Barberton Geology

UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND JOHANNESBURG

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY RELATING TO THE BARBERTON MOUNTAIN LAND AND SURROUNDING GRANITIC TERRANE, SOUTH AFRICA 2002-2019

Compiled by

C. R. ANHAEUSSER

(Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa)

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INFORMATION CIRCULAR

October 2019

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY RELATING TO THE BARBERTON MOUNTAIN LAND AND SURROUNDING GRANITIC TERRANE, SOUTH AFRICA 2002-2019

This compilation represents the 6th of a series of bibliographies dealing with a variety of aspects relating to the geology of the Barberton Greenstone Belt and surrounding granite-gneiss terrane in the eastern part of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa and the adjacent Kingdom of eSwatini (previously known as Swaziland). The superb Archaean geology found in this region continues to attract attention from a wide range of South African and foreign Earth Scientists and hence it has become necessary to monitor the research and the numerous publications that still emanate from the region. This bibliography attempts to record most reference works published between December 2002 and September 2019. The first bibliography, compiled by the author in 1976, appeared as Information Circular No. 102 of the Economic Geology Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand and contains a comprehensive list of reference pertaining to the geology, mineral deposits and mining in the Barberton region covering the period 1875 to June 1976. The second bibliography, compiled by the author in 1986, appeared as Information Circular No. 184 and covers the period 1976 to August 1986. The third bibliography, compiled in 1992, appeared as Information Circular No. 252 and covers the period September 1986 to June 1992. The fourth compilation appeared in December 1996 as Information Circular No. 306 and covered the period 1992-1996. The fifth compilation, which appeared in December 2002 as Information Circular No. 368, covers the period 1996-2002. This, the sixth compilation, covers the period from December 2002 to October 2019.

As has been outlined previously the diverse nature of the earth science research that continues unabated in the Barberton-Swaziland region makes it difficult to keep abreast of all the findings reported at international and local conferences, workshops and field schools. It is also not easy to monitor all the research findings being published in a wide spectrum of books, journals, abstract volumes, and field guides. For this reason the bibliography cannot be regarded as fully comprehensive. Some references to works that appeared prior to 2002, and previously overlooked, have been included in the present compilation. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of the entries appearing herein, errors and omissions are inevitable, and advice of such would be welcomed by the compiler.

The Economic Geology Research Institute (EGRI) no longer publishes Information Circulars, the last circular being No. 389 which appeared in 2005. Instead, documents emanating from EGRI are posted on the Research Institutes website from where all circulars mentioned above are also freely available at the following address: https://www.wits.ac.za/geosciences/research/economic- geology-research-institute/

______oOo______2

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY ACCORDING TO AUTHOR FOR THE PERIOD 2002-2019

ABRAHAM, K., HOFMANN, A., FOLEY, S., CARDINAL, D., HARRIS, C., BARTH, M. and ANDRÉ, L., (2011). Coupled silicon–oxygen isotope fractionation traces Archaean silicification. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 301, 222-230.

AGANGI, A., (2016). The source of sulfur in the Mesoarchaean gold deposits of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract # 4028, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

AGANGI, A., HOFMANN, A. and ELBURG, M. A., (2018). A review of Palaeoarchaean felsic volcanism in the eastern Kaapvaal Craton: Linking plutonic and volcanic records. Geoscience Frontiers, 9, 667-688.

AGANGI, A., HOFMANN, A. and PRZYBYŁOWICZ, W., (2014). Trace element zoning of sulfides and quartz at Sheba and Fairview gold mines: Clues to Mesoarchean mineralisation in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Ore Geology Reviews, 56, 94-114.

AGANGI, A., HOFMANN, A., KAMENETSKY, V. S. and VROON, P. Z., (2015). Palaeoarchaean felsic magmatism: A melt inclusion study of 3.45 Ga old rhyolites from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Chemical Geology, 414, 69-83.

AGANGI, A., HOFMANN, A., EICKMANN, B., MARIN-CARBONNE, J. and REDDY, S. M., (2016). An atmospheric source of S in Mesoarchaean structurally-controlled gold mineralisation of the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Precambrian Research, 285, 10-20.

AGANGI, A., HOFMANN, A., EICKMANN, B. and MARIN-CARBONNE, J., (2019). Mesoarchaean gold mineralisation in the Barberton Greenstone Belt: A review. In: Kröner, A. and Hofmann A. (eds). The Archaean Geology of the Kaapvaal Craton, Southern Africa. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 171-184.

AGANGI, A., PRZYBYŁOWICZ, W. and HOFMANN, A., (2015). Trace element mapping of pyrite from Archean gold deposits – a comparison between PIXE and EPMA. Nuclear Instrument Methods Physics Research, B 348, 302-306. ELT WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR PGE DISTRIBUTION IN AGANGI, A., REDDY, S. M., PLAVSA, D., FOUGEROUSE, D., CLARK, C., ROBERTS, M. and JOHNSON, T. E., (2019). Antimony in rutile as a pathfinder for orogenic gold deposits. Ore Geology Reviews, 106, 1-11.

HOS PklE1LWIT and M. TREDOUX

ALTERMANN, W., (2001). The oldest fossils of Africa – a brief reappraisal of reports from the Archean. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 33, 427-436.

ALTERMANN, W., ROBINSON, T., HOMANN, M., LALONDE, S. and HEUBECK, C., (2017). First fossilized raindrop imprints in the Moodies Group (3.2 Ga), Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, Geobulletin, 40, 46-47.

ALTIGANI, M. A. H., MERKLE, R.K. W. and DIXON, R., (2013). Trace element mapping in pyrite from the Sheba Mine using LA-ICP-MS. Conference paper: Igneous and Metamorphic Studies Group, Department of Geology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein.

ALTIGANI, M. A. H., MERKLE, R. K. W. and DIXON, R. D., (2016). Geochemical identification of episodes of gold mineralisation in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Ore Geology Reviews, 75, 186-205.

AMELIN, Y., LEE, D.-C. and HALLIDAY, A. N., (2000). Early-middle Archaean crustal evolution deduced from Lu-Hf and U-Pb isotopic studies of single zircon grains. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 24, 4205-4225.

AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION NEWSROOM, (9 April 2014). Scientists reconstruct ancient impact that dwarfs dinosaur-extinction blast.

AMSELLEM, E., MOYNIER, F. and PUCHTEL, I. S., (2019). Evolution of the Ca isotopic composition of the mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 258, 195-206.

AMSELLEM, E., MOYNIER, F., DAY, J. M. D., MOREIRA, M., PUCHTEL, I. S. and TENG, F-Z., (2018). The stable strontium isotopic composition of ocean island basalts, mid- ocean ridge basalts, and komatiites. Chemical Geology, 483, 595-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.03.030

ANDRÉ, L., ABRAHAM, K., HOFMANN, A., MONIN, L., KLEINHANNS, I. C. and FOLEY, S., (2019). Early continental crust generated by reworking of basalts variably silicified by seawater. Nature Geoscience, 12, 769-773.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2001).The anatomy of an extrusive-intrusive Archaean mafic- ultramafic sequence: The Nelshoogte Schist Belt and Stolzburg Layered Ultramafic Complex, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 104, 167-204.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2002a). A bibliography of the geology relating to the Barberton Mountain Land and surrounding granitic terrane 1996-2002. Economic Geology Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Information Circular, 368, 18 pp.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2002b). Report on a field visit to the Badplaas-Komati River Valley area in search of white granite. Report (unpublished.), Marlin Granite (Pty) Ltd, 16-17 Oct, 13 pp.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2002c). Ultramafic complexes along the northern flank of the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Remnants of oceanic lithosphere along an Archaean suture zone? Extended Abstract, 11th Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium and Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, Geological Survey, Namibia, CD ROM.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2004). Palaeoarchaean to Mesoproterozoic (c. 3500-1000 Ma) ultramafic and mafic intrusions of the Kaapvaal Craton and neighbouring metamorphic belts: A review. Economic Geology Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Information Circular, 384, 63 pp.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2005). Contributing author to book by McCarthy, T. S. and Rubidge, B. S. (eds.), The Story of Earth and Life: A Southern African Perspective on a 4.6-Billion-Year Journey. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 333 pp.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2006a). A re-evaluation of Archean intracratonic terrane boundaries on the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa: Collisional suture zones? In: Reimold, W. U. and Gibson, R. L. (eds.), Processes on the Early Earth. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 405, 193- 210.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2006b). Mafic and ultramafic intrusions of the Kaapvaal Craton. In: Johnson, M. R., Anhaeusser, C. R. and Thomas, R. J. (eds.) (2006), The Geology of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg and Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, 95-134 pp.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2007). The Komati River Valley, Barberton Mountain Land: Geoconservation and Geotourism - or alternatively – The Komati River Valley: Scientifically South Africa’s most deserving candidate for World Heritage Status. Abstract Volume, Workshop on Geoparks, Geological and Mining Conservation and Tourism Development in South Africa. Conservation Committee, Geological Society of South Africa, held at the Council for Geosciences, Pretoria, 22 June, 2007.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., Compiler and Editor, (2008). Barberton Gold: Field excursion and mine visits to the Archaean Barberton Greenstone Belt and surrounding granitic terrane, 1-4 July, 2008. Guidebook prepared for the SEG-GSSA 2008 Conference – Africa Uncovered: Mineral Resources for the Future. 54 pp. plus photocopies of 4 papers.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2009a). Archaean layered ultramafic complexes and volcano- sedimentary cyclicity in komatiite flow sequences at Schapenburg, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. – Abstract Volume: “Out of Africa: 140 years with Kevin Burke and Lew Ashwal” conference held at Wits University, 15-18 November 2009.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2009b). SAGA 2009 Field excursion to the Archaean Barberton Greenstone Belt and surrounding granitic terrane, 11-13 September 2009. Guidebook prepared for the SAGA2009 Conference “Ancient Rocks to Modern Techniques” 13-18 September 2009, Swaziland.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2009c). The Barberton Mountain Land, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa – Proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site. Abstract, World Heritage and Geotourism Conference 2009, Geological Society of South Africa and Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, p. 2-3.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R. (2010). Magmatic and structural characteristics of the ca. 3440 Ma Theespruit Pluton, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. American Journal of Science, 310, 1136-1167, doi: 10.2475/09.2010.14.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2011a). Archaean komatiitic and sedimentary cyclicity, Schapenburg (SGB), South Africa. Abstracts Volume 23rd Colloquium of African Geology, University of Johannesburg, 8-14 January, 2011, p. 13.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2011b). Magmatic and structural characteristics of the ca. 3465-3437 Ma Theespruit trondhjemite pluton, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Abstracts Volume, Geosynthesis 2011, Cape Town International Convention Centre, 30 August, 2011, 1.3, p. 5.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2012a). Field guide and papers relevant to the Barberton excursion undertaken by senior students and staff of the School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand – 1-4 October, 2012, 84 pp.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2012b). The history of mining in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, with an emphasis on gold (1868-2011). Abstract, 9th International Mining History Congress, Gold Reef City, Johannesburg.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2012c). The history of mining in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, with an emphasis on gold (1868-2011). Paper on website (www.imhc.co.za) of 9th International Mining History Congress, held at Gold Reef City 17-20 April, 2012, 29 pp.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2012d). The history of mining in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, with an emphasis on gold (1868-2011). Paper, 9th International Mining History Congress, Gold Reef City, Johannesburg, pp.1-29. http://www.imhc.co.za/abstracts-and-papers.php.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R. (2014a). Archaean greenstone belts and associated granitic rocks – a Review. Journal of African Earth Science, 100, 684-732.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2014b). Is South Africa’s geoheritage destined to follow in the footsteps of the dinosaurs? Abstract, Geological Society of South Africa, Geoheritage Day, 24th October 2014, Northwards House, Parktown, Johannesburg.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2016a). Archaean volcano-sedimentary cyclicity in komatiite flow sequences at Schapenburg, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Abstract # 3807, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2016b). The Barberton-Makhonjwa Mountain Land: An ancient landscape yielding clues to the origin of the Earth and Life. Abstract, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2016c). The Barberton-Makhonjwa Mountainland – An ancient landscape yielding clues to the origin of the Earth and life. In: Anhaeusser, C. R., Viljoen, M. J. and Viljoen, R. P. (eds.), Africa’s Top Geological Sites. Struik Nature, Cape Town. pp. 61-66.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2016d). The tectonic evolution of the main gold-producing region of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract # 3803, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

ANHAEUSSER C.R., (2019a) Palaeo- Meso- and Neoarchaean granite-greenstone basement geology and related rocks of the central and western Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. In: Kröner A., Hofmann A. (eds.) The Archaean Geology of the Kaapvaal Craton, Southern Africa. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 55-81.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2019b). The geology and tectonic evolution of the northwest part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: A review. South African Journal of Geology, 122 (4), doi:10.25131/sajg.122.0033.

ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and McCARTHY, T. S., (2017). An independent assessment of the implications of the incorporation of the northern portion of the Barberton Mountain Land into the proposed World Heritage Site. Report prepared for Barberton Mines (Ltd.) (for attention of UNESCO).

ANHAEUSSER, C. R., VILJOEN, M. J. and VILJOEN, R. P., (eds.) (2016). Africa’s Top Geological Sites. Struik Nature, Cape Town. 312 pp.

ARCHER, G. J., STRACKE, A., PUCHTEL, I. S., WALKER, R. J. and KLEINE, T., (2017). W isotopic compositions of Barberton and Pilbara komatiites and basalts. Abstract# 2017005429, 27th V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Paris, France, August 13-18.

ARMSTRONG, R. A., COMPSTON, W., DE WIT, M. J. and WILLIAMS, I. S., (1990). The stratigraphy of the 3.5–3.2 Ga Barberton Greenstone Belt revisited: A single zircon ion microprobe study. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 101 (1), 90-106.

ARNDT, N., (2003). Komatiites, kimberlites, and boninites. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, B6, 2293. doi:10.1029/2002jb002157.

ARNDT, N. T., LESHER, C. M. and BARNES, S. J., (2008). Komatiite. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 467 pp.

ARNDT, N. T., ROBIN, C., BYERLY, G., PUCHTEL, I. S., BLICHERT-TOFT, J. and WILSON, A., (2009). 200 million years of komatiite evolution in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract # 206-7, GSA Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon.

AVICE, G., MARTY, B., BURGESS, R., HOFMANN, A., PHILIPPOT, P., ZAHNLE, K. and ZAKHAROV, D., (2018). Evolution of atmospheric xenon and other noble gases inferred from Archean to Paleoproterozoic rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 232, 82-100. doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.04.018.

BANERJEE, N. R., FURNES, H., MUELENBACHS, K., STAUDIGEL, H. and DE WIT, M. J., (2006). Preservation of 3.4-3.5 Ga microbial biomarkers in pillow lavas and hyaloclastites from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 241, 707-722.

BANERJEE, N. R., SIMONETTI, A., FURNES, H., STAUDIGEL, H., MUEHLENBACHS, K., HEAMAN, L. and VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., (2007). Direct dating of Archean microbial ichnofossils. Geology, 35, 487-490. doi: 10.1130/G23534A.1.

BAO, H., RUMBLE III, D. and LOWE, D. R., (2007). The five stable isotope compositions of Fig Tree barites: Implications on sulfur cycle in ca. 3.2 Ga oceans. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 4868-4879.

BARR, J. A., GROVE, T. L. and WILSON A. H., (2009). Hydrous komatiites from Commondale, South Africa: An experimental study. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 284, 199-207.

BARRAS, C., (2016). First life may have been forged in icy seas on a freezing Earth. New Scientist. Magazine issue 3063, published 5 March 2016 (see also De Wit, 2016).

BARTLE, E., (2010). Drilling back 3.5 billion years to the bedrock of life. Nyheter fra Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen. Article taken from Geoviten-ekstern 18.12.2009.

BELCHER, R. W. and KISTERS, A. F. M., (2006a). Progressive adjustments of ascent and emplacement controls during incremental construction of the 3.1 Ga Heerenveen Batholith, South Africa. Journal of Structural Geology, 28, 1406-1421. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2006.05.001.

BELCHER, R. W. and KISTERS, A. F. M., (2006b). Syntectonic emplacement and deformation of the Heerenveen Batholith: Conjectures on the structural setting of the 3.1 Ga granite magmatism in the Barberton granite-greenstone terrain, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 405, 211-231.

BELCHER, R. W., KISTERS, A. F. M. and ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2009). Nelshoogte trondhjemite. In: Johnson, M. R. (ed.), Catalogue of South African Lithostratigraphic Units, Council for Geoscience, 10, 10-17, 10-19.

BELLOT, N., (2016). Geochemical characterization of the mafic/ultramafic rocks from the BARB3 drilling site in the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Poster No: PB94, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

BIGGIN, A. J., DE WIT, M. J., LANGEREIS, C. G., ZEGERS, T. E., VOÛTE, S., DEKKERS, M. J. and DROST, K., (2011). Palaeomagnetism of Archaean rocks of the Onverwacht Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt (southern Africa): Evidence for a stable and potentially reversing geomagnetic field at ca. 3.5 Ga. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 302, 314-328.

BIRSKI, L., SŁABY, E., WIRTH, R., KOCH‑MULLER, M., SIMON, K., WUDARSKA, A., GÖTZE, J., LEPLAND, A., HOFMANN, A. and KURAS, A., (2019). Archaean phosphates: A case study of transformation processes in apatite from the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 174:25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-019- 1560-z.

BIRSKI, Ł., WIRTH, R., SŁABY, E., WUDARSKA, A., LEPLAND, A., HOFMANN, A. and SCHREIBER, A., (2018). (Ca-Y)-phosphate inclusions in apatite crystals from Archean rocks from the Barberton Greenstone Belt and Pilbara Craton: First report of natural occurrence. American Mineralogist, 103 (2), 307-313. doi:org/10.2138/am-2018-6150.

BLICHERT-TOFT, J. and ARNDT, N. T., (1999). Hf isotope compositions of komatiites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 171, 439-451.

BLICHERT‐TOFT, J. and PUCHTEL, I. S., (2010). Depleted mantle sources through time: Evidence from Lu‐Hf and Sm‐Nd isotope systematics of Archean komatiites. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 297 (3‐4), 598-606.

BLICHERT-TOFT, J., ARNDT, N. T. and GRUAU, G., (2004). Hf isotopic measurements on Barberton komatiites: Effects of incomplete sample dissolution and importance for primary and secondary magmatic signatures. Chemical Geology, 207, 261-275.

BLICHERT-TOFT, J., ARNDT, N. T., WILSON, A. and COETZEE, G., (2015). Hf and Nd isotope systematics of early Archean komatiites from surface sampling and ICDP drilling in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. American Mineralogist, 100, 2396-2411.

BLOCK, S., MOYEN, J-F., ZEH, A., POUJOL, M., JAGUIN, J. and PAQUETTE, J-L., (2013). The Murchison Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Accreted slivers with contrasting metamorphic conditions. Precambrian Research, 227, 77-98, doi: 10 .1016 /j .precamres .2012 .03 .005.

BONTOGNALI, T. R. R., FISCHER, W. W. and FÖLLMI, K. B., (2013). Siliciclastic associated banded iron formation from the 3.2 Ga Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 226, 116-124.

BOUQUAIN, S., ARNDT, N. T., HELLEBRAND, E. and FAURE, F., (2009). Crystallochemistry and origin of pyroxenes in komatiites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 158, 599-617. doi 10.1007/s00410-009-0399-0.

BRADLEY, K., WEISS, B. P. and BUICK, R., (2015). Records of geomagnetism, climate, and tectonics across a Paleoarchean erosion surface. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 419, 1-13.

BRANDL, G., CLOETE, M. and ANHAEUSSER, C. R. (2006). Archaean greenstone belts. In: Johnson, M. R., Anhaeusser, C. R. and Thomas, R. J. (eds.) (2006). The Geology of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg and Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, 9-56 pp.

BRASIER, A. T., McILROY, D. and McLOUGHLIN, N., (eds.) (2017). Earth System Evolution and Early Life: A Celebration of the Work of Martin Brasier. Geological Society London Special Publications, 448. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3727696.

BRASIER, M., MCLOUGHLIN, N., GREEN, O. and WACEY, D., (2006). A fresh look at the fossil evidence for early Archaean cellular life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B 361, 887-902. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1835.

BRASIER, M. D., GREEN, O. R., JEPHCOAT, A. P., KLEPPE, A. K., VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., LINDSAY, J. F., STEELE, A. and GRASSINEAU, N. V., (2002). Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils. Nature, 416, 76-81.

BROWN, M., (2015). Paleo- to Mesoarchean polymetamorphism in the Barberton Granite- Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Constraints from U-Pb monazite and Lu-Hf garnet geochronology on the tectonic processes that shaped the belt. Discussion. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 127, (11/12), 1550-1557.

BUICK, R., (2010). Ancient acritarchs. Nature, 463, 885-886.

BUSIGNY, V., MARIN-CARBONNE, J., MULLER, E., CARTIGNY, P., ROLLION- BARD, C., ASSAYAG, N. and PHILIPPOT, P., (2017). Iron and sulfur isotope constraints on redox conditions associated with the 3.2 Ga barite deposits of the Mapepe Formation (Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 210, 247-266.

BYERLY, G. R., (1999). Komatiites of the Mendon Formation: Late-stage ultramafic volcanism in the Barberton Greenstone Belt. In: Lowe, D. R. and Byerly, G. R., (eds.). Geological Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 189-212.

BYERLY, G. R. and PALMER, M. R., (1991). Tourmaline mineralization in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Early Archean metasomatism by evaporate-derived boron. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 107, 387-402.

BYERLY, G. R., LOWE, D. R. and HEUBECK, C., (2018). Geologic evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt – a unique record of crustal development, surface processes, and early life 3.55 to 3.20 Ga. In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Bennett, V.C. and Hoffmann, J. E., (Eds.), Earth’s Oldest Rocks – Second Edition. Elsevier (Amsterdam), 569-613.

BYERLY, B. L., KAREEM, K., BAO, H. M. and BYERLY, G. R. (2017). Early Earth mantle heterogeneity revealed by light oxygen isotopes of Archaean komatiites. Nature Geoscience, 10, 871-875.

BYERLY, G. R., KRÖNER, A., LOWE, D. R., TODT, W., and WALSH, M. M., (1996). Prolonged magmatism and time constraints for sediment deposition in the early Archean Barberton greenstone belt: Evidence from the Upper Onverwacht and Fig Tree groups: Precambrian Research, v. 78, p. 125–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(95)00073-9.

BYERLY, G. R., LOWE, D. R., NOCITA, B. W. and RANSOM, B. L., (no date). Apparent volcanic cycles in the Archean Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa: A result of non-magmatic processes. Lunar and Planetary Institute, pp. 84-85.

BYERLY, G. R., LOWE, D. R., WOODEN, J. L. and XIE, X., (2002). An Archean impact layer from the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons. Science, 297, 1325-1327. doi: 10.1126/science.1073934.

BYERLY, B. L., LOWE, D. R., DRABON, N., COBLE, M. A., BURNS, D. H. and BYERLY, G. R., (2018a). Hadean zircon from a 3.3 Ga sandstone, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geology, 46 (11), 967-970. https:// doi.org/10.1130 /G45276.1.

BYERLY, G. R., et al., (2018b). Hadean zircon from a 3.3 Ga sandstone, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geology, https://doi.org/10.1130/G45276.1. GSA Data Repository 2018368.

CHAVAGNAC, V., (2004). A geochemical and Nd isotopic study of Barberton komatiites (South Africa): Implication for the Archean mantle. Lithos, 75, 253-281.

CLEMENS, J. D., BELCHER, R. W. and KISTERS, A. F. M., (2010). The Heerenveen Batholith, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa: Mesoarchaean, potassic, felsic magmas formed by melting of an ancient subduction complex. Journal of Petrology, 51, 1099-1120.

CLEMENS, J. D., YEARRON, L. M. and STEVENS, G., (2006). Barberton (South Africa) TTG magmas: Geochemical and experimental constraints on source-rock petrology, pressure of formation and tectonic setting. Precambrian Research, 151, 53-78. 11

CLOETE, M., (1993). Burial metamorphism in the 3.47 Ga Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. In: Vergara, M. and Klem, U. (eds.). Low Temperature Metamorphism: Processes, Products and Economic Significance, Abstracts IGCP Project 294: Department of Geology, University of Santiago, Chile, 1-7.

CLOETE, M., (1999). Aspects of volcanism and metamorphism of the Onverwacht Group lavas in the southwestern portion of the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Geological Survey of South Africa Memoir, 84, 232 pp.

COETZEE, G., (2014). Petrology and geochemistry of the Tjakastad (Barberton) ICDP cores. M.Sc. thesis (unpublished), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 189 pp.

CONDIE, K. C. and KRӦNER, A., (2008). When did plate tectonics begin? Evidence from the geologic record. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 440, 281-294.

CONNOLLY, B. D., PUCHTEL, I. S., WALKER, R. J., AREVALO, R. J., PICCOLI, P. M., BYERLY, G. R., ROBIN-POPIEUL, C. and ARNDT, N. T., (2011). Highly siderophile element systematics of the 3.3 Ga Weltevreden komatiites, South Africa: Implications for early Earth history. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 311 (3-4), 253-263.

COOPER, M. R., (2008). Komatiitic flows of the Pioneer Ultramafic Complex of the 3.3 Ga Weltevreden Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Stratigraphy, petrology, and geochemistry. M.Sc. thesis (unpublished), Louisiana State University, 160 pp.

CUTTS, K. A., STEVENS, G. and KISTERS, A. F. M., (2015). Reply to “Paleo- to Mesoarchean polymetamorphism in the Barberton granite-greenstone belt, South Africa: Constraints from U-Pb monazite and Lu-Hf garnet geochronology on the tectonic processes that shaped the belt. Discussion” by M. Brown. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 127, (11/12), 1558-1563.

CUTTS, K. A., STEVENS, G., HOFFMANN, J. E., BUICK, I. S., FREI, D. and MÜNKER, C., (2014). Paleo- to Mesoarchean polymetamorphism in the Barberton Granite-Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Constraints from U-Pb monazite and Lu-Hf garnet geochronology on the tectonic processes that shaped the belt. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 126, (3-4), 251- 270.0doi:10.1130/B30807.1.

DANN, J. C. and GROVE, T. L., (2007). Volcanology of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Inflation and evolution of flow fields. In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Smithies, R. H. and Bennett, V. C. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1st Edition, pp. 571-605.

DECKER, N. B., BYERLY, G. R., THOMPSON STIEGLER, M., LOWE, D. R. and STEFURAK, E., (2015). High resolution tephra and U/Pb chronology of the 3.33–3.26Ga 12

Mendon Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 261, 54- 74.

DE RONDE, C. E. J. and KAMO, S. L., (2000). An Archaean arc-arc collisional event: A short-lived(ca 3 Myr) episode, Weltevreden area, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Journal of African Earth Science, 30, 219-248. doi: 10.1016 /S0899 -5362 (00)00017-8.

DE VRIES, S. T., (2004). Early Archaean sedimentary basins: Depositional environment and hydrothermal systems; examples from the Barberton and Coppin Gap Greenstone Belts. Geologica Ultraiectina 244.

DE VRIES, S. T., NIJMAN, W. and ARMSTRONG, R. A., (2006). Growth-fault structure and stratigraphic architecture of the Buck Ridge volcano-sedimentary complex, upper Hooggenoeg Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 149, 77-98, doi: 10.1016 /j.precamres .2006 .04 .005.

DE VRIES, S. T., NIJMAN, W. and DE BOER, P. L., (2010). Sedimentary geology of the Palaeoarchaean Buck Ridge (South Africa) and Kittys Gap (Western Australia) volcano– sedimentary complexes. Precambrian Research, 183, 749-769.

DE WIT, M. J., (2004). Archean greenstone belts do contain fragments of ophiolites. In: Kusky, T. M. (ed.), Precambrian Ophiolites and Related Rocks. Development in Precambrian Geology, 13, 599-614.

DE WIT, M. J., (2016). First life may have been forged in icy seas on a freezing Earth. Daily News, 26 February 2016 (news report by Colin Barras).

DE WIT, M. J. and FURNES, H., (2009). New stratigraphic architecture of the Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Fresh ferment for mid-Archean tectonic models. Abstract # 206-6, GSA Annual Meeting, Portland Oregon.

DE WIT, M. J. and FURNES, H., (2016). 3.5-Ga hydrothermal fields and diamictites in the Barberton Greenstone Belt—Paleoarchean crust in cold environments. Science Advances, 2 (2), e1500368. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1500368.

DE WIT, M. J., FURNES, H. and ROBINS, B., (2011). Geology and tectonostratigraphy of the Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 186, 1- 27.

DE WIT, M. J., FURNES, H., MACLENNAN, S., DOUCOURÉ, M., SCHOENE, B., WECKMANN, U., MARTINEZ, U. and BOWRING, S., (2018). Paleoarchean bedrock lithologies across the Makhonjwa Mountains of South Africa and Swaziland linked to geochemical, magnetic and tectonic data reveal early plate tectonic genes flanking subduction margins. Geoscience Frontiers, 9 (3), 603-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.10.005.

DIENER, J. F. A., STEVENS, G., KISTERS, A. F. M. and POUJOL, M., (2005). Metamorphism and exhumation of the basal parts of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Constraining the rates of Mesoarchean tectonism: Precambrian Research, 143, 87-112, doi: 10.1016/j.precamres. 2005 .10 .001.

DIRKS, P. H. G. M., CHARLESWORTH, E. G. and MUNYAI, M. R., (2009). Cratonic extension and Archaean gold mineralisation in the Sheba-Fairview mine, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 112, 291-316. https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.112.3-4.291.

DIRKS, P. H. G. M., CHARLESWORTH, E. G., MUNYAI, M. R. and WORMALD, R., (2013). Stress analysis, post-orogenic extension and 3.01 Ga gold mineralisation in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 226, 157-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. precamres.2012.12.007.

DOWLING, G. J., (1983). Internal report on prospecting carried out on Bon Accord Stock Farm 282 JU between November 1981 and March 1983. Anglo American Corporation (unpublished).

DRABON, N., (2018). Crustal setting, provenance, and sedimentation in the Paleoarchean Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. PhD thesis (unpublished), Stanford University, 338 pp.

DRABON, N., GALIĆ, A., MASON, P. R. D. and LOWE, D. R., (2019). Provenance and tectonic implications of the 3.28–3.23 Ga Fig Tree Group, central Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 325, 1-19.

DRABON, N., HEUBECK, C. E., and LOWE, D. R., (2019). Evolution of an Archean fan delta and its implications for the initiation of uplift and deformation in the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 89, p. 849-874.

DRABON, N., LOWE, D. R., BYERLY, G. R. and HARRINGTON, J. A., (2017). Detrital zircon geochronology of sandstones of the 3.6–3.2 Ga Barberton Greenstone Belt: No evidence for older continental crust. Geology, 45 (9), 803-806. Data Repository item 2017272 | doi:10.1130/G39255.1. |

DZIGGEL, A. and KISTERS, A. F. M., (2019). Tectono-metamorphic controls on Archaean gold mineralization in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Bennet, V. C. and Hoffmann, J. E. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 655-676.

DZIGGEL, A., ARMSTRONG, R. A., STEVENS, G. and ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2003). Timing of mid- to lower-crustal metamorphism in the granitoid-greenstone terrain south of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract, EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6-11 April, 2003.

DZIGGEL, A., ARMSTRONG, R. A., STEVENS, G. and NASDALA, L., (2005). Growth of zircon and titanite during metamorphism in the granitoid-gneiss terrane south of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Mineralogical Magazine, 69, 1019-1036, doi:10.1180 /0026461056960305.

DZIGGEL, A., KNIPFER, S., KISTERS, A. F. M. and MEYER, F. M., (2006). P-T and structural evolution during exhumation of high-T, medium-P basement rocks in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 24, 535-551, doi:10.1111 /j.1525 -1314.2006 .00653.x.

DZIGGEL, A., OTTO, A., KISTERS, A. F. M. and MEYER, M. F., (2007). Tectonometamorphic controls on Archean gold mineralization in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: An example from the New Consort Gold Mine. In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Smithies, R. H. and Bennett, V. C. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1st Edition, pp. 699-728.

DZIGGEL, A., POUJOL, M., OTTO, A., KISTERS, A. F. M., TRIELOFF, M., SCHWARZ, W. H. and MEYER, F. M., (2010). New U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar ages from the northern margin of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Implications for the formation of Mesoarchean gold deposits. Precambrian Research, 179, 206-220.

DZIGGEL, A., STEVENS, G., POUJOL, M. and ARMSTRONG, R. A., (2006). Contrasting source components of clastic metasedimentary rocks in the lowermost formations of the Barberton Greenstone Belt. In: Reimold, W. U. and Gibson, R. L. (eds.), Processes on the Early Earth: Geological Society of America Special Paper, 405, 157-172, doi: 10 .1130 /2006 .2405 (09).

DZIGGEL, A., STEVENS, G., POUJOL, M., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and ARMSTRONG, R. A., (2002). Metamorphism of the granite-greenstone terrane south of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: An insight into the tectono-thermal evolution of the ‘lower’ portions of the Onverwacht Group. Precambrian Research, 114, 221-247, doi: 10.1016 /S0301 - 9268 (01)00225-X.

DURRHEIM, R., KRӦNER, A., HOFMANN, A., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., (2018). Geophysical imaging of the crust below the early Archaean Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract, International Symposium on Deep Earth Exploration and Practices, Beijing, China.

EGLINGTON, B. M. and ARMSTRONG, R. A., (2004). The Kaapvaal Craton and adjacent orogens, southern Africa: A geochronological database and overview of the geological development of the craton. South African Journal of Geology, 107, 13-32.

ELWORTHY, T., EGLINGTON, B. M., ARMSTRONG, R. A. and MOYES, A. B., (2000). Rb-Sr isotope constraints on the timing of late- to post-Archaean tectonometamorphism affecting the southeastern Kaapvaal Craton. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 30 (3), 641-650.

ERIKSSON, K. A. and SIMPSON, E. L., (2000). Quantifying the oldest tidal record: The 3.2 Ga Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geology, 28, 831-834.

ERIKSSON, K. A., SIMPSON, E. L. and MUELLER, W., (2006). An unusual fluvial to tidal transition in the Meso-Archaean Moodies Group, South Africa: A response to high tidal range and active tectonics. Sedimentary Geology, 190, 13-24.

ERIKSSON, P. G., CONDIE, K. C., TIRSGAARD, H., MUELLER, W. U., ALTERMANN, W., MIALL, A. D., ASPLER, L. B., CATUNEANU, O. and CHIARENZELLI, J. R., (1998). Precambrian clastic sedimentation systems. Sedimentary Geology, 120, 5-53.

FARBER, K., DZIGGEL, A., MEYER, F. M., PROCHASKA, W., HOFMANN, A. and HARRIS, C., (2015). Fluid inclusion analysis of silicified Palaeoarchaean oceanic crust - a record of Archaean seawater? Precambrian Research, 266, 150-164.

FARBER, K., DZIGGEL, A., MEYER, F. M. and HARRIS, C., (2016). Petrology, geochemistry and fluid inclusion analysis of altered komatiites of the Mendon Formation in the BARB4 drill core, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 119 (4), 639-654.

FARBER, K., DZIGGEL, A., TRUMBULL, R. B., MEYER, F. M. and WIEDENBECK, M., (2015). Tourmaline B-isotopes as tracers of fluid sources in silicified Palaeoarchaean oceanic crust of the Mendon Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Chemical Geology, 417, 134-147.

FAURE, F., ARNDT, N. and LIBOUREL, G. (2006). Formation of spinifex texture in komatiites: An experimental study. Journal of Petrology, 47, 1591-1610. doi:10.1093/petrology/egl021

FERRAR, T. and HEUBECK, C., (2018). Barberton-Makhonjwa Geotrail: Geosites and viewpoints. Barberton Tourism and Biodiversity Corridor (Batobic), Revised 2013 edition, 41 pp.

FIORENTINI, F., (2017). Primordial light oxygen pockets. Nature Geoscience, 10, 803-804.

FIORENTINI, M. L., BARNES, S. J., MAIER, W. D., BURNHAM, O. M. and HEGGIE, G., (2011). Global variability in the platinum-group element contents of komatiites. Journal of Petrology, 52, (1), 83-112. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq074

FLIEGEL, D., KOSLER, J., McLOUGHLIN, N., SIMONETTI, A., DE WIT, M. J., WIRTH, R. and FURNES, H., (2010). In situ dating of earth’s oldest trace fossil at 3.34 Ga: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 299, 290-298. doi:10.1016/j.epsl .2010.09.008.

FRITZ, J., TAGLE, R., ASHWORTH, L., SCHMITT, R. T., HOFMANN, A., LUAIS, B., HARRIS, P., HOEHNEL, D., ÖZDEMIR, S., MOHR-WESTHEIDE, T. and KOEBERL, C., (2016). Nondestructive spectroscopic and petrochemical investigations of Paleoarchean spherule layers from the ICDP drill core BARB5, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 51, 2441-2458.

FURNES, H., BANERJEE, N. R., MUEHLENBACHS, K., STAUDIGEL, H. and DE WIT, M. J., (2004). Early life recorded in Archean pillow lavas: Science, 304, 578-581, doi:10.1126/science.1095858.

FURNES, H., BANERJEE, N. R., STAUDIGEL, H., MUEHLENBACHS, K., McLOUGHLIN, N., DE WIT, M. J. and VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., (2007). Comparing petrographic signatures of bioalteration in recent to Mesoarchean pillow lavas: Tracing subsurface life in oceanic igneous rocks. Precambrian Research, 158, 156-176, doi:10.1016/j.precamres .2007.04.012.

FURNES, H. and DE WIT, M., (2009). Volcanic evolution of the upper Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Abstract, Portland GSA Annual Meeting, Paper No. 206-8.

FURNES, H., DE WIT, M. J. and ROBINS, B., (2009). Volcanic evolution of the upper Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Abstract, Portland GSA Annual Meeting, Paper No. 206-8.

FURNES, H., DE WIT, M. J. and ROBINS, B., (2013). A review of new interpretations of the tectonostratigraphy, geochemistry and evolution of the Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Gondwana Research, 23, 403-428.

FURNES, H., DE WIT, M. J., ROBINS, B. and SANDSTÅD, N. R., (2011). Volcanic evolution of the upper Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 186, 28-50.

FURNES, H., DILEK, Y. and DE WIT, M. J., (2015). Precambrian greenstone sequences represent different ophiolite types. Gondwana Research, 27, 649-685.

FURNES, H., McLOUGHLIN, N., MUEHLENBACHS, K., BANERJEE, N., STAUDIGEL, H., DILEK, Y., DE WIT, M. J., VAN KRANENDONK, M. J. and SCHIFFMAN, P., (2008). Oceanic pillow lavas and hyaloclastites as habitats for microbial life through time-a review. In: Dilek, Y., Furnes, H. and Muehlenbachs, K. (eds.). Links Between Geological Processes, Microbial Activities and Evolution of Life: Microbes and Geology. Springer Science & Business Media, 348 pp. 17

FURNES, H., ROBINS, B. and DE WIT, M. J., (2012). Geochemistry and petrology of lavas in the upper Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 115 (2), 225-264.

FURNES, H., STAUDIGEL, H., THORSETH, I. H., TORSVIK, T., MUEHLENBACHS, K. and TUMYR, O., (2001). Bioalteration of basaltic glass in the oceanic crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2, paper 2000GC000150.

GALIĆ, A., (2015). Unravelling atmospheric photolysis and ocean redox chemistry from Paleoarchean pyrite: a multiple sulfur and iron stable isotope study. PhD thesis (unpublished) Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 184 pp.

GALIĆ, A., MASON, P. R., MOGOLLÓN, J. M., WOLTHERS, M., VROON, P. Z. and WHITEHOUSE, M. J., (2017). Pyrite in a sulfate-poor Paleoarchean basin was derived predominantly from elemental sulfur: Evidence from 3.2 Ga sediments in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, Kaapvaal Craton. Chemical Geology, 449, 135-146.

GAMPER, A., HEUBECK, C., DEMSKE, D. and HOEHSE, M., (2012). Composition and microfacies of Archean microbial mats (Moodies Group, ca. 3.22 Ga, South Africa). In: Noffke, N. and Chafetz, H. (eds.), Microbial Mats in Siliciclastic Depositional Systems through Time. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Tulsa, OK. Special Publcation, 101, 65-74.

GARÇON, M., CARLSON, R. W., SHIREY, S. B., ARNDT, N. T., HORAN, M. F. and MOCK, T. D., (2017). Erosion of Archean continents: The Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf isotopic record of Barberton sedimentary rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 206, 216-235.

GIBSON, R. L., (2019). The Mesoarchaean Basement Complex of the Vredefort Dome—A mid-crustal section through the central Kaapvaal Craton exposed by impact. In: Kröner, A. and Hofmann, A. (eds). The Archaean Geology of the Kaapvaal Craton, Southern Africa. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 109-132.

GLIKSON, A. Y., (2001). The astronomical connection of terrestrial evolution: Crustal effects of post–3.8 Ga mega-impact clusters and evidence for major 3.2 ± 0.1 Ga bombardment of Earth–Moon system. Journal of Geodynamics, 32, 205-229.

GLIKSON, A. Y., (2007). Early Archean asteroid impacts on Earth: Stratigraphic and isotopic age correlations and possible geodynamic consequences. In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Smithies, R. H. and Bennett, V. C. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1st Edition, pp. 1087-1103.

GLIKSON, A. Y., (2008). Field evidence of eros-scale asteroids and impact-forcing of Precambrian geodynamic episodes, Kaapvaal (South Africa) and Pilbara (Western Australia) Cratons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 267, 558-570.

GLIKSON, A. Y., HICKMAN, A., EVANS, N. J., KIRKLAND, C. L., PARK, J. W., RAPP, R. and ROMANO, S., (2016). A new ~3.46 Ga asteroid impact ejecta unit at Marble Bar, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia: A petrological, microprobe and laser ablation ICPMS study. Precambrian Research, 279, 103-122.

GLIKSON, M., DUCK, L. J., GOLDING, S., HOFMANN, A., BOLHAR, R., WEBB, R., BAIANO, J. and SLY, L., (2008). Microbial remains in some earliest Earth rocks: Comparison with a potential modern analogue. Precambrian Research, 164, 187-200.

GLOYN-JONES, J. N. and KISTERS, A. F. M., (2018). Regional folding, low-angle thrusting and permeability networks: Structural controls of gold mineralization in the Hope reef at Fairview Mine, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Ore Geology Reviews, 102, 585-603

GLOYN-JONES, J. N. and KISTERS, A. F. M., (2019). Ore-shoot formation in the Main Reef Complex of the Fairview Mine - multiphase gold mineralization during regional folding, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Mineralium Deposita, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126- 019-00865-9.

GLOYN-JONES, J. N., LE ROUX, R., RIPPON, C., VAN DEN BERG, R., ZWANE, S. and KISTERS, A. F. M., (2018). Contrasting controls and multistage gold mineralization at Fairview Mine in the Barberton Greenstone Belt. GSSA Geocongress, (18th – 20th July, 2018). Johannesburg. South Africa.

GREBER, N. D., DAUPHAS, N., PUCHTEL, I. S., HOFMANN, B. A. and ARNDT, N. T., (2017). Titanium stable isotope fractionation in chondrites, achondrites and lunar rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 213, 534-552.

GREBER, N. D., PUCHTEL, I. S., NÄGLER, T. F. and MEZGER, K., (2015). Komatiites constrain molybdenum isotope composition of the Earth’s mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 421, 129-138.

GRECO, F., (2016). Carbonates from the ~3.4 Ga Buck Reef Chert of South Africa: Testing potential microbial activity in an Archean hydrothermal system. Abstract# 5016, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

GRECO, F., (2018). The origin and significance of carbonaceous matter within Palaeoarchaean marine environments of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Doctoral dissertation (unpublished), University of Bologna. Italy.

GRECO, F., CAVALAZZI, B., HOFMANN, A. and HICKMAN-LEWIS, K., (2018). 3.4 Ga biostructures from the Barberton Greenstone Belt of South Africa: New insights into microbial life. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 57 (1), 59-74. Modena.

GROSCH, E. G., (2016). Geology, petrology and geodynamic evolution of the Paleoarchean Onverwacht Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Paper No: 4183, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

GROSCH, E. G., (2018). Metamorphic processes preserved in early Archean supracrustal rocks of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 478, 315-334, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP478.15. Supplementary material: Isotope data and mineral compositions for the Hooggenoeg Formation, together with Kromberg metamorphic grade, are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4139102.

GROSCH, E. G., DE WIT, M. J., FURNES, H. and McLOUGHLIN, N., (2009). Metamorphic constraints across a mafic-ultramafic tectonite zone between the Mendon and Kromberg complexes, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract # 206-9, GSA Annual Meeting, Portland Oregon.

GROSCH, E. G., KOSLER, J., McLOUGHLIN, N., DROST, K., SLAMA, J. and PEDERSEN, R. B., (2011). Paleoarchean detrital zircon ages from the earliest tectonic basin in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 191, 85- 99.

GROSCH, E. G. and McLOUGHLIN, N., (2013). Paleoarchean sulfur cycle and biogeochemical surface conditions on the early Earth, Barberton, South Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 377-378, 142-154.

GROSCH, E. G. and McLOUGHLIN, N., (2014). Reassessing the biogenicity of Earth’s oldest trace fossil with implications for biosignatures in the search for early life. PNAS www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1402565111.

GROSCH, E. G. and McLOUGHLIN, N., (2015). Questioning the biogenicity of titanite mineral trace fossils in Archean pillow lavas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 112, E3090–E3091.

GROSCH, E. G., McLOUGHLIN, N., DE WIT, M. J. and FURNES, H., (2009a). Drilling for the Archean roots of life and tectonic Earth in the Barberton Mountains. Scientific Drilling, 8, 24-28, doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.8.03.2009.

GROSCH, E. G., McLOUGHLIN, N., DE WIT, M. J. and FURNES, H., (2009b). Earth’s deep history: Drilling in Africa’s oldest greenstone belt. Eos, 90 (40), 350-351.

GROSCH, E. G., McLOUGHLIN, N., LANARI, P., ERAMBERT, M. and VIDAL, O, (2014). Microscale mapping of alteration conditions and potential biosignatures in basaltic-

ultramafic rocks on early Earth and beyond. Astrobiology, 14, (312), https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2013.1116.

GROSCH, E. G., MUÑOZ, M., MATHON, O. and McLOUGHLIN, N., (2016). Earliest microbial trace fossils in Archaean pillow lavas under scrutiny: new micro-X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy, metamorphic and morphological constraints. Geological Society London Special Publications, 448, 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP448.8.

GROSCH, E. G. and SLAMA, J., (2017). Evidence for 3.3-billion-year-old oceanic crust in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geology, 45 (8), 695-698. Data Repository item 2017225. doi:10.1130/G39035.1

GROSCH, E. G., VIDAL, O., ABU-ALAM, T. and McLOUGHLIN, N., (2012). P-T constraints on the metamorphic evolution of the Paleoarchean Kromberg type-section, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Journal of Petrology, 53, 513-545. doi: 10 .1093 /petrology /egr070.

GROVE, T. L. and PARMAN, S. W., (2004). Thermal evolution of the Earth as recorded by komatiites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219, 173-187.

GROVE, T. L., PARMAN, S. W. and DANN, J. C., (1999). Conditions of magma generation for Archean komatiites from the Barberton Mountainland, South Africa. In: Fei, Y., Bertka, C. M. and Mysen, B. O. (eds.), Mantle Petrology: Field Observations and High-pressure Experimentation. The Geochemical Society, Houston, pp 155-167.

GUICE, G. L., (2019). Origin and geological significance of ultramafic-mafic complexes in the North Atlantic and Kaapvaal cratons. PhD (unpublished), Cardiff University, Wales, 289 pp.

GUICE, G. L., McDONALD, I., HUGHES, H. S. R. and ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2016). Using PGE to characterise ultramafic-mafic complexes in Archaean cratons. Abstract, 4th International Workshop on Highly Siderophile Element Geochemistry, July 11-15, 2016, Durham, UK.

GUICE, G. L., McDONALD, I., HUGHES, H. S. R., and ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2019). An evaluation of element mobility in the Modderfontein ultramafic complex, Johannesburg: Origin as an Archaean ophiolite fragment or greenstone belt remnant? Lithos, 332-333, 99-119.

GUMSLEY, A., RADMAN, J., SODERLUND, U. and KLAUSEN, M., (2016). U-Pb baddeleyite geochronology and geochemistry of the White Mfolozi Dyke Swarm: unravelling the complexities of 2.70–2.66 Ga dyke swarms across the eastern Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. GFF, 138 (1), 115-132, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2015.1122665.

GUO, F-F., SVETOV, S., MAIER, W. D., HANSKI, E., YANG, S-H., and RYBNIKOVA, Z., (2019). Geochemistry of komatiites and basalts in Archean greenstone belts of Russian

Karelia with emphasis on platinum-group elements. Mineralium Deposita (published online 27 July 2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-019-00909-0.

GUTZMER, J., BANKS, D., DE KOCK, M. O., MCCLUNG, C. R., STRAUSS, H. and MEZGER, K., (2006). The origin and paleoenvironmental significance of stratabound barites from the Mesoarchean Fig Tree Group, Barberton Mountainland, South Africa. Transactions of the 5th South American Symposium on Isotope Geology, pp. 258-262, contrib. 311.

HAMILTON, W. B., (2007). Earth's first two billion years - the era of internally mobile crust. In: Hatcher, R. D. Jr., Carlson, M. P., McBride, J. H. and Martinez Catalan, J. R. (eds.). 4-D Framework of Continental Crust. Geological Society of America Memoir, 200, 233-296. doi: 10.1130/2007.1200(13).

HARRINGTON, J. A., (2017). Using sedimentology and provenance studies to determine depositional relationships between three structural belts of the ca. 3.22 Ga Fig Tree Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. MSc thesis (unpublished), Stanford University, 93 pp.

HAWKESWORTH, C. J., CAWOOD, P. A. and DHUIME, B., (2016). Tectonics and crustal evolution. GSA Today, 26 (9), 4-11. doi: 10.1130/GSATG272A.1.

HAYASHI, T., TANIMIZU, M. and TANAKA, T., (2004). Origin of negative Ce anomalies in Barberton sedimentary rocks, deduced from La-Ce and Sm- Nd is ot op e s ys t em at ics. Precambrian Research, 135, 345-357.

HESSLER, A. M. and LOWE, D. R., (2006). Weathering and sediment generation in the Archean: An integrated study of the evolution of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks of the 3.2 Ga Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 151, 185-210.

HESSLER, A. M., LOWE, D. R., JONES, R. L. and BIRD, D. K., (2004). A lower limit for atmospheric carbon dioxide levels 3.2 billion years ago. Nature, 428, 736-738. doi: 10.1038/nature02471.

HEUBECK, C., (2009). An early ecosystem of Archean tidal microbial mats (Moodies Group, South Africa, ca. 3.2 Ga). Geology, 37, 931-934.

HEUBECK, C., (2019). The Moodies Group - a high-resolution archive of Archaean surface processes and basin-forming mechanisms. In: Kröner, A. and Hofmann, A. (eds.). The Archaean Geology of the Kaapvaal Craton, Southern Africa. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer Nature Switzerland AG133-170.

HEUBECK, C., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and BRANDT, D., (2018). 3.2 Comparative Analysis. Section included in UNESCO report re: Barberton World Heritage Site.

HEUBECK, C., BLÄSING, S., GRUND, M., DRABON, N., HOMANN, N. and NABHAN, S., (2016). Geological constraints on Archean (3.22 Ga) coastal zone processes from the Dycedale Syncline, Barberton Greenstone Belt. South African Journal of Geology, 119 (3), 495- 518. doi:10.2113/gssajg.119.3.495.

HEUBECK, C., ENGELHARDT, J., BYERLY, G. R., ZEH, A., SELL, B., LUBER, T. and LOWE, D. R., (2013). Timing of deposition and deformation of the Moodies Group (Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa): Very-high-resolution of Archaean surface processes: Precambrian Research, 231, 236-262, doi: 10 .1016 /j .precamres .2013 .03.021.

HEUBECK, C., GROSCH, E. and MASON, P., (2016). Geology of the Barberton Greenstone Belt: Processes on the early Earth. Field Guide 35th International Congress (Cape Town), Field Trip Guide POST-7, (4-10 September 2016).

HEUBECK, C., KÖHLER, I., HOMANN, M. and DRABON, N., (2015). Raman Spectroscopy of biomats from the Moodies Group (Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, 3.22 Ga). Habitability in the Universe: From the Early Earth to Exoplanets, 22-27 March 2015. Porto, Portugal (conference abstract).

HEUBECK, C. and LOWE, D. R., (1999). Sedimentary petrography and provenance of the Archean Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt. In: Lowe, D. R. and Byerly, G. R. (eds.), Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 259-286.

HICKMAN-LEWIS, K., CAVALAZZI, B., FOUCHER, F. and WESTALL, F., (2018). Most ancient evidence for life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt: Microbialmats and biofabrics of the ∼3.47 Ga Middle Marker horizon. Precambrian Research, 312, 45-67.

HICKMAN-LEWIS, K., WESTALL, F. and CAVALAZZI, B., (2018). Traces of early life from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. In: Van Kranenedonk, M. J., Bennett, V. C. and Hoffmann, J. E. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks – Second Edition, Elsevier (Amsterdam), 1029- 1058.

HOEHNEL, D., REIMOLD, W. U., ALTENBERGER, U., HOFMANN, A., MOHR- WESTHEIDE, T., ÖZDEMIR, S. and KOEBERL, C., (2018). Petrographic and Micro-XRF analysis of multiple Archean impact-derived spherule layers in drill core CT3 from the northern Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 138, 264-288. doi:org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.11.020.

HOFFMANN, J. E. and KRӦNER, A., (2019). Early Archean crustal evolution in southern Africa: An updated record of the Ancient Gneiss Complex of Swaziland. In: Van Kranendonk,

M. J., Bennett, V. C. and Hoffmann, J. E. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 2nd Edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 553-568.

HOFFMANN, J. E., KRÖNER, A., HEGNER, E., VIEHMANN, S., XIE, H., IACCHERI, L. M., SCHNEIDER, K. P., HOFMANN, A., WONG, J., GENG, H. and YANG, J., (2016). Source composition, fractional crystallization and magma mixing processes in the 3.48–3.43 Ga Tsawela tonalite suite (Ancient Gneiss Complex, Swaziland) – Implications for Palaeoarchaean geodynamics. Precambrian Research, 276, 43-66.

HOFFMANN, J. E. and WILSON, A. H., (2017). The origin of highly radiogenic Hf isotope compositions in 3.33 Ga Commondale komatiite lavas (South Africa). Chemical Geology, 455, 6-21.

HOFMANN, A., (2005a). On the origin of Archaean carbonaceous cherts as deduced from field observations in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Economic Geology Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Information Circular, 387, 32 pp.

HOFMANN, A., (2005b). The geochemistry of sedimentary rocks from the Fig Tree Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt: Implications for tectonic, hydrothermal and surface processes during mid-Archaean times. Precambrian Research, 143, 23-49.

HOFMANN, A., (2008). Hydrothermal activity and stromatolite formation in the pre-2.95 Ga record of South Africa. Abstract, Goldschmidt Conference, A385.

HOFMANN, A., (2009). Archaean hydrothermal systems in the Barberton Greenstone Belt and their significance as a habitat for early life. Abstract, Portland GSA Annual Meeting, Paper No. 206-11.

HOFMANN, A., (2011). Archaean hydrothermal systems in the Barberton Greenstone Belt and their significance as a habitat for early life. In: Golding, S. and Glikson, M. (eds.). Earliest Life on Earth: Habitats, Environments and Methods of Detection. Springer-Verlag, 51-78. ISBN: 978-90-481-8793-5

HOFMANN, A., ANHAEUSSER, C. R., DIXON, J., KRÖNER, A., SAHA, L., WILSON, A. H. and XIE, H., (2018). Archaean granitoid-greenstone geology of the south-eastern part of the Kaapvaal Craton. Abstract, Geocongress 2018, 18-20 July, 2018, Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, p.105.

HOFMANN, A., ANHAEUSSER, C. R., DIXON, J., KRÖNER, A., SAHA, L., WILSON, A. H. and XIE, H., (2019). Archaean granitoid-greenstone geology of the southeastern part of the Kaapvaal Craton. In: Krӧner, A. and Hofmann, A. (eds.). The Archaean Kaapvaal Craton, Southern Africa. Regional Geology Reviews, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 33-54.

HOFMANN, A., ANHAEUSSER, C. R., ERIKSSON, K. A. and DZIGGEL, A., (2004). Excursion Guide to the Geology of the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Information Circular 24

Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 378, 49 pp.

HOFMANN, A. and BOLHAR, R., (2007). The origin of carbonaceous cherts in the Barberton Greenstone Belt and their significance for the study of early life in the mid-Archaean rocks. Astrobiology, 7, 355-388.

HOFMANN, A., BOLHAR, R., ORBERGER, B. and FOUCHER, F., (2013). Cherts of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Petrology and trace-element geochemistry of 3.5 to 3.3 Ga old silicified volcaniclastic sediments. South African Journal of Geology, 116, 297-322.

HOFMANN, A. and HARRIS, C., (2008). Silica alteration zones in the Barberton Greenstone Belt: A window into subseafloor processes 3.5–3.3 Ga ago. Chemical Geology, 257, 221-239. (includes Appendix A. Supplementary data).

HOFMANN, A., KRÖNER, A., XIE, H., HEGNER, E., BELYANIN, G., KRAMERS, J., BOLHAR, R., SLABUNOV, A., REINHARD, J. and HORVÁTH, P., (2015). The Nhlangano gneiss dome in south-west Swaziland–A record of crustal destabilization of the eastern Kaapvaal Craton in the Neoarchaean. Precambrian Research, 258, 109-132.

HOFMANN, A., PITCAIRN, I. and WILSON, A. H., (2017). Gold mobility during Palaeoarchaean submarine alteration. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 462, 47-54.

HOFMANN, A., REIMOLD, U. W. and KOEBERL, C., (2006). Archean spherule layers in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: A discussion of problems related to the impact interpretation. In: Reimold, W. U., Gibson, R. (eds.). Processes on the Early Earth. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 405, 33-56.

HOFMANN, A. and WILSON, A. H., (2007). Silicified basalts, bedded cherts and other seafloor alteration phenomena of the 3.4 Ga Nondweni Greenstone Belt, South Africa. In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Smithies, R. H., Bennett, V. C. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 571-605.

HOMANN, M., (2019). Earliest life on Earth: Evidence from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Earth-Science Reviews, 196, 102888, 23 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102888.

HOMANN, M., HEUBECK, C., AIRO, A. and TICE, M., (2015). Morphological adaptations of 3.22 Ga-old tufted microbial mats to Archean coastal habitats (Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa). Precambrian Research, 266, 47-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.04.018.

HOMANN, M., HEUBECK, C., BONTOGNALI, T. R. R., BOUVIER, A-S., BAUMGARTNER, L. P. and AIRO, A., (2016). Evidence for cavity-dwelling microbial life in

3.22 Ga tidal deposits. Geology, 44 (1), 51-54. Data Repository item 2016012. http://doi:10.1130/G37272.1

HOMANN, M., SANSJOFRE, P., VAN ZUILEN, M., HEUBECK, C., GONG, J., KILLINGSWORTH, B., FOSTER, I. S., AIRO, A., VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., ADER, M., LALONDE, S .V., (2018). Microbial life and biogeochemical cycling on land 3,220 million years ago. Nature Geoscience, 11, 665-671. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0190-9.

HORNSEY, R. and CHUNNETT, I., (no date).The Bon Accord Ni-sulphide deposit – Ni- sulphide mineralisation within the 3.4-3.5 Ga Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. (unpublished report) African Nickel Limited.

HREN, M., TICE, M. M. and CHAMBERLAIN, C. P., (2009). Oxygen and hydrogen isotope evidence for a temperate climate 3.42 billion years ago. Nature, 462, 205-208.

HUBER, M. S. and BYERLY, G. R., (2018). Volcanological and petrogenetic characteristics of komatiites of the 3.3 Ga Saw Mill Complex, Weltevreden Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 121 (4), 463-486. doi:10.25131/sajg.121.0031

HUNTER, D. R., JOHNSON, M. R., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and THOMAS, R. J. (eds.) (2006). Introduction: The Geology of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg and Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, 1-8pp.

ISHIHARA, S., OHMOTO, H., ANHAEUSSER, C. R., IMAI, A. and ROBB, L. J., (2006). Discovery of the oldest oxic granitoids in the Kaapvaal Craton and its implications for the redox evolution of early Earth. In: Kesler, S. E. and Ohmoto, H. (eds.). Evolution of the Early Earth’s Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere – Constraints from Ore Deposits. Geological Society of America Memoir, 198, 67-80.

ISHIHARA, S., ROBB, L. J., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and IMAI, A. (2002a). Granitoid series in terms of magnetic susceptibility: a case study from the Barberton region, South Africa. Gondwana Research, 5 (3), 581-589.

ISHIHARA, S., ROBB, L. J., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and IMAI, A., (2002b). Magnetite- series/ilmenite-series granitoids in some Archean terrains in South Africa. Abstract, Geological Society of America, Denver Annual Meeting, October, 2002.

IZAWA, M. R. M., BANERJEE, N. R., FLEMMING, R. L., BRIDGE, N. J. and, SCHULTZ, C., (2010). Basaltic glass as a habitat for microbial life: Implications for astrobiology and planetary exploration. Planetary and Space Science, 58, 583-591.

JAVAUX, E. J., MARSHALL, C. P. and BEKKER, A., (2010). Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits. Nature, 463, 934- 938.

JOHNSON, M. R., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and THOMAS, R. J. (eds.) (2006). The Geology of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg and Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, 691 pp. JOHNSON, C. M. and VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., (2019). Ancient life and plate tectonics. In: Kolb, V. M. (ed.) Handbook of Astrobiology. Chapter 4.4, 195-206. CRC Press, London. JOST, H., APOLLO, J. F. H., WEBER, W., REIS SALLES, R., MARQUES, J. C., MASSUCATTO, A. J., COSTA, D. A. and SANTOS, B. A., (2019). Stratigraphic update, paleotectonic, paleogeographic, and depositional environments of the Crixás Greenstone Belt, Central Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 96, 102329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102329

KAREEM, K., (2005). Komatiites of the Weltevreden Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Implications for the chemistry and temperature of the Archean mantle. PhD thesis (unpublished), Louisiana State University.

KAREEM, K. M. and BYERLY, G. R., (2003). Petrology and geochemistry of 3.3 Ga komatiites-Weltevreden Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt. Abstract, 34th Lunar and Planetary Science Convention, Lunar and Planetary Institute, LPSCXXXIV, Huston, Texas.

KAŹMIERCZAK, J. and KREMER, B., (2019). Pattern of cell division in ∼3.4 Ga-old microbes from South Africa. Precambrian Research, 331, 105357. (Available online 30 May 2019) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105357.

KILLICK, A. M. and LONGRIDGE, L., (2008). A preliminary study of the geological structure of the Bon Accord nickel prospect, Barberton Greenstone Belt. Unpublished report, Geovision CC., 41 pp.

KINNAIRD, J. A., NEX, P. A. M. and MILANI, L., (2016). Tin in Africa. In: The Great Mineral Fields of Africa. Special Issue of Episodes, 39 (2), 361-380.

KISTERS, A. F. M., BELCHER, R. W., POUJOL, M. and DZIGGEL, A., (2010). Continental growth and convergence-related arc plutonism in the Mesoarchaean: Evidence from the Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrain, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 178, 15-26, doi: 10.1016/j.precamres .2010 .01 .002.

KISTERS, A. F. M., STEVENS, G., DZIGGEL, A. and ARMSTRONG, R. A., (2003). Extensional detachment faulting and core complex formation in the southern Barberton granite- greenstone terrain, South Africa: Evidence for a 3.2 Ga orogenic collapse. Precambrian Research, 127, 355-378, doi: 10.1016 /j.precamres .2003 .08 .002.

KLEINHANNS, I. C., KRAMERS, J. D. and KAMBER, B. S., (2003). Importance of water for Archaean granitoid petrology: A comparative study of TTG and potassic granitoids from Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 145 (3), 377-389.

KNAUTH, L. P. and LOWE, D. R., (2003). High Archean climatic temperature inferred from oxygen isotope geochemistry of cherts in the 3.5 Ga Swaziland Supergroup, South Africa. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 115, 566-580.

KOHL, I. E., BYERLY, G. R., and LOWE, D. R., (2007). A reconnaissance study of rutile from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Implications for a possible new Archean impact layer: Abstract V23C-1557 presented at the 2007 Fall Meeting, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, California, 10–14 December.

KOHLER, E. A., (2003). The geology of the Archaean granitoid-greenstone terrane in the vicinity of Three Sisters, Barberton Greenstone Belt. Council for Geoscience Bulletin, 133, 150 pp.

KOHLER, E. A. and ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2002). Geology and geodynamic setting of Archaean silicic metavolcaniclastic rocks of the Bien Venue Formation Fig Tree Group, northeast Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 116, (3/4), 199-235.

KOHLER, I. and HEUBECK, C., (2019). Microbial-mat-associated tephra of the Archean Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB), South Africa: Resemblance to potential biostructures and ecological implications. South African Journal of Geology, 122 (2), 221-236. doi: 10.25131/sajg.122.0015.

KOLB, J., DZIGGEL, A. and BAGAS, L., (2015). Hypozonal lode gold deposits: A genetic concept based on a review of the New Consort, Renco, Hutti, Hira Buddini, Navachab, Nevoria and the Granites deposits. Precambrian Research, 262, 20-44.

KOSITCIN, N. and KRAPEŽ, B., (2004). Relationship between detrital zircon age-spectra and the tectonic evolution of the Late Archaean Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 129, 141-168.

KOZAWA, T., SUGITANI, K., OEHLER, D. Z., HOUSE, C. H., SAITO, I., WATANABE, T. and GOTOH, T., (2019). Early Archean planktonic mode of life: Implications from fluid dynamics of lenticular microfossils. Geobiology, 17, 113-1 2 6. doi: 10.1111/gbi.12319

KRÖNER, A., (2007). The Ancient Gneiss Complex of Swaziland and environs: Record of early Archean crustal evolution in southern Africa. In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Smithies, R. H. 28

and Bennett, V. C. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 465-480.

KRӦNER, A., (2016a). Chronology of the oldest supracrustal sequences in the Palaeoarchaean Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa and Swaziland. Paper No: 5294, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

KRӦNER, A., (2016b). High-grade metamorphism and crustal melting at ca. 3.2 Ga in the eastern Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. Paper No: 695, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

KRӦNER, A., ANHAEUSSER, C. R., HEUBECK, C., HOFFMANN, J. E., KISTERS, A. F. M., MOYEN, J-F., SCHNEIDER, K. P., STEVENS, G., WANG, H. and VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., (2016). Badplaas Field Workshop on Archaean Geodynamics 18-22 August 2016. Southern Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrane, South Africa, 53 pp.

KRӦNER, A., ANHAEUSSER, C. R., HOFFMANN, J. E., WONG, J., GENG, H., HEGNER, E., XIE, H., YANG, J., and LIU, D., (2016a). Chronology of the oldest supracrustal sequences in the Palaeoarchaean Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa and Swaziland. Precambrian Research, 279, 123-143.

KRÖNER, A., ANHAEUSSER, C. R., HOFFMANN, J. E., WONG, J., GENG, H., HEGNER, E., XIE, H., YANG, J. and LIU, D., (2016b). Chronology of the oldest supracrustal sequences in the Palaeoarchaean Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa and Swaziland. Abstract # 5294, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

KRÖNER, A., ANHAEUSSER, C. R., HOFFMANN, J. E., WONG, J., GENG, H., HEGNER, E., XIE, H., YANG, J. and LIU, D., (2016c). Corrigendum to ‘‘Chronology of the oldest supracrustal sequences in the Palaeoarchaean Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa and Swaziland” [Precambrian Research, 279 (2016) 123-143]. Precambrian Research, 290, 197- 198. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/

KRÖNER, A. and HOFMANN, A., (eds.). The Archaean Geology of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Regional Geology Reviews, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 302 pp.

KRÖNER, A., HOFFMANN, J. E., WONG, J. M., GENG, H-Y., SCHNEIDER, K. P., XIE, H., YANG, J-H. and NHLEKO, N., (2019). Archaean crystalline rocks of the eastern Kaapvaal Craton. In: Krӧner, A. and Hofmann, A. (eds.). The Archaean Kaapvaal Craton, Southern Africa. Regional Geology Reviews, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 1-32. KRÖNER, A., HOFFMANN, J. E., XIE, H., MÜNKER, C., HEGNER, E., WAN, Y., HOFMANN, A., LIU, D. and YANG, J., (2014). Generation of early Archaean grey gneisses through melting of older crust in the eastern Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. Precambrian Research 255 (3), 823-846.

KRÖNER, A., HOFFMANN, J. E., XIE, H., WU, F., MUNKER, C., HEGNER, E., WONG, J., WAN, Y. and LIU, D., (2013). Generation of early Archaean felsic greenstone volcanic rocks through crustal melting in the Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 381, 188-197.

KRÖNER, A., NAGEL, TH., HOFFMANN, J. E., XIE, H., WONG, J., GENG, H., HEGNER, E., LIU, X., HOFMANN, A., LIU, D. and YANG, J., (2016). High-grade metamorphism and crustal melting at ca. 3.2 Ga in the eastern Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. Abstract # 695, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

KRULL-DAVATZES, A. E., BYERLY, G. R. and LOWE, D. R., (2010). Evidence for a low-

O2 Archean atmosphere from nickel-rich chrome spinels in 3.24 Ga impact spherules, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 296, 319-328.

KRULL-DAVATZES, A. E., BYERLY, G. R. and LOWE, D. R., (2014). Paleoarchean ocean crust and mantle excavated by meteor impact: Insight into early crustal processes and tectonics. Geology, 42; (7), 635-638.

KRULL-DAVATZES, A. E., LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2006). Compositional grading in an ~3.24 Ga impact-produced spherule bed, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: A key to impact plume evolution. South African Journal of Geology, 109, 233-244. doi:10.2113/gssajg.109.1-2.233

KRULL-DAVATZES, A. K., LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2009). Diagenesis of the 3.24 Ga spherules in the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa. Abstract, 2009 Portland GSA Annual Meeting, Paper No. 207-5.

KRULL-DAVATZES, A. E., LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2012). Mineralogy and diagenesis of 3.24 Ga meteorite impact spherules. Precambrian Research, 196-197, 128-148.

KYTE, F. T., SHUKOLYUKOV, A., LUGMAIR, G. W., LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2003). Early Archean spherule beds: Chromium isotopes confirm origin through multiple impacts of projectiles of carbonaceous chondrite type. Geology, 31, 283-286.

LANA, C., BUICK, I. S., STEVENS, G., ROSSOUW, R. and DE WET, W., (2011). 3230- 3200 Ma post-orogenic extension and mid-crustal magmatism along the southeastern margin of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Journal of Structural Geology, 33, 844-858, doi: 10.1016 /j.jsg .2011 .03 .007.

LANA, C., KISTERS, A. F. M. and STEVENS, G., (2010). Exhumation of Mesoarchean TTG gneisses from the middle crust: Insights from the Steynsdorp core complex, Barberton granitoid-

greenstone terrain, South Africa. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 122, 183-197, doi: 10.1130/B26580.1.

LANA, C., TOHVER, E. and CAWOOD, P., (2010). Quantifying rates of dome-and-keel formation in the Barberton granitoid-greenstone belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 177, 199-211, doi: 10.1016 /j.precamres.2009 .12 .001.

LAURENT, O., ZEH, A., BRANDL, G., VEZINET, A. and WILSON, A. H., (2019). Granitoids and greenstone belts of the Pietersburg Block—witnesses of an Archaean accretionary orogen along the northern edge of the Kaapvaal Craton. In: Kröner A., Hofmann A. (eds.). The Archaean Geology of the Kaapvaal Craton, Southern Africa. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 83-107.

LEDEVIN, M., ARNDT, N., DAVAILLE, A., LEDEVIN, R. and SIMIONOVICI, A., (2015). The rheological behaviour of fracture-filling cherts: Example of Barite Valley dikes, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Solid Earth, 6 (1), 253-269. doi:10.5194/se-6-253- 2015.

LEMELLE, L., SIMIONOVICI, A., SCHOONJANS, T., TUCOULOU, R., ENRICO, E., SALOMÉ, M., HOFMANN, A. and CAVALAZZI, B., (2017). Analytical requirements for quantitative X-ray fluorescence nano-imaging of metal traces in solid samples. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 91, 104-111.

LIU, S., (2019). Obituary - Alfred Krӧner (1939-2019). Gondwana Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.05.002.

LOCMELIS, M., AREVALO, R. D. Jr., PUCHTEL, I. S., FIORENTINI, M. L. and NISBET, E. G., (2019). Transition metals in komatiitic olivine: Proxies for mantle composition, redox conditions, and sulfide mineralization potential. American Mineralogist, 104, 1143-1155.

LOWE, D. R., (1999a). Geologic evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt and vicinity. In: Lowe, D. R. and Byerly, G. R. (eds.). Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 287-312.

LOWE, D. R., (1999b). Petrology and sedimentology of cherts and related silicified sedimentary rocks in the Swaziland Supergroup. In: Lowe, D.R. and Byerly, G.R. (eds.). Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 83-114.

LOWE, D. R., (1999c). Shallow-water sedimentation of accretionary lapilli-bearing strata of the Msauli Chert: Evidence of explosive hydromagmatic komatiite volcanism. In: Lowe, D. R. and Byerly, G. R. (eds.). Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 213-232.

LOWE, D.R., (2013). Crustal fracturing and chert dike formation triggered by large meteorite impacts, ca. 3.260 Ga, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 125, (5-6), 894-912. doi:10.1130/B30782.1

LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (1999a). Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 319 pp.

LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (1999b). Stratigraphy of the west-central part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. In: Lowe, D. R. and Byerly, G. R. (eds.). Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 1-36.

LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2003a). Field guide to the geology of the 3.5-3.2 Ga Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Field Conference on Archean Surface Processes, 184 pp.

LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2003b). Ironstone pods in the Archean Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: The Earth’s oldest sea-floor hydrothermal vents reinterpreted as Quaternary subaerial springs. Geology, 31, 909-912.

LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2007a). An overview of the geology of the Barberton Greenstone Belt and vicinity: Implications for early crustal development. In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Smithies, R. H., Bennett, V. C. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Elsevier (Developments in Precambrian Geology), Amsterdam, 15, 481-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2635 (07)15053-2.

LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2007b). Ironstone bodies of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Products of a Cenozoic hydrological system, not Archean hydrothermal vents! Geological Society of America Bulletin, 119, 65-87.

LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2010). Did LHB end not with a bang but a whimper? The geologic evidence. 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 2563.

LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2015). Geologic record of partial ocean evaporation triggered by giant asteroid impacts, 3.29-3.23 billion years ago. Geology, 43, 535-538.

LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2018). The terrestrial record of Late Heavy Bombardment. New Astronomy Reviews 81:39-61.

LOWE, D. R. and NOCITA, B. W., (1999). Foreland basin sedimentation in the Mapepe Formation, southern-facies Fig Tree Group. In: Lowe, D. R. and Byerly, G. R. (eds.). Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 233-258.

LOWE, D. R. and TICE, M. M., (2004). Geologic evidence for Archean atmospheric and climatic evolution: Fluctuating levels of CO2, CH4, and O2 with an overriding tectonic control. Geology, 32, 493-496. doi:10.1130/G20342.1.

LOWE, D. R. and WORRELL, G. F., (1999). Sedimentology, mineralogy, and implications of silicified evaporates in the Kromberg Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. In: Lowe D. R. and Byerly, G. R. (eds.). Geologic evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 167-87.

LOWE, D. R., BYERLY, G. R. and HEUBECK, C., (1999). Structural divisions and development of the west-central part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt. In: Lowe D. R. and Byerly, G. R. (eds.). Geologic evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 37-82.

LOWE, D. R., BYERLY, G. R. and HEUBECK, C., (2012). Geologic map of the west-central Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America, Maps and Charts Series, MCH103, 5500 7700 color plate, scale 1:25,000. https:// doi .org /10 .1130/2012 .MCH103

LOWE, D. R., BYERLY, G. R. and KYTE, F. T., (2014). Recently discovered 3.42–3.23 Ga impact layers, Barberton Belt, South Africa: 3.8 Ga detrital zircons, Archean impact history, and tectonic implications. Geology , 42 (9), 747-750. https://doi.org/10.1130/G35743.1. LOWE, D. R., BYERLY, G. R., KYTE, F. T., SHUKOLYUKOV, A., KRULL, A. and ASARO, F., (2003). Characteristics, origin, and interpretation of Archean impact-produced spherule beds, 3.47–3.22 Ga, in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Keys to the role of large impacts on the evolution of the early earth. Astrobiology, 3, 7-48. https:// doi .org /10 .1089/153110703321632408.

LOWE, D. R., DRABON, N. and BYERLY, G. R., (2018). Crustal fracturing, unconformities, and barite deposition, 3.26–3.23 Ga, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 327, 34-46.

LOWE, D. R., HEUBECK, C. and BYERLY, G. R., (2016). Geology of the Barberton Greenstone Belt: Processes on the Early Earth. 35th International Geological Congress, Field Trip Guide Pre-16, 138 pp.

LOWREY, J. R., IVANIC, T. J., WYMAN, D. A. and ROBERTS, M. P., (2017). Platy pyroxene: New insights into spinifex texture. Journal of Petrology, 58, (9), 1671-1700. doi: 10.1093/petrology/egx069.

LUBER, T., (2014). Geology of parts of the Stolzburg Syncline, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Unpublished MSc mapping report, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, 62 pp

MAIER, W. D., ROELOFSE, F. and BARNES, S. J., (2003). The concentration of the platinum-group elements in South African komatiites: Implications for mantle sources, melting regime and PGE fractionation during crystallization. Journal of Petrology, 44 (10), 1787-1804.

MASON, P. R. D., (2016). Sulfate in the Paleoarchean oceans: Insight from barite deposits and their surrounding sedimentary rocks in the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Abstract # 4710, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

MASON, P. R. D., REIMER, T. O. and WHITEHOUSE, M. J., (2008). Multiple sulfur isotopes in pyrite and barite-rich sediments from the Barberton Greenstone Belt: Evidence for microbial sulfur cycling? Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, A602.

MASON, P. R. D., ROERDINK, D., REIMER, T. O. and WHITEHOUSE, M. J., (2009). Microbes use both elemental sulfur and sulfate at 3.3 Ga in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract # 206-12, GSA Annual Meeting, Portland Oregon.

MAYA, J. M., BHUTANI, R., BALAKRISHNAN, S. and SANDHYA, S. R., (2017). Petrogenesis of 3.15 Ga old Banasandra komatiites from the Dharwar craton, India: Implications for early mantle heterogeneity. Geoscience Frontiers 8, 467-481.S

McLOUGHLIN, N., BRASIER, M. D., WACEY, D., GREEN, O. R. and PERRY, R. S., (2007). On biogenicity criteria for endolithic microborings on early Earth and beyond. Astrobiology, 7, 10-26.

McLOUGHLIN, N., DE WIT, M. J. and FURNES, H., (2009). Deciphering Earth’s Deep History: Drilling in Africa’s Oldest Greenstone Belt. Eos, 90, (40), 350-351.

McLOUGHLIN, N., FURNES, H., BANERJEE, N. R., MUEHLENBACHS, K. and STAUDIGEL, H., (2009). Ichnotaxonomy of microbial trace fossils in volcanic glass. Journal of Geological Society of London, 166, 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492008-049.

McLOUGHLIN, N., FURNES, H., BANERJEE, N. R., STAUDIGEL, H., MUEHLENBACHS, K., DE WIT, M. J. and VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., (2007). Micro- bioerosion in volcanic glass: Extending the ichnofossil record to Archean basaltic crust. In: Wisshak, M. and Tananila, L. (eds.). Springer Verlag.

McLOUGHLIN, N., FURNES, H., MUEHLENBACHS, K., FLIEGEL, D., GROSCH, E., STAUDIGEL, H. and DE WIT, M. J., (2009). Microbial bioalteration textures in greenstone belt pillow lavas. Abstract # 206-13, GSA Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon.

McLOUGHLIN, N., GROSCH, E. G., KILBURN, M. R. and WACEY, D., (2012). Sulfur isotope evidence for a Paleoarchean subseafloor biosphere, Barberton, South Africa. Geology, 40, (11), 1031-1034; Data Repository item 2012290.| doi:10.1130/G33313.1.

MELCHIORRE, E. B., BOTTRILL, R., HUSS, G. R. and LOPEZ, A., (2018). The early Earth geochemical and isotope record of serpentinizing environments from Archean stichtite (Mg6Cr2(OH)16[CO3]·4H2O). Precambrian Research, 310, 198-212

MOHR-WESTHEIDE, T., REIMOLD, W. U., FRITZ, J., KOEBERL, C., SALGE, T., HOFMANN, A., and SCHMITT, R. T., (2015). Discovery of extraterrestrial component carrier phases in Archean spherule layers: Implications for estimation of Archean bolide sizes. Geology, 43, 299-302.

MOLEKWA, M. A., (2016). The origin of granular chert in the BARB3 drill core from the Buck Reef Chert, Onverwacht Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract # 4390, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

MOLEKWA, M. A., (2017). The origin of granular chert in the BARB3 drill core from the 3.4 Ga Buck Reef Chert, Onverwacht Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt. M.Sc. dissertation (unpublished), University of Johannesburg.

MONTINARO, A., STRAUSS, H., MASON, P. R., ROERDINK, D., MÜNKER, C., SCHWARZ-SCHAMPERA, U., ARNDT, N. T., FARQUHAR, J., BEUKES, N. J., GUTZMER, J. and PETERS, M., (2015). Paleoarchean sulfur cycling: Multiple sulfur isotope constraints from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 267, 311- 322.

MOYEN J-F., (2011). The composite Archaean grey gneisses: Petrological significance, and evidence for a non-unique tectonic setting for Archaean crustal growth. Lithos, 123, 21-36.

MOYEN J-F. and LAURENT, O., (2018) Archaean tectonic systems: A view from igneous rocks. Lithos 302-303:99-125.

MOYEN, J.-F. and MARTIN, H., (2012). Forty years of TTG research. Lithos, 148, 312-336. doi: 10 .1016 /j .lithos .2012 .06 .010 .

MOYEN J-F. and STEVENS, G., (2006) Experimental constraints on TTG petrogenesis: implications for Archean geodynamics. In: Benn K, Mareschal J-C, Condie KC (eds) Archean geodynamics and environments. American Geophysical Union, Monographs, 164, 149-178.

MOYEN, J-F., STEVENS, G. and KISTERS, A. F. M., (2006). Record of mid-Archean subduction from metamorphism in the Barberton terrain, South Africa. Nature, 442, 559-562. doi: 10.1038 /nature04972 .

MOYEN, J-F., STEVENS, G., KISTERS, A. F. M. and BELCHER, R. W., (2007). TTG plutons of the Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrain, South Africa. In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Smithies, R. H., Bennett, V. C. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15, 1st Edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 607-668.

MOYEN, J-F., STEVENS, G., KISTERS, A. F. M., BELCHER, R. W. and LEMIRRE, B., (2019). TTG plutons of the Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrain, South Africa. In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Bennett, V. C. and Hoffmann, J. E. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 2nd Edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 615-654.

MOYEN, J-F. and VAN HUNEN, J., (2012). Short-term episodicity of Archean plate tectonics. Geology, 40, 451-454. doi: 10 .1130 /G322894 .1 .

MUEHLENBACHS, K., FURNES, H. and DE WIT, M. J., (2009). Temperatures gradients in the marine Archean exogenic cycle derived from the alteration of seafloor basalts, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract# 206-10. GSA Annual Meeting, Portland Oregon.

MULLER, E., PHILIPPOT, P., ROLLION-BARD, C. and CARTIGNY, P., (2016). Multiple sulfur-isotope signatures in Archean sulfates and their implications for the chemistry and dynamics of the early atmosphere. Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 7432-7437.

MURPHY, R. C. L., (2015). Stabilising a craton: The origin and emplacement of the 3.1 Ga Mpuluzi Batholith. PhD thesis (unpublished), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, 224 pp. (Appendix A-265 pp.).

NABHAN, S., KÖHLER, I. and HEUBECK, C., (2017). Local and regional controls on the maturation state of carbonaceous matter in the BGB. Conference abstract, 24 - 29 September 2017, Bremen, Germany.

NABHAN, S., LUBER, T., SCHEFFLER, F. and HEUBECK, C., (2016). Climatic and geochemical implications of Archean pedogenic gypsum in the Moodies Group (∼3.2 Ga), Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 275, 119-134.

NÉDÉLEC, A., CHEVREL, M. O., MOYEN, J. F., GANNE, J. and FABRE, S., (2012). TTGs in the making: Natural evidence from the Inyoni shear zone (Barberton, South Africa). Lithos, 153, 25-38.

NICKLAS, R. W. and PUCHTEL, I. S., (2016). Preservation of magma ocean redox heterogeneities: Evidence from Paleoarchean komatiites. Abstract # V11D-03, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA.

NICKLAS, R. W. and PUCHTEL, I. S., (2018). Redox evolution of the mantle from 3.48 Ga to the Present. Abstract # 2018001214, 28th V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Boston, MA, USA, August 12-17.

NICKLAS, R. W., PUCHTEL, I. S. and ASH, R. D., (2018). Redox state of the Archean mantle: Evidence from V partitioning in 3.5–2.4 Ga komatiites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 222, 447-466.

NICKLAS, R. W., PUCHTEL, I. S., ASH, R. D., PICCOLI, P. M., HANSKI, E., NISBET, E. G., WATERTON, P., PEARSON, D. G. and ANBAR, A. D., (2019)...Secular mantle oxidation across the Archean-Proterozoic boundary: Evidence from V partitioning in komatiites and picrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 250, 49-75.C

NIJMAN, W. and DE VRIES, S. T. (2009). Geological map of the Lower Archaean Buck Ridge volcano-sedimentary complex, Barberton Greenstone Belt, Republic of South Africa. 3 Map sheets and explanatory note, CD-Rom edition. Geologica Ultraiectina 244, Utrecht University Repository.

NISBET, E. G., (1987). The Young Earth – An Introduction to Archean Geology. Allen & Unwin, London, 402 pp.

NISBET, E. G., (2000). The realm of Archean life. Nature, 405, 625-626. doi: 10.1038/35015187.

NOFFKE, N., ERIKSSON, K. A., HAZEN, R. M. and SIMPSON, E. L., (2006). A new window into Early Archean life: Microbial mats in Earth’s oldest siliciclastic tidal deposits (3.2 Ga Moodies Group, South Africa).Geology, 34, 253-256.

OHMOTO, H., WATANABE, Y., IKEMI, H., POULSON, S. R. and TAYLOR, B. E., (2006). Sulphur isotope evidence for an oxic Archaean atmosphere. Nature, 442, 908-911.

OTTO, A., DZIGGEL, A., KISTERS, A. F. M. and MEYER F. M., (2007). The New Consort Gold Mine, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Orogenic gold mineralization in a condensed metamorphic profile. Mineralium Deposita, 42, 715-735. doi: 10.1007/s00126-007- 0135-5.

ÖZDEMIR, S., KOEBERL, C., SCHULZ, T., REIMOLD, W. U., MOHR-WESTHEIDE, T. and HOFMANN, A., (2015). A view to the first half of the Earth’s impact history: Barberton CT3 spherule layers, South Africa. Goldschmidt Conference, Prague, CZ.

PAN AFRICAN RESOURCES, (2015). http://www.panafricanresources.com/operations- overview/ barberton/ (accessed on 2015-08-20).

PARMAN, S. W., GROVE, T. L. and DANN, J., (2001). The production of Barberton komatiites in an Archean subduction zone. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 2513-2516. doi:10.1029/2000GL012713.

PARMAN, S. W., GROVE, T. L., DANN, J. and DE WIT, M. J., (2004). A subduction origin for komatiites and cratonic lithospheric mantle. South African Journal of Geology, 107, 107-118. doi:10.2113/107.1-2.107

PARMAN, S. W., SHIMIZU, N., GROVE, T. L. and DANN, J. C., (2003). Constraints on the pre-metamorphic trace element composition of Barberton komatiites from ion probe analyses of preserved clinopyroxene. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 144, 383-396.

PEARTON, T., (2016). Archaean gold on the Kaapvaal Craton of South Africa with special reference to the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Abstract # 3759, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

PEARTON, T. and VILJOEN, M. J., (2017). Gold on the Kaapvaal Craton outside the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 120, 101-132.

PELSER, A. J., (2012). Final report on the archaeological investigation of a late iron age stone walled site and possible burials impacted on by the Fairview tailings facility reworking program at the Fairview Mine near Barberton, Mpumalanga. Archaetnos Culture & Cultural ResourceConsultants BK 98 09854/23. Report AE01254P for Synergistics Environmental Services, 64 Wessels Road, Rivonia 2128.

PENG, T., WANG, H. Y. C., CHEN, H., WANG, G. D. and WU, C. M., (2016). Metamorphic P-T paths of the garnet amphibolites within the Inyoni Shear Zone, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

PENG, T., WANG, G-D., WANG, H. Y. C., LIU, J-H., ZHANG, H. C. G., CHEN, H-X. and WU, C-M., (2019). Metamorphic P-T path and geochronology of garnet-bearing amphibolite of the Inyoni Shear Zone, southwestern Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 321, 261-276

POUJOL, M., (2007). An overview of the pre-Mesoarchean rocks of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa, In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Smithies, R. H. and Bennett, V. C. (eds.) (2007). Earth's Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology 15, 1st Edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 465-480.

POUJOL, M., ROBB, L. J. and ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2004). A review of the geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Abstract

Volume, Geoscience Africa 2004 Conference, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa, 12-16 July, 2004, Vol. 2, 522-523.

POUJOL, M., ROBB, L. J., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and GERICKE, B., (2002). Geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Information Circular, Economic Geology Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 360, 33 pp.

POUJOL, M., ROBB, L. J., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and GERICKE, B., (2003). A review of the geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 127 (1-3), 181-213.

PUCHTEL, I. S., BLICHERT-TOFT, J., TOUBOUL, M., HORAN, M. F. and WALKER, R. J., (2016a). The coupled 182W-142Nd record of early terrestrial mantle differentiation. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 17, 2168–2193, doi:10.1002/2016GC006324.

PUCHTEL, I. S., BLICHERT-TOFT, J., TOUBOUL, M., HORAN, M. F. and WALKER, R. J., (2016b). Early terrestrial mantle differentiation recorded in Paleoarchean komatiites. Abstract # V11D-02, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA.

PUCHTEL, I. S., BLICHERT-TOFT, J., TOUBOUL, M. and WALKER, R. J., (2018). 182W and HSE constraints from 2.7 Ga komatiites on the heterogeneous nature of the Archean mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 228, 1-26.

PUCHTEL, I. S., BLICHERT-TOFT, J., TOUBOUL, M., WALKER, R. J., BYERLY, G. R., NISBET, E. G. and ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2013). Insights into early Earth from Barberton komatiites: Evidence from lithophile isotope and trace element systematics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 108, 69-90.

PUCHTEL, I. S., TOUBOUL, M., BLICHERT-TOFT, J. and WALKER, R. J., (2012). Early Earth: an insight from the combined Os-Nd-Hf isotope systematics of Barberton komatiites. 22nd V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Montreal, Canada. Mineralogical Magazine, 76 (7).

PUCHTEL, I. S., TOUBOUL, M., MUNDL, A., BLICHERT-TOFT, J., HANSKI, E. and WALKER, R. J., (2018). Siderophile element heterogeneity of the mantle: Evidence from komatiites. Abstract # 2018002901, 28th V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Boston, MA, USA.

PUCHTEL, I. S. and WALKER, R. J., (2009). Highly siderophile elements in Earth’s mantle: Message from the Archean komatiite zoo. 19th V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Davos, Switzerland. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, A1058.

PUCHTEL, I. S. and WALKER, R. J., (2010). Early Earth’s history as inferred from studies of Archean komatiites. Abstract # V43D-07, Fall AGU Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA.

PUCHTEL, I. S. and WALKER, R. J., (2011). Evolution of deep mantle sources as inferred from Os-Nd isotope systematics of Archean komatiites. 21st V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Prague, Czech Republic. Mineralogical Magazine, 75 (3), 1674.

PUCHTEL, I. S., WALKER, R. J., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and GRUAU, G., (2008). Re-Os isotope and HSE systematics of 3.5 Ga Barberton komatiites. Poster – Goldschmidt Conference, Vancouver, Canada – 15 July 2008.

PUCHTEL, I. S., WALKER, R. J., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and GRUAU, G., (2009). Re-Os isotope systematics and HSE abundances of the 3.5 Ga Schapenburg komatiites, South Africa: Hydrous melting or prolonged survival of primordial heterogeneities in the mantle? Chemical Geology, 262, 391-405.

PUCHTEL, I. S., WALKER, R. J., ROBIN, C., ARNDT, N. T., NISBET, E., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2010). Highly siderophile elements in the early Earth: A story told by Barberton komatiites. Abstract submitted to Goldschmidt 2010 Conference “Earth, Energy and the Environment”, Knoxville, Tennessee, 13-18 June, 2010.

PUCHTEL, I. S., WALKER, R. J., TOUBOUL, M. and BLICHERT-TOFT, J., (2013). Isotopic and Elemental Evidence of Magma Ocean Processes Recorded in Early Archean Komatiites. 23rd V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Florence, Italy. Mineralogical Magazine, 77 (5) 2003.

PUCHTEL, I. S., WALKER, R. J., TOUBOUL, M. and BLICHERT-TOFT, J., (2015). Origin and evolution of silicate reservoirs in the Early Earth: An Archean komatiite story (INVITED). Abstract # T21A-06, AGU Spring Meeting, Montreal, Canada.

PUCHTEL, I. S., WALKER, R. J., TOUBOUL, M., NISBET, E. G., and BYERLY, G. R., (2014).RInsights into early Earth from the Pt–Re–Os isotope and highly siderophile element abundance systematics of Barberton komatiites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 125, 394- 413.

Q H.S. SMITH C.R. ANHAEUSSER*, B. KIMBER, QI, Y-H., WU, F., IONOV, D. A., PUCHTEL, I. S., CARLSON, R. W., NICKLAS, R. W., YU, H-M., KANG, J-T., LI, C-H. and HUANG, F., (2019). Vanadium isotope composition of the Bulk Silicate Earth: Constraints from peridotites and komatiites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 259, 288-301.

RANSOM, B., BYERLY, G. R. and LOWE, D. R., (1999). Subaqueous to subaerial Archean ultramafic phreatomagmatic volcanism, Kromberg Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South

Africa. In: Lowe, D. R. and Byerly, G. R. (eds.). Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 151-166.

ROERDINK, D. L., MASON, P. R. D., FARQUHAR, J. and REIMER, T. O., (2012). Multiple sulfur isotopes in Paleoarchean barites identify an important role for microbial sulfate reduction in the early marine environment. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 331-332, 177- 186.

ROERDINK, D. L., MASON, P. R., WHITEHOUSE, M. J., FRAUKJE, C. and BROUWER, M., (2016). Reworking of atmospheric sulfur in a Paleoarchean hydrothermal system at Londozi, Barberton Greenstone Belt, Swaziland. Precambrian Research, 280,195-204.

ROERDINK, D. L., MASON, P. R., WHITEHOUSE, M. J. and REIMER, T. O., (2013). High-resolution quadruple sulfur isotope analyses of 3.2 Ga pyrite from the Barberton Greenstone Belt in South Africa reveal distinct environmental controls on sulfide isotopic arrays. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 117, 203-215.

ROBB, L. J., BRANDL, G., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and POUJOL, M., (2006). Archaean granitoid intrusions of the Kaapvaal Craton. In: Johnson, M.R., Anhaeusser, C. R. and Thomas, R. J. (eds.) (2006), The Geology of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, and Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, 57-94 pp.

ROBIN, C., BYERLY, G., PUCHTEL, I., BLICHERT-TOFT, J. and WILSON, A. H., (2009). 200 million years of komatiite evolution in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract, Portland GSA Annual Meeting, Paper No. 206-7.

ROBIN-POPIEUL, C. C. M., ARNDT, N. T., CHAUVEL, C., BYERLY, G. R. , SOBOLEV, A. V. and WILSON, A. H., (2012). A new model for Barberton komatiites: Deep critical melting with high melt retention. Journal of Petrology, 53, (11), 2191-2229.

ROBINS, B., SANDSTÅ, N. R., FURNES, H., and DE WIT, M. J., (2010) ‘Flow banding in basaltic pillow lavas from the Early Archean Hooggenoeg Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa’. Bulletin of Volcanology, 72 (5), 579-592.

ROUCHON, V. and ORBERGER, B., (2008). Origin and mechanisms of K-Si-metasomatism of ca. 3.4–3.3Ga volcaniclastic deposits and implications for Archean seawater evolution: Examples from cherts of Kittys Gap (Pilbara Craton, Australia) and Msauli (Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa). Precambrian Research, 165, 169-189.

ROUCHON, V., ORBERGER, B., HOFMANN, A. and PINTI, D. L., (2009). Diagenetic Fe- carbonates in Paleoarchean felsic sedimentary rocks (Hooggenoeg Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa): Implications for CO2 sequestration and the chemical budget of seawater. Precambrian Research, 172, 255-278.

S 41

SAHA, L., HOFMANN, A., JELE, N. and HARRIS, C., (2012). Palaeoarchaean sea-floor alteration and metamorphism of pillow basalts from the Nondweni Greenstone Belt, southeastern Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 115, 259-282.

SANCHEZ-GARRIDO, C., STEVENS, G., ARMSTRONG, R. A., MOYEN, J.-F., MARTIN, H. and DOUCE-LANCE, R., (2011a). Diversity in Earth’s early felsic crust: Paleoarchean peraluminous granites of the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Geology, 39, 963-966.

SANCHEZ-GARRIDO et al., (2011b). GSA DATA REPOSITORY 2011282

SANDSTÅ, N. R., ROBINS, B., FURNES, H. and DE WIT, M. J., (2011). The origin of large varioles in flow-banded pillow lava from the Hooggenoeg Complex, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 162, 365-377. doi: 10.1007/s00410- 010-0601-4.

SANISLAVA, V., DIRKS, P. H. G. M., BLENKINSOP, T. and KOLLING, S. L., (2018). The tectonic history of a crustal-scale shear zone in the Tanzania Craton from the Geita Greenstone Belt, NW-Tanzania Craton. Precambrian Research, 310, 1-6.

SATKOSKI, A. M., LOWE, D. R., BEARD, B. L., COLEMAN, M. L. and JOHNSON, C. M., (2016). A high continental weathering flux into Paleoarchean seawater revealed by strontium isotope analysis of 3.26 Ga barite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 454, 28-35.

SCHNEIDER, K., (2016). Granite-greenstone relationships in the oldest mafic rocks of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract # 2381, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

SCHOENE, B. and BOWRING, S. A., (2007). Determining accurate temperature-time paths in U-Pb thermochronology: An example from the SE Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 165-185, doi: 10.1016 /j.gca .2006 .08 .029.

SCHOENE, B. and BOWRING, S. A., (2010). Rates and mechanisms of Mesoarchean magmatic arc construction, eastern Kaapvaal Craton, Swaziland. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 122, 408-429, doi: 10.1130 /B26501.1.

SCHOENE, B., DE WIT, M. J. and BOWRING, S. A., (2008). Mesoarchean assembly and stabilization of the eastern Kaapvaal Craton: A structural-thermochronological perspective: Tectonics, 27, TC5010, doi: 10.1029/2008TC002267.

SCHOENE, B., DUDAS, F. O. L., BOWRING, S. A. and DE WIT, M. J., (2009). Sm-Nd isotopic mapping of lithospheric growth and stabilization in the eastern Kaapvaal Craton. Terra Nova, 21, 219-228, doi: 10 .1111 /j .1365 -3121.2009 .00877 .x.

SCHOPF, J. W., (2006). Fossil evidence of Archaean life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (B), 361, 861-885.

SCHULZ, T., KOEBERL, C., LUGUET, A., VAN ACKEN, D., MOHR-WESTHEIDE, T., OZDEMIRA, S. and REIMOLD, W. U., (2017). New constraints on the Paleoarchean meteorite bombardment of the Earth - Geochemistry and Re-Os isotope signatures of spherule layers in the BARB5 ICDP drill core from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 211, 322-340.

SHUKOLYUKOV, A., KYTE, F. T., LUGMAIR, G. W., LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2000). The oldest impact deposits on Earth - First confirmation of an extraterrestrial component. In: Gilmour, I. and Koeberl, C. (eds.), Impacts and the Early Earth. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 99-116.

SIMPSON, E. L., ERIKSSON, K. A. and MUELLER, W.U., (2012). 3.2 Ga eolian deposits from the Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Implications for the origin of first-cycle quartz sandstones. Precambrian Research, 214 - 215, 185-191.

SLEEP, N. H. and LOWE, D. R., (2014). Physics of crustal fracturing and chert dike formation triggered by asteroid impact, ≈3.26 Ga, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15, 1-17. doi:10.1002/2014GC005229.

SMITHIES, R. H., CHAMPION, D. C. and VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., (2009). Formation of Paleoarchean continental crust through infracrustal melting of enriched basalt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 281, 298-306.

SOBOLEV, A. V., ASAFOV, E., GURENKO, A. A., ARNDT, N., BATANOVA, B., PORTNYAGIN, M., GARBE-SCHӦNBERG, D. and KRASHENINNIKOV, S., (2016). Komatiites reveal a hydrous Archaean deep-mantle reservoir. Nature, 531 (7596), 628-632. doi:10.1038/nature17152.

SOBOLEV, A. V., ASAFOV, E. V., GURENKO, A. A., ARNDT, N. T., BATANOVA, V. G., PORTNYAGIN, M. V., GARBE-SCHÖNBERG, D., WILSON, A. H. and BYERLY, G. R., (2019). Deep hydrous mantle reservoir provides evidence for crustal recycling before 3.3 billion years ago. Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1399-5

SOSSI, P.A., EGGINS, S. M., NESBITT, R. W.; NEBEL, O., HERGT, J. M., CAMPBELL, I. H., O'NEILL, H. S. C., VAN KRANENDONK, M. J. and RHODRI DAVIES, D., (2016). Petrogenesis and geochemistry of Archean komatiites. Journal of Petrology, 57, 147-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egw004

SOUTHWOOD, M. J., (1984). A preliminary investigation of nickel sulphide mineralisation on the farm “Bon Accord”, near Barberton. MINTEK, Johannesburg, Unpublished report 138, 4 pp.

STAUDIGEL, H., FURNES, H., BANERJEE, N. R., DILEK, Y. and MUEHLENBACHS, K., (2006). Microbes and volcanoes: A tale from the oceans, ophiolites and greenstone belts. GSA Today 16 (10). doi:10.1130/GSAT01610A.1.

STAUDIGEL, H., FURNES, H., MCLOUGHLIN, N., BANERJEE, N. R., CONNELL, L. B. and TEMPLETON, A., (2008). 3.5 billion years of glass bioalteration: Volcanic rocks as a basis for microbial life? Earth-Science Reviews, 89, 156-176. STEFURAK, E. J. T., (2014). Chemical, physical, and biological depositional processes in the ~3.3 Ga upper Mendon Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. PhD thesis (unpublished), Stanford University, 275 pp.

STEFURAK, E. J. T., FISCHER, W. W. and LOWE, D. R., (2015). Texture-specific Si isotope variations in Barberton Greenstone Belt cherts record low temperature fractionations in early Archean seawater. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 150, 26-52.

STEFURAK, E. J. T., LOWE, D. R., ZENTNER, D. and FISCHER, W. W., (2014). Primary silica granules—A new mode of Paleoarchean sedimentation. Geology, 42, (4), 1-4. Data Repository item 2014106. doi:10.1130/G35187.1.

STEFURAK, E. J. T, LOWE, D. R., ZENTNER, D. and FISCHER, W. W., (2015). Sedimentology and geochemistry of Archean silica granules. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 127, 1090-1107.

STEVENS, G., (2016). The metamorphic history of Paleo-, Meso and Neo-Archean sedimentary rocks and associated basement along the eastern and northern edge of the Kaapvaal Craton: Insights into the enigmatic geodynamic processes that formed and shaped the Archean Earth. Abstract# 5026, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town..

STEVENS, G., DROOP, G. T. R., ARMSTRONG, R. A. and ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2002). Amphibolite facies metamorphism of Fig Tree Group metasediments: A record of the mid-crustal response to ~3.23 Ga terrane accretion in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 105 (3), 271-284.

STEVENS, G. and MOYEN, J-F., (2007). Metamorphism in the Barberton granite-greenstone terrain: A record of Paleoarchean accretion. In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Smithies, R. H., Bennett, V. C. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15, 1st Edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 669-698.

STEVENSON-HAMILTON, J., (2008). South African Eden – from Sabi Game Reserve to Kruger National Park. Penguin Books, 369 pp.

STUTENBECKER, L., (2014). Sedimentology, petrography and provenance of the ‘Lomati Quartzite’: Implications for syntectonic Moodies Group sedimentation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. MSc thesis (unpublished), Freie Universität Berlin, 70 pp.

STUTENBECKER, L., HEUBECK, C. and ZEH, A., (2019). The Lomati Delta Complex: A prograding tidal delta in the Archean Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt. South African Journal of Geology, (122 1), 17-38. doi:10.25131/ sajg.122.0002

SUGITANI, K., (2019). Cellular microfossils and possible microfossils in the Paleo- and Mesoarchean. In: Yamagishi, A., Kakegawa, T. and Usui, T. (eds.). Astrobiology, Springer Nature, Singapore. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3639-3_16

SUGITANI, K., GREY, K., ALLWOOD, A., NAGAOKA, T., MIMURA, K., MINAMI, M., MARSHALL, C. P., VAN KRANENDONK, M. J. and WALTER, M. R., (2007). Diverse microstructures from Archaean chert from the Mount Goldsworthy– Mount Grant area, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia: Microfossils, dubiofossils, or pseudofossils? Precambrian Research, 158, 228-262. T

TARDUNO, J. A., COTTRELL, R. D., WATKEYS, M., HOFMANN, A., DOUBROVINE, P. V., MAMAJEK, E., LIU, D., SIBECK, D. G., NEUKIRCH, L. and USUI, Y., (2010). The oldest record of Earth's magnetic field strength. Science, 327, 1238-1240.

TAYLOR, J. and STEVENS, G., (2019). Comment on “High-temperature metamorphism and crustal melting at ca. 3.2 Ga in the eastern Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa” by Kröner et al.– why heating of the Ancient Gneiss Complex by a mantle plume at 3.2 Ga is not a viable tectonic model. Precambrian Research, 332, 105307.

TAYLOR, J., STEVENS, G., ARMSTRONG, R. and KISTERS, A. F. M. (2010). Granulite facies anatexis in the Ancient Gneiss Complex, Swaziland, at 2.73Ga: Mid-crustal metamorphic evidence for mantle heating of the Kaapvaal Craton during Ventersdorp magmatism. Precambrian Research, 177, (1-2), 88-102.

TAYLOR, J., STEVENS, G., BUICK, I. S. and LANA, C., (2012). Successive midcrustal, high-grade metamorphic events provide insight into Mid-Archean mountain-building along the SE margin of the proto-Kaapvaal craton. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 124 (7-8), 1191-1211.

TAYLOR, J., ZEH, A. and GERDES, A., (2016). U–Pb–Hf isotope systematics of detrital zircons in high-grade paragneisses of the Ancient Gneiss Complex, Swaziland: Evidence for two periods of juvenile crust formation, Paleo- and Mesoarchaean sediment deposition, and 3.23 Ga terrane accretion. Precambrian Research, 280, 205-220.

THOMPSON, M. E., KAREEM, K. M., XIE, X. and BYERLY, G. R., (2003). Fresh melt inclusions in 3.3 Ga komatiitic olivines from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Abstract: 34th Annual Lunar Planetary Science Conference, 2112.

THOMPSON STIEGLER, M., COOPER, M., BYERLY, G. R. and LOWE, D. R., (2012). Geochemistry and petrology of komatiites of the Pioneer Ultramafic Complex of the 3.3 Ga Weltevreden Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 212, 1-12.

THOMPSON STIEGLER, M., LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2008). Abundant pyroclastic komatiitic volcanism in the 3.5-3.2 Ga Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geology, 36, 779-782.

THOMPSON STIEGLER, M., LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2010). The petrogenesis of volcaniclastic komatiites in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: A textural and geochemical study. Journal of Petrology, 51, 947-972. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq008.

THOMPSON STIEGLER, M., LOWE, D. R. and BYERLY, G. R., (2011). Fragmentation and dispersal of komatiitic pyroclasts in the 3.5-3.2 Ga Onverwacht Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 123, 1112-1126.

THOMPSON-STIEGLER, M., COOPER, M., BYERLY, G. R. and LOWE, D. R., (2012). Geochemistry and petrology of komatiites of the Pioneer Ultramafic Complex of the 3.3 Ga Weltevreden Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 212- 213, 1-12.

TICE, M. M., BOSTICK, B. C. and LOWE, D. R., (2004). Thermal history of the 3.5–3.2 Ga Onverwacht and Fig Tree Groups, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, inferred by Raman microspectroscopy of carbonaceous material. Geology, 32, 37-40. https:// doi .org /10 .1130 /G19915 .1.

TICE, M. M. and LOWE, D. R., (2004). Photosynthetic microbial mats in the 3,416-Myr-old ocean. Nature, 431, 549-552.

TICE, M. M. and LOWE, D. R., (2006a). Hydrogen-based carbon fixation in the earliest known photosynthetic organisms. Geology, 34 (1), 37-40. doi: 10.1130/G22012.1.

TICE, M. M. and LOWE, D. R., (2006b). The origin of carbonaceous matter in pre-3.0 Ga greenstone terrains: A review and new evidence from the 3.42 Ga Buck Reef Chert. Earth- Science Reviews, 76, 259-300.

TOULKERIDIS, T., CLAUER, N., KRÖNER, A., REIMER, T. and TODT, W., (1999). Characterization, provenance, and tectonic setting of Fig Tree greywackes from the Archaean Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Sedimentary Geology, 124 (1-4), 113-129.

TOULKERIDIS, T., CLAUER, N., KRÖNER, A. and TODT, W., (2015). A mineralogical, chemical and isotopic investigation of shales from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, to constrain source materials and post-deposition evolution. South African Journal of Geology,

118 (4), 389-410.

TOULKERIDIS, T., GOLDSTEIN, S. L., CLAUER, N., KRÖNER, A., TODT, W. and SCHIDLOWSKI, M., (1998). Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr and Pb–Pb dating of silicic carbonates from the early Archaean Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Evidence for post-depositional isotopic resetting at low temperature. Precambrian Research, 92 (2), 129-144.

TRELA, J., GAZEL, E., SOBOLEV, A. V., MOORE, L., BIZIMIS, M., JICHA, B. and BATANOVA, V. G., (2017). The hottest lavas of the Phanerozoic and the survival of deep Archaean reservoirs. Nature Geoscience, 10, 451-456. Nature Geoscience Supplementary Information. doi:10.1038/NGEO2954.

TROWER, E. J. and LOWE, D. R., (2016). Sedimentology of the ~3.3 Ga upper Mendon Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 281, 473-494.

USUI, Y., TARDUNO, J. A., WATKEYS, M., HOFMANN, A. and COTTRELL, R. D., (2009). Evidence for a 3.45-Ga-old magnetic remanence: Hints of an ancient geodynamo from conglomerates of South Africa. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10, Q09Z07, doi:10.1029/2009GC002496.

VAN DEN BOORN, H. J. M., VAN BERGEN, M. J., VROON, P. Z., DE VRIES, S. T. and NIJMAN, W., (2010). Silicon isotope and trace element constraints on the origin of 3.5 Ga cherts: Implications for Early Archaean marine environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 1077-1103.

VAN HUNEN, J. and MOYEN, J.-F., (2012). Archean subduction: Fact or fiction? Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 40, 195-219, doi:10 .1146 /annurev –earth -042711 - 105255 .

VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., (2007). Tectonics of early Earth. In: Van Kranendonk, M. J., Smithies, R. H. and Bennett, V. C. (eds.). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15, 1st Edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1105-1116.

VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., (2009). Development of Pilbara and Kaapvaal granite- greenstone terranes in an oceanic plateau setting. Abstract # 206-2, GSA Annual Meeting, Portland Oregon.

VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., (2011). Cool greenstone drips and the role of partial convective overturn in Barberton Greenstone Belt evolution. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 60, 346-352. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.03.012.

VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., (2016). A volcanic plateau origin of the Barberton granite- greenstone terrain. Abstract # 3603, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., BENNETT, V. C. and HOFFMANN, J. E., Editors (2019). Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 2nd Edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1077 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63901-1.00001-0

VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., KRÖNER, A., HEGNER, E. and CONNELLY, J., (2009). Age, lithology and structural evolution of the c. 3.53 Ga Theespruit Formation in the Tjakastad area, southwestern Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, with implications for Archaean tectonics. Chemical Geology, 261, 115-139. doi: 10.1016 /j.chemgeo.2008.11.006.

VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., KRÖNER, A., HOFFMAN, E., NAGEL, T and ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2014). Just another drip: Re-analysis of a proposed Mesoarchean suture from the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 254, 19-35.

VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., SMITHIES, R. H. and BENNETT, V. C., Editors (2007). Earth's Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology 15, 1st Edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1308 pp.

VAN KRANENDONK, M. J., SMITHIES, R. H., GRIFFIN, W. L., HUSTON, D. L., HICKMAN, A. H., CHAMPION, D. C., ANHAEUSSER, C. R. and PIRAJNO, F., (2014). Making it thick: A volcanic plateau origin of Palaeoarchean continental lithosphere of the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons. In: Roberts, N. M. W., Van Kranendonk, M., Parman, S., Shirey, S. and Clift, P. D. (eds.). Continent Formation Through Time. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 389 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP389.12).

VAN SCHIJNDEL, V., (2016). The Dwalile Supracrustal Suite of the Ancient Gneiss Complex, Swaziland: Evidence for discontinuous deposition and polymetamorphism. Abstract# 3662, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

VAN SCHIJNDEL, V., STEVENS, G., ZEH, A., FREI, D. and LANA, C., (2017). Zircon geochronology and Hf isotopes of the Dwalile Supracrustal Suite, Ancient Gneiss Complex, Swaziland: Insights into the diversity of Palaeoarchaean source rocks, depositional and metamorphic ages. Precambrian Research, 295, 48-66.

VAN ZUILEN, M. A., CHAUSSIDON, M., ROLLION-BAARD, C. and MARTY, B., (2007). Carbonaceous cherts of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Isotopic and structural characteristics of individual microstructures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 655-669.

VENNEMANN, T. W. and SMITH, H. S., (1999). Geochemistry of mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Kromberg Formation in its type section, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. In: Lowe, D. R. and Byerly, G. R. (eds.), Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 133-150.

VERMA, S. K., OLIVEIRA, E. P., SILVA, P. M., MORENO, J. M. and AMARAL, W. S., (2017). Geochemistry of komatiites and basalts from the Rio das Velhas and Pitangui greenstone belts, São Francisco Craton, Brazil: Implications for the origin, evolution, and tectonic setting. Lithos, 284-285, 560-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2017.04.024

VILJOEN, M. J., (2016). Geology, landscape and Earth-life links in the Kruger National Park. Abstract # 173, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

VILJOEN, R. P. and VILJOEN, M. J., (2016). Discovery of komatiite. Abstract # 3762, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

VILJOEN, M. J., VILJOEN, R. P., ANHAEUSSER, C. R., ROBB, L. J. and PEARTON, T., (2019). Komatiite 50th Anniversity Geoheritage Field Guide – 26-29 September 2019. Egoli Branch, Geological Society of South Africa.71 pp.

WABO, H., MARÉ, L. P., BEUKES, N. J. KRUGER, S. J. HUMBERT, F. and DE KOCK, M. O., (2018). Mineral transformations during thermal demagnetization of sideritic jasper mesobands in jaspilites of the ~3.25 Ga Fig Tree Group in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, Kaapvaal Craton (South Africa). South African Journal of Geology, 121 (2), 131-140.

WALSH, M. M., (2010). Microbial mats on the Early Earth: The Archean rock record. In: Seckbach, J. and Oren, A. (eds.). Microbial mats: Modern and ancient microorganisms in stratified systems, Vol. 14, Part 2: Microbial mats in the rock record. Springer, New York, pp. 43-51.

WALSH, M. M. and LOWE, D. R., (1999). Modes of accumulation of carbonaceous matter in the Early Archean: A petrographic and geochemical study of the carbonaceous cherts of the Swaziland Supergroup. In: Lowe, D. R. and Byerly, G. R. (eds.), Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 329, 115-132.

WANG, H., (2016). Zircon ages and Hf-O isotopes of the Stolzburg and Honingklip plutons in the southern Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrane. Abstract # 3293, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

WANG, H., YANG, J-H. and KRÖNER, A., (2016). Zircon ages and Hf-O isotopes of the Stolzburg and Honingklip plutons in the southern Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrane, South

Africa: Implications for tectonic processes. Abstract, 35th International Geological Congress, Cape Town.

WANG, H., YANG, J-H., KRÖNER, A., ZHU, Y-S. and LI, R., (2019). Non‐subduction origin for 3.2 Ga high‐pressure metamorphic rocks in the Barberton granitoid‐greenstone terrane, South Africa. Terra Nova, 001-8. https://doi. org/10.1111/ter.12397

WANG, X-L., TANG, M., MOYEN, J-F., WANG, D., KRӦNER, A., XIA, X-P., HAWKESWORTH, C. J., XIE, H-Q., ANHAEUSSER, C. R., HOFMANN, A. and LI, J-Y., (2019). Onset of deep recycling of supracrustal materials at Paleo-Mesoarchean transition. Nature Geoscience (submitted).

WARD, J. H. W., et al., Compiler (2000). Metallogenic map of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa and Swaziland. Council for Geoscience Metallogenic Series (1:250 000 in 2 sheets).)

WARD, J. H. W., (2002). Explanation of the Barberton metallogenic map Sheet 2530 (Scale 1:250 000). Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, 67 pp.

WESTALL, F., CAVALAZZI, B. LEMELLE, L., MARROCCHI, Y., ROUZAUD, J.-N., SIMIONOVICI, A., SALOMÉ, M., MOSTEFAOUI, S., ANDREAZZA, C., FOUCHER, F., TOPORSKI, J., JAUSS, A., THIEL, V., HOFMANN, A., MEIBOM, A., ROBERT, F. and DEFARGE, C., (2011). Implications of in situ calcification for photosynthesis in a ~3.3 Ga-old microbial biofilm from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 310, 468-479.

WESTALL, F., DE RONDE, C. E. J., SOUTHAM, G., GRASSINEAU, N., COLAS, M., COCKELL, C. and LAMMER, H., (2006). Implications of a 3.472–3.333 Gyr-old subaerial microbial mat from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa for the UV environmental conditions on the early Earth. Transactions of the Royal Society Article I.D:20061896 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1896.

WESTALL, F., DE WIT, M. J., DANN, J., VAN DER GAAST, S., DE RONDE, C. E. J. and GERNEKE, D., (2001). Early Archean fossil bacteria and biofilms in hydrothermally- influenced sediments from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Precambrian Research, 106, 93-116. doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00127-3.

WESTALL, F., HICKMAN-LEWIS, K. and CAVALAZZI , B., (2019). Biosignatures in deep time. In: Cavalazzi, B. and Westall, F. (eds.). Biosignatures for Astrobiology. Springer Nature Switzerland, pp.143-166.

WESTALL, F. and SOUTHAM, G., (2006). The Early Record of Life. In: Benn, K., Mareschal, J-C. and Condie, K. C. (eds.). Archean geodynamics and environments. American Geophysical Union, Monographs, 164, 283-304. https://doi.org/10.1029/164GM18.

WESTSTRAAT, J. D., KISTERS, A. F. M., POUJOL, M. and STEVENS, G., (2005). Transcurrent shearing, granite sheeting and the incremental construction of the tabular 3.1 Ga Mpuluzi Batholith, Barberton granite–greenstone terrane, South Africa. Journal of the Geological Society, 162, 373-388.

WILSON, A. C., (1982). 1: 250,000 Geological map of Swaziland. Swaziland Geological Survey and Mines Department, Mbabane, Swaziland.

WILSON, A. H., (2003). A new class of silica enriched, highly depleted komatiites in the southern Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 127, 125-141. doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(03) 00184.

WILSON, A. H., (2019a). The Late-Paleoarchean ultra-depleted Commondale komatiites: Earth’s hottest lavas and consequences for eruption. Journal of Petrology, egz040, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egz040.

WILSON, A. H., (2019b). The Meso-Archaean ultra-depleted Commondale komatiites: Earth’s hottest lavas and consequences for eruption. Journal of Petrology, egz040, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egz040.

WILSON, A. H., SHIREY, S. B. and CARLSON, R. W., (2003). Archaean ultra-depleted komatiites formed by hydrous melting of cratonic mantle. Nature, 423, 858-861.

WINDLEY, B. F., ROJAS-AGRAMONTE, Y., HOFFMANN, J. E. and STERN, R.J., (2019). Memorial to Alfred Kröner 1939–2019. Geological Society of America Memorials, 48, August 2019.

XIE, X., BYERLY, G. R. and FERRELL, R. E., (1997). Type 2b trioctahedral chlorite from the Barberton Greenstone Belt: Rock composition and crystal structure constraints and implications to geothermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 126, 275-291.

XIE, H., HOFMANN, A., HEGNER, E., WILSON, A., WAN, Y. and LIU, D., (2012). Zircon SHRIMP dating confirms a Palaeo- to Mesoarchaean supracrustal terrain in the Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. Gondwana Research, 21, 818-828.

YEARRON, L. M., (2003). Archaean granite petrogenesis and implications for the evolution of the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Ph.D. thesis (unpublished), London, Kingston University, 315 pp.

YEARRON, L. M., CLEMENS, J. D., STEVENS, G. and ANHAEUSSER, C. R., (2003). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the granitoids of the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Abstract, EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6-11 April, 2003.

ZEH, A., GERDES, A. and BARTON, J. M. Jr., (2009). Archean accretion and crustal evolution of the Kalahari Craton – the zircon age and Hf isotope record of granitic rocks from Barberton/Swaziland to the Francistown Arc. Journal of Petrology, 50, 933-966. doi:10.1093/petrology/egp027.

ZEH, A., GERDES, A. and HEUBECK, C., (2013). U-Pb and Hf isotopic data of detrital zircons from the Barberton Greenstone Belt: Constraints on provenance and Archaean crustal evolution. Journal of the Geological Society London, 170, 215-223. https:// doi .org /10 .1144 /jgs2011-162.

ZEH, A., GERDES, A. and MILLONIG, L., (2011). Hafnium isotope record of the Ancient Gneiss Complex, Swaziland, southern Africa: Evidence for Archaean crust–mantle formation and crust reworking between 3.66 and 2.73 Ga. Journal of the Geological Society, 168, 953-964.

ZENTNER, D., (2014). Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and provenance of the ca. 3.26 Ga Mapepe Formation in the Manzimnyama Syncline, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. M.Sc thesis (unpublished), Stanford University, 199 pp.

______oOo______