668 0.5158 0.0001 0.0536 0.6405 0.8140 P39 -0.10572 -0.31115 -0.23875 0.00000 -0.41485 0.21144 0.53164 -0.17436 0.66903 0.09089 -0.23875 P39 0.6667 0.1947 0.3249 1.0000 0.0774 0.3849 0.0191 0.4753 0.0017 0.7113 0.3249 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P34 P35 P36 P37 P38 P39 P23 -0.20245 -0.35468 -0.31716 0.26035 0.30235 -0.10572 P23 0.4059 0.1362 0.1858 0.2817 0.2083 0.6667 P24 -0.44689 0.19252 -0.15558 0.10806 0.16591 -0.31115 P24 0.0551 0.4297 0.5248 0.6597 0.4973 0.1947 P25 0.09737 -0.11818 -0.47749 0.20101 -0.05786 -0.23875 P25 0.6917 0.6299 0.0387 0.4093 0.8140 0.3249 P26 1.00000 0.25570 0.10107 -0.37654 0.07349 0.00000 P26 <.0001 0.2907 0.6806 0.1121 0.7650 1.0000 P27 0.27805 0.63885 0.33188 -0.28291 0.10055 -0.41485 P27 0.2491 0.0032 0.1651 0.2405 0.6821 0.0774 P28 0.09560 0.24420 0.95147 0.12016 -0.01025 0.21144 P28 0.6970 0.3137 <.0001 0.6241 0.9668 0.3849 P29 0.09427 -0.56530 0.35443 -0.26297 -0.15892 0.53164 P29 0.7011 0.0117 0.1365 0.2767 0.5158 0.0191 P30 0.22723 -0.10548 0.00000 0.08257 0.76909 -0.17436 P30 0.3495 0.6674 1.0000 0.7368 0.0001 0.4753 P31 -0.29996 -0.27859 0.09558 -0.12070 -0.44938 0.66903 P31 0.2121 0.2481 0.6971 0.6226 0.0536 0.0017 P32 0.14988 0.25994 0.36356 -0.18365 -0.11455 0.09089 P32 0.5403 0.2825 0.1260 0.4517 0.6405 0.7113 P33 0.09737 -0.11818 -0.47749 0.20101 -0.05786 -0.23875 P33 0.6917 0.6299 0.0387 0.4093 0.8140 0.3249 P34 1.00000 0.25570 0.10107 -0.37654 0.07349 0.00000 P34 0.2907 0.6806 0.1121 0.7650 1.0000 P35 0.25570 1.00000 0.20899 0.02639 0.13676 -0.52248 P35 0.2907 0.3905 0.9146 0.5766 0.0217 P36 0.10107 0.20899 1.00000 0.11997 0.00000 0.20000 P36 0.6806 0.3905 0.6247 1.0000 0.4117 P37 -0.37654 0.02639 0.11997 1.00000 0.43035 -0.11997 P37 0.1121 0.9146 0.6247 0.0659 0.6247 P38 0.07349 0.13676 0.00000 0.43035 1.00000 -0.18420 P38 0.7650 0.5766 1.0000 0.0659 0.4503 P39 0.00000 -0.52248 0.20000 -0.11997 -0.18420 1.00000 P39 1.0000 0.0217 0.4117 0.6247 0.4503 Test of Reliability: EA

The CORR Procedure

24 EA1 EA2 EA3 EA4 EA5 EA6 EA7 EA8 EA9 EA10 EA11 EA12 EA13 EA14 Variables: EA15 EA16 EA17 EA18 EA19 EA20 EA21 EA22 EA23 EA24

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label EA1 19 3.73684 0.73349 71.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EA1 EA2 19 4.05263 0.77986 77.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EA2 EA3 19 4.10526 0.56713 78.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EA3 EA4 19 4.00000 0.81650 76.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EA4 EA5 19 3.94737 0.97032 75.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EA5 EA6 19 3.73684 0.65338 71.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EA6 EA7 19 4.00000 0.66667 76.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EA7 EA8 19 3.89474 0.80930 74.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EA8 EA9 19 3.94737 0.77986 75.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EA9 EA10 19 4.05263 0.77986 77.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EA10 EA11 19 4.21053 0.91766 80.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EA11 EA12 19 4.00000 0.57735 76.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EA12 EA13 19 3.94737 0.97032 75.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EA13 EA14 19 4.36842 0.68399 83.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EA14 EA15 19 4.15789 0.89834 79.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EA15 EA16 19 3.94737 0.77986 75.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EA16 EA17 19 4.10526 0.80930 78.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EA17 EA18 19 4.31579 0.74927 82.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EA18 EA19 19 4.00000 0.57735 76.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EA19 EA20 19 4.36842 0.68399 83.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EA20 EA21 19 4.15789 0.60214 79.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EA21 EA22 19 4.31579 0.67104 82.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EA22 EA23 19 4.10526 0.80930 78.00000 2.00000 5.00000 EA23 EA24 19 4.26316 0.80568 81.00000 3.00000 5.00000 EA24

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha Variables Alpha Raw 0.604990 Standardized 0.579859 Test of Reliability: EA

The CORR Procedure

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label EA1 -.078712 0.624705 -.083230 0.602166 EA1 EA2 -.364282 0.657972 -.349187 0.633379 EA2 EA3 0.422801 0.574272 0.401679 0.539039 EA3 EA4 0.011949 0.617092 0.042823 0.586549 EA4 EA5 0.069252 0.613729 0.085349 0.581157 EA5 EA6 0.181959 0.595736 0.166239 0.570727 EA6 EA7 -.114927 0.625747 -.105110 0.604821 EA7 EA8 0.168636 0.597403 0.154073 0.572311 EA8 EA9 0.448205 0.561730 0.414277 0.537286 EA9 EA10 0.585411 0.543302 0.566769 0.515599 EA10 EA11 0.506881 0.546750 0.530868 0.520784 EA11 EA12 -.132488 0.623687 -.117861 0.606362 EA12 EA13 -.002121 0.624129 0.020933 0.589300 EA13 EA14 0.063237 0.608237 0.057329 0.584717 EA14 EA15 0.371706 0.568454 0.372977 0.543010 EA15 EA16 0.448205 0.561730 0.414277 0.537286 EA16 EA17 0.613400 0.537254 0.598355 0.510997 EA17 EA18 0.520655 0.553855 0.508559 0.523981 EA18 EA19 -.132488 0.623687 -.117861 0.606362 EA19 EA20 0.165369 0.597430 0.128035 0.575682 EA20 EA21 0.201659 0.594101 0.169858 0.570255 EA21 EA22 -.205143 0.634708 -.216377 0.618081 EA22 EA23 0.458891 0.558988 0.461168 0.530710 EA23 EA24 0.377710 0.570153 0.355810 0.545370 EA24 Test of Reliability: EA

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 EA1 EA2 EA3 EA4 EA5 EA6 EA7 EA8 EA9 EA10 EA11 EA12 EA1 1.00000 0.12268 0.33739 0.18553 0.29169 0.31116 0.11361 -0.33002 0.36293 -0.16868 -0.32580 -0.39356 EA1 0.6168 0.1578 0.4470 0.2256 0.1947 0.6433 0.1676 0.1267 0.4900 0.1734 0.0955 EA2 0.12268 1.00000 0.11239 0.08725 -0.28980 -0.18937 0.00000 -0.16678 -0.17788 -0.00481 -0.09397 0.12339 EA2 0.6168 0.6469 0.7225 0.2288 0.4375 1.0000 0.4950 0.4663 0.9844 0.7020 0.6148 EA3 0.33739 0.11239 1.00000 0.23995 0.11158 0.07891 0.00000 -0.21660 0.39005 0.36361 0.16855 -0.16967 EA3 0.1578 0.6469 0.3224 0.6493 0.7481 1.0000 0.3731 0.0988 0.1259 0.4903 0.4874 EA4 0.18553 0.08725 0.23995 1.00000 0.28049 0.20828 -0.10206 -0.25222 -0.08725 -0.17450 0.14829 0.11785 EA4 0.4470 0.7225 0.3224 0.2448 0.3922 0.6776 0.2975 0.7225 0.4749 0.5446 0.6309 EA5 0.29169 -0.28980 0.11158 0.28049 1.00000 0.15220 -0.08588 0.13404 0.28980 -0.06955 -0.04926 -0.19834 EA5 0.2256 0.2288 0.6493 0.2448 0.5339 0.7267 0.5843 0.2288 0.7772 0.8413 0.4157 EA6 0.31116 -0.18937 0.07891 0.20828 0.15220 1.00000 0.25509 -0.05530 0.18937 -0.08034 0.00488 -0.29455 EA6 0.1947 0.4375 0.7481 0.3922 0.5339 0.2919 0.8221 0.4375 0.7437 0.9842 0.2209 EA7 0.11361 0.00000 0.00000 -0.10206 -0.08588 0.25509 1.00000 -0.41188 -0.42743 -0.21371 0.27243 0.00000 EA7 0.6433 1.0000 1.0000 0.6776 0.7267 0.2919 0.0797 0.0679 0.3797 0.2592 1.0000 EA8 -0.33002 -0.16678 -0.21660 -0.25222 0.13404 -0.05530 -0.41188 1.00000 0.25480 0.18531 0.18111 0.23780 EA8 0.1676 0.4950 0.3731 0.2975 0.5843 0.8221 0.0797 0.2924 0.4475 0.4581 0.3269 EA9 0.36293 -0.17788 0.39005 -0.08725 0.28980 0.18937 -0.42743 0.25480 1.00000 0.55288 -0.13892 -0.37016 EA9 0.1267 0.4663 0.0988 0.7225 0.2288 0.4375 0.0679 0.2924 0.0141 0.5706 0.1188 EA10 -0.16868 -0.00481 0.36361 -0.17450 -0.06955 -0.08034 -0.21371 0.18531 0.55288 1.00000 0.29417 -0.12339 EA10 0.4900 0.9844 0.1259 0.4749 0.7772 0.7437 0.3797 0.4475 0.0141 0.2215 0.6148 EA11 -0.32580 -0.09397 0.16855 0.14829 -0.04926 0.00488 0.27243 0.18111 -0.13892 0.29417 1.00000 0.20972 EA11 0.1734 0.7020 0.4903 0.5446 0.8413 0.9842 0.2592 0.4581 0.5706 0.2215 0.3888 EA12 -0.39356 0.12339 -0.16967 0.11785 -0.19834 -0.29455 0.00000 0.23780 -0.37016 -0.12339 0.20972 1.00000 EA12 0.0955 0.6148 0.4874 0.6309 0.4157 0.2209 1.0000 0.3269 0.1188 0.6148 0.3888 EA13 -0.02054 -0.14297 0.01063 -0.49086 -0.41615 0.06457 0.00000 0.20479 0.21639 0.15070 0.01314 0.19834 EA13 0.9335 0.5593 0.9656 0.0328 0.0764 0.7928 1.0000 0.4003 0.3736 0.5380 0.9574 0.4157 EA14 0.09325 -0.24667 0.18091 0.19896 -0.30399 -0.14394 0.24367 -0.32750 0.03837 0.16993 0.13510 0.14068 EA14 0.7042 0.3086 0.4586 0.4142 0.2058 0.5566 0.3148 0.1711 0.8761 0.4867 0.5813 0.5657 EA15 -0.10206 -0.48831 0.29270 -0.07574 -0.11740 0.07472 0.09276 -0.12870 0.17112 0.46327 0.36178 -0.32134 EA15 0.6776 0.0339 0.2240 0.7579 0.6322 0.7611 0.7056 0.5995 0.4836 0.0458 0.1280 0.1798 EA16 0.36293 -0.17788 0.39005 -0.08725 0.28980 0.18937 -0.42743 0.25480 1.00000 0.55288 -0.13892 -0.37016 EA16 0.1267 0.4663 0.0988 0.7225 0.2288 0.4375 0.0679 0.2924 <.0001 0.0141 0.5706 0.1188 EA17 -0.13792 -0.00927 0.33764 -0.25222 -0.13404 -0.04977 -0.20594 0.27232 0.53741 0.95899 0.34253 -0.11890 EA17 0.5734 0.9700 0.1574 0.2975 0.5843 0.8397 0.3976 0.2594 0.0176 <.0001 0.1511 0.6278 EA18 -0.34582 -0.12510 0.17891 0.00000 -0.05228 0.06570 0.33366 0.05786 -0.16013 0.35028 0.86753 0.00000 EA18 0.1470 0.6098 0.4637 1.0000 0.8317 0.7893 0.1627 0.8140 0.5126 0.1415 <.0001 1.0000 EA19 -0.39356 0.12339 -0.16967 0.11785 -0.19834 -0.29455 0.00000 0.23780 -0.37016 -0.12339 0.20972 1.00000 EA19 0.0955 0.6148 0.4874 0.6309 0.4157 0.2209 1.0000 0.3269 0.1188 0.6148 0.3888 <.0001 EA20 -0.23895 -0.14252 -0.10553 0.00000 0.03084 -0.01963 -0.36550 0.17431 0.24667 0.37823 0.22361 -0.14068 EA20 0.3245 0.5605 0.6672 1.0000 0.9003 0.9364 0.1238 0.4754 0.3086 0.1103 0.3574 0.5657 EA21 0.09931 -0.49191 -0.21406 0.11300 0.30027 0.11148 0.27679 0.03600 0.01868 -0.01868 0.33867 -0.15980 EA21 0.6859 0.0324 0.3789 0.6451 0.2116 0.6496 0.2513 0.8837 0.9395 0.9395 0.1561 0.5134 EA22 -0.04752 0.07264 0.05378 -0.20279 0.19759 0.20007 -0.12419 0.26921 -0.07264 -0.03352 -0.29440 0.00000 EA22 0.8468 0.7676 0.8269 0.4050 0.4175 0.4115 0.6125 0.2651 0.7676 0.8916 0.2212 1.0000 Test of Reliability: EA

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 EA13 EA14 EA15 EA16 EA17 EA18 EA19 EA20 EA21 EA22 EA23 EA24 EA1 -0.02054 0.09325 -0.10206 0.36293 -0.13792 -0.34582 -0.39356 -0.23895 0.09931 -0.04752 -0.41868 0.02969 EA1 0.9335 0.7042 0.6776 0.1267 0.5734 0.1470 0.0955 0.3245 0.6859 0.8468 0.0744 0.9040 EA2 -0.14297 -0.24667 -0.48831 -0.17788 -0.00927 -0.12510 0.12339 -0.14252 -0.49191 0.07264 -0.27334 -0.28853 EA2 0.5593 0.3086 0.0339 0.4663 0.9700 0.6098 0.6148 0.5605 0.0324 0.7676 0.2575 0.2309 EA3 0.01063 0.18091 0.29270 0.39005 0.33764 0.17891 -0.16967 -0.10553 -0.21406 0.05378 0.09556 0.30076 EA3 0.9656 0.4586 0.2240 0.0988 0.1574 0.4637 0.4874 0.6672 0.3789 0.8269 0.6972 0.2109 EA4 -0.49086 0.19896 -0.07574 -0.08725 -0.25222 0.00000 0.11785 0.00000 0.11300 -0.20279 0.08407 0.25336 EA4 0.0328 0.4142 0.7579 0.7225 0.2975 1.0000 0.6309 1.0000 0.6451 0.4050 0.7322 0.2953 EA5 -0.41615 -0.30399 -0.11740 0.28980 -0.13404 -0.05228 -0.19834 0.03084 0.30027 0.19759 0.36118 0.08976 EA5 0.0764 0.2058 0.6322 0.2288 0.5843 0.8317 0.4157 0.9003 0.2116 0.4175 0.1287 0.7148 EA6 0.06457 -0.14394 0.07472 0.18937 -0.04977 0.06570 -0.29455 -0.01963 0.11148 0.20007 0.16036 0.24440 EA6 0.7928 0.5566 0.7611 0.4375 0.8397 0.7893 0.2209 0.9364 0.6496 0.4115 0.5119 0.3133 EA7 0.00000 0.24367 0.09276 -0.42743 -0.20594 0.33366 0.00000 -0.36550 0.27679 -0.12419 0.10297 -0.10343 EA7 1.0000 0.3148 0.7056 0.0679 0.3976 0.1627 1.0000 0.1238 0.2513 0.6125 0.6749 0.6735 EA8 0.20479 -0.32750 -0.12870 0.25480 0.27232 0.05786 0.23780 0.17431 0.03600 0.26921 0.35714 0.13005 EA8 0.4003 0.1711 0.5995 0.2924 0.2594 0.8140 0.3269 0.4754 0.8837 0.2651 0.1333 0.5957 EA9 0.21639 0.03837 0.17112 1.00000 0.53741 -0.16013 -0.37016 0.24667 0.01868 -0.07264 0.09729 0.28853 EA9 0.3736 0.8761 0.4836 <.0001 0.0176 0.5126 0.1188 0.3086 0.9395 0.7676 0.6919 0.2309 EA10 0.15070 0.16993 0.46327 0.55288 0.95899 0.35028 -0.12339 0.37823 -0.01868 -0.03352 0.25480 0.15357 EA10 0.5380 0.4867 0.0458 0.0141 <.0001 0.1415 0.6148 0.1103 0.9395 0.8916 0.2924 0.5302 EA11 0.01314 0.13510 0.36178 -0.13892 0.34253 0.86753 0.20972 0.22361 0.33867 -0.29440 0.49214 0.37175 EA11 0.9574 0.5813 0.1280 0.5706 0.1511 <.0001 0.3888 0.3574 0.1561 0.2212 0.0323 0.1171 EA12 0.19834 0.14068 -0.32134 -0.37016 -0.11890 0.00000 1.00000 -0.14068 -0.15980 0.00000 0.11890 -0.35830 EA12 0.4157 0.5657 0.1798 0.1188 0.6278 1.0000 <.0001 0.5657 0.5134 1.0000 0.6278 0.1320 EA13 1.00000 0.36567 0.07380 0.21639 0.21968 0.02413 0.19834 -0.05287 -0.36533 -0.05838 -0.13404 -0.12343 EA13 0.1237 0.7640 0.3736 0.3662 0.9219 0.4157 0.8298 0.1240 0.8124 0.5843 0.6147 EA14 0.36567 1.00000 0.35214 0.03837 0.12677 0.08558 0.14068 -0.30625 0.12069 -0.63069 -0.17431 0.11673 EA14 0.1237 0.1393 0.8761 0.6050 0.7276 0.5657 0.2022 0.6226 0.0038 0.4754 0.6341 EA15 0.07380 0.35214 1.00000 0.17112 0.43436 0.58210 -0.32134 0.26173 0.36217 -0.08731 0.12870 0.39995 EA15 0.7640 0.1393 0.4836 0.0631 0.0089 0.1798 0.2791 0.1276 0.7223 0.5995 0.0898 EA16 0.21639 0.03837 0.17112 1.00000 0.53741 -0.16013 -0.37016 0.24667 0.01868 -0.07264 0.09729 0.28853 EA16 0.3736 0.8761 0.4836 0.0176 0.5126 0.1188 0.3086 0.9395 0.7676 0.6919 0.2309 EA17 0.21968 0.12677 0.43436 0.53741 1.00000 0.40022 -0.11890 0.32750 0.07800 -0.06461 0.32143 0.21076 EA17 0.3662 0.6050 0.0631 0.0176 0.0895 0.6278 0.1711 0.7509 0.7927 0.1796 0.3864 EA18 0.02413 0.08558 0.58210 -0.16013 0.40022 1.00000 0.00000 0.19399 0.37589 -0.20936 0.58346 0.40687 EA18 0.9219 0.7276 0.0089 0.5126 0.0895 1.0000 0.4262 0.1127 0.3897 0.0087 0.0838 EA19 0.19834 0.14068 -0.32134 -0.37016 -0.11890 0.00000 1.00000 -0.14068 -0.15980 0.00000 0.11890 -0.35830 EA19 0.4157 0.5657 0.1798 0.1188 0.6278 1.0000 0.5657 0.5134 1.0000 0.6278 0.1320 EA20 -0.05287 -0.30625 0.26173 0.24667 0.32750 0.19399 -0.14068 1.00000 -0.01420 0.21660 0.12677 0.01592 EA20 0.8298 0.2022 0.2791 0.3086 0.1711 0.4262 0.5657 0.9540 0.3731 0.6050 0.9484 EA21 -0.36533 0.12069 0.36217 0.01868 0.07800 0.37589 -0.15980 -0.01420 1.00000 -0.40524 0.42001 0.36766 EA21 0.1240 0.6226 0.1276 0.9395 0.7509 0.1127 0.5134 0.9540 0.0852 0.0734 0.1215 EA22 -0.05838 -0.63069 -0.08731 -0.07264 -0.06461 -0.20936 0.00000 0.21660 -0.40524 1.00000 -0.06461 -0.26501 EA22 0.8124 0.0038 0.7223 0.7676 0.7927 0.3897 1.0000 0.3731 0.0852 0.7927 0.2729 Test of Reliability: EA

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 EA1 EA2 EA3 EA4 EA5 EA6 EA7 EA8 EA9 EA10 EA11 EA12 EA23 -0.41868 -0.27334 0.09556 0.08407 0.36118 0.16036 0.10297 0.35714 0.09729 0.25480 0.49214 0.11890 EA23 0.0744 0.2575 0.6972 0.7322 0.1287 0.5119 0.6749 0.1333 0.6919 0.2924 0.0323 0.6278 EA24 0.02969 -0.28853 0.30076 0.25336 0.08976 0.24440 -0.10343 0.13005 0.28853 0.15357 0.37175 -0.35830 EA24 0.9040 0.2309 0.2109 0.2953 0.7148 0.3133 0.6735 0.5957 0.2309 0.5302 0.1171 0.1320 Test of Reliability: EA

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 EA13 EA14 EA15 EA16 EA17 EA18 EA19 EA20 EA21 EA22 EA23 EA24 EA23 -0.13404 -0.17431 0.12870 0.09729 0.32143 0.58346 0.11890 0.12677 0.42001 -0.06461 1.00000 0.29597 EA23 0.5843 0.4754 0.5995 0.6919 0.1796 0.0087 0.6278 0.6050 0.0734 0.7927 0.2186 EA24 -0.12343 0.11673 0.39995 0.28853 0.21076 0.40687 -0.35830 0.01592 0.36766 -0.26501 0.29597 1.00000 EA24 0.6147 0.6341 0.0898 0.2309 0.3864 0.0838 0.1320 0.9484 0.1215 0.2729 0.2186 Test of Reliability: Reliability

The CORR Procedure

1 Variables: R1

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label R1 19 4.15789 0.76472 79.00000 3.00000 5.00000 R1

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 R1 R1 1.00000 R1 Test of Reliability:Maintainability/Serviceability

The CORR Procedure

15 Variables: M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label M1 19 4.00000 0.74536 76.00000 3.00000 5.00000 M1 M2 19 4.05263 1.12909 77.00000 1.00000 5.00000 M2 M3 19 4.10526 0.73747 78.00000 3.00000 5.00000 M3 M4 19 3.94737 0.70504 75.00000 3.00000 5.00000 M4 M5 19 3.52632 0.90483 67.00000 2.00000 5.00000 M5 M6 19 3.89474 0.93659 74.00000 2.00000 5.00000 M6 M7 19 4.21053 0.63060 80.00000 3.00000 5.00000 M7 M8 19 3.84211 0.89834 73.00000 2.00000 5.00000 M8 M9 19 3.73684 0.65338 71.00000 2.00000 5.00000 M9 M10 19 4.36842 0.68399 83.00000 3.00000 5.00000 M10 M11 19 4.00000 1.10554 76.00000 1.00000 5.00000 M11 M12 19 3.78947 0.97633 72.00000 2.00000 5.00000 M12 M13 19 4.42105 0.50726 84.00000 4.00000 5.00000 M13 M14 19 4.00000 0.88192 76.00000 2.00000 5.00000 M14 M15 19 4.00000 0.94281 76.00000 2.00000 5.00000 M15

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha Variables Alpha Raw 0.546828 Standardized 0.575608

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label M1 0.358157 0.501201 0.366878 0.529898 M1 M2 0.242942 0.520284 0.258751 0.550570 M2 M3 0.157142 0.537227 0.133496 0.573564 M3 M4 0.085190 0.548837 0.116540 0.576599 M4 M5 0.113475 0.547794 0.098508 0.579808 M5 M6 0.346337 0.496037 0.358168 0.531592 M6 M7 0.715794 0.449043 0.685103 0.464430 M7 M8 0.098041 0.550819 0.158267 0.569096 M8 Test of Reliability:Maintainability/Serviceability

The CORR Procedure

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label M9 0.281769 0.517910 0.296516 0.543438 M9 M10 0.495657 0.480552 0.463338 0.510795 M10 M11 0.455598 0.459810 0.478711 0.507692 M11 M12 -.197237 0.614991 -.189420 0.628340 M12 M13 0.052230 0.550186 0.048188 0.588654 M13 M14 -.146302 0.597417 -.135506 0.619630 M14 M15 0.242698 0.519996 0.227170 0.556463 M15 Test of Reliability:Maintainability/Serviceability

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M1 1.00000 0.39608 0.10107 0.10572 0.16475 0.23875 0.35459 -0.08297 0.11408 M1 0.0932 0.6806 0.6667 0.5003 0.3249 0.1363 0.7356 0.6419 M2 0.39608 1.00000 0.39329 0.07346 0.08014 -0.09954 0.13963 0.33728 0.09512 M2 0.0932 0.0957 0.7650 0.7443 0.6852 0.5686 0.1579 0.6985 M3 0.10107 0.39329 1.00000 0.11810 -0.25415 0.01693 0.06916 0.36191 -0.05461 M3 0.6806 0.0957 0.6301 0.2937 0.9451 0.7784 0.1279 0.8243 M4 0.10572 0.07346 0.11810 1.00000 0.30709 0.07528 0.15126 0.42473 0.20947 M4 0.6667 0.7650 0.6301 0.2009 0.7594 0.5365 0.0699 0.3894 M5 0.16475 0.08014 -0.25415 0.30709 1.00000 0.39679 0.18448 -0.37051 0.15332 M5 0.5003 0.7443 0.2937 0.2009 0.0926 0.4496 0.1184 0.5309 M6 0.23875 -0.09954 0.01693 0.07528 0.39679 1.00000 0.60399 -0.15291 -0.04778 M6 0.3249 0.6852 0.9451 0.7594 0.0926 0.0062 0.5320 0.8460 M7 0.35459 0.13963 0.06916 0.15126 0.18448 0.60399 1.00000 0.16001 0.14193 M7 0.1363 0.5686 0.7784 0.5365 0.4496 0.0062 0.5129 0.5622 M8 -0.08297 0.33728 0.36191 0.42473 -0.37051 -0.15291 0.16001 1.00000 0.30388 M8 0.7356 0.1579 0.1279 0.0699 0.1184 0.5320 0.5129 0.2059 M9 0.11408 0.09512 -0.05461 0.20947 0.15332 -0.04778 0.14193 0.30388 1.00000 M9 0.6419 0.6985 0.8243 0.3894 0.5309 0.8460 0.5622 0.2059 M10 0.00000 0.04543 0.13912 -0.07276 0.20788 0.41079 0.32540 0.09993 0.47762 M10 1.0000 0.8535 0.5700 0.7672 0.3931 0.0806 0.1740 0.6840 0.0386 M11 0.20226 -0.08901 0.13628 -0.28510 0.11108 0.48289 0.55782 -0.16782 0.07691 M11 0.4063 0.7171 0.5780 0.2368 0.6508 0.0362 0.0131 0.4923 0.7543 M12 0.07634 0.06101 -0.35331 -0.09770 0.19528 -0.20785 -0.10448 -0.42006 0.08251 M12 0.7561 0.8041 0.1379 0.6907 0.4230 0.3932 0.6703 0.0734 0.7370 M13 0.44082 -0.04084 -0.12506 0.06541 -0.26756 -0.01846 0.05485 0.15400 0.01764 M13 0.0589 0.8682 0.6100 0.7902 0.2681 0.9402 0.8235 0.5290 0.9428 M14 -0.42258 -0.11158 0.34168 -0.26805 -0.62658 -0.06726 0.19979 0.28049 0.09641 M14 0.0715 0.6493 0.1522 0.2672 0.0041 0.7844 0.4122 0.2448 0.6946 M15 0.23717 0.10438 -0.15980 -0.16716 0.26049 0.25166 0.56066 -0.06559 -0.09019 M15 0.3282 0.6707 0.5134 0.4940 0.2814 0.2986 0.0125 0.7896 0.7135 Test of Reliability:Maintainability/Serviceability

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M1 0.00000 0.20226 0.07634 0.44082 -0.42258 0.23717 M1 1.0000 0.4063 0.7561 0.0589 0.0715 0.3282 M2 0.04543 -0.08901 0.06101 -0.04084 -0.11158 0.10438 M2 0.8535 0.7171 0.8041 0.8682 0.6493 0.6707 M3 0.13912 0.13628 -0.35331 -0.12506 0.34168 -0.15980 M3 0.5700 0.5780 0.1379 0.6100 0.1522 0.5134 M4 -0.07276 -0.28510 -0.09770 0.06541 -0.26805 -0.16716 M4 0.7672 0.2368 0.6907 0.7902 0.2672 0.4940 M5 0.20788 0.11108 0.19528 -0.26756 -0.62658 0.26049 M5 0.3931 0.6508 0.4230 0.2681 0.0041 0.2814 M6 0.41079 0.48289 -0.20785 -0.01846 -0.06726 0.25166 M6 0.0806 0.0362 0.3932 0.9402 0.7844 0.2986 M7 0.32540 0.55782 -0.10448 0.05485 0.19979 0.56066 M7 0.1740 0.0131 0.6703 0.8235 0.4122 0.0125 M8 0.09993 -0.16782 -0.42006 0.15400 0.28049 -0.06559 M8 0.6840 0.4923 0.0734 0.5290 0.2448 0.7896 M9 0.47762 0.07691 0.08251 0.01764 0.09641 -0.09019 M9 0.0386 0.7543 0.7370 0.9428 0.6946 0.7135 M10 1.00000 0.58775 -0.12698 -0.15169 0.27630 0.17230 M10 0.0081 0.6044 0.5353 0.2522 0.4806 M11 0.58775 1.00000 0.05147 0.19813 0.22792 0.37310 M11 0.0081 0.8342 0.4162 0.3480 0.1156 M12 -0.12698 0.05147 1.00000 0.18893 -0.32261 -0.12071 M12 0.6044 0.8342 0.4386 0.1779 0.6225 M13 -0.15169 0.19813 0.18893 1.00000 -0.24837 0.00000 M13 0.5353 0.4162 0.4386 0.3052 1.0000 M14 0.27630 0.22792 -0.32261 -0.24837 1.00000 -0.13363 M14 0.2522 0.3480 0.1779 0.3052 0.5855 M15 0.17230 0.37310 -0.12071 0.00000 -0.13363 1.00000 M15 0.4806 0.1156 0.6225 1.0000 0.5855 Test of Reliability: Safety

The CORR Procedure

15 Variables: S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label S1 19 3.89474 0.80930 74.00000 2.00000 5.00000 S1 S2 19 4.05263 0.70504 77.00000 3.00000 5.00000 S2 S3 19 3.78947 0.97633 72.00000 2.00000 5.00000 S3 S4 19 4.00000 1.20185 76.00000 1.00000 5.00000 S4 S5 19 3.84211 0.95819 73.00000 1.00000 5.00000 S5 S6 19 3.94737 0.91127 75.00000 2.00000 5.00000 S6 S7 19 4.36842 0.59726 83.00000 3.00000 5.00000 S7 S8 19 4.00000 0.57735 76.00000 3.00000 5.00000 S8 S9 19 3.89474 0.80930 74.00000 2.00000 5.00000 S9 S10 19 4.47368 0.61178 85.00000 3.00000 5.00000 S10 S11 19 4.21053 0.78733 80.00000 2.00000 5.00000 S11 S12 19 3.89474 0.99413 74.00000 2.00000 5.00000 S12 S13 19 4.47368 0.61178 85.00000 3.00000 5.00000 S13 S14 19 4.26316 0.73349 81.00000 3.00000 5.00000 S14 S15 19 3.94737 0.91127 75.00000 2.00000 5.00000 S15

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha Variables Alpha Raw 0.723636 Standardized 0.719717

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label S1 0.772721 0.658986 0.741777 0.655972 S1 S2 0.157669 0.725173 0.177852 0.721161 S2 S3 0.502935 0.686681 0.520961 0.682764 S3 S4 0.748101 0.641128 0.751485 0.654755 S4 S5 0.457556 0.693003 0.446354 0.691442 S5 S6 0.604396 0.674803 0.584491 0.675227 S6 S7 0.622600 0.687301 0.595738 0.673879 S7 S8 0.174244 0.722561 0.180480 0.720882 S8 Test of Reliability: Safety

The CORR Procedure

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label S9 0.219362 0.720666 0.188254 0.720053 S9 S10 0.472878 0.699005 0.487119 0.686723 S10 S11 0.643572 0.675305 0.633161 0.669360 S11 S12 -.237636 0.777134 -.267541 0.765533 S12 S13 0.029014 0.733809 0.058860 0.733601 S13 S14 -.132142 0.751270 -.157513 0.755118 S14 S15 0.056317 0.740629 0.097382 0.729622 S15 Test of Reliability: Safety

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S1 1.00000 0.20498 0.53288 0.68541 0.62215 0.59471 0.42949 0.11890 0.15179 S1 0.3999 0.0188 0.0012 0.0044 0.0072 0.0665 0.6278 0.5351 S2 0.20498 1.00000 0.09770 0.19669 0.25969 0.43691 0.34719 -0.13648 -0.37921 S2 0.3999 0.6907 0.4196 0.2830 0.0614 0.1453 0.5774 0.1093 S3 0.53288 0.09770 1.00000 0.66284 0.02188 0.29907 0.23567 0.29567 0.18133 S3 0.0188 0.6907 0.0020 0.9292 0.2136 0.3314 0.2191 0.4575 S4 0.68541 0.19669 0.66284 1.00000 0.24121 0.60871 0.61916 0.16013 0.28559 S4 0.0012 0.4196 0.0020 0.3198 0.0057 0.0047 0.5126 0.2359 S5 0.62215 0.25969 0.02188 0.24121 1.00000 0.62621 0.39852 0.00000 0.19230 S5 0.0044 0.2830 0.9292 0.3198 0.0041 0.0910 1.0000 0.4303 S6 0.59471 0.43691 0.29907 0.60871 0.62621 1.00000 0.65005 0.00000 0.06740 S6 0.0072 0.0614 0.2136 0.0057 0.0041 0.0026 1.0000 0.7840 S7 0.42949 0.34719 0.23567 0.61916 0.39852 0.65005 1.00000 0.00000 0.31456 S7 0.0665 0.1453 0.3314 0.0047 0.0910 0.0026 1.0000 0.1896 S8 0.11890 -0.13648 0.29567 0.16013 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.23780 S8 0.6278 0.5774 0.2191 0.5126 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.3269 S9 0.15179 -0.37921 0.18133 0.28559 0.19230 0.06740 0.31456 0.23780 1.00000 S9 0.5351 0.1093 0.4575 0.2359 0.4303 0.7840 0.1896 0.3269 S10 0.44293 0.32540 0.54828 0.60447 0.03990 0.14686 0.25607 0.31458 0.21851 S10 0.0575 0.1740 0.0151 0.0061 0.8712 0.5485 0.2900 0.1896 0.3688 S11 0.55985 0.37926 0.34995 0.52840 0.56200 0.63577 0.53475 -0.12222 0.21109 S11 0.0127 0.1093 0.1419 0.0200 0.0123 0.0034 0.0183 0.6182 0.3857 S12 -0.01454 -0.46723 -0.13858 0.00000 -0.07674 -0.25175 -0.02462 -0.19359 0.39977 S12 0.9529 0.0437 0.5715 1.0000 0.7549 0.2985 0.9203 0.4271 0.0899 S13 -0.00591 0.32540 0.26925 -0.07556 -0.24441 -0.15210 -0.04801 0.15729 -0.34253 S13 0.9809 0.1740 0.2650 0.7585 0.3132 0.5342 0.8452 0.5202 0.1511 S14 0.04926 -0.35056 0.00408 0.12604 -0.09569 -0.14436 -0.10679 0.13119 -0.23151 S14 0.8413 0.1412 0.9868 0.6071 0.6968 0.5554 0.6635 0.5924 0.3403 S15 0.06740 -0.08192 -0.13803 -0.15218 0.24445 0.06338 0.03761 0.21119 -0.08326 S15 0.7840 0.7388 0.5731 0.5340 0.3132 0.7966 0.8785 0.3854 0.7347 Test of Reliability: Safety

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S1 0.44293 0.55985 -0.01454 -0.00591 0.04926 0.06740 S1 0.0575 0.0127 0.9529 0.9809 0.8413 0.7840 S2 0.32540 0.37926 -0.46723 0.32540 -0.35056 -0.08192 S2 0.1740 0.1093 0.0437 0.1740 0.1412 0.7388 S3 0.54828 0.34995 -0.13858 0.26925 0.00408 -0.13803 S3 0.0151 0.1419 0.5715 0.2650 0.9868 0.5731 S4 0.60447 0.52840 0.00000 -0.07556 0.12604 -0.15218 S4 0.0061 0.0200 1.0000 0.7585 0.6071 0.5340 S5 0.03990 0.56200 -0.07674 -0.24441 -0.09569 0.24445 S5 0.8712 0.0123 0.7549 0.3132 0.6968 0.3132 S6 0.14686 0.63577 -0.25175 -0.15210 -0.14436 0.06338 S6 0.5485 0.0034 0.2985 0.5342 0.5554 0.7966 S7 0.25607 0.53475 -0.02462 -0.04801 -0.10679 0.03761 S7 0.2900 0.0183 0.9203 0.8452 0.6635 0.8785 S8 0.31458 -0.12222 -0.19359 0.15729 0.13119 0.21119 S8 0.1896 0.6182 0.4271 0.5202 0.5924 0.3854 S9 0.21851 0.21109 0.39977 -0.34253 -0.23151 -0.08326 S9 0.3688 0.3857 0.0899 0.1511 0.3403 0.7347 S10 1.00000 0.47350 -0.27885 0.25781 -0.16942 -0.15210 S10 0.0406 0.2477 0.2866 0.4881 0.5342 S11 0.47350 1.00000 -0.32501 0.12748 -0.38986 0.32603 S11 0.0406 0.1746 0.6030 0.0989 0.1731 S12 -0.27885 -0.32501 1.00000 -0.27885 0.04010 -0.25175 S12 0.2477 0.1746 0.2477 0.8705 0.2985 S13 0.25781 0.12748 -0.27885 1.00000 -0.04561 0.44582 S13 0.2866 0.6030 0.2477 0.8529 0.0557 S14 -0.16942 -0.38986 0.04010 -0.04561 1.00000 0.10499 S14 0.4881 0.0989 0.8705 0.8529 0.6688 S15 -0.15210 0.32603 -0.25175 0.44582 0.10499 1.00000 S15 0.5342 0.1731 0.2985 0.0557 0.6688 Test of Reliability: Aesthetics

The CORR Procedure

11 Variables: A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label A1 19 4.31579 0.67104 82.00000 3.00000 5.00000 A1 A2 19 3.73684 0.93346 71.00000 2.00000 5.00000 A2 A3 19 4.10526 0.65784 78.00000 3.00000 5.00000 A3 A4 19 3.84211 1.01451 73.00000 1.00000 5.00000 A4 A5 19 4.10526 1.10024 78.00000 1.00000 5.00000 A5 A6 19 4.00000 0.88192 76.00000 2.00000 5.00000 A6 A7 19 3.84211 0.68825 73.00000 3.00000 5.00000 A7 A8 19 3.68421 0.74927 70.00000 2.00000 5.00000 A8 A9 19 3.94737 0.70504 75.00000 2.00000 5.00000 A9 A10 19 3.94737 0.77986 75.00000 3.00000 5.00000 A10 A11 19 3.84211 0.89834 73.00000 2.00000 5.00000 A11

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha Variables Alpha Raw 0.513096 Standardized 0.511939

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label A1 0.500228 0.421934 0.474311 0.408090 A1 A2 0.261381 0.472372 0.230833 0.481131 A2 A3 0.102683 0.513079 0.125750 0.510332 A3 A4 0.266602 0.470107 0.232888 0.480546 A4 A5 0.648196 0.305990 0.621050 0.360257 A5 A6 -.099752 0.573885 -.066910 0.560434 A6 A7 0.511505 0.416877 0.523229 0.392472 A7 A8 0.253247 0.477964 0.209626 0.487134 A8 A9 0.252517 0.479333 0.248496 0.476088 A9 A10 -.281070 0.604318 -.252779 0.604780 A10 A11 0.043611 0.536851 0.072800 0.524537 A11 Test of Reliability: Aesthetics

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A1 1.00000 0.22873 0.29807 0.32213 0.55446 -0.09388 0.23425 -0.01163 0.15451 -0.07264 0.27163 A1 0.3462 0.2152 0.1786 0.0138 0.7023 0.3344 0.9623 0.5277 0.7676 0.2606 A2 0.22873 1.00000 -0.22380 0.24701 0.51531 -0.20245 0.19115 0.27174 0.14662 -0.02008 -0.18480 A2 0.3462 0.3570 0.3080 0.0239 0.4058 0.4331 0.2604 0.5492 0.9350 0.4488 A3 0.29807 -0.22380 1.00000 0.02629 0.06060 -0.19152 0.16146 0.07119 -0.10718 0.22798 0.21770 A3 0.2152 0.3570 0.9149 0.8053 0.4322 0.5090 0.7721 0.6623 0.3479 0.3706 A4 0.32213 0.24701 0.02629 1.00000 0.51343 -0.12419 0.04188 0.36927 -0.16761 -0.22174 -0.02887 A4 0.1786 0.3080 0.9149 0.0246 0.6125 0.8648 0.1197 0.4928 0.3616 0.9066 A5 0.55446 0.51531 0.06060 0.51343 1.00000 -0.05725 0.39000 0.31213 0.22240 -0.25217 0.13017 A5 0.0138 0.0239 0.8053 0.0246 0.8159 0.0988 0.1933 0.3601 0.2976 0.5953 A6 -0.09388 -0.20245 -0.19152 -0.12419 -0.05725 1.00000 0.36611 0.00000 0.53609 -0.32310 -0.21037 A6 0.7023 0.4058 0.4322 0.6125 0.8159 0.1232 1.0000 0.0180 0.1772 0.3873 A7 0.23425 0.19115 0.16146 0.04188 0.39000 0.36611 1.00000 0.00567 0.32540 0.29417 0.04729 A7 0.3344 0.4331 0.5090 0.8648 0.0988 0.1232 0.9816 0.1740 0.2215 0.8475 A8 -0.01163 0.27174 0.07119 0.36927 0.31213 0.00000 0.00567 1.00000 0.17712 -0.31525 0.00434 A8 0.9623 0.2604 0.7721 0.1197 0.1933 1.0000 0.9816 0.4682 0.1886 0.9859 A9 0.15451 0.14662 -0.10718 -0.16761 0.22240 0.53609 0.32540 0.17712 1.00000 -0.40948 0.16158 A9 0.5277 0.5492 0.6623 0.4928 0.3601 0.0180 0.1740 0.4682 0.0817 0.5087 A10 -0.07264 -0.02008 0.22798 -0.22174 -0.25217 -0.32310 0.29417 -0.31525 -0.40948 1.00000 -0.09182 A10 0.7676 0.9350 0.3479 0.3616 0.2976 0.1772 0.2215 0.1886 0.0817 0.7085 A11 0.27163 -0.18480 0.21770 -0.02887 0.13017 -0.21037 0.04729 0.00434 0.16158 -0.09182 1.00000 A11 0.2606 0.4488 0.3706 0.9066 0.5953 0.3873 0.8475 0.9859 0.5087 0.7085 Test of Validity: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

2 Variables: AvgEOU OverallEOU

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label AvgEOU 19 4.02303 0.20488 76.43750 3.59375 4.37500 AvgEOU OverallEOU 19 3.89474 0.31530 74.00000 3.00000 4.00000 OverallEOU

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 AvgEOU OverallEOU AvgEOU 1.00000 0.68462 AvgEOU 0.0012 OverallEOU 0.68462 1.00000 OverallEOU 0.0012 Test of Validity:Performance

The CORR Procedure

2 Variables: AvgP OverallP

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label AvgP 19 4.03779 0.21237 76.71795 3.41026 4.25641 AvgP OverallP 19 3.89474 0.31530 74.00000 3.00000 4.00000 OverallP

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 AvgP OverallP AvgP 1.00000 0.46691 AvgP 0.0439 OverallP 0.46691 1.00000 OverallP 0.0439 Test of Validity:Ecological Affinity

The CORR Procedure

2 Variables: AvgEA OverallEA

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label AvgEA 19 4.07237 0.24010 77.37500 3.54167 4.41667 AvgEA OverallEA 19 3.68421 0.47757 70.00000 3.00000 4.00000 OverallEA

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 AvgEA OverallEA AvgEA 1.00000 0.49301 AvgEA 0.0320 OverallEA 0.49301 1.00000 OverallEA 0.0320 Test of Validity:Reliability

The CORR Procedure

2 Variables: AvgR OverallR

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label AvgR 19 4.04678 0.42158 76.88889 3.16667 4.61111 AvgR OverallR 19 3.73684 0.45241 71.00000 3.00000 4.00000 OverallR

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 AvgR OverallR AvgR 1.00000 0.53742 AvgR 0.0176 OverallR 0.53742 1.00000 OverallR 0.0176 Test of Validity:Maintainability

The CORR Procedure

2 Variables: AvgM OverallM

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label AvgM 19 3.99298 0.31261 75.86667 3.40000 4.46667 AvgM OverallM 19 3.78947 0.41885 72.00000 3.00000 4.00000 OverallM

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 19 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 AvgM OverallM AvgM 1.00000 0.75181 AvgM 0.0002 OverallM 0.75181 1.00000 OverallM 0.0002 Test of Validity:Safety

The CORR Procedure

2 Variables: AvgS OverallS

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label AvgS 19 4.07018 0.37678 77.33333 3.00000 4.46667 AvgS OverallS 18 3.66667 0.48507 66.00000 3.00000 4.00000 OverallS

Pearson Correlation Coefficients Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 Number of Observations AvgS OverallS AvgS 1.00000 0.59240 AvgS 0.0096 19 18 OverallS 0.59240 1.00000 OverallS 0.0096 18 18 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

15 Variables: U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U10 U11 U12 U13 U14 U15

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label U1 10 3.40000 0.51640 34.00000 3.00000 4.00000 U1 U2 10 3.70000 0.94868 37.00000 2.00000 5.00000 U2 U3 10 3.60000 0.84327 36.00000 2.00000 5.00000 U3 U4 10 3.70000 0.67495 37.00000 3.00000 5.00000 U4 U5 10 3.60000 1.07497 36.00000 2.00000 5.00000 U5 U6 10 3.50000 0.97183 35.00000 2.00000 5.00000 U6 U7 10 3.40000 1.07497 34.00000 2.00000 5.00000 U7 U8 10 3.80000 0.91894 38.00000 2.00000 5.00000 U8 U9 10 3.50000 0.97183 35.00000 2.00000 5.00000 U9 U10 10 4.10000 0.56765 41.00000 3.00000 5.00000 U10 U11 10 3.90000 0.87560 39.00000 3.00000 5.00000 U11 U12 10 3.10000 0.87560 31.00000 2.00000 5.00000 U12 U13 10 3.40000 0.69921 34.00000 2.00000 4.00000 U13 U14 10 3.70000 0.94868 37.00000 2.00000 5.00000 U14 U15 10 3.50000 1.08012 35.00000 2.00000 5.00000 U15

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha Variables Alpha Raw 0.683315 Standardized 0.628224

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label U1 0.038003 0.689828 0.098596 0.634916 U1 U2 0.666097 0.613222 0.647819 0.545331 U2 U3 0.349385 0.660925 0.323709 0.600126 U3 U4 -.011608 0.697620 -.052807 0.656890 U4 U5 0.749472 0.591013 0.707572 0.534595 U5 U6 -.177518 0.729345 -.193407 0.676312 U6 U7 0.600168 0.617852 0.561349 0.560512 U7 U8 0.227328 0.676482 0.180745 0.622520 U8 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label U9 0.345435 0.660490 0.261373 0.610020 U9 U10 0.111583 0.685039 0.168017 0.624463 U10 U11 -.000000 0.703389 0.101091 0.634545 U11 U12 0.387272 0.655666 0.430577 0.582688 U12 U13 -.271423 0.721905 -.283232 0.688241 U13 U14 0.537955 0.632738 0.467608 0.576502 U14 U15 0.597437 0.618127 0.531738 0.565615 U15 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 10 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U1 1.00000 0.04536 0.15309 -0.25503 -0.08006 0.00000 0.08006 -0.28098 -0.66421 U1 0.9010 0.6728 0.4770 0.8260 1.0000 0.8260 0.4316 0.0362 U2 0.04536 1.00000 0.52778 0.19088 0.52298 -0.18078 0.78446 0.56079 0.30129 U2 0.9010 0.1169 0.5973 0.1209 0.6172 0.0072 0.0917 0.3976 U3 0.15309 0.52778 1.00000 -0.42948 0.17160 -0.40674 0.31869 0.02868 0.13558 U3 0.6728 0.1169 0.2155 0.6355 0.2434 0.3695 0.9373 0.7088 U4 -0.25503 0.19088 -0.42948 1.00000 0.42879 -0.08470 -0.12251 0.42994 0.42349 U4 0.4770 0.5973 0.2155 0.2163 0.8160 0.7360 0.2149 0.2226 U5 -0.08006 0.52298 0.17160 0.42879 1.00000 0.10636 0.53846 0.24746 0.53179 U5 0.8260 0.1209 0.6355 0.2163 0.7700 0.1083 0.4906 0.1136 U6 0.00000 -0.18078 -0.40674 -0.08470 0.10636 1.00000 0.10636 -0.24884 -0.17647 U6 1.0000 0.6172 0.2434 0.8160 0.7700 0.7700 0.4881 0.6258 U7 0.08006 0.78446 0.31869 -0.12251 0.53846 0.10636 1.00000 0.31494 0.10636 U7 0.8260 0.0072 0.3695 0.7360 0.1083 0.7700 0.3754 0.7700 U8 -0.28098 0.56079 0.02868 0.42994 0.24746 -0.24884 0.31494 1.00000 0.49767 U8 0.4316 0.0917 0.9373 0.2149 0.4906 0.4881 0.3754 0.1433 U9 -0.66421 0.30129 0.13558 0.42349 0.53179 -0.17647 0.10636 0.49767 1.00000 U9 0.0362 0.3976 0.7088 0.2226 0.1136 0.6258 0.7700 0.1433 U10 0.60648 -0.14443 -0.13927 0.08700 0.07284 0.30212 -0.25492 -0.17041 -0.10071 U10 0.0630 0.6906 0.7012 0.8111 0.8415 0.3962 0.4772 0.6379 0.7819 U11 0.83550 -0.04013 0.24077 -0.43243 -0.16527 -0.32644 0.04722 -0.16571 -0.45702 U11 0.0026 0.9124 0.5028 0.2120 0.6482 0.3573 0.8969 0.6473 0.1842 U12 0.39318 0.44141 0.66212 -0.13161 0.16527 -0.58760 0.18888 0.44189 0.19587 U12 0.2610 0.2016 0.0370 0.7170 0.6482 0.0741 0.6013 0.2010 0.5876 U13 0.12309 0.03350 -0.07538 -0.18835 -0.20696 0.00000 0.20696 -0.55337 -0.32703 U13 0.7348 0.9268 0.8360 0.6023 0.5662 1.0000 0.5662 0.0970 0.3563 U14 -0.18144 0.13580 0.38889 -0.15617 0.63193 -0.06026 0.23970 0.05098 0.54233 U14 0.6159 0.7084 0.2667 0.6666 0.0500 0.8687 0.5048 0.8888 0.1053 U15 -0.19920 0.27108 0.24398 -0.07620 0.76556 0.37048 0.47847 -0.11194 0.47633 U15 0.5811 0.4487 0.4970 0.8343 0.0098 0.2920 0.1618 0.7582 0.1640 Test of Reliability: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 10 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 U10 U11 U12 U13 U14 U15 U1 0.60648 0.83550 0.39318 0.12309 -0.18144 -0.19920 U1 0.0630 0.0026 0.2610 0.7348 0.6159 0.5811 U2 -0.14443 -0.04013 0.44141 0.03350 0.13580 0.27108 U2 0.6906 0.9124 0.2016 0.9268 0.7084 0.4487 U3 -0.13927 0.24077 0.66212 -0.07538 0.38889 0.24398 U3 0.7012 0.5028 0.0370 0.8360 0.2667 0.4970 U4 0.08700 -0.43243 -0.13161 -0.18835 -0.15617 -0.07620 U4 0.8111 0.2120 0.7170 0.6023 0.6666 0.8343 U5 0.07284 -0.16527 0.16527 -0.20696 0.63193 0.76556 U5 0.8415 0.6482 0.6482 0.5662 0.0500 0.0098 U6 0.30212 -0.32644 -0.58760 0.00000 -0.06026 0.37048 U6 0.3962 0.3573 0.0741 1.0000 0.8687 0.2920 U7 -0.25492 0.04722 0.18888 0.20696 0.23970 0.47847 U7 0.4772 0.8969 0.6013 0.5662 0.5048 0.1618 U8 -0.17041 -0.16571 0.44189 -0.55337 0.05098 -0.11194 U8 0.6379 0.6473 0.2010 0.0970 0.8888 0.7582 U9 -0.10071 -0.45702 0.19587 -0.32703 0.54233 0.47633 U9 0.7819 0.1842 0.5876 0.3563 0.1053 0.1640 U10 1.00000 0.46946 0.20120 -0.11198 0.06190 0.09061 U10 0.1710 0.5773 0.7581 0.8651 0.8034 U11 0.46946 1.00000 0.59420 0.07260 0.09363 -0.17623 U11 0.1710 0.0701 0.8420 0.7970 0.6263 U12 0.20120 0.59420 1.00000 -0.43557 0.30765 -0.05874 U12 0.5773 0.0701 0.2083 0.3872 0.8719 U13 -0.11198 0.07260 -0.43557 1.00000 -0.30151 0.00000 U13 0.7581 0.8420 0.2083 0.3972 1.0000 U14 0.06190 0.09363 0.30765 -0.30151 1.00000 0.81325 U14 0.8651 0.7970 0.3872 0.3972 0.0042 U15 0.09061 -0.17623 -0.05874 0.00000 0.81325 1.00000 U15 0.8034 0.6263 0.8719 1.0000 0.0042 Test of Reliability: For Performance

The CORR Procedure

30 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 Variables: P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27 P28 P29 P30

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label P1 10 4.10000 0.56765 41.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P1 P2 10 4.20000 0.78881 42.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P2 P3 10 4.30000 0.48305 43.00000 4.00000 5.00000 P3 P4 10 3.50000 0.70711 35.00000 2.00000 4.00000 P4 P5 10 3.90000 1.10050 39.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P5 P6 10 3.00000 0.81650 30.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P6 P7 10 3.90000 0.73786 39.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P7 P8 10 4.20000 0.78881 42.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P8 P9 10 3.80000 1.03280 38.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P9 P10 10 2.70000 0.67495 27.00000 2.00000 4.00000 P10 P11 10 4.00000 0.81650 40.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P11 P12 10 3.70000 0.67495 37.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P12 P13 10 3.70000 0.82327 37.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P13 P14 10 4.00000 0.81650 40.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P14 P15 10 3.70000 1.15950 37.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P15 P16 10 3.90000 0.73786 39.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P16 P17 10 3.60000 0.84327 36.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P17 P18 10 4.50000 0.70711 45.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P18 P19 10 4.40000 0.84327 44.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P19 P20 10 4.20000 0.91894 42.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P20 P21 10 4.00000 0.66667 40.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P21 P22 10 3.70000 0.94868 37.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P22 P23 10 3.90000 0.56765 39.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P23 P24 10 4.10000 1.10050 41.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P24 P25 10 3.80000 1.13529 38.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P25 P26 10 3.90000 0.73786 39.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P26 P27 10 4.00000 0.66667 40.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P27 P28 10 4.20000 0.78881 42.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P28 P29 10 3.70000 1.15950 37.00000 2.00000 5.00000 P29 P30 10 4.00000 0.81650 40.00000 3.00000 5.00000 P30 Test of Reliability: For Performance

The CORR Procedure

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha Variables Alpha Raw 0.736231 Standardized 0.728694

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label P1 -.147406 0.746085 -.163363 0.746406 P1 P2 0.633875 0.707074 0.629921 0.696823 P2 P3 0.002690 0.739369 -.040384 0.739220 P3 P4 0.292294 0.727602 0.326648 0.716697 P4 P5 0.785384 0.685006 0.760465 0.687902 P5 P6 -.110536 0.749979 -.138293 0.744955 P6 P7 0.191958 0.732726 0.166994 0.726696 P7 P8 0.309273 0.726206 0.314397 0.717476 P8 P9 0.534581 0.708113 0.588060 0.699636 P9 P10 0.685831 0.708063 0.678859 0.693505 P10 P11 -.000000 0.743866 -.006367 0.737201 P11 P12 -.044184 0.743759 0.006044 0.736461 P12 P13 -.356339 0.763376 -.341563 0.756508 P13 P14 0.380678 0.721800 0.371699 0.713819 P14 P15 0.169869 0.737334 0.213124 0.723839 P15 P16 0.396233 0.721836 0.388123 0.712763 P16 P17 0.486562 0.714887 0.508531 0.704919 P17 P18 0.712672 0.705402 0.722220 0.690539 P18 P19 0.716758 0.699965 0.729927 0.690009 P19 P20 0.513173 0.711743 0.534966 0.703172 P20 P21 0.361332 0.724533 0.297981 0.718516 P21 P22 0.235865 0.730640 0.220010 0.723410 P22 P23 -.254444 0.750173 -.307467 0.754603 P23 P24 0.226415 0.732187 0.252376 0.721388 P24 P25 -.084343 0.756652 -.106581 0.743110 P25 P26 0.415171 0.720807 0.379923 0.713291 P26 P27 0.118180 0.736122 0.142991 0.728172 P27 P28 0.523448 0.713709 0.536729 0.703055 P28 Test of Reliability: For Performance

The CORR Procedure

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha with Deleted Variable Raw Variables Standardized Variables Deleted Correlation Correlation Variable with Total Alpha with Total Alpha Label P29 0.030613 0.748472 0.019704 0.735644 P29 P30 -.063449 0.747390 -.080480 0.741582 P30 Test of Reliability: For Performance

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 10 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P1 1.00000 -0.04963 -0.12157 -0.13841 -0.16008 -0.47946 0.55709 0.19852 0.22743 -0.20301 0.00000 P1 0.8917 0.7380 0.7030 0.6587 0.1608 0.0943 0.5825 0.5274 0.5738 1.0000 P2 -0.04963 1.00000 0.40825 0.59761 0.53758 -0.34503 0.03818 -0.07143 0.46371 0.54261 0.17252 P2 0.8917 0.2415 0.0681 0.1090 0.3289 0.9166 0.8445 0.1770 0.1051 0.6337 P3 -0.12157 0.40825 1.00000 0.48795 -0.14631 -0.28172 -0.21822 -0.17496 -0.31180 -0.03408 -0.28172 P3 0.7380 0.2415 0.1525 0.6867 0.4304 0.5447 0.6288 0.3805 0.9255 0.4304 P4 -0.13841 0.59761 0.48795 1.00000 -0.07139 -0.19245 -0.10648 0.19920 0.45644 0.34922 0.00000 P4 0.7030 0.0681 0.1525 0.8446 0.5943 0.7697 0.5811 0.1848 0.3226 1.0000 P5 -0.16008 0.53758 -0.14631 -0.07139 1.00000 0.12365 0.12315 0.15359 0.27372 0.55347 0.37096 P5 0.6587 0.1090 0.6867 0.8446 0.7336 0.7347 0.6718 0.4441 0.0970 0.2913 P6 -0.47946 -0.34503 -0.28172 -0.19245 0.12365 1.00000 0.18443 0.00000 -0.26352 0.20162 -0.16667 P6 0.1608 0.3289 0.4304 0.5943 0.7336 0.6100 1.0000 0.4619 0.5765 0.6454 P7 0.55709 0.03818 -0.21822 -0.10648 0.12315 0.18443 1.00000 0.41998 0.40825 0.15617 -0.36886 P7 0.0943 0.9166 0.5447 0.7697 0.7347 0.6100 0.2269 0.2415 0.6666 0.2942 P8 0.19852 -0.07143 -0.17496 0.19920 0.15359 0.00000 0.41998 1.00000 0.46371 -0.08348 0.17252 P8 0.5825 0.8445 0.6288 0.5811 0.6718 1.0000 0.2269 0.1770 0.8187 0.6337 P9 0.22743 0.46371 -0.31180 0.45644 0.27372 -0.26352 0.40825 0.46371 1.00000 0.54194 0.00000 P9 0.5274 0.1770 0.3805 0.1848 0.4441 0.4619 0.2415 0.1770 0.1056 1.0000 P10 -0.20301 0.54261 -0.03408 0.34922 0.55347 0.20162 0.15617 -0.08348 0.54194 1.00000 -0.20162 P10 0.5738 0.1051 0.9255 0.3226 0.0970 0.5765 0.6666 0.8187 0.1056 0.5765 P11 0.00000 0.17252 -0.28172 0.00000 0.37096 -0.16667 -0.36886 0.17252 0.00000 -0.20162 1.00000 P11 1.0000 0.6337 0.4304 1.0000 0.2913 0.6454 0.2942 0.6337 1.0000 0.5765 P12 0.08700 -0.08348 -0.03408 0.58203 -0.34405 0.00000 -0.06693 0.12522 0.38255 0.26829 -0.20162 P12 0.8111 0.8187 0.9255 0.0775 0.3303 1.0000 0.8542 0.7303 0.2753 0.4536 0.5765 P13 -0.16643 -0.41063 -0.30734 -0.28630 -0.15943 0.33059 -0.23778 -0.58173 -0.20908 0.21996 -0.33059 P13 0.6459 0.2385 0.3877 0.4226 0.6600 0.3508 0.5083 0.0777 0.5621 0.5415 0.3508 P14 -0.23973 0.17252 -0.28172 0.00000 0.37096 0.50000 0.36886 -0.17252 0.39528 0.80648 -0.50000 P14 0.5047 0.6337 0.4304 1.0000 0.2913 0.1411 0.2942 0.6337 0.2582 0.0048 0.1411 P15 0.55709 0.55882 0.57530 0.47432 -0.02612 -0.46945 0.48052 0.19437 0.31546 0.15617 -0.23473 P15 0.0943 0.0931 0.0819 0.1660 0.9429 0.1710 0.1598 0.5905 0.3746 0.6666 0.5139 P16 0.02653 0.61088 0.71700 0.53240 0.25998 -0.55328 -0.22449 0.22908 0.11664 0.15617 0.18443 P16 0.9420 0.0606 0.0196 0.1131 0.4682 0.0971 0.5329 0.5244 0.7483 0.6666 0.6100 P17 0.32497 0.46771 0.05455 0.18634 0.55075 -0.32275 0.10714 0.13363 0.28067 0.15617 0.32275 P17 0.3596 0.1729 0.8810 0.6062 0.0990 0.3630 0.7683 0.7128 0.4322 0.6666 0.3630 P18 0.13841 0.39841 -0.16265 0.11111 0.64253 -0.38490 0.10648 0.39841 0.60858 0.34922 0.19245 P18 0.7030 0.2541 0.6535 0.7599 0.0451 0.2721 0.7697 0.2541 0.0619 0.3226 0.5943 P19 -0.32497 0.36748 -0.32733 0.18634 0.76626 0.16137 -0.10714 0.20045 0.48479 0.62470 0.32275 P19 0.3596 0.2962 0.3559 0.6062 0.0097 0.6560 0.7683 0.5787 0.1556 0.0535 0.3630 P20 0.17041 0.09197 -0.40050 0.00000 0.46145 -0.14809 0.36051 0.70511 0.63220 0.10749 0.14809 P20 0.6379 0.8005 0.2514 1.0000 0.1794 0.6831 0.3061 0.0228 0.0499 0.7676 0.6831 P21 -0.29361 0.42258 -0.34503 -0.23570 0.60578 0.20412 0.22588 -0.21129 0.32275 0.49386 0.00000 P21 0.4103 0.2237 0.3289 0.5121 0.0634 0.5716 0.5303 0.5579 0.3630 0.1468 1.0000 P22 0.06190 0.23757 -0.26671 -0.24845 0.50020 0.14344 0.11111 -0.35635 0.15876 0.71146 0.00000 P22 0.8651 0.5087 0.4563 0.4888 0.1409 0.6926 0.7599 0.3122 0.6613 0.0210 1.0000 Test of Reliability: For Performance

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 10 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P1 0.08700 -0.16643 -0.23973 0.55709 0.02653 0.32497 0.13841 -0.32497 0.17041 -0.29361 0.06190 P1 0.8111 0.6459 0.5047 0.0943 0.9420 0.3596 0.7030 0.3596 0.6379 0.4103 0.8651 P2 -0.08348 -0.41063 0.17252 0.55882 0.61088 0.46771 0.39841 0.36748 0.09197 0.42258 0.23757 P2 0.8187 0.2385 0.6337 0.0931 0.0606 0.1729 0.2541 0.2962 0.8005 0.2237 0.5087 P3 -0.03408 -0.30734 -0.28172 0.57530 0.71700 0.05455 -0.16265 -0.32733 -0.40050 -0.34503 -0.26671 P3 0.9255 0.3877 0.4304 0.0819 0.0196 0.8810 0.6535 0.3559 0.2514 0.3289 0.4563 P4 0.58203 -0.28630 0.00000 0.47432 0.53240 0.18634 0.11111 0.18634 0.00000 -0.23570 -0.24845 P4 0.0775 0.4226 1.0000 0.1660 0.1131 0.6062 0.7599 0.6062 1.0000 0.5121 0.4888 P5 -0.34405 -0.15943 0.37096 -0.02612 0.25998 0.55075 0.64253 0.76626 0.46145 0.60578 0.50020 P5 0.3303 0.6600 0.2913 0.9429 0.4682 0.0990 0.0451 0.0097 0.1794 0.0634 0.1409 P6 0.00000 0.33059 0.50000 -0.46945 -0.55328 -0.32275 -0.38490 0.16137 -0.14809 0.20412 0.14344 P6 1.0000 0.3508 0.1411 0.1710 0.0971 0.3630 0.2721 0.6560 0.6831 0.5716 0.6926 P7 -0.06693 -0.23778 0.36886 0.48052 -0.22449 0.10714 0.10648 -0.10714 0.36051 0.22588 0.11111 P7 0.8542 0.5083 0.2942 0.1598 0.5329 0.7683 0.7697 0.7683 0.3061 0.5303 0.7599 P8 0.12522 -0.58173 -0.17252 0.19437 0.22908 0.13363 0.39841 0.20045 0.70511 -0.21129 -0.35635 P8 0.7303 0.0777 0.6337 0.5905 0.5244 0.7128 0.2541 0.5787 0.0228 0.5579 0.3122 P9 0.38255 -0.20908 0.39528 0.31546 0.11664 0.28067 0.60858 0.48479 0.63220 0.32275 0.15876 P9 0.2753 0.5621 0.2582 0.3746 0.7483 0.4322 0.0619 0.1556 0.0499 0.3630 0.6613 P10 0.26829 0.21996 0.80648 0.15617 0.15617 0.15617 0.34922 0.62470 0.10749 0.49386 0.71146 P10 0.4536 0.5415 0.0048 0.6666 0.6666 0.6666 0.3226 0.0535 0.7676 0.1468 0.0210 P11 -0.20162 -0.33059 -0.50000 -0.23473 0.18443 0.32275 0.19245 0.32275 0.14809 0.00000 0.00000 P11 0.5765 0.3508 0.1411 0.5139 0.6100 0.3630 0.5943 0.3630 0.6831 1.0000 1.0000 P12 1.00000 0.41992 0.20162 0.01420 -0.06693 0.15617 0.11641 0.23426 0.10749 -0.49386 -0.15617 P12 0.2270 0.5765 0.9689 0.8542 0.6666 0.7488 0.5148 0.7676 0.1468 0.6666 P13 0.41992 1.00000 0.49588 -0.57035 -0.60360 -0.03201 -0.09543 0.19206 -0.20562 0.00000 0.29875 P13 0.2270 0.1449 0.0851 0.0646 0.9301 0.7931 0.5950 0.5688 1.0000 0.4018 P14 0.20162 0.49588 1.00000 -0.11736 -0.36886 0.00000 0.19245 0.48412 0.14809 0.61237 0.57378 P14 0.5765 0.1449 0.7468 0.2942 1.0000 0.5943 0.1562 0.6831 0.0598 0.0829 P15 0.01420 -0.57035 -0.11736 1.00000 0.61039 0.20455 0.06776 -0.31818 -0.04171 -0.14374 0.01010 P15 0.9689 0.0851 0.7468 0.0609 0.5708 0.8525 0.3703 0.9089 0.6920 0.9779 P16 -0.06693 -0.60360 -0.36886 0.61039 1.00000 0.28571 0.31944 0.07143 0.03277 -0.22588 -0.04762 P16 0.8542 0.0646 0.2942 0.0609 0.4236 0.3683 0.8445 0.9284 0.5303 0.8961 P17 0.15617 -0.03201 0.00000 0.20455 0.28571 1.00000 0.74536 0.56250 0.54486 0.00000 -0.02778 P17 0.6666 0.9301 1.0000 0.5708 0.4236 0.0133 0.0905 0.1034 1.0000 0.9393 P18 0.11641 -0.09543 0.19245 0.06776 0.31944 0.74536 1.00000 0.74536 0.85498 0.23570 0.08282 P18 0.7488 0.7931 0.5943 0.8525 0.3683 0.0133 0.0133 0.0016 0.5121 0.8201 P19 0.23426 0.19206 0.48412 -0.31818 0.07143 0.56250 0.74536 1.00000 0.60222 0.39528 0.30556 P19 0.5148 0.5950 0.1562 0.3703 0.8445 0.0905 0.0133 0.0654 0.2582 0.3906 P20 0.10749 -0.20562 0.14809 -0.04171 0.03277 0.54486 0.85498 0.60222 1.00000 0.18137 -0.17843 P20 0.7676 0.5688 0.6831 0.9089 0.9284 0.1034 0.0016 0.0654 0.6161 0.6219 P21 -0.49386 0.00000 0.61237 -0.14374 -0.22588 0.00000 0.23570 0.39528 0.18137 1.00000 0.52705 P21 0.1468 1.0000 0.0598 0.6920 0.5303 1.0000 0.5121 0.2582 0.6161 0.1175 P22 -0.15617 0.29875 0.57378 0.01010 -0.04762 -0.02778 0.08282 0.30556 -0.17843 0.52705 1.00000 P22 0.6666 0.4018 0.0829 0.9779 0.8961 0.9393 0.8201 0.3906 0.6219 0.1175 Test of Reliability: For Performance

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 10 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27 P28 P29 P30 P1 -0.65517 0.16008 -0.48276 -0.23875 0.29361 -0.04963 -0.62461 -0.23973 P1 0.0398 0.6587 0.1576 0.5065 0.4103 0.8917 0.0535 0.5047 P2 -0.44666 -0.02560 0.04963 0.61088 -0.21129 0.28571 0.19437 0.34503 P2 0.1956 0.9440 0.8917 0.0606 0.5579 0.4236 0.5905 0.3289 P3 0.12157 -0.06270 0.52679 0.40526 -0.34503 -0.17496 0.57530 0.00000 P3 0.7380 0.8634 0.1177 0.2453 0.3289 0.6288 0.0819 1.0000 P4 -0.13841 0.07139 -0.27682 0.10648 0.00000 0.39841 -0.06776 0.19245 P4 0.7030 0.8446 0.4388 0.7697 1.0000 0.2541 0.8525 0.5943 P5 -0.19565 0.10092 0.24901 0.67048 0.00000 0.40958 0.32218 0.12365 P5 0.5880 0.7815 0.4878 0.0339 1.0000 0.2398 0.3639 0.7336 P6 0.71919 0.49462 0.11987 -0.18443 -0.40825 -0.17252 0.11736 -0.33333 P6 0.0191 0.1461 0.7415 0.6100 0.2415 0.6337 0.7468 0.3466 P7 -0.02653 0.83468 -0.29181 -0.42857 0.00000 0.03818 -0.42857 -0.36886 P7 0.9420 0.0027 0.4133 0.2165 1.0000 0.9166 0.2165 0.2942 P8 0.04963 0.35839 -0.19852 -0.34362 0.42258 0.82143 -0.17008 0.17252 P8 0.8917 0.3092 0.5825 0.3310 0.2237 0.0036 0.6385 0.6337 P9 -0.41695 0.31282 -0.60648 -0.17496 0.48412 0.60010 -0.51959 0.13176 P9 0.2306 0.3788 0.0630 0.6288 0.1562 0.0666 0.1237 0.7167 P10 -0.08700 0.34405 -0.08700 0.37928 0.00000 0.12522 0.01420 -0.20162 P10 0.8111 0.3303 0.8111 0.2797 1.0000 0.7303 0.9689 0.5765 P11 -0.47946 -0.61827 -0.11987 0.36886 0.00000 0.51755 0.00000 0.66667 P11 0.1608 0.0567 0.7415 0.2942 1.0000 0.1255 1.0000 0.0353 P12 -0.08700 0.19446 -0.66702 -0.29004 0.49386 0.12522 -0.55371 -0.40324 P12 0.8111 0.5903 0.0351 0.4163 0.1468 0.7303 0.0968 0.2479 P13 0.16643 0.03679 -0.19021 -0.05487 0.20244 -0.58173 -0.22115 -0.66118 P13 0.6459 0.9196 0.5987 0.8803 0.5749 0.0777 0.5392 0.0374 P14 0.23973 0.61827 -0.11987 0.00000 0.00000 -0.17252 -0.11736 -0.50000 P14 0.5047 0.0567 0.7415 1.0000 1.0000 0.6337 0.7468 0.1411 P15 -0.38827 0.28735 -0.05064 0.09091 -0.14374 0.07289 -0.07438 0.00000 P15 0.2675 0.4208 0.8895 0.8028 0.6920 0.8414 0.8382 1.0000 P16 -0.29181 -0.25998 0.37139 0.59184 0.00000 0.41998 0.48052 0.36886 P16 0.4133 0.4682 0.2907 0.0715 1.0000 0.2269 0.1598 0.2942 P17 -0.55709 0.04789 -0.20891 0.46429 0.39528 0.30067 -0.13636 -0.16137 P17 0.0943 0.8955 0.5624 0.1764 0.2582 0.3986 0.7072 0.6560 P18 -0.41523 0.07139 -0.13841 0.31944 0.70711 0.59761 -0.06776 0.00000 P18 0.2328 0.8446 0.7030 0.3683 0.0222 0.0681 0.8525 1.0000 P19 -0.13927 0.07184 -0.13927 0.42857 0.39528 0.53452 0.02273 0.00000 P19 0.7012 0.8437 0.7012 0.2165 0.2582 0.1114 0.9503 1.0000 P20 -0.17041 0.30764 -0.27691 -0.13109 0.72548 0.70511 -0.25027 0.00000 P20 0.6379 0.3872 0.4386 0.7181 0.0176 0.0228 0.4856 1.0000 P21 0.00000 0.15145 0.14681 0.22588 -0.25000 0.00000 0.14374 0.20412 P21 1.0000 0.6762 0.6857 0.5303 0.4860 1.0000 0.6920 0.5716 P22 -0.26823 0.03193 0.04127 0.42857 -0.17568 -0.20787 0.01010 -0.14344 P22 0.4537 0.9302 0.9099 0.2165 0.6273 0.5644 0.9779 0.6926 Test of Reliability: For Performance

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 10 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P23 -0.65517 -0.44666 0.12157 -0.13841 -0.19565 0.71919 -0.02653 0.04963 -0.41695 -0.08700 -0.47946 P23 0.0398 0.1956 0.7380 0.7030 0.5880 0.0191 0.9420 0.8917 0.2306 0.8111 0.1608 P24 0.16008 -0.02560 -0.06270 0.07139 0.10092 0.49462 0.83468 0.35839 0.31282 0.34405 -0.61827 P24 0.6587 0.9440 0.8634 0.8446 0.7815 0.1461 0.0027 0.3092 0.3788 0.3303 0.0567 P25 -0.48276 0.04963 0.52679 -0.27682 0.24901 0.11987 -0.29181 -0.19852 -0.60648 -0.08700 -0.11987 P25 0.1576 0.8917 0.1177 0.4388 0.4878 0.7415 0.4133 0.5825 0.0630 0.8111 0.7415 P26 -0.23875 0.61088 0.40526 0.10648 0.67048 -0.18443 -0.42857 -0.34362 -0.17496 0.37928 0.36886 P26 0.5065 0.0606 0.2453 0.7697 0.0339 0.6100 0.2165 0.3310 0.6288 0.2797 0.2942 P27 0.29361 -0.21129 -0.34503 0.00000 0.00000 -0.40825 0.00000 0.42258 0.48412 0.00000 0.00000 P27 0.4103 0.5579 0.3289 1.0000 1.0000 0.2415 1.0000 0.2237 0.1562 1.0000 1.0000 P28 -0.04963 0.28571 -0.17496 0.39841 0.40958 -0.17252 0.03818 0.82143 0.60010 0.12522 0.51755 P28 0.8917 0.4236 0.6288 0.2541 0.2398 0.6337 0.9166 0.0036 0.0666 0.7303 0.1255 P29 -0.62461 0.19437 0.57530 -0.06776 0.32218 0.11736 -0.42857 -0.17008 -0.51959 0.01420 0.00000 P29 0.0535 0.5905 0.0819 0.8525 0.3639 0.7468 0.2165 0.6385 0.1237 0.9689 1.0000 P30 -0.23973 0.34503 0.00000 0.19245 0.12365 -0.33333 -0.36886 0.17252 0.13176 -0.20162 0.66667 P30 0.5047 0.3289 1.0000 0.5943 0.7336 0.3466 0.2942 0.6337 0.7167 0.5765 0.0353 Test of Reliability: For Performance

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 10 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P23 -0.08700 0.16643 0.23973 -0.38827 -0.29181 -0.55709 -0.41523 -0.13927 -0.17041 0.00000 -0.26823 P23 0.8111 0.6459 0.5047 0.2675 0.4133 0.0943 0.2328 0.7012 0.6379 1.0000 0.4537 P24 0.19446 0.03679 0.61827 0.28735 -0.25998 0.04789 0.07139 0.07184 0.30764 0.15145 0.03193 P24 0.5903 0.9196 0.0567 0.4208 0.4682 0.8955 0.8446 0.8437 0.3872 0.6762 0.9302 P25 -0.66702 -0.19021 -0.11987 -0.05064 0.37139 -0.20891 -0.13841 -0.13927 -0.27691 0.14681 0.04127 P25 0.0351 0.5987 0.7415 0.8895 0.2907 0.5624 0.7030 0.7012 0.4386 0.6857 0.9099 P26 -0.29004 -0.05487 0.00000 0.09091 0.59184 0.46429 0.31944 0.42857 -0.13109 0.22588 0.42857 P26 0.4163 0.8803 1.0000 0.8028 0.0715 0.1764 0.3683 0.2165 0.7181 0.5303 0.2165 P27 0.49386 0.20244 0.00000 -0.14374 0.00000 0.39528 0.70711 0.39528 0.72548 -0.25000 -0.17568 P27 0.1468 0.5749 1.0000 0.6920 1.0000 0.2582 0.0222 0.2582 0.0176 0.4860 0.6273 P28 0.12522 -0.58173 -0.17252 0.07289 0.41998 0.30067 0.59761 0.53452 0.70511 0.00000 -0.20787 P28 0.7303 0.0777 0.6337 0.8414 0.2269 0.3986 0.0681 0.1114 0.0228 1.0000 0.5644 P29 -0.55371 -0.22115 -0.11736 -0.07438 0.48052 -0.13636 -0.06776 0.02273 -0.25027 0.14374 0.01010 P29 0.0968 0.5392 0.7468 0.8382 0.1598 0.7072 0.8525 0.9503 0.4856 0.6920 0.9779 P30 -0.40324 -0.66118 -0.50000 0.00000 0.36886 -0.16137 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.20412 -0.14344 P30 0.2479 0.0374 0.1411 1.0000 0.2942 0.6560 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.5716 0.6926 Test of Reliability: For Performance

The CORR Procedure

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 10 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27 P28 P29 P30 P23 1.00000 0.37351 0.48276 -0.29181 -0.29361 -0.19852 0.45580 -0.23973 P23 0.2877 0.1576 0.4133 0.4103 0.5825 0.1855 0.5047 P24 0.37351 1.00000 -0.16008 -0.39681 0.00000 -0.02560 -0.23510 -0.61827 P24 0.2877 0.6587 0.2562 1.0000 0.9440 0.5132 0.0567 P25 0.48276 -0.16008 1.00000 0.50403 -0.44042 -0.19852 0.96224 0.11987 P25 0.1576 0.6587 0.1374 0.2027 0.5825 <.0001 0.7415 P26 -0.29181 -0.39681 0.50403 1.00000 -0.22588 0.03818 0.61039 0.18443 P26 0.4133 0.2562 0.1374 0.5303 0.9166 0.0609 0.6100 P27 -0.29361 0.00000 -0.44042 -0.22588 1.00000 0.42258 -0.43122 -0.20412 P27 0.4103 1.0000 0.2027 0.5303 0.2237 0.2134 0.5716 P28 -0.19852 -0.02560 -0.19852 0.03818 0.42258 1.00000 -0.04859 0.51755 P28 0.5825 0.9440 0.5825 0.9166 0.2237 0.8940 0.1255 P29 0.45580 -0.23510 0.96224 0.61039 -0.43122 -0.04859 1.00000 0.23473 P29 0.1855 0.5132 <.0001 0.0609 0.2134 0.8940 0.5139 P30 -0.23973 -0.61827 0.11987 0.18443 -0.20412 0.51755 0.23473 1.00000 P30 0.5047 0.0567 0.7415 0.6100 0.5716 0.1255 0.5139 Test of Validity: For Ease of Use

The CORR Procedure

2 Variables: AvgU OverallU

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label AvgU 10 3.71250 0.43918 37.12500 3.00000 4.43750 AvgU OverallU 10 3.20000 0.63246 32.00000 2.00000 4.00000 OverallU

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 10 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 AvgU OverallU AvgU 1.00000 0.45502 AvgU 0.1864 OverallU 0.45502 1.00000 OverallU 0.1864 Test of Validity:Performance

The CORR Procedure

2 Variables: AvgP OverallP

Simple Statistics Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Label AvgP 10 3.93871 0.30770 39.38710 3.45161 4.38710 AvgP OverallP 10 3.70000 0.48305 37.00000 3.00000 4.00000 OverallP

Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 10 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 AvgP OverallP AvgP 1.00000 0.75478 AvgP 0.0116 OverallP 0.75478 1.00000 OverallP 0.0116