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Fear and Loathing in Post 9/11 America: Public Perceptions of Terrorism As Shaped by News Media and the Politics of Fear University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2020 Fear and Loathing in Post 9/11 America: Public Perceptions of Terrorism as Shaped by News Media and the Politics of Fear Reinmar Cristobal Freis-Beattie University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Freis-Beattie, Reinmar Cristobal, "Fear and Loathing in Post 9/11 America: Public Perceptions of Terrorism as Shaped by News Media and the Politics of Fear" (2020). Doctoral Dissertations. 2502. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2502 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fear and Loathing in Post 9/11 America: Public Perceptions of Terrorism as Shaped by News Media and the Politics of Fear By Reinmar C. Freis-Beattie BA, West Virginia University, 2010 MA, West Virginia University, 2013 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Sociology May 2020 ii This dissertation was examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology by: Dissertation Director, Rebellon, Cesar J., Professor of Sociology University of New Hampshire Brown, Benjamin Cliff, Associate Professor of Sociology University of New Hampshire Hamilton, Lawrence C., Professor of Sociology University of New Hampshire Fox, Nicole, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice Sacramento State University Lyon, Alynna J., Professor of Political Science University of New Hampshire On 13 April 2020 . Approval signatures are on file with the University of New Hampshire Graduate School. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………………... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………... v LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………. vi LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………………… vii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………... x CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………….. 1 II. MEDIA, POLITICS, AND POBLIC OPINION OF TERRORISM AS THE MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEM FACING THE US ……………………………….. 36 III. QUANTITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS OF BROADCAST NEWS MEDIA FRAMING OF SUSPECTED TERRORIST PERPETRATORS …………………….. 67 IV. COMPARING PUBLIC FEAR OF TERRORIST ATTACKS TO PUBLIC FEAR OF MASS SHOOTINGS ……………………………………………………… 109 V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION …..…………………………………………. 166 LIST OF REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………... 196 APPENDICIES ……………………………………………………………………….. 220 iv DEDICATION To my Grandpa Ben Beattie, who passed shortly before my dissertation defense at the age of 92. Thank you for helping me develop a sense of curiosity about the world, encouraging me to question the structures that we take for granted, and teaching me that all people are deserving of human dignity. I would also like to all thank those who helped me reach this point – family, friends, professors, and mentors. I could not have done it without your support. And of course, a special thank you to my loyal Border Colle/Australian Cattle Dog, Ace, who was always there when I needed moral support. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation was party supported by a grant from the UNH Linsky Fund. No other sources of funding were used. vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1.1 Summary of Dissertation Research Questions, Data, Sample, Methods, and Measures …………………………………………………………… 33 2.1 Description of Variables – Monthly Observations ……………………... 42 2.2 Correlation Matrix (Pearson’s r) with Statistical Significance ………… 52 3.1 Variable Definitions and Descriptive Statistics ………………………… 87 3.2 Predictors of Use of Terror Frame in Broadcast News Transcripts: Mixed-Effects Logistic Regression with a Random Intercept – Odds Ratios Reported …………………………………………………………. 97 3.3 Crosstabulation of MENA and Radical Islam with Chi2 Test ………….. 103 4.1 Variable Definitions (Survey Weighted) ……………………………….. 135 4.2 Bivariate Association Between Political Candidate Support and watching WMUR News (Chi2 Reported) ………………………………. 141 4.3 Bivariate Association Between Political Candidate Support and listening to NHPR (Chi2 Reported) ……………………………………... 141 4.4 Bivariate Association Between Political Candidate Support and listening to Conservative Talk Radio (Chi2 Reported) …………………. 142 4.5 Survey weighted logistic regression comparing fear of terrorist attack to fear of mass shooting on demographics, lifestyle, political candidate support, and selective media consumption (Odds Ratios Reported) …… 144 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 2.1 Theoretical Model – Influence of Violent Events on Politics, Mass Media, and Public Opinion ………………………………………………………….. 40 2.2 Monthly Percent of Respondents Saying Terrorism is the Most Important Problem Facing the US (Gallup) 1995-2016 ……………………………….. 44 2.3 Number of Terrorist Attacks in the US 1995-2016 (Global Terrorism Database) .…………………………………………………………………… 45 2.4 Number of Terrorist Attack Casualties in the US (Ordinal) 1995-2016 (Global Terrorism Database) ………………………………………………... 46 2.5 Number of Newspaper Articles About “Terrorism” 1995-2016 (ProQuest: NY Times, Washington Post, LA Times, Chicago Trib., Wall St. Journal, Boston Globe) ………………………………………………………………. 47 2.6 Number of Presidential Remarks about “Terrorism” 1995-2016 (American Presidency Project) ………………………………………………………….. 48 2.7 US Unemployment Rate 1995-2016 (Bureau of Labor Statistics) ……………………………………………………………………………….. 49 2.8 Scatterplot Matrix of Variables ......…………………………………………. 53 2.9 Terror as MIP (1 Mo. Lag) and Number of Terror Attacks in US Overlay ……………………………………………………………………………….. 54 2.10 Terrorism as MIP (1 Mo. Lag) and US Terrorism Casualties (Ordinal) Overlay ……………………………………………………………………… 55 2.11 Terrorism as MIP (1 Mo. Lag) and Mean of Newspaper Articles Overlay ……………………………………………………………………………….. 56 2.12 Terrorism as MIP (1 Mo. Lag) and Number of Presidential Remarks Overlay ……………………………………………………………………… 57 2.13 Terrorism as MIP (1 Mo. Lag) and Unemployment Rate Overlay …………. 58 2.14 Terrorism as MIP and Major Events ………………………………………... 59 3.1 Use of Terror Frame by Incident Characteristics (Weapon Type) 1992- 2016 …………………………………………………………………………. 88 3.2 Use of Terror Frame by Incident Characteristics (Num. Killed) 1992-2016 .. 89 3.3 Use of Terror Frame by Incident Characteristics (Year) 1992-2016 ……….. 89 viii 3.4 Use of Terror Frame by Transcript Characteristics (About Incident) 1992- 2016 …………………………………………………………………………. 90 3.5 Use of Terror Frame by Transcript Characteristics (Expert Guest) 1992- 2016 …………………………………………………………………………. 91 3.6 Use of Terror Frame by Transcript Characteristics (News Org.) 1992-2016 ……………………………………………………………………………….. 91 3.7 Use of Terror Frame by Suspect Characteristics (Race/Ethnicity) 1992- 2016 …………………………………………………………………………. 92 3.8 Use of Terror Frame by Suspect Characteristics (Place of Birth) 1992- 2016 …………………………………………………………………………. 93 3.9 Use of Terror Frame by Suspect Characteristics (Religion/Ideology) 1992- 2016………………………………………………………………………….. 93 3.10 Predictive Margins for Use of Terrorism Frame by Suspect Race/Ethnicity with 95% Confidence Intervals (Model 1) ………………………………….. 100 3.11 Predictive Margins for Use of Terrorism Frame by Place of Birth with 95% Confidence Intervals (Model 2) …………………………………………….. 101 3.12 Predictive Margins for Use of Terrorism Frame by Suspect Ideology with 95% Confidence Intervals (Model 3) ……………………………………….. 101 4.1 Percent Somewhat or Very Worried by Sex, Age Range, and Type of Attack (Terrorist Attack and Mass Shooting) ………………………………. 137 4.2 Percent Somewhat or Very Worried by Gun Ownership, Religious Service Attendance, and Type of Attack (Terrorist Attack and Mass Shooting) ……. 138 4.3 Percent Somewhat or Very Worried by Candidate Voted for in 2016 Presidential Election and Type of Attack (Terrorist Attack and Mass Shooting) ……………………………………………………………………. 139 4.4 Percent Somewhat or Very Worried by Frequency of Watching WMUR, Listening to NHPR, Listening to CTR, and Type of Attack (Terrorist Attack and Mass Shooting) …………………………………………………………. 140 4.5 Probabilities of Respondents Reporting Being Very or Somewhat Worried about a Terrorist Attack by Candidate Voted for in 2016 Presidential Election with 95% CI ……………………………………………………….. 147 4.6 Probabilities of Respondents Reporting Being Very or Somewhat Worried about a Mass Shooting by Candidate Voted for in 2016 Presidential Election with 95% CI ……………………………………………………….. 149 4.7 Probabilities of Respondents Reporting Being Very or Somewhat Worried About a Terrorist Attack and a Mass Shooting by Sex with 95% CI ……….. 150 4.8 Probabilities of Respondents Reporting Being Very or Somewhat Worried About a Terrorist Attack and a Mass Shooting by Age Range with 95% CI .. 151 ix 4.9 Probabilities of Respondents Reporting Being Very or Somewhat Worried About a Terrorist Attack and a Mass Shooting by Gun Ownership with 95% CI …………………………………………………………………………… 152 4.10 Probabilities of Respondents Reporting Being Very or Somewhat Worried About a Terrorist Attack and a Mass Shooting by Frequency of Religious Service Attendance with 95% CI …………………………………………… 153 4.11 Probabilities of Respondents Reporting Being Very or Somewhat Worried About a Terrorist Attack and a Mass Shooting by Candidate
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