DOCSLIB.ORG

Risk Assessment of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Fungi in the Genus Stemphylium

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Risk Assessment of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Fungi in the Genus Stemphylium Canadian Journal of Microbiology Risk assessment of secondary metabolites produced by fungi in the genus Stemphylium Journal: Canadian Journal of Microbiology Manuscript ID cjm-2020-0351.R1 Manuscript Type: Review Date Submitted by the 29-Oct-2020 Author: Complete List of Authors: Stricker, Sara; University of Guelph, Plant Agriculture Gossen, Bruce D.; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre; McDonald,Draft Mary Ruth; University of Guelph, Plant Agriculture Keyword: Stemphylium, toxins, allergen, Pleospora Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special Not applicable (regular submission) Issue? : © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 1 of 19 Canadian Journal of Microbiology 1 Risk assessment of secondary metabolites 2 produced by fungi in the genus Stemphylium 3 4 Sara M. Stricker1, Bruce D. Gossen2, Mary Ruth McDonald1* 5 6 1Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada 7 8 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. 9 Canada. 10 11 * [email protected] (MRM) 12 Draft 1 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Microbiology Page 2 of 19 13 Abstract 14 The fungal genus Stemphylium (phylum Ascomycota, teleomorph Pleospora) includes plant 15 pathogenic, endophytic, and saprophytic species with worldwide distributions. Stemphylium spp. 16 produce prodigious numbers of air-borne spores, so are a human health concern as allergens. 17 Some species also produce secondary metabolites such as glucosides, ferric chelates, aromatic 18 polyketides, and others that function as toxins that damage plants and other fungal species. Some 19 of these compounds also exhibit a low level of mammalian toxicity. The high production of air- 20 borne spores by this genus can result in a high incidence of human exposure. Concern about 21 toxin production appears to be the reason that S. vesicarium, which is a pathogen of several 22 vegetable crops, was classified in Canada as a potential risk of harm to humans for many years. 23 A detailed assessment of the risk of exposureDraft was provided to the relevant regulatory body, 24 Public Health Agency of Canada, which then determined that Stemphylium spp. in nature or 25 under laboratory conditions posed little to no risk to humans or animals, and the species was re- 26 assigned as a basic (level 1) risk agent. 27 28 Keywords: Stemphylium, toxins, allergen, Pleospora 29 2 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 3 of 19 Canadian Journal of Microbiology 30 Introduction 31 Until recently, the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) of the Government of Canada listed 32 Stemphylium spp. in Risk Group 2 under the authority of the Human Pathogens and Toxins Act 33 (Government of Canada 2009). This risk group contains human or animal pathogens that are 34 judged to represent a moderate risk to individuals but have a low risk of spread in communities 35 (Government of Canada 2018). Canadian regulators had listed Stemphylium vesicarium Wallr 36 (Simmons) as belonging in Risk Group 2 in previous versions of this legislation. This review was 37 undertaken to summarize the literature on the major classes of metabolites produced by 38 Stemphylium species and assess if the precaution to treat them as potential human and animal 39 pathogens was warranted based on theirDraft potential impact on human and animal health. Based on 40 this review, PHAC agreed to reduce the risk classification of Stemphylium spp. 41 Several of the more than 50 species in the fungal genus Stemphylium (phylum 42 Ascomycota, class Dothideomycetes, order Pleosporales, family Pleosporaceae) are important 43 pathogens of vegetable and fruit crops. The nomenclature for this genus has changed 44 considerably over time (see a list of the names of S. vesicarium, S1 Table). Use of the anamorph 45 name, Stemphylium, instead of the teleomorph name, Pleospora, is recommended by the 46 International Committee on the Taxonomy of Fungi (McNeill et al. 2012; Rossman et al. 2015). 47 The focus of this paper was on S. vesicarium, since it is an economically important pathogen of 48 Pyrus and Allium spp. worldwide (Aveling 1993; Llorente and Montesinos 2002). The systemic 49 review was broadened to include the entire genus due to a paucity of literature about 50 S. vesicarium alone. 51 3 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Microbiology Page 4 of 19 52 Toxins in S. vesicarium 53 Stemphylium vesicarium was the initial Stemphylium species identified by PHAC as a Risk 54 Group 2 pathogen. It has a wide host range, from onion and asparagus to pears, and an equally 55 wide geographic distribution, including South Africa, Egypt, Turkey, India, Australia, Brazil, the 56 USA, and Canada (S2 Table) (Aveling and Naude 1992; Boiteux et al. 1994; Gupta et al. 1994; 57 Suheri and Price 2000; Hassan et al. 2007; Polat et al. 2012; Hoepting and Pethybridge 2016; 58 McDonald et al. 2016). Isolates of S. vesicarium from pear produce phytotoxic metabolites 59 (Singh et al. 1999) and the leaf blight symptoms on onion and garlic may be caused by a toxin 60 (Basallote-Ureba et al. 1999). 61 Four secondary metabolites that Draftappear to be host-specific toxins are produced by 62 S. vesicarium: stemphylin, stemphyperylenol, stemphyloxin, and stemphol (Andersen et al. 63 1995). Host-specific toxins are compounds produced by plant pathogens that promote pathogen 64 colonization and symptom development by disrupting or killing host cells or tissues, but the 65 reaction only develops in susceptible host species (Tsuge et al. 2013). However, the four 66 compounds from S. vesicarium are not listed on the U. S. National Center for Computational 67 Toxicology database (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2020). Also, Stemphylium species 68 are not listed as threats by the Center for Disease Control, the Animal and Plant Health 69 Inspection Service or the Agriculture Select Agent Services (Federal Select Agent Program 70 2017) of the USA, or the European Union (European Parliament and of the Council, 2019). In 71 fact, several of the plant toxins are being examined as potential treatments for human cancer (see 72 below). 4 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 5 of 19 Canadian Journal of Microbiology 73 Stemphylin 74 Stemphylin (3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-5-α-d-glycopryranoside-2,3-dihydrochrome, C17H22O9) is a 75 chromone glucoside that has been isolated from Stemphylium botryosum Wallr., a pathogen of 76 lettuce (Lactuca sativa) (Barash et al. 1975). The structure of stemphylin is identical to 77 altersolanol A, an anthraquinone-derivative mycotoxin produced by Alternaria and Phomopsis 78 spp. (Assante and Nasini 1987; Mishra et al. 2015). Stemphylin produced necrotic lesions on 79 lettuce, vetch (Vicia sativa), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), but not 80 on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (Barash et al. 1975). Interestingly, low doses of stemphylin 81 have anti-cancer properties and have been used to treat mouse leukemia cells (Assante and 82 Nasini 1987). Conversely, stemphylin had no cytotoxic effects against five human cancer types 83 at 40 μM but exhibited toxicity to bacteriaDraft at <10 ug mL-1(Zhou et al. 2015). 84 Stemphyloxins (I and II) 85 Stemphyloxin I (C21H34O6) and stemphyloxin II (C21H32O5) are phytotoxic ferric ion chelates 86 that are trans-decalin derivatives (Li et al. 2014) identified from S. botryosum (Barash et al. 87 1983; Manulis et al. 1984). Stemphyloxin I produced lesions on tomato but not on barley 88 (Hordeum vulgare) (Barash et al. 1982). Their mammalian toxicity is not known. 89 Stemphyperylenol 90 Stemphyperylenol (C20H16O6) was isolated from S. botryosum (Arnone et al. 1986), and has 91 since been isolated from several other fungal species. Stemphyperylenol is a perylenequinone, a 92 class of aromatic polyketides with a pentacyclic core that function as pigments and have potent 93 light-induced bioactivity (Hu et al. 2019). 5 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Microbiology Page 6 of 19 94 Inoculation with stemphyperylenol extracted from Alternaria cassiae induced necrosis on 95 crabgrass, but not on sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), corn (Zea mays), timothy (Phleum pretense), 96 or soybean (Glycine max) (Hradil et al. 1989). It exhibited antibacterial activity at 3 μg mL-1 (Liu 97 et al. 2010). Stemphyperylenol extracted from Botryosphaeria dothidea, an endophyte, exhibited 98 antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi, and cytotoxicity against human colon cancer 99 cells (Xiao et al. 2014). Stemphyperylenol from another endophyte, Talaromyces sp., inhibited 100 bacterial growth at 3 μg mL-1, which is lower than that of ampicillin (12.5 μg mL-1) (Liu et al. 101 2010). However, stemphyperylenol from A. alternata did not exhibit cytotoxic effects against 102 human cancer cells (Zhao et al. 2019). 103 Stemphol Draft 104 Stemphol (2-butyl-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol, C15H24O2) is a crystalline dialkyl resorcinol that was 105 first isolated from Stemphylum majusculum E.G. Simmons (Stodola et al. 1973). Subsequent 106 studies have isolated stemphol from Stemphylium herbarum E.G. Simmons in vitro (Marumo et 107 al. 1985), S. botryosum from oilseed rape (Brassica napus) (Solfrizzo et al. 1994) and 108 Stemphylium lycopersici (Enjoji) W. Yamam on tomato (Andersen and Frisvad 2004). An 109 endophytic fungus, Gaeumannomyces amomi, also produces stemphol (Jumpathong et al. 2009). 110 Stemphol has antimicrobial activity against fungi, yeasts, and bacteria (Marumo et al. 1985). 111 The amount of stemphol produced differs with fungal species, media, and length of time 112 the culture has been in storage (Solfrizzo et al. 1994). Stemphol induces apoptosis (programmed 113 cell death) in human leukemia cells by increasing cytosolic calcium levels, and cancer cells were 114 more sensitive compared to healthy cells (Ji et al. 2018). An endophytic Stemphylium isolate 115 produced stemphol A (C15H23O5SNa), stemphol B (C17H25O6SNa), and stemphol, which all 116 exhibited antibacterial properties but were not toxic to human cancer cells (Zhou et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diversity of Endophytic Fungi from Different Verticillium-Wilt-Resistant
    J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2014), 24(9), 1149–1161 http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1402.02035 Research Article Review jmb Diversity of Endophytic Fungi from Different Verticillium-Wilt-Resistant Gossypium hirsutum and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity Against Verticillium dahliae In Vitro Zhi-Fang Li†, Ling-Fei Wang†, Zi-Li Feng, Li-Hong Zhao, Yong-Qiang Shi, and He-Qin Zhu* State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, P. R. China Received: February 18, 2014 Revised: May 16, 2014 Cotton plants were sampled and ranked according to their resistance to Verticillium wilt. In Accepted: May 16, 2014 total, 642 endophytic fungi isolates representing 27 genera were recovered from Gossypium hirsutum root, stem, and leaf tissues, but were not uniformly distributed. More endophytic fungi appeared in the leaf (391) compared with the root (140) and stem (111) sections. First published online However, no significant difference in the abundance of isolated endophytes was found among May 19, 2014 resistant cotton varieties. Alternaria exhibited the highest colonization frequency (7.9%), *Corresponding author followed by Acremonium (6.6%) and Penicillium (4.8%). Unlike tolerant varieties, resistant and Phone: +86-372-2562280; susceptible ones had similar endophytic fungal population compositions. In three Fax: +86-372-2562280; Verticillium-wilt-resistant cotton varieties, fungal endophytes from the genus Alternaria were E-mail: [email protected] most frequently isolated, followed by Gibberella and Penicillium. The maximum concentration † These authors contributed of dominant endophytic fungi was observed in leaf tissues (0.1797). The evenness of stem equally to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Patulin – a Contaminant of Food and Feed: a Review
    Acta fytotechn zootechn, 19, 2016(2): 64–67 http://www.acta.fapz.uniag.sk Review Patulin – a contaminant of food and feed: A review Katarína Zbyňovská*, Peter Petruška, Anna Kalafová, Marcela Capcarová Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic Article Details: Received: 2016-07-28 | Accepted: 2016-02-18 | Available online: 2016-05-31 dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.02.64–67 Contamination of food and agricultural commodities by various types of toxigenic molds (microscopic filamentous fungi) is a serious and widely neglected problem. Poor harvesting practices, improper drying, handling, packaging, storage and transport conditions contribute to fungal growth and increase the risk of mycotoxin production. Patulin is a toxic chemical contaminant produced by several species of microscopic filamentous fungi. It is the most common mycotoxin found in apples, apricots, grapes, grape fruit, peaches, pears, olives and cereals. Patulin has been reported to be a genotoxic, reprotoxic, embryotoxic, and immunosuppressive compound. Further research needs to be focused on the generation of data dealing with epidemiological and toxicity effects, especially in humans. Keywords: mycotoxin, patulin, toxicity 1 Mycotoxin patulin and as an ointment for treating fungal skin infections Mycotoxins are low-molecular-weight toxic chemical (Chalmers et al., 2004; Ciegler, 1977). However, during the compounds with low volatility, representing secondary 1950s and 1960s, it became apparent that, in addition metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi to its antibacterial, antiviral, and antiprotozoal activity, that colonize crops, in the field or post-harvest, capable patulin was toxic to both plants and animals, precluding of causing disease and death in humans and animals its clinical use as an antibiotic.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Pest Management: Current and Future Strategies
    Integrated Pest Management: Current and Future Strategies Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa, USA Printed in the United States of America Cover design by Lynn Ekblad, Different Angles, Ames, Iowa Graphics and layout by Richard Beachler, Instructional Technology Center, Iowa State University, Ames ISBN 1-887383-23-9 ISSN 0194-4088 06 05 04 03 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging–in–Publication Data Integrated Pest Management: Current and Future Strategies. p. cm. -- (Task force report, ISSN 0194-4088 ; no. 140) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-887383-23-9 (alk. paper) 1. Pests--Integrated control. I. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. II. Series: Task force report (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology) ; no. 140. SB950.I4573 2003 632'.9--dc21 2003006389 Task Force Report No. 140 June 2003 Council for Agricultural Science and Technology Ames, Iowa, USA Task Force Members Kenneth R. Barker (Chair), Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Esther Day, American Farmland Trust, DeKalb, Illinois Timothy J. Gibb, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Maud A. Hinchee, ArborGen, Summerville, South Carolina Nancy C. Hinkle, Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens Barry J. Jacobsen, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman James Knight, Department of Animal and Range Science, Montana State University, Bozeman Kenneth A. Langeland, Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville Evan Nebeker, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State David A. Rosenberger, Plant Pathology Department, Cornell University–Hudson Valley Laboratory, High- land, New York Donald P.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhanced Representation of Natural Product Metabolism in Uniprotkb
    H OH metabolites OH Article Diverse Taxonomies for Diverse Chemistries: Enhanced Representation of Natural Product Metabolism in UniProtKB Marc Feuermann 1,* , Emmanuel Boutet 1,* , Anne Morgat 1 , Kristian B. Axelsen 1, Parit Bansal 1, Jerven Bolleman 1 , Edouard de Castro 1, Elisabeth Coudert 1, Elisabeth Gasteiger 1,Sébastien Géhant 1, Damien Lieberherr 1, Thierry Lombardot 1,†, Teresa B. Neto 1, Ivo Pedruzzi 1, Sylvain Poux 1, Monica Pozzato 1, Nicole Redaschi 1 , Alan Bridge 1 and on behalf of the UniProt Consortium 1,2,3,4,‡ 1 Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (K.B.A.); [email protected] (P.B.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (E.d.C.); [email protected] (E.C.); [email protected] (E.G.); [email protected] (S.G.); [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (T.L.); [email protected] (T.B.N.); [email protected] (I.P.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (N.R.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (U.C.) 2 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK 3 Protein Information Resource, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, Suite 205, Newark, DE 19711, USA 4 Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3300 Whitehaven Street NorthWest, Suite 1200, Washington, DC 20007, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (E.B.); Tel.: +41-22-379-58-75 (M.F.); +41-22-379-49-10 (E.B.) † Current address: Centre Informatique, Division Calcul et Soutien à la Recherche, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Review of Patulin Control and Analysis in Foods
    COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PATULIN CONTROL AND ANALYSIS IN FOODS A Project Paper Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Professional Studies in Agriculture and Life Sciences Field of Food Science and Technology by Ana Cristina Barsallo Cochez May 2018 © 2018 Ana Cristina Barsallo Cochez ii ABSTRACT Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a number of fungal species that include Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys genera. Several adverse health effects have been attributed to patulin—it is suspected of being clastogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and in higher concentrations cytotoxic, hence the importance of prevention, timely detection, and mitigation of contamination by this toxic fungal metabolite. The primary dietary origin of patulin is apples and its products, with the occasional contamination of other fruits, vegetables, and products thereof. The persistence and stability of the molecule allow it to survive processing, poses a major issue for the safety of susceptible foods. This challenge calls for techniques that will allow us to properly identify and eliminate the metabolite from food products. This paper reviews prior research on patulin focusing on detection, control, and level-reduction methods of patulin in several stages of production of these products. iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Ana Cristina Barsallo Cochez is pursuing a Master of Professional Studies in Food Science and Technology, immediately after the completion of her Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from the University of Panama. Her interest in food safety grew while in vet school from bromatology courses, as well as an internship in the Food Safety Authority of Panama on her senior year.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds IX
    buchcover_ Fungicides VII#83F05 17.06.2020 16:32 Uhr Seite 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Proceedings of the 19th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium on Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Com- pounds 2019 The tri-annual Reinhardsbrunn Symposia have a longstan- ding tradition and are the most important international H.B. Deising, B. Fraaije, A. Mehl, meetings focusing on fungicide science today. Participants H.B. Deising, B. Fraaije, A. Mehl E.C. Oerke, H. Sierotzki, G. Stammler E.C. Oerke, H. Sierotzki, G. Stammler from twenty-four different countries around the globe presented more than one hundred outstanding contributi- ons, covering topics like different modes of fungicide resistance, resistance monitoring and management in Modern Fungicides and different areas around the world, new applications and technologies, biorational fungicides and biocontrol, and Antifungal Compounds IX regulatory aspects. Highlighting these exciting scientific topics, the outstanding contributions of all presenters at the symposium demonstrated the excellence not only of experienced but also of young scientists in an increasingly important field of plant protection. Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds IX Proceedings of the 19th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium April 7 – 11, 2019 Friedrichroda, Germany ISBN: 978-3-941261-16-7 urn:nbn:de:0294-sp-2020-reinh-8 buchcover_ Fungicides VII#83F05 17.06.2020 16:32 Uhr Seite 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Proceedings of the 19th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium on Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Com- pounds 2019 The tri-annual Reinhardsbrunn Symposia have a longstan- ding tradition and are the most important international H.B. Deising, B. Fraaije, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Biocontrol of Stemphylium Vesicarium and Pleospora Allii on Pear by Bacillus Subtilis and Trichoderma Spp.: Preventative and Curative Effects on Inoculum Production
    agronomy Article Biocontrol of Stemphylium vesicarium and Pleospora allii on Pear by Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma spp.: Preventative and Curative Effects on Inoculum Production Concepció Moragrega , Alba Carmona and Isidre Llorente * Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (A.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Trials under controlled and field conditions were conducted to establish the effect of strategies of application of biological control agents (BCAs) in the reduction of Stemphylium vesicarium and Pleospora allii inoculum production on pear leaf debris. Six BCAs based on different strains of Trichoderma spp. (Tr1, Tr2) and Bacillus subtilis (Bs1, Bs2, Bs3 and Bs4) were evaluated. Two strategies were tested in controlled experiments: application before (preventative strategy) or after (curative strategy) pear leaf debris colonization by S. vesicarium, evaluating the growth inhibition and sporulation of S. vesicarium and the pseudothecia production of P. allii. When the BCAs were applied preventatively, the efficacy of treatments based on B. subtilis was higher than those based on Trichoderma spp. in controlling the pathogen colonization, but that of controlling the inoculum Citation: Moragrega, C.; production of S. vesicarium and P. allii was similar. However, when the BCAs were applied curatively, Carmona, A.; Llorente, I. Biocontrol Trichoderma based products were more effective. In field trials, Trichoderma spp. Tr1 and B. subtlilis of Stemphylium vesicarium and Bs1 produced a consistent 45–50% decrease in the number of S. vesicarium conidia trapped compared Pleospora allii on Pear by Bacillus to the non-treated control.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Santa Cruz Responding to An
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ RESPONDING TO AN EMERGENT PLANT PEST-PATHOGEN COMPLEX ACROSS SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SCALES A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES with an emphasis in ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY by Shannon Colleen Lynch December 2020 The Dissertation of Shannon Colleen Lynch is approved: Professor Gregory S. Gilbert, chair Professor Stacy M. Philpott Professor Andrew Szasz Professor Ingrid M. Parker Quentin Williams Acting Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Shannon Colleen Lynch 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables iv List of Figures vii Abstract x Dedication xiii Acknowledgements xiv Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 References 10 Chapter 2 – Host Evolutionary Relationships Explain 12 Tree Mortality Caused by a Generalist Pest– Pathogen Complex References 38 Chapter 3 – Microbiome Variation Across a 66 Phylogeographic Range of Tree Hosts Affected by an Emergent Pest–Pathogen Complex References 110 Chapter 4 – On Collaborative Governance: Building Consensus on 180 Priorities to Manage Invasive Species Through Collective Action References 243 iii LIST OF TABLES Chapter 2 Table I Insect vectors and corresponding fungal pathogens causing 47 Fusarium dieback on tree hosts in California, Israel, and South Africa. Table II Phylogenetic signal for each host type measured by D statistic. 48 Table SI Native range and infested distribution of tree and shrub FD- 49 ISHB host species. Chapter 3 Table I Study site attributes. 124 Table II Mean and median richness of microbiota in wood samples 128 collected from FD-ISHB host trees. Table III Fungal endophyte-Fusarium in vitro interaction outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Extension Plant Pathology Update July 2013
    Extension Plant Pathology Update July 2013 Volume 1, Number 6 Edited by Jean Williams-Woodward Plant Disease Clinic Report for June 2013 By Ansuya Jogi and Jean Williams-Woodward The following tables consist of the commercial and homeowner samples submitted to the UGA plant disease clinics in Athens and Tifton for June 2013 (Table 1) and for one year ago in July 2012 (Table 2). The wet weather has been great for plant growth, as well as plant diseases. Various root rots, leaf spots and rusts have been diagnosed on almost all crops. The incidence of bacterial diseases will increase through July, as will Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia diseases. We also continue to confirm Rose Rosette-associated virus on Knock-Out rose samples. Also, Dr. Little has confirmed Cucurbit Yellow Vine Disease on squash, caused by the bacterium, Serratia marcescens. She has a graduate student working on this disease and wants to know if you are seeing it. See page 7 for her summary of cucurbit diseases, including cucurbit yellow vine disease. Looking ahead with the current weather pattern, we expect to see more leaf and root diseases on all crops. This isn’t a surprise. Warm days, cooler nights, high humidity, wet foliage and saturated soils are the recipe for plant disease development. Again, it is an exciting time to be a plant pathologist. Table 1: Plant disease clinic sample diagnoses made in June 2013 Sample Diagnosis Host Plant Commercial Sample Homeowner Sample Apple Bitter Rot (Glomerella cingulata) Alternaria Leaf Spot Alternaria sp.) Rust (Gymnosporangium sp.) Assorted Fruits Insect Damage, Unidentified Insect Nutrient Imbalance; Abiotic Banana Shrub Insect Damage, Unidentified Insect Environmental Stress; Abiotic Beans Root Problems, Abiotic disorder Bentgrass Anthracnose (Colletotrichum cereale) Colletotrichum sp./spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Livro-Inpp.Pdf
    GOVERNMENT OF BRAZIL President of Republic Michel Miguel Elias Temer Lulia Minister for Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications Gilberto Kassab MUSEU PARAENSE EMÍLIO GOELDI Director Nilson Gabas Júnior Research and Postgraduate Coordinator Ana Vilacy Moreira Galucio Communication and Extension Coordinator Maria Emilia Cruz Sales Coordinator of the National Research Institute of the Pantanal Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro Ruivo EDITORIAL BOARD Adriano Costa Quaresma (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia) Carlos Ernesto G.Reynaud Schaefer (Universidade Federal de Viçosa) Fernando Zagury Vaz-de-Mello (Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso) Gilvan Ferreira da Silva (Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental) Spartaco Astolfi Filho (Universidade Federal do Amazonas) Victor Hugo Pereira Moutinho (Universidade Federal do Oeste Paraense) Wolfgang Johannes Junk (Max Planck Institutes) Coleção Adolpho Ducke Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Natural resources in wetlands: from Pantanal to Amazonia Marcos Antônio Soares Mário Augusto Gonçalves Jardim Editors Belém 2017 Editorial Project Iraneide Silva Editorial Production Iraneide Silva Angela Botelho Graphic Design and Electronic Publishing Andréa Pinheiro Photos Marcos Antônio Soares Review Iraneide Silva Marcos Antônio Soares Mário Augusto G.Jardim Print Graphic Santa Marta Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Natural resources in wetlands: from Pantanal to Amazonia / Marcos Antonio Soares, Mário Augusto Gonçalves Jardim. organizers. Belém : MPEG, 2017. 288 p.: il. (Coleção Adolpho Ducke) ISBN 978-85-61377-93-9 1. Natural resources – Brazil - Pantanal. 2. Amazonia. I. Soares, Marcos Antonio. II. Jardim, Mário Augusto Gonçalves. CDD 333.72098115 © Copyright por/by Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 2017. Todos os direitos reservados. A reprodução não autorizada desta publicação, no todo ou em parte, constitui violação dos direitos autorais (Lei nº 9.610).
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Systematics of the Marine Dothideomycetes
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org StudieS in Mycology 64: 155–173. 2009. doi:10.3114/sim.2009.64.09 Molecular systematics of the marine Dothideomycetes S. Suetrong1, 2, C.L. Schoch3, J.W. Spatafora4, J. Kohlmeyer5, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer5, J. Sakayaroj2, S. Phongpaichit1, K. Tanaka6, K. Hirayama6 and E.B.G. Jones2* 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; 2Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand; 3National Center for Biothechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 45 Center Drive, MSC 6510, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6510, U.S.A.; 4Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, U.S.A.; 5Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, U.S.A.; 6Faculty of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan *Correspondence: E.B. Gareth Jones, [email protected] Abstract: Phylogenetic analyses of four nuclear genes, namely the large and small subunits of the nuclear ribosomal RNA, transcription elongation factor 1-alpha and the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit, established that the ecological group of marine bitunicate ascomycetes has representatives in the orders Capnodiales, Hysteriales, Jahnulales, Mytilinidiales, Patellariales and Pleosporales. Most of the fungi sequenced were intertidal mangrove taxa and belong to members of 12 families in the Pleosporales: Aigialaceae, Didymellaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae, Lenthitheciaceae, Lophiostomataceae, Massarinaceae, Montagnulaceae, Morosphaeriaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporaceae, Testudinaceae and Trematosphaeriaceae. Two new families are described: Aigialaceae and Morosphaeriaceae, and three new genera proposed: Halomassarina, Morosphaeria and Rimora.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Genetic Characterization of Ptr Toxc-Tsc1 Interaction
    MOLECULAR GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PTR TOXC-TSC1 INTERACTION AND COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF PYRENOPHORA TRITICI-REPENTIS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Gayan Kanishka Kariyawasam In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Department: Plant Pathology November 2018 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title MOLECULAR GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PTR TOXC-TSC1 INTERACTION AND COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF PYRENOPHORA TRITICI-REPENTIS By Gayan Kanishka Kariyawasam The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Zhaohui Liu Chair Dr. Shaobin Zhong Dr. Justin D. Faris Dr. Phillip E. McClean Dr. Timothy L. Friesen Approved: November 7, 2018 Jack Rasmussen Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Tan spot of wheat, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is an economically important disease worldwide. The disease system is known to involve three pairs of interactions between fungal-produced necrotrophic effectors (NEs) and the wheat sensitivity genes, namely Ptr ToxA- Tsn1, Ptr ToxB-Tsc2 and Ptr ToxC-Tsc1, all of which result in susceptibility. Many lines of evidence also suggested the involvement of additional fungal virulence and host resistance factors. Due to the non-proteinaceous nature, Ptr ToxC, has not been purified and the fungal gene (s) controlling Ptr ToxC production is unknown. The objective for the first part of research is to map the fungal gene (s) controlling Ptr ToxC production. Therefore, A bi-parental fungal population segregating for Ptr ToxC production was first developed from genetically modified heterothallic strains of AR CrossB10 (Ptr ToxC producer) and 86-124 (Ptr ToxC non-producer), and then was genotyped and phenotyped.
    [Show full text]