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Development and Assessment of Organic Growing Substrates for Tomato Transplant Production and Disease Suppression

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Development and Assessment of Organic Growing Substrates for Tomato Transplant Production and Disease Suppression DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF ORGANIC GROWING SUBSTRATES FOR TOMATO TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION AND DISEASE SUPPRESSION A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by CLAUDIA MIREILLE LAFRENIERE In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science May, 2011 © Claudia Mireille Lafreniere, 2011 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-80008-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-80008-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada ABSTRACT DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF ORGANIC GROWING SUBSTRATES FOR TOMATO TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION AND DISEASE SUPPRESSION Claudia Mireille Lafreniere Advisors: University of Guelph, 2011 Dr. Youbin Zheng Dr. Mike Dixon Organic systems are rigidly regulated in Canada and specify that no synthetic materials be permitted in growing substrates. Research on organic growing substrates is generally not sufficient enough that practical and dependable use recommendations for organic growers can be made. This thesis is an investigation of organic growing substrates for the production of healthy organic tomato transplants and an investigation of the use of manure compost, alone or in combination with Clonostachys rosea, for the suppression of root disease caused by Pythium ultimum in organic tomato transplants. Several substrate formulations consisting of peat moss, coconut coir, fine perlite, fine vermiculite, manure compost, vermicompost, worm castings, yard waste compost, pine bark compost, and/ or aged pine bark were successful for growing healthy tomato transplants in 10-cm pots with organic fertilizer applications. Transplant roots from sterilized substrates that were inoculated with P. ultimum were more fragile compared to other roots from other treatments, which suggested that some effect on roots was occurring. It was concluded that the establishment of P. ultimum in the root zone of transplants is more likely to occur when the transplants are grown in sterilized substrates that are not amended with the beneficial fungal endophyte C. rosea. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisory committee, Drs. Mike Dixon, Youbin Zheng, and John Sutton for the opportunity to do this research and their time spent editing and providing me with helpful advice. I would also like to thank Dr. Greg Boland for helpful edits, Dr. Paul Sibley for acting as chair at my defense, Dr. Barry Micallef for accepting to be an external at my defense, and Ron Dutton, Roger Shantz, and David Kerec for technical support and assistance in the greenhouse. Sincere thanks to my Colleagues Celia Kennedy, Diane Cayannan, Donny Cayannan, Jamie Lawson, Jamie Simpson, Linping Wang, Maria Dombrowski, Matt Hannaberg, Dr. Micheal Stasiak, Olathe Maclntyre, Ping Zhang, and Tom Graham for their advice and support. A very special thanks goes out to Dr. Victoria Surrage for all the assistance, the late nights, the friendship, and advice throughout my research and to my family members for financial and emotional support. I would also like to thank the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and the Ontario Centre of Excellence for providing financial support, De Ruiter Seeds Inc. (Lakewood, CO, United States), Dingo Farms (Bradford, ON, Canada), Forterra Inc. (Puslinch, ON, Canada), Gro-Bark Organics Ltd. (Milton, ON, Canada), Millenniumsoils Coir Inc. (St. Catharines, ON, Canada), Peter van Straaten (University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada) and Ed Vermolen (Aldershot Greenhouses Ltd., Burlington, ON, Canada) for materials. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Literature Review 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Greenhouse Tomato Production in Canada 2 1.2.1 Types of Production Systems 2 1.2.2 Soilless Organic Growing Substrates 7 1.3 Compost 7 1.3.1 Compost Utilization: Waste Management, Enhanced Crop Production, and Climate Change Mitigation 9 1.3.2 The Composting Process 11 1.3.3 Strategies to Optimize the Use of Compost 19 1.4 Disease 25 1.4.1 Common Diseases of Tomato 26 1.4.2 Current Disease Management Strategies 26 1.4.3 Disease Management with Composts 28 1.4.4 Disease Management with Seeded/ Inoculated Microorganisms 31 1.4.5 Rhizosphere Competency of Microorganisms and the Carrying Capacity of Compost-Amended Growing Substrates 33 1.4.6 Mechanisms of Action of Disease Suppression 34 1.5 Thesis Objectives 37 CHAPTER 2: Developing Organic Growing Substrates for Tomato Transplant Production 39 2.1 I ntroduction 39 2.2 Materials and Methods 42 2.2.1 Substrate Preparation 42 2.2.2 Chemical Properties of the Substrates 46 2.2.3 Growth Experiment 47 2.2.4 Growth Measurements 48 2.2.5 Statistical Analysis 49 n 2.3 Results and Discussion 49 2.4 Conclusion 57 CHAPTER 3: Zeolite as a Component in Organic Growing Substrates for Tomato Transplant Production ". 58 3.1 I ntroduction 58 3.2 Materials and Methods 59 3.2.1 Substrate Preparation 59 3.2.2 Chemical Properties of the Substrates 59 3.2.3 Growth Experiment 60 3.2.4 Growth Measurements 62 3.2.5 Statistical Analysis 62 3.3 Results and Discussion 62 3.4 Conclusion 65 CHAPTER 4: Developing New Organic Growing Substrates for Tomato Transplant Production 66 4.1 Introduction 66 4.2 Materials and Methods 67 4.2.1 Substrate Preparation 67 4.2.2 Growth Experiment 70 4.2.3 Chemical Properties of the Substrates 72 4.2.4 Growth Measurements 74 4.2.5 Leaf Chlorophyll Content and Gas Exchange Measurements 74 4.2.6 Statistical Analysis 74 4.3 Results and Discussion 75 4.4 Conclusion 88 CHAPTER 5: Using Processed Organic Waste in Growing Substrates for Tomato Transplant Production 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Materials and Methods 91 5.2.1 Substrate Preparation 91 5.2.2 Growth Experiment 95 5.2.3 Chemical Properties of the Substrates 96 5.2.4 Growth Measurements 96 5.2.5 Statistical Analysis 97 5.3 Results and Discussion 98 5.4 Conclusion 110 iii CHAPTER 6: Rate of Inclusion of Manure Compost in Organic Growing Substrates for Tomato Transplant Production 111 6.1 I ntroduction 111 6.2 Materials and Methods 113 6.2.1 Substrate Preparation 113 6.2.2 Growth Experiment 114 6.2.3 Chemical Properties of the Substrates 114 6.2.4 Growth Measurements and Leaf Chlorophyll Content Index 115 6.2.5 Physical Properties of the Substrates 115 6.2.6 Statistical Analysis 117 6.3 Results and Discussion 117 6.4 Conclusion 130 CHAPTER 7: Comparing the Physical Properties of Growing Substrates Including Peat, Coir, and Aged Pine Bark to the Physical Properties of Growing Substrates Including Peat, Coir, Perlite, and Vermiculite 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Materials and Methods 131 7.2.1 Substrate Preparation 131 7.2.2 Chemical Properties of the Substrates 133 7.2.3 Growth Experiment 134 7.2.4 Physical Properties of the Substrates 136 7.2.5 Growth measurements 137 7.2.6 Statistical Analysis 137 7.3 Results and Discussion 137 7.4 Conclusion 147 CHAPTER 8: Using Compost and Clonostachy rosea Inoculant to Suppress Pythium ultimum in Tomato Transplants 148 8.1 Introduction 148 8.2 Materials and Methods 152 8.2.1 Substrate Preparation 152 8.2.2 Chemical Properties of the Substrates 152 8.2.3 Growth Experiment 155 8.2.4 Treatments 157 8.2.5 Pathogen 158 8.2.6 Growth Measurements 159 8.2.7 Microbiology 159 8.2.8 Statistical Analysis 163 IV 8.3 Results 164 8.4 Discussion 178 8.5 Conclusion 186 CHAPTER 9:Summary and Recommendations 187 9.1 Summary 186 9.2 Recommendations 195 REFERENCES 200 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Abbreviations, and source information for materials 43 Table 2.2 Compacted bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, and content of initial water-soluble nutrients in the individual materials 44 Table 2.3 Compositions of the growing substrates tested .46 Table 2.4 Substrates ranked
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