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Federal Republic of Germany Antarctic Treaty FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY ANTARCTIC TREATY EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION UNDER ARTICLES III (1) AND VII (5) FOR 2007 - 2008 PART II ANNUAL REPORT Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs Berlin April 2008 2. ANNUAL REPORT (01 October 2006 – 30 September 2007) ......................................................................3 2.1 Scientific Information ...............................................................................................................................3 2.1.1 Forward Plans ......................................................................................................................................3 2.1.2 Science Activities in the previous year (01 October 2006 – 30 September 2007)...............................3 2.2 Operational Information ........................................................................................................................ 17 2.2.1 National Expeditions.......................................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Permit Information ................................................................................................................................. 46 2.3.1 Visits to Protected Areas................................................................................................................ 46 2.3.2 Taking and harmful interference with flora and fauna ................................................................ 46 2.3.3 Introduction of non-native species ............................................................................................... 47 2.4 Environmental Information ................................................................................................................... 47 2.4.1 Compliance with the Protocol........................................................................................................ 47 2.4.2 List of IEEs and CEEs ..................................................................................................................... 47 2.4.3 Monitoring activities report............................................................................................................ 48 2.4.4 Waste Management Plans .............................................................................................................. 48 2.5. Relevant National Legislation.............................................................................................................. 48 2.6 Other Information................................................................................................................................... 48 2.6.1 Inspection Reports.......................................................................................................................... 48 2.6.2 Notice of Activities undertaken in Case of Emergencies .................................................................. 48 a) Accidents and Medical Evacuations within the German Antarctic Program .......................................... 48 b) Report on an aircraft accident and aircraft removal during DROMLAN operations............................... 50 2. ANNUAL REPORT (01 October 2006 – 30 September 2007) 2.1 Scientific Information 2.1.1 Forward Plans Germany as one of the consultative parties since 1981 maintains its long-term commitment of scientific research in Antarctica. The Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) as the national co- ordinator enables Germany to maintain this role from its research and long-term monitoring and survey activities. In addition to AWI, the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) undertake long-term survey and remote sensing activities in Antarctica. The DFG Priority Program “Antarctic Research with comparative investigations in ice covered Arctic regions” supports Antarctic research projects of German universities. Scientific activities will also be coordinated with other national programs. AWI provides the main infrastructure for polar research, maintains the permanent German presence in Antarctica, and supports international objectives through collaborative scientific and logistic links with many other national programs. AWI will keep mobile and stationary infrastructures not only in top condition but also adapt to ever changing requirements posed by new scientific experiments and field observations. As an important contribution for long-term scientific activities will be the replacement of the present Neumayer Station II by a new permanently occupied research station Neumayer Station III being commissioned in February 2009. In parallel efforts will be continued to further develop logistic infrastructure in the frame of international collaboration. As a priority the international project Dronning Maud Land Air Network (DROMLAN) will be supported by AWI in order to maintain and further improve an intercontinental air-link from Cape Town to destinations in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. 2.1.2 Science Activities in the previous year (01 October 2006 – 30 September 2007) The Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) coordinated all German Antarctic activities. The following German institutions performed in the frame of their research programs Antarctic expeditions as well as operated stations or camps in Antarctica: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) German Aerospace Centre (DLR) Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG) Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) Further Antarctic activities were performed in co-operation with other national institutions and universities. (a) Ship operations RV Polarstern - Leg ANT XXIII/7 Period: 24 August 2006 -29 October 2006 Scientific Leader: Peter Lemke (AWI) Area of activity: North-western Weddell Sea Scientific activities report: RV Polarstern left port in Cape Town (South Africa) early morning on 25 August 2006 to perform oceanographic, sea ice, biological, air chemistry and bathymetric investigations in the north-western Weddell Sea southward of the South Orkney Islands. The oceanographic work was dedicated to investigate the winter conditions in the dominant regions of deep and bottom water production and export to the world’s oceans. Dense sections across the main passages east and west of the South Orkney Islands and a section to the south to the Larsen-A region comprised the main hydrographical activities, which were aimed at the understanding of the formation, the distribution, the pathways and the export of the deep water masses. The hydrographical work was complemented by tracer measurements (Helium isotopes 3He and 4He, Neon and CFCs), which will also be used to characterise water mass formation and transport, and by iceberg marking to provide a better estimate on their drift trajectories and the freshwater input to the Weddell Sea due to iceberg melting. In addition, total CO2 and total alkalinity were measured during the cruise which, in combination with auxiliary data, will allow deriving the anthropogenic CO2 signal in Weddell Sea waters. It is expected that these data will provide an estimate of the total annual anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the Weddell Sea water masses. Furthermore, six bottom pressure sensors were deployed on the sea floor in the area of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) to acquire multi-year time-series of ocean bottom pressure and acoustic travel time to the surface for the validation of gravity field variability measurements by the GRACE satellite mission, for estimates of the variability of ocean currents, transport, heat content and mass in the South Atlantic part of the ACC. Sea ice plays a major role in determining the exchange between ocean and atmosphere in polar regions and affects the climate system also on the global scale. The sea ice characteristics in winter in the Weddell Sea are poorly known and were investigated in detail, especially concerning the regional and temporal variability of snow and sea ice thickness, which were determined from a helicopter-borne thickness sensor, from the ship’s sea ice monitoring system and from in-situ measurements on the ice. The main emphasis was given to the characteristics of first-year and second-year ice and especially to the modification of the ecosystem after survival of the summer melt. Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that salty frost flowers on newly formed sea ice represented the long-sought major source of polar tropospheric bromine. In order to shed light on this, trace gas measurements over the sea ice surface were performed, to collect samples of frost flowers, and to analyze the results using surface information from both ship observations and from satellite. The aim was to verify the potential bromine sources and to possibly quantify and parameterize the bromine fluxes. The main focus of the sea ice – biogeochemistry and biodiversity work was directed on the characterization of the physical, chemical and biological interactions in the Weddell Sea during winter, in order to understand the evolution of the biomass production in this part of the seasonal cycle. As part of these activities photosynthetic parameters and bio-optical properties of sea ice were determined to understand the influence and forcing factors on sea ice primary production. The distribution of organisms in and below the sea ice was investigated with respect to species composition, vertical distribution, abundance, biomass, as well as their living conditions,
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