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Fungicide Sensitivity of Corynespora Cassiicola and Assessment Of FUNGICIDE SENSITIVITY OF CORYNESPORA CASSIICOLA AND ASSESSMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF TARGET SPOT OF COTTON IN GEORGIA by: MA. KATRINA SHIELA E. LAUREL (Under the Direction of Robert C. Kemerait, Jr.) ABSTRACT Target spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, is a serious foliar disease of cotton in the southeastern United States. Baseline (current) isolates of C. cassiicola were tested for sensitivity to metconazole (DMI), fluxapyroxad (SDHI) and pyraclostrobin (QoI). Further work compared fungicide sensitivity of C. cassiicola isolates from cotton to isolates from other hosts. Field experiments were conducted to establish a relationship between fungicide sensitivity in laboratory experiments and fungicide efficacy in managing target spot on cotton. Based on the sensitivity distribution, all isolates tested were considered sensitive to fungicides. However, these sensitivities varied among isolates offering an early indication that resistance can happen in the future. Additionally, all fungicides reduced disease severity and premature defoliation; however, Priaxor (pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad [QoI + SDHI]) proved to be most effective. Results from this study can help optimize fungicide sensitivity monitoring practices in an effort to improve fungicide use patterns for optimum disease management. INDEX WORDS: Corynespora cassiicola, Cotton, DMIs, Fluxapyroxad, Fungicide Resistance, Metconazole, Pyraclostrobin, QoIs, SDHIs, Target spot FUNGICIDE SENSITIVITY OF CORYNESPORA CASSIICOLA AND ASSESSMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF TARGET SPOT OF COTTON IN GEORGIA by: MA. KATRINA SHIELA E. LAUREL B.S., Southern Luzon State University, Lucban, Philippines, 2010 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2018 ©2018 Ma. Katrina Shiela E. Laurel All Rights Reserved FUNGICIDE SENSITIVITY OF CORYNESPORA CASSIICOLA AND ASSESSMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF TARGET SPOT OF COTTON IN GEORGIA by: MA. KATRINA SHIELA E. LAUREL Major Professor: Robert C. Kemerait, Jr. Committee: Marin T. Brewer Katherine L. Stevenson Larry J. Newsom Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2018 DEDICATION To my loving mother, Marsha, who single-handedly raised us with so much love and wisdom, to whom I owe so dearly for all that I am and all that I aspire to become. To my siblings, Kiefer and Krystal, your encouragements kept me going and has meant a lot to me. To my grandmother, Mama Clemen, for all the love and support. To my fiancée Jonathon, for being my inspiration. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my major professor who never ceased to believe in my potential and capabilities, Dr. Robert Kemerait, Jr. He gave me the opportunity to pursue graduate school in a field I am passionate about despite my very different educational background. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Marin Brewer, for training me while I was in Athens and Dr. Katherine Stevenson, for letting me use her laboratory in Tifton. Special thanks to Laralee Hickman and Kippy Lewis for their guidance and friendship. I would also like to express my appreciation to my mentor, Dr. Vergel Concibido, for all of his insights and advice, most especially for enlightening me about the field of Plant Pathology. I would never have known about the science behind agriculture if he had not opened my eyes to it. My sincere gratitude also goes to Lina Paclibar-Young, Jhen Gegante-Bennett, Caleb Clements, Kory Herrington, Ty Cook, Kasey Herrington, Pete Perrin, Tim Mitchell, Tyler Hogan and Ben Lineberger for their tremendous effort in the field. Special thanks to Calvin Perry and Billy Mills for their technical support. I would also like to thank Xuelin Luo for offering her expertise in statistical analyses in this study. Appreciation is also given to my fellow graduate students, Leilani Sumabat, Abraham Fulmer, Clarence Codod, Amelia Lovelace, Brian Jordan and Jake Fountain for their friendship, advice and encouragement. Lastly, my utmost gratitude to BASF Corporation and Cotton Incorporated for funding my research. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………………...v LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………………..ix LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………………xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………….1 Corynespora cassiicola…………………………………………………………...4 Diseases caused by Corynespora cassiicola……………………………………...6 Management of target spot………………………………………………………..9 Fungicide resistance……………………………………………………………...13 Justification for research and objectives…………………………………………17 Literature cited…………………………………………………………………...18 2 FUNGICIDE SENSITIVITY OF CORYNESPORA CASSIICOLA (TARGET SPOT) ISOLATES FROM COTTON……………………………………………………….31 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..32 Introduction………………………………………………………………………32 Fungicide Resistance………………………………………………………….....35 Materials and methods…………………………………………………………...39 Results……………………………………………………………………………43 Discussion………………………………………………………………………..44 vi Conclusions………………………………………………………………………52 Literature cited…………………………………………………………………...53 3 COMPARISON OF FUNGICIDE SENSITIVITY OF CORYNESPORA CASSIICOLA ISOLATES FROM CUCUMBER, HYDRANGEA, MANDEVILLA, PEPPER, SOYBEAN AND TOMATO TO ISOLATES PREVIOUSLY COLLECTED FROM COTTON...…………………………………………………..69 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..70 Introduction………………………………………………………………………70 Management...........................................................................................................73 Fungicide Resistance.............................................................................................74 Materials and methods…………………………………………………………...78 Results……………………………………………………………………………82 Discussion………………………………………………………………………..84 Literature cited…………………………………………………………………...89 4 ASSESSMENT OF FUNGICIDES, VARIETIES AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TARGET SPOT ON COTTON IN GEORGIA..…………………………………………....................................105 Introduction…………………………………………………………………......105 Materials and methods………………………………………………………….109 Results…………………………………………………………………………..113 Discussion...…………………………………………………………………….117 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………..120 Literature cited………………………………………………………………….121 vii 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………136 Literature cited……………………………………………………………………...142 viii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1: List of Corynespora cassiicola isolates from cotton, year and place of isolation, and effective fungicide concentrations of metconazole, fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin that reduce mycelial growth/spore germination by 50% (EC50 µg/mL).........................61 Table 2.2: Mean effective concentration of fungicides to inhibit mycelial growth and spore germination by 50% (EC50) of forty Corynespora cassiicola isolates from cotton…….......................................................................................................................63 Table 2.3: Mean effective fungicide concentration of pyraclostrobin amended with 100 µg/mL of SHAM to inhibit spore germination by 50% (EC50) of forty Corynespora cassiicola isolates………………………………………………………………………………….64 Table 2.4: Pearson correlation coefficients between EC50 values for metconazole, fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin from 40 collected isolates of Corynespora cassiicola from cotton…………………………………………………………………………………...65 Table 3.1. List of Corynespora cassiicola isolates, host of origin, year and place of isolation and effective fungicide concentrations of metconazole, fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin that reduce 50% mycelial growth/spore germination (EC50µg/mL)…………………...98 Table 3.2: Mean effective concentration of fungicides to inhibit mycelial growth and spore germination by 50% (EC50) of Corynespora cassiicola isolates from seven different hosts…………………………………………………………………………………..99 ix Table 3.3: Mean effective fungicide concentration of pyraclostrobin amended with 100µg/mL of SHAM to inhibit spore germination by 50% (EC50) of twenty Corynespora cassiicola isolates from six different hosts....……..……………………………………..............100 Table 3.4: Mean effective concentration of fungicides to inhibit mycelial growth and spore germination by 50% (EC50) of Corynespora cassiicola isolates from soybean, cotton and hydrangea………………….……………………………………………………..101 Table 4.1: Effect of variety, fungicide treatment and number of fungicide applications on target spot of cotton in Attapulgus, Georgia in 2014………………………………………..128 Table 4.2: Effect of variety, fungicide treatment and number of fungicide applications on target spot of cotton in Attapulgus, Georgia in 2015………………………………………..129 Table 4.3: Effect of variety, fungicide treatment and number of fungicide applications on target spot of cotton in Attapulgus, Georgia in 2016………………………………………..130 Table 4.4: Effect of variety, fungicide treatment and number of fungicide applications on target spot of cotton in Stripling, Georgia in 2016………………………………………….131 Table 4.5: Effect of variety, fungicide treatment and plant growth regulator on target spot of cotton in Attapulgus, Georgia in 2017……………………………….……….............132 Table 4.6: Effect of variety, fungicide treatment and plant growth regulator on target spot of cotton in Stripling, Georgia in 2017…………………………………………….........133 Table 4.7: Weather conditions at field sites for cotton growing seasons from 2014 to 2017…………………………………………………………………………………...134 x LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1: Frequency distribution of the effective
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