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A Symbol of Global Protec- 7 1 5 4 5 10 10 17 5 4 8 4 7 1 1213 6 JAPAN 3 14 1 6 16 CHINA 33 2 6 18 AF Tion for the Heritage of All Humankind
4 T rom the vast plains of the Serengeti to historic cities such T 7 ICELAND as Vienna, Lima and Kyoto; from the prehistoric rock art 1 5 on the Iberian Peninsula to the Statue of Liberty; from the 2 8 Kasbah of Algiers to the Imperial Palace in Beijing — all 5 2 of these places, as varied as they are, have one thing in common. FINLAND O 3 All are World Heritage sites of outstanding cultural or natural 3 T 15 6 SWEDEN 13 4 value to humanity and are worthy of protection for future 1 5 1 1 14 T 24 NORWAY 11 2 20 generations to know and enjoy. 2 RUSSIAN 23 NIO M O UN IM D 1 R I 3 4 T A FEDERATION A L T • P 7 • W L 1 O 17 A 2 I 5 ESTONIA 6 R D L D N 7 O 7 H E M R 4 I E 3 T IN AG O 18 E • IM 8 PATR Key LATVIA 6 United Nations World 1 Cultural property The designations employed and the presentation 1 T Educational, Scientific and Heritage of material on this map do not imply the expres- 12 Cultural Organization Convention 1 Natural property 28 T sion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of 14 10 1 1 22 DENMARK 9 LITHUANIA Mixed property (cultural and natural) 7 3 N UNESCO and National Geographic Society con- G 1 A UNITED 2 2 Transnational property cerning the legal status of any country, territory, 2 6 5 1 30 X BELARUS 1 city or area or of its authorities, or concerning 1 Property currently inscribed on the KINGDOM 4 1 the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Thirty-Fourth List of New Mineral Names
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 1986, VOL. 50, PP. 741-61 Thirty-fourth list of new mineral names E. E. FEJER Department of Mineralogy, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD THE present list contains 181 entries. Of these 148 are Alacranite. V. I. Popova, V. A. Popov, A. Clark, valid species, most of which have been approved by the V. O. Polyakov, and S. E. Borisovskii, 1986. Zap. IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, 115, 360. First found at Alacran, Pampa Larga, 17 are misspellings or erroneous transliterations, 9 are Chile by A. H. Clark in 1970 (rejected by IMA names published without IMA approval, 4 are variety because of insufficient data), then in 1980 at the names, 2 are spelling corrections, and one is a name applied to gem material. As in previous lists, contractions caldera of Uzon volcano, Kamchatka, USSR, as are used for the names of frequently cited journals and yellowish orange equant crystals up to 0.5 ram, other publications are abbreviated in italic. sometimes flattened on {100} with {100}, {111}, {ill}, and {110} faces, adamantine to greasy Abhurite. J. J. Matzko, H. T. Evans Jr., M. E. Mrose, lustre, poor {100} cleavage, brittle, H 1 Mono- and P. Aruscavage, 1985. C.M. 23, 233. At a clinic, P2/c, a 9.89(2), b 9.73(2), c 9.13(1) A, depth c.35 m, in an arm of the Red Sea, known as fl 101.84(5) ~ Z = 2; Dobs. 3.43(5), D~alr 3.43; Sharm Abhur, c.30 km north of Jiddah, Saudi reflectances and microhardness given. -
At South Africa's Most Recently Appointed UNESCO World Heritage
| GEOLOGY | At South Africa’s most recently appointed UNESCO World Heritage site, the earliest evidence of life on Earth is revealed in rock. Hlengiwe Magagula unlocks some of the geological treasures. NIVERSITY U ECK / JENA ECK / JENA B HEU H RISTOP CH Above, left to right: The Makhonjwa Mountains preserve pre-history in rock; visitors can see geologi- cal formations up close; a beautiful protea that occurs in these mountains. of ages IC B / BATO H TON-FYNC L Following the R40 between Barberton EY LANE, HAMI and the Swazi border, the Geotrail puts L the focus on unique geological features. LES 18 DISCOVER HERITAGE ISSUE 1 2018 ISSUE 1 2018 DISCOVER HERITAGE 19 | GEOLOGY | Barberton-Makhonjwa “This is globally unique, it’s the only place GeotraIL you can see these with the naked eye.” Geosites and view points NIVERSITY U A L U ECK / JENA ECK / JENA G B A G A HEU M H IWE G RISTOP EN L CH H Some of the geological features date back 340 million years and show what could be the earliest form of life known, a type of bacteria. t takes a couple of heart-thumping The winding R40 is a road I have travelled hours to climb to the summit of often, but the recent World Heritage accolade Emlembe, but it’s worth it. As you made me slow down and explore. Conveni- recover, you can sit in eSwatini (for- ently, this route from Barberton to the Swazi merly Swaziland) with your feet in border creates cuttings which expose features South Africa and admire the view that span the full period. -
Summary and Analysis of the Inventory of the National Estate: 2019 AGENCY
South African Heritage Resources Agency SOUTH AFRICAN 111 Harrington Street | Cape Town | 021 462 4502 HERITAGE RESOURCES Summary and Analysis of the Inventory of The National Estate: 2019 AGENCY SOUTH AFRICAN HERITAGE RESOURCES AGENCY SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE INVENTORY OF THE NATIONAL ESTATE: 2020 /FACEBOOK @TWITTER WWW.SAHRA.ORG.ZA • South African Heritage Resources Agency • AN AGENCY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SPORT, ARTS, AND CULTURE Page 1 of 31 ▪ Archaeology, Palaeontology and Meteorites ▪ Built Environment ▪ Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage ▪ Heritage Protection ▪ Heritage Objects ▪ National Inventory /FACEBOOK @TWITTER ▪ Burial Grounds and Graves ▪ Heritage Properties W WW.SAHRA.ORG.ZA South African Heritage Resources Agency SOUTH AFRICAN 111 Harrington Street | Cape Town | 021 462 4502 HERITAGE RESOURCES Summary and Analysis of the Inventory of The National Estate: 2019 AGENCY © 2021 SAHRA This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 South Africa License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/za/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. Citation: South African Heritage Resources Agency. 2021. Summary and Analysis of the Inventory of the National Estate: 2020. Cape Town Page 2 of 31 ▪ Archaeology, Palaeontology and Meteorites ▪ Built Environment ▪ Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage ▪ Heritage Protection ▪ Heritage Objects ▪ National Inventory /FACEBOOK @TWITTER ▪ Burial Grounds and Graves ▪ Heritage Properties W WW.SAHRA.ORG.ZA South African Heritage Resources Agency SOUTH AFRICAN 111 Harrington Street | Cape Town | 021 462 4502 HERITAGE RESOURCES Summary and Analysis of the Inventory of The National Estate: 2019 AGENCY Contents 1. -
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE of SHIGAITE, Lalmne*(Oh)Ele(So+Lzna(H2o)6{H2o}6, a HYDROTALCITE.GROUP MINERAL
9L The CanadianMineralo gist Vol. 34, pp. 91,-97(1996) THE CRYSTALSTRUCTURE OF SHIGAITE, lAlMne*(oH)ele(so+lzNa(H2o)6{H2o}6, A HYDROTALCITE.GROUPMINERAL MARK A. COOPERand FRANK C. HAWTHORNE Deparnnewof GeolagicalSciences, University of Manitoba"Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 ABSTRACT The cryslal strucbre of shigaite, tAMnA+(OlD6l3(SOfrNa(H2O)6{HzO}0,rhombohedral, a 9.512(l), c 33.074$) 4,, y 2591.0(8) Ar, Z = 3, R3, hasbeen solved by direct nethods and refined to an R ndex of 4.2Vousing 979 observedreflections measuredwith MoKcl X-radiation.The structuralunit of shigaiteis a planar sheetof edge-sharingoctahedra [AlMna+(OID6]1+. These oxycation sheetsare intercalatedwith oxyanion she€tsof chemical composition Na(H2O)6{H2O}6(SOf2;hydrogen bonding plays a major role in linkage both within the oxyanionsheet and betweenthe structuraluoit and the oxyanionsheet of interstitial species.This work showsshigaite to containessential Na andresults in a significantrevision ofthe chemicalformula- Shigaiteis a hydrotalcite-goup mineral, the Mn2+analogue of motukoreaite. Keywords:shigaite, crystal structure,chemical formul4 hydrogenbonding, hydrotalcite group. Somaanr Nous avons affin6 la stucture de la shigarte, IA1MnS+(OII)613(SO)2Na(H2O)6{HzO}0,rhombo6drique, a 9.512(l), c 33.074(0A, V259L.09)N,z= 3, Rl parm6thoaes directeijusqu'lirnreiiiu n a6l.Z%6nuinsnt979 r6flexionsobserv6es avecun rayonnementMorcr. L'unit6 structuraleest un feuillet d'octabdrese a€tes partag6es,de composition[AlMn3+(OI{)6]11 Ces couchesoxy-cationiques sont intercal6esavec des couchesoxy-anioniques de composition Na(H2O)6{H2O}6(SO)2; les liaisons hydrogdnejouent un role imporanq aussi bien dsns les couchesoxy-anioniques qu'enhe I'unit6 structuraleet la coucheoxy-anionique de I'espbceinterstitielle. -
Paleoarchean Bedrock Lithologies Across the Makhonjwa Mountains Of
Geoscience Frontiers 9 (2018) 603e665 HOSTED BY Contents lists available at ScienceDirect China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Geoscience Frontiers journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gsf Research Paper Paleoarchean bedrock lithologies across the Makhonjwa Mountains of South Africa and Swaziland linked to geochemical, magnetic and tectonic data reveal early plate tectonic genes flanking subduction margins Maarten de Wit a,*, Harald Furnes b, Scott MacLennan a,c, Moctar Doucouré a,d, Blair Schoene c, Ute Weckmann e, Uma Martinez a,f, Sam Bowring g a AEON-ESSRI (Africa Earth Observatory Network-Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute), Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa b Department of Earth Science & Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Norway c Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, USA d Department of Geosciences, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa e Department Geophysics, GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany f GISCAPETOWN, Cape Town, South Africa g Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA article info abstract Article history: The Makhonjwa Mountains, traditionally referred to as the Barberton Greenstone Belt, retain an iconic Received 12 June 2017 Paleoarchean archive against which numerical models of early earth geodynamics can be tested. We Received in revised form present new geologic and structural maps, geochemical plots, geo- and thermo-chronology, and 2 October 2017 geophysical data from seven silicic, mafic to ultramafic complexes separated by major shear systems across Accepted 5 October 2017 the southern Makhonjwa Mountains. All reveal signs of modern oceanic back-arc crust and subduction- Available online 31 October 2017 related processes. -
Makhonjwa Heritage Project Brochure, May 2009
THE Genesis LIFE MAKHONJWA HERITAGE PROJECT of 3.5 BILLION BC Genesis LIFE Tucked ofaway in the most ancient corner launched ‘Makhonjwa Heritage Project’, For centuries these impossibly steep hills of our land, hard against South Africa’s enjoys wide stakeholder support, and seeks have defi ned the edge of Swazi infl uence. border with the kingdom of Swaziland, to establish this unspoiled treasure house of In 1883 they fi rst made world headlines lies a hidden wilderness. The Makhonjwa geological history as a World Heritage Site. with the discovery of gold, and the Mountains in Mpumalanga are not well establishment of a miner’s camp called known by their original name; maybe that’s In March 2008, the ‘Barberton-Makhonjwa Barberton. Over the last half century they because Swazi folk-law has it, that pointing Mountain Land’ made it to the ‘Tentative have been quietly building a scientifi c at them brings bad luck. Well, things are List’ of UNESCO’s World Heritage Site reputation as a unique geological remnant about to change! programme. The planning team for the of the newly formed Earth at the dawn of life. project, an experienced local consortium Billion years ago A major drive for international headed by Barberton’s Concession Creek 5 4 3 2 1 TODAY recognition, started many Consulting, has been given the go-ahead Belt years ago, is fi nally bearing and it’s all-systems-go towards World Man oxygen fruit. The recently Heritage Site status. Dinosaurs Earliest fossil Evidence of life Moon formation Rise in atmospheric Oldest zircon crystal -
Land and Its People 2 South Africa Yearbook 2017/18 • Land and Its People
1 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2017/18 Land and its people 2 South Africa Yearbook 2017/18 • Land and its people South Africa occupies the most southern tip of Africa with its The oceans and coastline the Drakensberg Mountains, it traverses through the Lesotho long coastline stretching more than 3 000 km from the desert The warm Mozambique-Agulhas Current skirts the east and Highlands and joins the Caledon River between the Eastern border with Namibia on the Atlantic coast southwards around south coasts as far as Cape Agulhas, while the cold Benguela Cape and the Free State before it empties into the Atlantic Ocean the tip of Africa and then north to the border of subtropical Current flows northwards along the west coast as far as forming the border with Namibia. Mozambique on the Indian Ocean. southern Angola. Other major rivers include the Vaal, Breede, Komati, Lepelle The country has more than 290 conservation parks. It is The contrast in temperature between these two currents partly (previously Olifants), Tugela, Umzimvubu, Limpopo and Molopo. home to almost 300 mammal species, about 860 bird species accounts for significant differences in climate and vegetation, as and 8 000 plant species. The annual sardine run is the biggest well as differences in marine life. Relief features migration on the planet. Owing to the cold waters of the west coast being much richer South Africa’s surface area falls into two major physiographic South Africa comprises 10 world heritage sites and is divided in oxygen, nitrates, phosphates and plankton than those of the categories: the interior plateau and the land between the into eight biomes. -
Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains
AFRICA BARBERTON MAKHONJWA MOUNTAINS SOUTH AFRICA Overlook from the Barberton Makhonjwa Geotrail © IUCN / Guy Narbonne South Africa – Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION – IUCN TECHNICAL EVALUATION BARBERTON MAKHONJWA MOUNTAINS (SOUTH AFRICA) – ID N° 1575 IUCN RECOMMENDATION TO WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: To refer the nominated property back to the State Party under natural criteria. Key paragraphs of Operational Guidelines: Paragraph 77: nominated property meets World Heritage criteria. Paragraph 78: nominated property meets integrity requirements, but does not fully meet protection and management requirements. 1. DOCUMENTATION Paper, 329, pp. 213-232. Lowe, D.R., Byerly, G.R., Kyte, F., Shukolyukov, A., Asaro, F. and Krull, A. a) Date nomination received by IUCN: March 2017 (2003). Spherule beds 3.47-3.24 billion years old in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: a record of b) Additional information officially requested from large meteorite impacts and their influence on early and provided by the State Party: Following the IUCN crustal and biological evolution. Astrobiology, 3(1), pp. World Heritage Panel a progress report was sent to 7-48. Lowe, D.R., Byerly, G.R. and Kyte, F.T. (2014). the State Party on 20 December 2017. This letter Recently discovered 3.42–3.23 Ga impact layers, advised on the status of the evaluation process and Barberton Belt, South Africa: 3.8 Ga detrital zircons, sought responses/clarifications on a range of issues Archean impact history, and tectonic implications. including the further Comparative Analysis the State Geology, 42(9), pp. 747-750. Parman, S.W., Dann, J.C party submitted on 10 October 2017; legal protection Grove, T.L., and de Wit, M.J. -
Shigaite Namn Al3(SO4)
2+ • Shigaite NaMn6 Al3(SO4)2(OH)18 12H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 3. Hexagonal tabular crystals, to 2 cm, may be in groups; as thin films and fracture coatings. Twinning: On {0001}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {0001}, perfect. Tenacity: Moderately flexible. Hardness = ∼2 D(meas.) = 2.32 D(calc.) = 2.35 Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Pale yellow, bright yellow, golden yellow, burnt orange; brownish yellow if included, brown to black if altered. Streak: Very pale yellow to white. Luster: Vitreous to dull. Optical Class: Uniaxial (–). Pleochroism: Distinct; O = yellow; E = very pale yellow. Absorption: O > E. ω = 1.546 = n.d. Cell Data: Space Group: R3. a = 9.51–9.52 c = 32.83–33.074 Z = 3 X-ray Powder Pattern: Ioi mine, Japan. 10.89 (100), 5.47 (90), 2.457 (90), 3.664 (80), 2.198 (60), 1.944 (60), 4.36 (40) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) SO3 13.6 12.75 13.95 Al2O3 15.3 11.8 13.32 Fe2O3 0.9 2.6 MnO 41.7 42.1 37.08 MgO 0.25 Na2O n.d. n.d. 2.70 H2O 28.0 [30.5] 32.95 Total 99.5 [100.0] 100.00 (1) Ioi mine,Japan; by electron microprobe, total Fe as Fe2O3, total Mn as MnO, H2Oby TGA-EGA. (2) Iron Monarch quarry, Australia; by electron microprobe, average of two analyses, • total Fe as Fe2O3, total Mn as MnO, H2O by difference. (3) NaMn6Al3(SO4)2(OH)18 12H2O. Occurrence: A rare secondary mineral in metamorphosed manganese ore deposits. -
2019-2020 World Heritage
4 T rom the vast plains of the Serengeti to historic cities such T 7 as Vienna, Lima and Kyoto; from the prehistoric rock art 1 ICELAND 5 3 on the Iberian Peninsula to the Statue of Liberty; from the 2 8 Kasbah of Algiers to the Imperial Palace in Beijing — all 5 2 of these places, as varied as they are, have one thing in common. FINLAND O 3 All are World Heritage sites of outstanding cultural or natural 3 T 15 6 SWEDEN 13 4 value to humanity and are worthy of protection for future 1 5 1 1 14 T 24 NORWAY 11 2 20 generations to know and enjoy. 2 RUSSIAN 23 NIO M O UN IM D 1 R I 3 4 T A FEDERATION A L T • P 7 • W L 1 O 17 A 2 I 5 ESTONIA 6 R D L D N 7 O 7 H 25 E M R 4 I E 3 T IN AG O 18 E • IM 8 PATR Key LATVIA 6 United Nations World 1 Cultural property The designations employed and the presentation 1 T Educational, Scientific and Heritage of material on this map do not imply the expres- 12 Cultural Organization Convention 1 Natural property 28 T sion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of 14 10 1 1 22 DENMARK 9 LITHUANIA Mixed property (cultural and natural) 7 3 N UNESCO and National Geographic Society con- G 1 A UNITED 2 2 Transnational property cerning the legal status of any country, territory, 2 6 5 1 30 X BELARUS 1 city or area or of its authoritiess. -
Description and Unique Crystal-Structure of Waterhouseite, a New Hydroxy Manganese Phosphate Species from the Iron Monarch Deposit, Middleback Ranges, South Australia
1401 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 43, pp. 1401-1410 (2005) DESCRIPTION AND UNIQUE CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF WATERHOUSEITE, A NEW HYDROXY MANGANESE PHOSPHATE SPECIES FROM THE IRON MONARCH DEPOSIT, MIDDLEBACK RANGES, SOUTH AUSTRALIA ALLAN PRING§ Department of Mineralogy, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, and School of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A. 5005, Australia UWE KOLITSCH Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Geozentrum, Universität Wien, Althanstr. 14, A–1090 Wien, Austria WILLIAM D. BIRCH Department of Mineralogy, Museum of Victoria, GPO Box 666E, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia ABSTRACT Waterhouseite from the Iron Monarch mine, Iron Knob, South Australia, is a new hydroxy manganese phosphate species that has a unique crystal-structure. The mineral was found in a carbonate-rich zone with gatehouseite, seamanite, rhodochrosite, shigaite, barite, hausmannite and hematite. It occurs as divergent sprays of orange-brown to dark brown bladed crystals up to 1 mm in length but only up to 20 m in thickness. The crystals are transparent with a pearly luster on cleavages, but it is vitreous to pearly on the tabular faces. The mineral is brittle, with a conchoidal fracture and a yellowish brown streak. There is a perfect cleavage on (100) and a probable cleavage on (001). The crystals show the principal forms {100} (dominant), {010}, {011} and {001}. All crystals are twinned on (100) by non-merohedry. The Mohs hardness is estimated to be ~4, and the measured density is 3.55(5) g/cm3 (calculated density is 3.591 g/cm3). Crystals are biaxial negative and length-slow, with ␣ 1.730(3),  ~1.738 and ␥ 1.738(4), but 2V could not be measured.