At South Africa's Most Recently Appointed UNESCO World Heritage

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

At South Africa's Most Recently Appointed UNESCO World Heritage | GEOLOGY | At South Africa’s most recently appointed UNESCO World Heritage site, the earliest evidence of life on Earth is revealed in rock. Hlengiwe Magagula unlocks some of the geological treasures. NIVERSITY U ECK / JENA ECK / JENA B HEU H RISTOP CH Above, left to right: The Makhonjwa Mountains preserve pre-history in rock; visitors can see geologi- cal formations up close; a beautiful protea that occurs in these mountains. of ages IC B / BATO H TON-FYNC L Following the R40 between Barberton EY LANE, HAMI and the Swazi border, the Geotrail puts L the focus on unique geological features. LES 18 DISCOVER HERITAGE ISSUE 1 2018 ISSUE 1 2018 DISCOVER HERITAGE 19 | GEOLOGY | Barberton-Makhonjwa “This is globally unique, it’s the only place GeotraIL you can see these with the naked eye.” Geosites and view points NIVERSITY U A L U ECK / JENA ECK / JENA G B A G A HEU M H IWE G RISTOP EN L CH H Some of the geological features date back 340 million years and show what could be the earliest form of life known, a type of bacteria. t takes a couple of heart-thumping The winding R40 is a road I have travelled hours to climb to the summit of often, but the recent World Heritage accolade Emlembe, but it’s worth it. As you made me slow down and explore. Conveni- recover, you can sit in eSwatini (for- ently, this route from Barberton to the Swazi merly Swaziland) with your feet in border creates cuttings which expose features South Africa and admire the view that span the full period. The Barberton over the Barberton Makhonjwa Makhonjwa Geotrail was created in 2014 and Mountains – the most recently acclaimed it’s punctuated by lay-bys with displays telling The Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains World Heritage site stretches from Mountainlands IWorld Heritage site under the banner and the mind-bending geological story. Nature Reserve, located northeast of protection of UNESCO, the United Nations Earlier in the day I was lucky to be in Barberton, to just outside Badplaas, some Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi- the company of Tony Ferrar, who, along with 70 km to the southwest. The Geotrail is the sation. This area has long been popular with geology professor Chris Heubeck, has liter- easiest way to see the range of geological geology geeks and its new status promises to ally written the book on the Geotrail (Barber- treasures protected by the site. put this little-visited corner of Mpumalanga ton-Makhonjwa Geotrail: Geosites and View on the tourist map. Points, Hamilton-Fynch for the Barberton This is my land; my ancestors tended cat- Tourism and Biodiversity Corridor or BA- tle on these slopes. Until recently, though, TOBIC). Tony was a member of the team, I’d no idea it was deserving of the ultimate led by BATOBIC and supported by funding accolade from the United Nations body from the National Department of Tourism, charged with protecting world heritage. who lobbied for World Heritage status. Their That’s because most of the treasures are work finally bore fruit at the World Heritage unseen, hidden below ground. I don’t mean Committee meeting in Bahrain in July 2018. minerals for mining. Yes, there was a brief Tony is primarily an ecologist and told me gold rush in the 1880s that created Barber- why this area is not just for geo-geeks. The ton, the town, and asbestos was, until re- rocks show evidence of what could be the cently, extracted at the Swazi border town of earliest form of life known. As the Earth Bulembu, which is where my climb started. slowly cooled and its crust solidified, chemi- The main reason these mountains received cal processes created the first life: primitive the much-coveted nod from UNESCO is forms of bacteria. At Site 5 (Dycedale Syn- IC that they embrace some of the oldest and cline) on the Geotrail, 8.2 kilometres from B best-preserved geological features on our Barberton, Tony showed me microfossil pat- / BATO H planet. To see anything comparable, I’d need terns, dark laminations in sandstone, that are to travel to Australia or Greenland. But the believed to be these bacteria. “This is glob- TON-FYNC L Makhonjwa Mountains, geologically known ally unique,” said Tony. “It’s the only place in as the Barberton Greenstone Belt, are much the world you can see these with the naked These rocks formed in the Archaean period beginning EY LANE, HAMI more accessible and diverse, allowing scien- eye.” (Even today, some bacteria are known L tists to study an unmatched 340 million to form biological mats called stromatolites LES some 3.5 billion years ago, when the Earth seethed with years of continuous geological activity. in shallow coastal waters.) > volcanic flows, and no life existed. 20 DISCOVER HERITAGE ISSUE 1 2018 ISSUE 1 2018 DISCOVER HERITAGE 21 | TOURISM | Timeline Consider this: if the Earth was, say, 24 hours old, we humans appeared at just 77 seconds before midnight. IC B That’s a mere 0.004% of the Earth’s history, and a lot / BATO H happened before our debut. TON-FYNC L 4.6 billion EY LANE, HAMI L years ago: LES the origin of the Earth Professor Christoph Heubeck explaining the origin and significance of banded iron formation. 3.8 billion years ago: first life arises The antiquity of these mountains is diffi- officially full, I took in the panorama of cult to take in. Three hundred and forty mil- grassy Highveld ridges, steep valleys shelter- 3.5–3.2 billion years ago: lion years give me the same vertigo as looking ing native forest and pine plantations. I had formation of the Barberton into the night sky and trying to comprehend a new appreciation for the epic cycle of life Supergroup the universe. These rocks were formed in the represented in these ancient mountains. The Archaean period (see box below) when the minerals are essential for plants, feeding 1.1 billion years ago: Earth seethed with volcanic flows and no life the moist grasslands that are naturally fire- first sexually reproducing existed. (By comparison, the Himalayas are dependent and have very high biodiversity. organisms develop youngsters at 80 million years old.) And the plants and animals sustain us, too, Each stop on the trail had a story to tell. One of course. 475 million years ago: first serves as an outdoor museum with a repre- But for how much longer? If we don’t land plants appear sentative display of rock types. At another, Tony protect our natural heritage, and the whole splashed water on the surface of the most an- planet, we face extinction. As Tony said, “It 225 million years ago: the cient rock type to highlight tiny round features makes me wonder whether in a million years dinosaurs evolve that he described as “volcanic hailstones”. to come, there will be any evidence of hu- 150 million years ago: first Reclining on my montane grass tuft, brain man existence in the geological record.” Above: A geologist’s pick, a type of hammer used to birds take flight split rocks, indicates scale in the photograph. Below: 130 million years ago: first Rock formation decoded Bands of iron-rich chert and haematite represent flowering plants evolve If you thought the Barberton Supergroup was an entry for Idols, you’ll be better informed the ‘rusting’ of the Earth, after a visit to this new World Heritage site. The Barberton Supergroup refers to the region of when oxygen bonded with 65 million years ago: ancient rocks now protected in the Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains. Here are some terms dissoved iron to settle on dinosaurs and ammonites that you will get to know: the seabed. become extinct • Archaean period. Some 4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago and the time of the first rock formations, and first evidence of single-celled life on Earth, fossilised bacteria. (Prior to the Archaean was a 14 million years ago: the period known as the Hadean.) first great apes appear • Barberton Supergroup. This is also known as the Barberton Greenstone Belt and comprises three 2.5 million years ago: the age-separated sub-groups: Onverwacht (oldest, mostly volcanic); Fig Tree (sediments and volcanic); genus Homo evolves and Moodies (youngest, sandy sediments). • Black chert. A hard, fine-grained sediment composed of crystallised silica. 1.8 million years ago: • Pillow lava. Rock formations resulting from the extrusion of lava under water. Homo gautengensis, the • Stromatolites. Microbial mats formed in shallow water by cyanobacteria. earliest-known South African • Subduction. The process where a tectonic plate moves under another. hominin, walks the Earth • Transvaal sediments (the Highveld). These buried the volcanic rocks for 2.5 billion years – protecting from both erosion and subduction. In geological terms, they are now eroding fast. This NIVERSITY U 43 000 covering was eroded off only during the breaking up of Gondwanaland, 180 million years ago. • Volcanic lapilli. Little ash-balls that fell from the air during volcanic eruptions. years ago: ECK / JENA ECK / JENA B • Volcanic rock. The Barberton Greenstone Belt strata were deposited horizontally in volcanic flows HEU Earliest evidence of humans H and later squeezed and folded by horizontal pressure from rising granite plutons (rocky outcrops). mining (in Ngwenya, Most strata are now nearly vertical. After folding, the whole mountain range was buried by RISTOP CH Swaziland) sedimentary layers. www.bbc.co.uk/nature/history_of_the_earth 22 DISCOVER HERITAGE ISSUE 1 2018 | TOURISM | SA’s World Heritage Sites The Geotrail offers magnificent views of The Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains World Heritage site is the mountainscape while interpretation the first in Mpumalanga, and the second geological site in boards shed light on the geological features South Africa after the Vredefort Dome.
Recommended publications
  • A Symbol of Global Protec- 7 1 5 4 5 10 10 17 5 4 8 4 7 1 1213 6 JAPAN 3 14 1 6 16 CHINA 33 2 6 18 AF Tion for the Heritage of All Humankind
    4 T rom the vast plains of the Serengeti to historic cities such T 7 ICELAND as Vienna, Lima and Kyoto; from the prehistoric rock art 1 5 on the Iberian Peninsula to the Statue of Liberty; from the 2 8 Kasbah of Algiers to the Imperial Palace in Beijing — all 5 2 of these places, as varied as they are, have one thing in common. FINLAND O 3 All are World Heritage sites of outstanding cultural or natural 3 T 15 6 SWEDEN 13 4 value to humanity and are worthy of protection for future 1 5 1 1 14 T 24 NORWAY 11 2 20 generations to know and enjoy. 2 RUSSIAN 23 NIO M O UN IM D 1 R I 3 4 T A FEDERATION A L T • P 7 • W L 1 O 17 A 2 I 5 ESTONIA 6 R D L D N 7 O 7 H E M R 4 I E 3 T IN AG O 18 E • IM 8 PATR Key LATVIA 6 United Nations World 1 Cultural property The designations employed and the presentation 1 T Educational, Scientific and Heritage of material on this map do not imply the expres- 12 Cultural Organization Convention 1 Natural property 28 T sion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of 14 10 1 1 22 DENMARK 9 LITHUANIA Mixed property (cultural and natural) 7 3 N UNESCO and National Geographic Society con- G 1 A UNITED 2 2 Transnational property cerning the legal status of any country, territory, 2 6 5 1 30 X BELARUS 1 city or area or of its authorities, or concerning 1 Property currently inscribed on the KINGDOM 4 1 the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary and Analysis of the Inventory of the National Estate: 2019 AGENCY
    South African Heritage Resources Agency SOUTH AFRICAN 111 Harrington Street | Cape Town | 021 462 4502 HERITAGE RESOURCES Summary and Analysis of the Inventory of The National Estate: 2019 AGENCY SOUTH AFRICAN HERITAGE RESOURCES AGENCY SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE INVENTORY OF THE NATIONAL ESTATE: 2020 /FACEBOOK @TWITTER WWW.SAHRA.ORG.ZA • South African Heritage Resources Agency • AN AGENCY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SPORT, ARTS, AND CULTURE Page 1 of 31 ▪ Archaeology, Palaeontology and Meteorites ▪ Built Environment ▪ Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage ▪ Heritage Protection ▪ Heritage Objects ▪ National Inventory /FACEBOOK @TWITTER ▪ Burial Grounds and Graves ▪ Heritage Properties W WW.SAHRA.ORG.ZA South African Heritage Resources Agency SOUTH AFRICAN 111 Harrington Street | Cape Town | 021 462 4502 HERITAGE RESOURCES Summary and Analysis of the Inventory of The National Estate: 2019 AGENCY © 2021 SAHRA This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 South Africa License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/za/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. Citation: South African Heritage Resources Agency. 2021. Summary and Analysis of the Inventory of the National Estate: 2020. Cape Town Page 2 of 31 ▪ Archaeology, Palaeontology and Meteorites ▪ Built Environment ▪ Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage ▪ Heritage Protection ▪ Heritage Objects ▪ National Inventory /FACEBOOK @TWITTER ▪ Burial Grounds and Graves ▪ Heritage Properties W WW.SAHRA.ORG.ZA South African Heritage Resources Agency SOUTH AFRICAN 111 Harrington Street | Cape Town | 021 462 4502 HERITAGE RESOURCES Summary and Analysis of the Inventory of The National Estate: 2019 AGENCY Contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoarchean Bedrock Lithologies Across the Makhonjwa Mountains Of
    Geoscience Frontiers 9 (2018) 603e665 HOSTED BY Contents lists available at ScienceDirect China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Geoscience Frontiers journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gsf Research Paper Paleoarchean bedrock lithologies across the Makhonjwa Mountains of South Africa and Swaziland linked to geochemical, magnetic and tectonic data reveal early plate tectonic genes flanking subduction margins Maarten de Wit a,*, Harald Furnes b, Scott MacLennan a,c, Moctar Doucouré a,d, Blair Schoene c, Ute Weckmann e, Uma Martinez a,f, Sam Bowring g a AEON-ESSRI (Africa Earth Observatory Network-Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute), Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa b Department of Earth Science & Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Norway c Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, USA d Department of Geosciences, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa e Department Geophysics, GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany f GISCAPETOWN, Cape Town, South Africa g Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA article info abstract Article history: The Makhonjwa Mountains, traditionally referred to as the Barberton Greenstone Belt, retain an iconic Received 12 June 2017 Paleoarchean archive against which numerical models of early earth geodynamics can be tested. We Received in revised form present new geologic and structural maps, geochemical plots, geo- and thermo-chronology, and 2 October 2017 geophysical data from seven silicic, mafic to ultramafic complexes separated by major shear systems across Accepted 5 October 2017 the southern Makhonjwa Mountains. All reveal signs of modern oceanic back-arc crust and subduction- Available online 31 October 2017 related processes.
    [Show full text]
  • JUNE 2021 Contents
    ................................ 2 NO. 64 64 VOLUME QUARTERLY NEWS BULLETIN ~ JUNE 2 0 2 1 Guest Editorial - Is field geology dead? The Council for Geoscience’s data portal goes live Parahibbingite—a new mineral found in SA .................................................................................................................................................................................................... Volume 64 ~ Number TWO ~ JUNE 2021 contents Society News GSSA MANDELA MINING PRECINCT (FORMERLY CSIR MININGTEK), 2 Guest Editorial - Cameron Penn-Clarke CORNER RUSTENBURG & CARLOW ROADS, 4 Executive Manager’s Corner MELVILLE, SOUTH AFRICA. 6 President’s Column P.O. Box 91230 Auckland Park 2006 8 Media Statement Johannesburg, South Africa 10 The Professional (Affairs) Corner Tel: +27 11 358 0028 e-mail: [email protected] University News Web: www.gssa.org.za 16 Wits School of Geosciences COMMITTEE Convener & Editor: Trishya Owen-Smith ......... 011 559 2677 20 Stellenbosch University Advertising: GSSA Office [email protected] Design & Layout: Belinda Boyes-Varley ........ 079 129 7748 Printing: Seriti Printing (Pty) Ltd ..... 012 843 7632 Articles 22 Parahibbingite—a new mineral found in South Africa All submissions to: Trishya Owen-Smith [email protected] 23 IMA-CNMMN Attach Word .doc + individual high resolution .jpg’s for images 24 The first fossil locality in the Karoo Basin rediscovered 26 AngloGold Ashanti lifts the lid Contributions for the next issue should be submitted by: 15th August, 2021. Mineral Scene Geobulletin is provided free to members of the GSSA. Non- member subscriptions per four issue volume are R350.00 for 30 Shigaite South Africa. Overseas and rest of Africa, R350 plus postage. Surface mail, R200.00. Airmail, R300.00. The views expressed in this magazine are not necessarily those of the GSSA, its editor The Geotraveller or the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • Makhonjwa Heritage Project Brochure, May 2009
    THE Genesis LIFE MAKHONJWA HERITAGE PROJECT of 3.5 BILLION BC Genesis LIFE Tucked ofaway in the most ancient corner launched ‘Makhonjwa Heritage Project’, For centuries these impossibly steep hills of our land, hard against South Africa’s enjoys wide stakeholder support, and seeks have defi ned the edge of Swazi infl uence. border with the kingdom of Swaziland, to establish this unspoiled treasure house of In 1883 they fi rst made world headlines lies a hidden wilderness. The Makhonjwa geological history as a World Heritage Site. with the discovery of gold, and the Mountains in Mpumalanga are not well establishment of a miner’s camp called known by their original name; maybe that’s In March 2008, the ‘Barberton-Makhonjwa Barberton. Over the last half century they because Swazi folk-law has it, that pointing Mountain Land’ made it to the ‘Tentative have been quietly building a scientifi c at them brings bad luck. Well, things are List’ of UNESCO’s World Heritage Site reputation as a unique geological remnant about to change! programme. The planning team for the of the newly formed Earth at the dawn of life. project, an experienced local consortium Billion years ago A major drive for international headed by Barberton’s Concession Creek 5 4 3 2 1 TODAY recognition, started many Consulting, has been given the go-ahead Belt years ago, is fi nally bearing and it’s all-systems-go towards World Man oxygen fruit. The recently Heritage Site status. Dinosaurs Earliest fossil Evidence of life Moon formation Rise in atmospheric Oldest zircon crystal
    [Show full text]
  • Land and Its People 2 South Africa Yearbook 2017/18 • Land and Its People
    1 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2017/18 Land and its people 2 South Africa Yearbook 2017/18 • Land and its people South Africa occupies the most southern tip of Africa with its The oceans and coastline the Drakensberg Mountains, it traverses through the Lesotho long coastline stretching more than 3 000 km from the desert The warm Mozambique-Agulhas Current skirts the east and Highlands and joins the Caledon River between the Eastern border with Namibia on the Atlantic coast southwards around south coasts as far as Cape Agulhas, while the cold Benguela Cape and the Free State before it empties into the Atlantic Ocean the tip of Africa and then north to the border of subtropical Current flows northwards along the west coast as far as forming the border with Namibia. Mozambique on the Indian Ocean. southern Angola. Other major rivers include the Vaal, Breede, Komati, Lepelle The country has more than 290 conservation parks. It is The contrast in temperature between these two currents partly (previously Olifants), Tugela, Umzimvubu, Limpopo and Molopo. home to almost 300 mammal species, about 860 bird species accounts for significant differences in climate and vegetation, as and 8 000 plant species. The annual sardine run is the biggest well as differences in marine life. Relief features migration on the planet. Owing to the cold waters of the west coast being much richer South Africa’s surface area falls into two major physiographic South Africa comprises 10 world heritage sites and is divided in oxygen, nitrates, phosphates and plankton than those of the categories: the interior plateau and the land between the into eight biomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains
    AFRICA BARBERTON MAKHONJWA MOUNTAINS SOUTH AFRICA Overlook from the Barberton Makhonjwa Geotrail © IUCN / Guy Narbonne South Africa – Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION – IUCN TECHNICAL EVALUATION BARBERTON MAKHONJWA MOUNTAINS (SOUTH AFRICA) – ID N° 1575 IUCN RECOMMENDATION TO WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: To refer the nominated property back to the State Party under natural criteria. Key paragraphs of Operational Guidelines: Paragraph 77: nominated property meets World Heritage criteria. Paragraph 78: nominated property meets integrity requirements, but does not fully meet protection and management requirements. 1. DOCUMENTATION Paper, 329, pp. 213-232. Lowe, D.R., Byerly, G.R., Kyte, F., Shukolyukov, A., Asaro, F. and Krull, A. a) Date nomination received by IUCN: March 2017 (2003). Spherule beds 3.47-3.24 billion years old in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: a record of b) Additional information officially requested from large meteorite impacts and their influence on early and provided by the State Party: Following the IUCN crustal and biological evolution. Astrobiology, 3(1), pp. World Heritage Panel a progress report was sent to 7-48. Lowe, D.R., Byerly, G.R. and Kyte, F.T. (2014). the State Party on 20 December 2017. This letter Recently discovered 3.42–3.23 Ga impact layers, advised on the status of the evaluation process and Barberton Belt, South Africa: 3.8 Ga detrital zircons, sought responses/clarifications on a range of issues Archean impact history, and tectonic implications. including the further Comparative Analysis the State Geology, 42(9), pp. 747-750. Parman, S.W., Dann, J.C party submitted on 10 October 2017; legal protection Grove, T.L., and de Wit, M.J.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019-2020 World Heritage
    4 T rom the vast plains of the Serengeti to historic cities such T 7 as Vienna, Lima and Kyoto; from the prehistoric rock art 1 ICELAND 5 3 on the Iberian Peninsula to the Statue of Liberty; from the 2 8 Kasbah of Algiers to the Imperial Palace in Beijing — all 5 2 of these places, as varied as they are, have one thing in common. FINLAND O 3 All are World Heritage sites of outstanding cultural or natural 3 T 15 6 SWEDEN 13 4 value to humanity and are worthy of protection for future 1 5 1 1 14 T 24 NORWAY 11 2 20 generations to know and enjoy. 2 RUSSIAN 23 NIO M O UN IM D 1 R I 3 4 T A FEDERATION A L T • P 7 • W L 1 O 17 A 2 I 5 ESTONIA 6 R D L D N 7 O 7 H 25 E M R 4 I E 3 T IN AG O 18 E • IM 8 PATR Key LATVIA 6 United Nations World 1 Cultural property The designations employed and the presentation 1 T Educational, Scientific and Heritage of material on this map do not imply the expres- 12 Cultural Organization Convention 1 Natural property 28 T sion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of 14 10 1 1 22 DENMARK 9 LITHUANIA Mixed property (cultural and natural) 7 3 N UNESCO and National Geographic Society con- G 1 A UNITED 2 2 Transnational property cerning the legal status of any country, territory, 2 6 5 1 30 X BELARUS 1 city or area or of its authoritiess.
    [Show full text]
  • Areas of Neo- and Palaeo-Endemism in Southern Africa Revealed by Phylogenetic Measures of Biodiversity in Bradypodion and Helichrysum
    Areas of neo- and palaeo-endemism in southern Africa revealed by phylogenetic measures of biodiversity in Bradypodion and Helichrysum Michelle Mahove 560626 Supervisors: Professor Glynis Goodman-Cron and Dr Kelsey Glennon A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science by Coursework and Research Report. June 2017 School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050 1 Declaration I declare that this research report is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted for the Degree of Master of Science (by Coursework and research report) at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other University. (Michelle Rumbidzai Mahove) 5th day of June 2017 in Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2 Abstract The threats imposed on biodiversity by anthropogenic factors and climate change could cause major biodiversity loss that will have major detrimental effects on the livelihoods of humans and ecosystems. With time and resource constraints plaguing the conservation field it is of utmost importance that biodiversity assessments are prioritised and conducted effectively. Species richness and endemism have been used in biodiversity assessments for many years now but due to their shortcomings, phylogenetic metrics were developed. These phylogenetic metrics offer an advantage in that they include the evolutionary history and relatedness of taxa in the analysis of biodiversity, consequently providing in-depth information on the structure of a taxa and how it relates to other taxa. Phylogenetic metrics also allow the differentiation between areas of neo- and palaeo- endemism, an important facet in the conservation field.
    [Show full text]
  • Barberton Geology
    UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND JOHANNESBURG A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY RELATING TO THE BARBERTON MOUNTAIN LAND AND SURROUNDING GRANITIC TERRANE, SOUTH AFRICA 2002-2019 Compiled by C. R. ANHAEUSSER (Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa) ECONOMIC GEOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INFORMATION CIRCULAR October 2019 1 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY RELATING TO THE BARBERTON MOUNTAIN LAND AND SURROUNDING GRANITIC TERRANE, SOUTH AFRICA 2002-2019 This compilation represents the 6th of a series of bibliographies dealing with a variety of aspects relating to the geology of the Barberton Greenstone Belt and surrounding granite-gneiss terrane in the eastern part of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa and the adjacent Kingdom of eSwatini (previously known as Swaziland). The superb Archaean geology found in this region continues to attract attention from a wide range of South African and foreign Earth Scientists and hence it has become necessary to monitor the research and the numerous publications that still emanate from the region. This bibliography attempts to record most reference works published between December 2002 and September 2019. The first bibliography, compiled by the author in 1976, appeared as Information Circular No. 102 of the Economic Geology Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand and contains a comprehensive list of reference pertaining to the geology, mineral deposits and mining in the Barberton region covering the period 1875 to June 1976. The second bibliography, compiled by the author in 1986, appeared as Information Circular No. 184 and covers the period 1976 to August 1986. The third bibliography, compiled in 1992, appeared as Information Circular No.
    [Show full text]
  • World Heritage Sites
    TOURISM GRADE 12 REVISION QUESTIONS TERM 3 TOPIC: CULTURE AND HERITAGE CONTENT: WORLD HERITAGE SITES All the questions in this document were sourced from previous DBE NSC and ECDoE provincial question papers. This document consists of 26 pages. 2 GRADE 12 TOURISM: CULTURE AND HERITAGE – TERM 3 (EC 2020) TOPIC: CULTURE AND HERITAGE CONTENT: WORLD HERITAGE SITES NOV 2014 NSC QUESTION 5 5.1 Study the map below and answer the questions that follow. 5.1.1 (a) Identify the World Heritage Sites A and B. (2) (b) Name the province where the World Heritage Sites identified in QUESTION 5.1.1(a) are located. (1) 5.1.2 Descriptions of World Heritage Sites in South Africa are given below. Name and match each WHS with its location on the map above, for example uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park – 7. (a) This site was a place where a highly sophisticated civilisation traded in gold and ivory with China, India and Egypt. (2) (b) This site contains sensitive ecosystems from Africa's marine, wetland and savannah environments. (2) COMPILED BY E FERREIRA (SES: SERVICES SUBJECTS NMB DISTRICT) (EC 2020) GRADE 12 TOURISM: CULTURE AND HERITAGE – TERM 3 3 5.2 Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. 5.2.1 Explain TWO ways in which the Richtersveld Cultural Landscape successfully meets the UNESCO cultural criteria. (4) 5.2.2 State ONE way in which the Nama community benefits from the Richtersveld Cultural Landscape as a World Heritage Site. (2) COMPILED BY E FERREIRA (SES: SERVICES SUBJECTS NMB DISTRICT) 4 GRADE 12 TOURISM: CULTURE AND HERITAGE – TERM 3 (EC 2020) NOV 2015 NSC QUESTION 5 5.1 Study the cartoon below and answer the questions that follow.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural World Heritage in Africa PROGRESS and PROSPECTS
    Natural World Heritage in Africa PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS APRIL 2020 DonorsDonors & Implementing & Implementing Partners Partners Natural World Heritage in Africa PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS PETER C. HOWARD, BASTIAN BERTZKY APRIL 2020 REPORT TITLE The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has been produced under the Biodiversity and Protected Areas Management (BIOPAMA) Programme with support of the 11th European Development Fund (EDF) and does not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union nor of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organisations. The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of any of the individuals or organizations that contributed to the publication or any of its elements. The recommendations are without prejudice whatsoever to either the decision of any State Party to consider nominations on its territory, whether mentioned or not mentioned in this volume, or to the potential evaluation of IUCN’s World Heritage Panel (or of the equivalent body in ICOMOS) regarding any future nomination of any property for World Heritage status. Published by the Biodiversity and Protected Areas Management (BIOPAMA) Programme, an initiative jointly implemented by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission.
    [Show full text]