Northeast Historical Archaeology

Volume 28 Article 3

1999 Who's Been Drinking on the Railroad? Archaeological Excavations at the Central Railroad of New Jersey's Lakehurst Shops Richard Veit

Paul W. Schopp

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Recommended Citation Veit, Richard and Schopp, Paul W. (1999) "Who's Been Drinking on the Railroad? Archaeological Excavations at the Central Railroad of New Jersey's Lakehurst Shops," Northeast Historical Archaeology: Vol. 28 28, Article 3. https://doi.org/10.22191/neha/vol28/iss1/3 Available at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol28/iss1/3

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). It has been accepted for inclusion in Northeast Historical Archaeology by an authorized editor of The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). For more information, please contact [email protected]. Who's Been Drinking on the Railroad? Archaeological Excavations at the Central Railroad of New Jersey's Lakehurst Shops

Cover Page Footnote A substantial debt is owed to Philip Perazio, original principal investigator on the project, and his field crew. Their meticulous work and careful notes made this reanalysis possible. We would also like to thank Peter Primavera, president of the Cultural Resource Consulting Group, who provided generous access to the archaeological collections. Dawn Turner drew Figure 10 and Craig Schaffer, CRCG draftsman, provided illustrations 1 and 7. Jed Levin drew our attention to the similarities between the large quantity of glass recovered at the Lakehurst Shops and in Kristin Stevens' excavations at the Thurmond Depot (46FA214) in West Virginia. Kristin Stevens kindly provided a copy of her report on that study. Brian Greenberg of the Department of History and Anthropology at Monmouth University suggested useful sources on temperance and industrial history. George Miller shared his considerable insights into historical glass manufacture. Mallory Gordon of Louis Berger and Associates assisted with the identification of the flasks. Obviously any errors of omission or fact remain our own.

This article is available in Northeast Historical Archaeology: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol28/iss1/3 Northrast Historical Archaeology/Vol. 28, 1999 21

Who's Been Drinking on the Railroad? Archaeological Excavations at the Central Railroad of New Jersey's Lakehurst Shops

Richard Veit and Paul W. Schopp

Archaeological excavations at the former slzops of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, in Lakehurst (28- 0c- 138), uncovered several large bottle caches within a 19th-century railroad maintenance facility. These caches, situated in clandestine locations within tlze plant, apparently reflect a considerable amount of on-the-job alcohol consumption by railroad workers. This surprising discovery and its implications for understanding turn-of-the-century workplace culture are explored.

Les excavations archeologiques intervenues aux anciennes usines du Central Railroad du New Jersey, il Lakehurst (28-Qo-138), ant mis au jour plusieurs grosses caches de bouteilles dans une installation d'entretien du chemin de fer du XIXe siecle. Ces caches, situees dans des endroits clandestins de /'installa­ tion, semblent indiquer que les ouvriers du chemin de fer consommaient beaucoup rf' alcool sur place. L' ar­ ticle commente cette surprenante decouverte et ses implications pour ce qui est de comprendre Ia culture du lieu de travail au tournant du siecle.

Introduction Although archaeologists have found alcohol bottles in other industrial contexts-a In 1987 and 1988, Research and Archaeo­ cache of bottles in a rural blacksmith shop logical Management, the predecessor firm of (Praetzellis, Ziesing, and Praetzellis 1997) and the C ultural Resource Consulting Group, bottles discarded in the backyards of workers' investigated the site of a major locomotive houses in Lowell, Massachusetts (Bond 1988; repair facility and roundhouse constructed by M rozowski, Ziesing, and Beaudry 1996: the Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad, and 71-74)-the presence of liquor bottles dis­ later operated by the Central Railroad of New carded in the workplace itseU is uncommon. Jersey (CRCG 1995: 1) (FIG. 1). Excavations at We were particularly surprised to find bot­ the site, located in Lakehurst, formerly Man­ tles in a railroad roundhouse, as nearly all rail­ chester, New Jersey, revealed not only the roads banned drinking for the sake of safe and well-preserved remains of a 19th-century efficient operation (Pennsylvania Railroad roundhouse and shops, but also uncovered System 1925: 6- 7; Lehigh Valley Railroad several large caches of early 20th-century Company 1966: 5; White 1981: 135). Even so, liquor bottles. These carefully hidden caches the workers at the Lakehurst shops consumed provide a glimpse of one poorly documented alcoholic beverages at work and discarded aspect of industrial worker's lives-workplace dozens of bottles in the complex. In fact, bottle liquor consumption. Despite regulations pro­ glass is the single largest category of artifacts hibiting any consumption of alcohol within recovered from the site. By drinking in the the workplace, the men who worked in the workplace, the railroaders were not only con­ Lakehurst Shops drank significant quantities sciously breaking company rules (Licht 1983: of hard liquor, particularly whisky, on the job. 86-87; Rumbarger 1989: 125), but they may This practice, which could be construed as a also have been breaking a federal law, the Vol­ form of workplace resistance, continued stead Act (passed in 1919), as at least one of during prohibition and only ended when the the deposits appears to date from the early roundhouse was tom down in 1931. 1930s. 22 Who's Been Drinking 011 the Railroad?/Veit and Schopp

lished elaborate regulations that they expected their employees to follow. Topics covered included safety, appearance, manners, smoking, and, of course, drinking. Walter Licht's book, Working on the Railroad, provides an early example. In April, 1834, at the first board meeting of the Boston and Worcester Railroad, the directors decreed that "no person be employed to take charge of the engines, or the cars or to act in any other situa­ tion in the service of this corporation, who shall not wholly abstain from the use of ardent spirits" (Licht 1983: 86). Although the direc­ tors seem to be referring to operating per­ sonnel, similar rules probably applied to shop workers. Likewise, in 1850, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad issued a circular stating the fol­ lowing:

No man who uses intoxicating drinks at all can thus rely upon himself, or be relied upon, and it is intended as far as possible to deny employment to all who use them. Figure 1. Map of New Jersey; the arrow indicates It is hoped, therefore that those who the location of the Lakehurst Shops. desire to remain in the service will avail themselves of this notice and abstain Their drinking, however, should be under­ entirely from a habit which is full of evil stood in its historical and cultural contexts. to themselves as well as their employers, The bottles date from the late 19th and early and is now acknowledged to do no one 20th centuries, with many deposited near the any good. (Hungerford 1928: 273) beginning of the Great Depression. Workers In a more local New Jersey setting, the about to lose their jobs in a railroad town may Camden & Amboy Railroad instituted the fol­ have been less concerned with the rules and lowing rule in 1855. regulations of a company that would soon fire them than those working for a thriving con­ Article XVIII.-No person in the service of cern. Discarding the incriminating bottles in the Company, while on duty, connected little-used and inaccessible portions of the with any of the Trains, will be permitted shop, the shop workers undoubtedly assumed either to smoke or use ardent spirits, and that their transgressions would never be dis­ if any such person shall be at all under its covered. For seventy-plus years, they were influence while on duty, he shall be dis­ correct. missed. (White 1981: 135)

Railroads and Temperance Historian John Rumbarger also notes that after 1887, universal policies were enacted calling The Lakehurst Shops were established in the for the dismissal of intoxicated employees and mid-19th century, just as the temperance banning the use of intoxicants on or around movement was gaining steam. Although no railroad property (1989: 126). primary documents are available that might Railroaders, nonetheless, circumvented cast light on the drinking practices of Lake­ these rules and gained a reputation as hard hurst's railroaders, secondary sources can be drinkers. William Bender Wilson, writing in used to place their behavior in context. As his 1911 history of the Pennsylvania Railroad early as the 1850s, most railroads had estab- YMCA, noted: Northeast Historical ArchoeologyNol. 28, 1999 23

Intoxication of employees was frequent.... In the line's earliest years, the trains stopped at the taverns which were the only stations along the line of the road, and the engineers, firemen, conductors, brakemen and passengers hastened to the barrooms to procure liquor, the train being held awaiting the appeasement of the thirst of all. (Wilson 1911: 8)

Management and workers continually butted heads over alcohol use, absenteeism, and work conditions. Most historians agree that man­ agement gradually gained the upper hand over the workers, who became increasingly acclimated to industrial work discipline ~Licht 1983; Rumbarger 1989). One managerial tech­ nique instituted was a system of promotions based on merit (Rumbarger 1989: 126). Welfare programs that incorporated tem­ perance measures were also common. And, in some cases, companies directly intervened in local politics, in an attempt to gain sober workers. For instance, in 1903, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad announced that it would expand its repair shop in Collingwood, Ohio, provided the town voted to go "dry" (Rumbarger 1989: 147). Archaeological evidence from the Lake­ hurst Shops excavations contradicts the gener­ ally understood picture of railroaders and alcohol use. The Lakehurst deposits show an Figure 2. The Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad apparent increase in alcohol use through time, originally constructed the route of the New Jersey Southern Railway depicted on this 1878 map. Also not a decrease. Almost all of the bottles were note the Pennsylvania Railroad's Amboy Division, found in deposits dating from the early 20th formerly the line of the Camden and Amboy, the century. In part, this may relate to the major competitor and bitter enemy of the R & DB. automation of bottle manufacture. By the (Untitled map dated 1878 from the collection of Paul second decade of the 20th century bottle pro­ W. Schopp.) duction had outstripped demand (Busch 1987: 74). This meant fewer bottles were recycled oper. After a series of financial misadven­ and more were discarded. Nevertheless, the tures, Torrey hatched his greatest scheme: a paucity of 19th-century bottles in comparison Jersey shore railroad. Although the Camden to 20th-century bottles is striking. and Amboy Railroad had an official monopoly on rail transportation across the central por­ tion of New Jersey, Torrey secured a charter for his competing Raritan and Delaware Bay Lakehurst, New Jersey, a Railroad Town Railroad in 1854 (Flagg and Schopp 1989: 15). As constructed, Torrey's line connected with Although Lakehurst, formerly Manchester, the Camd en and Atlantic Railroad thus traces its history to the late 18th century, the linking, in a very roundabout way, Philadel­ town's 19th-century development was due pri­ phia and New York (FIG. 2) (Lane 1939: 403). marily to the efforts of William Torrey, a New Torrey further attempted to promote his York City businessman and real estate devel- land holdings by establishing the line's main- 24 Who's Been Drinking 011 tire Rnilroad?Neit and Schopp

Figure 3. "View in the Central Part of Manchester" from Barber and Howe's Historical Co/lec­ liolls of the State of New jersey (revised edition, 1868). This is the earliest known depiction of the Raritan and Delaware Bay's Lakehurst Shops. They are partially visible to the left and rear of the depot and include the machine shop, forge, and the original two stalls of the roundhouse. tenance shops in Manchester (Heston 1924: 1879, the New Jersey Southern declared bank­ 293; Lane 1939: 405). According to The Trail of ruptcy and the tracks were leased to the Cen­ the Blue Comet, "The shop complex initially tral Railroad of New Jersey (Lane 1939: 405). consisted of a two-stall roundhouse, a machine The Jersey Central Company undertook shop, a blacksmith shop, and tin shop, all com­ improvements in Manchester, even though the pleted in 1863" (Baer, Coxey, and Schopp 1994: Southern was only a minor branch. New 43) (FIG. 3). A car shop was constructed in tracks were added, and a water tank and well 1864 across the main tracks from the round­ were constructed (Flagg and Schopp 1989). house and shops. The Jersey Central used the shops to recon­ In 1867, after losing a court battle to its struct locomotives and fabricate new cars chief rival, the powerful Camden and Amboy, (Baer, Coxey, and Schopp 1994: 116, 127). Fur­ portions of the Raritan and Delaware Bay ther economic contractions in 1893 and 1894, were shut down (Baer, Coxey, and Schopp however, led to a reduction in hours for 1994: 60). Shortly thereafter, the truncated workers at the Manchester shops. Raritan and Delaware Bay failed to meet its During the early 20th century the Jersey creditors' demands and declared bankruptcy. Central prospered. Nonetheless, the workers It was reorganized in 1869, as the Raritan and repeatedly struck for higher wages. From 1900 Delaware Bay Railroad Company (Flagg and to 1912 employment at the shops remained Schopp 1989: 15). A further reorganization steady, with between 100 and 105 men active occurred in 1870, when the Raritan and (Stainsby 1901: 856; Garrison 1906: 189; 1909: Delaware Bay Railroad became the New Jersey 224; 1912: 241) (FIG. 4, 5). Lakehurst, however, Southern Railway under the leadership of the remained a struggling community of 800 resi­ notorious Jay Gould (Flagg and Schopp 1989: dents. There was some summer trade and a 15). number of hotels, but they attracted primarily The New Jersey Southern considerably a middle-class clientele. On October 20, 1910, improved the Manchester facilities. Six addi­ William Torrey, the motivating force behind tional stalls were added to the roundhouse, as the community, passed away (Baer, Coxey, was a wheel lathe with a 20-foot bed and a and Schopp 1994: 199). seven-foot swing, which cost some $4000.00 Shortly thereafter, the Jersey Central (New jersey Courier [NJC] 5 October 1870, 14 expanded its main shop complex at Elizabeth­ June 1871). Nevertheless, the New Jersey port. By 1915, the effects could be seen in Southern did not meet with any greater suc­ Lakehurst, where employment had dropped cess than did its predecessors. The Panic of by 25% to 75 men (Low 1915: 240). This 1873 put a severe strain upon the company. In number held into the 1920s when use of the Nortllmst Historical Archoeology/Vol. 28, 1999 25

Figure 4. Central Railroad of New Jersey workers at the Lakehurst Shops, circa 1905. (Collection of Paul W.Schopp.)

.. ' En • • ~ Q b I 8!l • •I ·. I r .. ~ ac: bl.!, ~ . 1 I

I ta;-t I] IBl Figure 5. Sanborn Fire Insurance Company map of Lakehurst, New Jersey, 1911. Note the roundhouse and machine shops. 26 Who's Been Driuking on the RailrOfJd?/Veit and Schopp

Figure 6. Early 20th-century photograph of the Lakehurst Shops. (Collection of Paul W. Schopp.)

/

::!."::..~· ·--11/lllloOoii' .P ~­ -----~~-

ClU.....,_ ~CONit.U..CcaotJIP lo4l ~AYINUI,.HQtlANOf'MINJ._. 10 ..,... CWI1.11,,

Figure 7. Field map showing Phase III excavations at the Lakehurst Shops, August 2, 1988. (Drawn by Joann Boscarino, redrawn by Craig Schaffer.) Nortlreast Historical Arclweology/Vol. 28, 1999 27

facility declined still further (FIG. 6). In 1929, The data recovery began in September of work began to remove the moribund Lake­ 1988 and ended in October of the same year. hurst roundhouse and, eventually, the Most of the excavation was performed using a turntable. The fifty-foot turntable, which had backhoe; the field crew excavated exposed fea­ been adequate for early 4-4-0 locomotives, tures and some structures by hand, however. was a liability when new and longer locomo­ They unearthed a total of 130 historical fea­ tives were introduced after 1900 (Flagg and tures relating to the operation and construc­ Schopp 1989: 10). The longer locomotives tion of the shops. Features included a variety could not fit on the turntable, and the layout of of structural elements: walls; footings; and the complex precluded its enlargement. At fragmentary floors as well as pits, wells, and first the turntable was pinned, allowing access pipes; there were also concentrations of arti­ to the machine shop, and by 1931, the round­ facts. During the four weeks of excavation, the house had been demolished (Central Railroad field crew sampled the roundhouse, turntable, of New Jersey 1931). Shortly thereafter, the blacksmith shop, machine shop, boiler room, New Jersey Courier printed an announcement and engine room. that the shops were closed indefinitely (New Jersey Courier 3 April 1931). The railroad tore down the buildings in 1937. Although the Artifact Analysis passenger trains of the Jersey Central would continue to ride the rails until 1962, the Lake­ Although the remainder of this discussion hurst/ Manchester shops were no more. focuses on two particularly rich features-Fea­ ture 40, a subfloor pit in Stall #8, and Feature Archaeological Investigations 74, the flywheel pit-some general comments about the artifact assemblage are in order. The archaeological investigations focused The three phases of excavation at the Lake­ on three components of the complex: the hurst Shops recovered a total of 1,107 artifacts. roundhouse; turntable; and shops. Testing This in itself was not surprising; if anything, revealed that in all three locations substantial the number of artifacts from the site was rela­ remains of the facility survived in an excellent tively small given its size. Some 556 artifacts, state of preservation. Therefore, the New just better than half of those recovered, were Jersey Pinelands Commission requested a bottles or fragments of bottles. The second data-recovery excavation to record the site largest quantity of artifacts consisted of fas­ before its destruction. teners: spikes; nuts; bolts; washers; nails; and A top priority during the archaeological tacks. These are not unexpected in a site where studies was investigation of the roundhouse. railroad equipment was repaired and serviced. The structure was composed of eight stalls Window glass was also common, making up (FIG. 7). Each was served by a track running about 12% of the collection. A large quantity from the turntable almost to the rear wall of (115) of unidentified metal fragments, both the building. Excavation revealed linear brick iron and brass, was also found. Much of the foundation walls flanked by wooden beams iron was in the form of bars, which probably indicating internal divisions between stalls. served as the raw material for a wide range of Most of the stalls contained inspection or ser­ necessary parts. Small quantities of ceramics, vice pits. These pits allowed workmen access tools, animal bone, and shell were also pre­ to the undersides of the locomotives, particu­ sent. Rather surprisingly, we found no tobacco larly the running gear. pipes. Interestingly, tools-files, drills, and Intensive testing of the shops revealed a wrenches-made up only 2% of the collection number of historical features, including the (TAB. 1). Bearing in mind the activities known remains of the machine shop, blacksmith shop, to have occurred at the site, the number seems and engine room. Artifact deposits relating to small. This may indicate that shop personnel the former functions of these rooms were also were directed to perform a "dean-sweep" tool noted. One of the goals of the data recovery and scrap recovery prior to the shop's closure was to document these activities. or demolition. 28 Who's Been Drinking on the Railroad?fVeit and Schopp

Table 1. Overall breakdown of the types and quanti­ Table 2. Bottle forms recovered from the Lakehurst ties of the artifacts recovered from the Lakehurst Shops. Shops. Bottle Forms N Artifact Category Quantity % Condiment/Pickle 4 Bottle Fragments 556 51 Fasteners 282 25 Flasks 71 Window Glass 132 12 Milk Jars 7 Soda Water/Beer Bottles 17 Unidentified Metal 115 10 Prescription Bottles 4 Other 22 2 Total 1107 100 Other 2 Total 105

The artifact class most common at the site the north end of the last roundhouse stall; and was bottle glass. Given the fact that glass shat­ Feature 74, the flywheel pit of the stationary ters into very small fragments, it is not entirely engine room. From each location roughly 40 surprising that such a large number of bottle bottles were recovered. Whisky flasks were fragments was recovered. Many of the bottles the most common form in both contexts. were intact, however, and in several instances, large numbers of bottles seem to have been Stall #8 purposely discarded in inaccessible places. A minimum of 105 bottles was recovered du ring For most of its active life, the Lakehurst the excavations at the Lakehurst Shops. Min­ roundhouse contained eight stalls, n umbered imum vessel numbers were calculated using clockwise. Mechanics serviced and stored the bases, necks, and embossments. They include locomotives in these stalls. They worked on 71 flasks, 17 soda water and beer bottles, seven cars in a separate structure on the east side of milk bottles, four condiment bottles, and four the main line. The car shops are not discussed prescription or medicine bottles (TAB. 2). here, but were investigated as part of separate The bottles date from the late 19th and studies carried out by James Boylan (1986a, early 20th centuries. Most of the flasks were 1986b) and Susan Kardas and Edward manufactured in automated molds or semi­ Larrabee (1987). The first two s talls con­ automated molds using a process invented by structed-subsequently designated stalls #1 Michael Owens. and #2-were located in the southwest corner of the roundhouse. In 1903, Owens, with the assistance of a The central section of the stall functioned skilled engineer Emil Bock, invented a as an inspection and service pit. Here, machine that allowed for the mass pro­ mechanics serviced locomotives and per­ duction of bottles. Owens' machines formed other maintenance tasks. At the Lake­ allowed enormous quantities of glass bot­ hurst Shops the work bays had brick floors. To tles to be manufactured to the same the north and south of the bays were linear exacting specifications. This, in turn, led continuations of the work areas set off by brick to the development of high-speed bottling and filling lines in other industries that walls (FIG. 8). When the roundhouse was in depended upon glass containers. (Horner use wooden floors probably covered these fea­ 1985: 66) tures. The northern area measured roughly 4 ft (1.22 m) wide and 16 ft (4.87 m) long. These Most of the bottles recovered from the Lake­ walls served to buttress the work areas hurst Shops were made from colorless or clear between the rails and provided a measure of glass and are quite regular in form (see Miller structural stability. and Pacey 1985 on mechanized production of The shallow inspection pits at Lakehurst glass bottles). measured roughly 2ft (61 em) deep, from the Small quantities of bottle glass were recov­ top of the rail to the floor (Flagg and Schopp ered from nearly every context at the site. 1989: 10). As the uppermost layers of masonry Two contexts were particularly noteworthy: in Stall #8 had been truncated, its exact depth Feature 44, a small rectangular area located at is unknown. It is believed, however, to have Nortlwast Historical Archoeology/Vol. 28, 1999 29

Figure 8. Feature 44, Stall #8, partially excavated. The bottles were found at the end of the stall closest to the viewer. been the shallowest and was likely used for higher than they currently are, mechanics light maintenance tasks like lubrication. Stall would have had to crawl underneath the #4 contained a wheel drop pit for removing engines in order to work on them. driving wheel axle sets from the locomotives. Both the brick-laid floor and the sidewalls The area between Stall #8's work area and are mortared and set in an irregular bond. the wall of the roundhouse seems to have been From the bottom up, the first, third, and fourth an unused area. In many of the stalls, artifacts courses are stretchers while the second course were found in these largely inaccessible spots. is mostly stretchers but occasionally headers Apparently, mechanics would discard broken as tiebacks. The pit's sidewall near the rear bolts, metal scraps, and other items in these wall end is pierced by an arched opening, areas. It is not clear whether these spaces were which served as a common drain through all open or floored over when the structure was the pits. The brick floor pitches downward in use. Based on comparison with other towards this opening, apparently to facilitate roundhouses, however, we believe the latter runoff. was the case (see Rutsch and Githens 1980; While the work bay of Stall #8 was nearly Rutsch and Morrell1979). devoid of artifacts, the area between the bay Excavation of a backhoe trench (Trench 6) and the exterior wall of the roundhouse (Fea­ revealed both the structure and contents of ture 44) contained a substantial deposit. The Stall #8. Subsequently a second backhoe deposit was fairly shallow, extending only 4 in trench (Trench 22) was also excavated across (10.16 em) from the top of the brick sidewalls. the stall, and then the remainder of the stall It consisted of sand, ranging in color from was excavated by hand. The sidewalls of the black to very dark brown, mixed with ash, pit are 3 to 4 bricks wide and 4 vertical courses pebbles, slag, brick, and wood fragments. It is high-roughly 1 ft (30 cm)-at their maximum possible that the wood fragments are the extant point. The walls are truncated, though remains of a floor. Underlying the feature was how many courses of brickwork are missing is sterile yellow brown sand, the subsoil. Feature unclear. Unless the walls were substantially 44 contained 326 artifacts. Of these, 311 were 30 Who's Beeu Drinking on tl~e RDilroad?Neit and Schopp

Figure 9. A selection of late 19th- and early 20th-century bottles recovered from Feature 44. glass bottle fragments (FIG. 9). The remaining Polak's Bottles, assigns "WARRANTED FLASKS" a artifacts were railroad spikes, iron washers date range of 1870 to 1890 (1997: 133). Based and nuts, and machine-cut nails. There was on the manufacturing characteristics of these no internal stratigraphy to the feature. It is bottles this seems accurate, though they may probably a primary, though unsealed, deposit have been made as late as the early 20th cen­ that accumulated gradually over time, as bot­ tury. While the Warranted Flasks are pale tles were pitched into this hidden nook. aqua in color, the Union Flasks are colorless, a The glass fragments from Feature 44 repre­ characteristic often associated with 20th-cen­ sent a minimum of 48 bottles. With only two tury bottles. The Union Flasks also have exceptions, they are from flasks. The bottles seams that extend to but not across the finish are enumerated in Table 3. Names for the of the bottle. This may indicate that fire pol­ bottle forms are taken from the 1904 Whitney ishing was used to smooth the bottle's finish. Glass Works Illustrated Catalog (Lohmann 1972). This was common with beverage bottles. All of the flasks had a volume of one half­ According to Cecil Munsey this "would elimi­ pint. They were made in two-part cup­ nate one or both of the seam markings bottom molds. The flasks marked "WAR­ resulting from automatic blowing" (Munsey RANTED FlASK" have strapped sides and Perry 1970: 41). Two of the Union Flasks from Fea­ Davis type finishes. Those marked simply ture 44 have Owens scars on their bases. "HALF PINT FULL MEASURE" have two-part fin­ Owens automatic machines for narrow-mouth ishes with down-tooled lips Oanes et al. 1989: ware came into use after 1917 (Diamond 1997: 87, 88) (FIG. 10). All have flat bases. Although 187). It is also worth noting that the bottles bottle collectors have devoted considerable strongly resemble those depicted in an early time to the analysis of historical and pictorial 20th-century bottle catalogue that has been flasks, more recent flasks are fairly common­ reproduced for collectors (Lohmann 1972). place and have not attracted a great deal of Bottlers' and manufacturers' marks pro­ collector attention (see McKearin and Mc­ vide another means of dating the bottles. Only Kearin 1950; Munsey 1970: 87-94; McKearin one of the bottles recovered from Feature 44 and Wilson 1978). One source, Michael bears the mark of a bottler, Peter Hauck and Northeost Historical ArchaealogyNol. 28, 1999 31

Table 3. Bottle types recovered from Feature 44.

Fonn Main Inscription N Base Inscrif!.tion Color Beer/ Soda Peter Hauck & Co. 1 Aqua Square Blake IJBOz." 1 Colorless Strapped Flask "Warranted Flask" 6 Colorless Union Flask "Half Pint Full Measure" 29 "M" Colorless Union Flask "SFl.Oz." 1 Colorless Union Flask 1 "235 C" Colorless Uni.on Flask 1 "350" Colorless Union Flask 2 "492" Colorless Union Flask 4 Colorless Union Flask 1 "1572" Colorless Union Flask 1 Aqua Total 48

o lCM

0 liN

Figure 10. Common forms of flasks recovered from the Lakehurst Shops. The bottles depicted here measured 6.5 in (16.51 em) tall. (Drawing by Dawn Turner.) Company of Harrison, New Jersey. The bottle 100,000 barrels, or 3,100,000 gallons (Friedrich is machine-made with a crown-finish. The and Bull1976: 409a). This specific bottle post­ glass has a slight aqua tint. Originally, the dates 1903, as it has a crown seal (Paul and bottle would have held beer, as Hauck was a Parmalee 1973: 14). brewer. He made and bottled beer using this Twenty-nine of the Union Flasks are mark from 1889 until the beginning of Prohibi­ marked with the letter "M" in the center of the tion. In his last year of production, he made base. An examination of Julian Toulouse's- 32 Who's Been Drinking on the RAilroad?/Veil and Schopp

Bottle Makers and Their Marks revealed only the shop employees did not simply toss the one known maker who used this trademark, bottles into the stall, but put them in the rear the Maryland Glass Corporation of Baltimore of the stall, and likely hid them in an open (1971: 339). The company employed the mark crawlspace that we believe was floored over. from 1907 to 1916. This range of dates falls within the later period of the Lakehurst Shops. Engine Room Another possible bottle producer using the letter "M" as its mark was the Minotola Glass The second context that contained a sub­ Works, which operated under various owners stantial quantity of bottles was the engine from the 1890s through 1921 (Pepper 1971: room. This was a triangular-shaped building 270-272). This plant was located along the wedged between the roundhouse and the Jersey Central's New Jersey Southern Division machine shop (Sanborn 1911). It was located at in Minotola, a town situated between Ham­ the opposite end of the roundhouse from Stall monton and Vineland. #8. In the Lakehurst Shops, as in most late One other characteristic serves to provide 19th-century factories, individual motors did an end date for the bottles. None are marked not power the various machines. Instead, all with the phrase "Federal Law Forbids Sale or power came from a single central stationary Re-Use of this Bottle." This provides a ter­ steam engine. Boilers, sometimes salvaged minus ante quem of 1935. On January 1, 1935, from wrecked locomotives, supplied steam to the Federal Government "enacted legislation the engine, which in turn powered a system of prohibiting the resale, purchase, or use of used overhead shafts. Leather belts and clutched liquor bottles, even by the original filler used drum pulleys allowed individual machines to bottles were supposed to be destroyed" (Busch take their power from the shafts (Flagg and 1987: 76). Based on the above-discussed char­ Schopp 1989: 3). The flywheel turned in a deep acteristics, the bottles were probably made and trench or flywheel pit next to the engine. used between 1870 and the demolition of the According to Flagg and Schopp, "in March roundhouse in 1929. Railroaders likely dis­ 1930, an electric motor was installed to operate carded many of them between 1907 and 1916. the shafting" (1989: 3). With this in place, the The deposit was not stratified, but is believed steam engine and boiler would have been ren­ to represent a series of discard episodes, dered redundant and obsolete and were pre­ resulting in the accumulation of a significant sumably taken out of commission. number of bottles in an inconspicuous loca­ Excavations began in the engine room by tion. removing the overlying rubble with a backhoe. In our opinion, these bottles do not repre­ The bases of three truncated brick walls were sent a single episode of drinking or the use of rapidly exposed, but no floor level could be the facility as a garbage dump after its aban­ identified. As the archaeologists cleared the donment. Instead, they likely reflect railroad sand fill, several features were noted in the workers' sporadically discarded bottles in a engine room. The three most prominent were little-used part of the roundhouse. The evi­ a massive brick foundation for the steam dence for this is as follows: first, the bottles engine (Feature 76), the adjacent brick-lined date to the period when the roundhouse was flywheel pit (Feature 74), and a well (Feature in use. Therefore, imbibing railroad workers 77) measuring 51/2ft (1.91 m) in diameter. A probably produced the deposit. It is highly large tree was growing out of the well, pre­ unlikely that anyone other than railroad cluding its excavation. employees would have been able to throw out The east side of the stationary engine base liquor bottles in the roundhouse during its and three brick walls formed feature 74, the active life. Second, this activity appears to flywheel pit (FIG. 11). It measured approxi­ have been ongoing, as the bottles span a mately 12 ft long (3.66 m), 3 ft (91 em) wide, thirty-year range. After the turntable was and 5 ft (1.52 em) deep. It also had a brick pinned, Stall #8 lost its usefulness, and may floor. The pit had no drain, and the soil matrix have been an easy and relatively unobtrusive within it was a black sandy loam. From this place to discard empty liquor bottles. Even so, context, 66 artifacts were recovered. Exca- Northeast Historical Archaeology/Vol. 28, 1999 33

Figure 11. Feature 74, the flywheel pit, after excavation.

Table 4. Bottle types recovered from Feature 74. Form Main JnscriJJ.ticm N Base Inscription Color Beer/Soda J.B. Tilton, Forked River 2 FBS2 Colorless Beer/Soda Whistle Bottling Co. Colorless Beer/Soda Lakewood Bottling Co. Aqua Beer/Soda Rubsam and Horrman 573 Aqua Strapped Flask Warranted Flask 8 Various Colorless Union Flask Half Pint Full Measure 15 Various Colorless Strapped Flask 3 Amber Union Flask 5 Amber Condiment/Pickle Jar 2 Colorless Olive/Italian Oil Colorless Insulator WT Aqua Panel Bottle 1 8 Colorless Panel Bottle 1 T&WCo. Colorless Total 42

vating in the tarry matrix was quite chal­ the collection (FIG. 12). They are listed above lenging, and some small items may have (TAB. 4). escaped detection. Again, several of the bottles can be dated As was the case with Feature 44, many of based on manufacture techniques and maker's the artifacts from Feature 74 were intact bot­ marks. The beerI soda bottles are particularly tles. Flasks again predominated. A minimum useful for this task. Beer and soda/mineral number of 42 bottles was calculated, based on water bottles were lumped together, as their the necks, bases, and embossed fragments in forms are identical. Two bottles from J. B. 34 Wlw's Been Drinking on the Railroad?/Veil and Schopp

Figure 12. A selection of bottles recovered from Feature 74.

Tilton's Forked River bottling plant were BREWING CO. STATEN ISLAND, NY, REGISTERED, THlS recovered. Tilton was a local Anheuser-Busch BOTTLE NOT TO BE SOLD." It too has a crown cap, bottler (Scott Wieczorek, personal conununica­ indicating a date after 1892, and was machine tion, 1999). These bottles are embossed: made. The firm of Rubsam and Horrman was "PATENTED FEB. 20, 1883, JUNE 28, 1886 AUG. 4, one of Staten Island, New York's, largest and 88." This would seem to be all that one could most successful breweries. It was active from ask for in terms of dates. A note in the Ocean 1870 until 1953, when Piel Brothers, Inc. pur­ County Historical Society's newsletter, how­ chased it (Sachs 1988: 46, 103). Rubsam and ever, states that Tilton did not begin bottling Horrman weathered Prohibition by producing until 1902, when he purchased the defunct a variety of near-beer products. Washington Worden bottling plant in Forked The final beer I soda bottle recovered is River (Wieczorek 1999: 4). He continued bot­ from the Whistle Bottling Company. Located tling in Forked River until his death in Sep­ in Scranton, Pennsylvania, this soda bottling tember 1915. If the historical documentation is company was active in the 1920s (Louis Berger correct, the Tilton bottles were produced and Associates 1996: 97). between 1902 and 1915. In addition to the five beer or soda water A single bottle from the Lakewood Bottling bottles from Feature 44, there were 31 flasks of Company was also recovered. Unfortunately, the Warranted and strapped varieties. These the Lakewood Bottling Company is not listed flasks, like those discussed from Stall #8, were in any local bottle guides Oersey Shore Bottle all machine-made with fire-polished lips. Two Club 1992: 44-46). The company also fails to displayed distinctive Owens scars, indicating a appear in local business directories. The bottle date of manufacture after 1917. Condiment, did, however, have a crown cap closure that olive oil, and panel bottles were also recovered provides a clue to its age. William Painter from this context, though in fairly small num­ patented the crown cap in 1892. It remains in bers. use today with only minor alterations (Paul One of the panel bottles, a small, 4-in and Parmalee 1974: 14; Hull-Walski and (10.16 em) tall pale aqua bottle, bears the mak­ Walski 1994: 17.8). er's mark, "T. C. W. Co." Theodore Corson A single Rubsam and Horrman Brewing Wheaton's glass company of Millville, New Company bottle was also found in Feature 74. Jersey, employed this mark. Wheaton founded The bottle is embossed "RUBSAM AND HORRMAN the company in 1888 (Toulouse 1971: 527). It Northeast Historical ArchneologyNol. 28, 1999 35

0 155 FEET

Figure 13. A 1933 Sanborn map of the shops. Note the absence of the roundhouse.

continued to hand-manufacture bottles until structure was torn down (FIG. 13). At this 1938. This bottle appears to have been made point, the flywheel pit apparently became a in a two-piece mold. It has a lip that was fin­ convenient trash receptacle for the last railroad ished with a lipping tool. A single squat jar, workers and possibly the demolition crew at marked with the embossment of the Hazel­ the shops. Interestingly, the period when the Atlas Glass Company, in Wheeling, West Vir­ bottles were discarded was during Prohibi­ ginia, was also found in the flywheel pit. This tion. The presence of bottles that once held particular bottle can be dated to the period alcoholic beverages, surprising enough before from 1920 to 1964, and was probably used to Prohibition, is even more curious given the hold fruit (Toulouse 1971: 239). age of the deposit. One wonders if the last few Based on the manufacturing techniques workers employed in the shops, aware that the and embossments on the bottles, as well as his­ operation would soon shut down entirely, did torical information available about this fea­ not care if they were known to be drinking on ture, it is possible to date the context fairly the job. closely. A locomotive boiler was used as the main power source at the Lakehurst Shops Discussion until1930. Then it was removed and replaced with an electric motor. Although some bottles Most historians agree that drinking in the may have been tossed into the deep flywheel workplace was common if not endemic in the pit, Feature 74, prior to 1930, it seems likely years before the Civil War. They also concur that many of the bottles were discarded in that this behavior declined in the postbellum 1930 or early 1931, immediately before the period, thanks in large part to the growing 36 Who's Been Drinkit1g 011 the Railroad?Neil a11d Schopp

prohibition movement and an increasingly 67), not poorly paid immigrant railroad disciplined workforce (Stott 1990: 143-144; workers. Pollard 1999: 138; Rumbarger 1989: xxi). Our analysis of the collection indicates that Although many historians have focused their the workers' beverage of choice was whisky, efforts on the rise of the temperance move­ held in half-pint flasks and fitting securely into ment and various legal and social proscrip­ back pockets. At the turn of the century, tions against drinking, anthropologists have whisky was commonly 100-proof or 50% taken a different approach exemplified by the alcohol. The 77 flasks recovered would have title of Mary Douglas' edited book, Construc­ held a whopping 5 gallons of this beverage. tive Drinking: Perspectives on Drink from Anthro­ Beer was less commonly consumed, and there pology (1987; see also Marshall1979). As Dou­ is no evidence for drinking wine or any other glas notes, "Drinking is essentially a social act, forms of alcohol in the workplace. performed in a recognized social context" It is unlikely that the behavior documented (Douglas 1987: 4). Furthermore, drinking can at the Lakehurst Shops is unique. Excavations be a sort of boundary marker, used to define at other ranroad sites, such as the roughly con­ personal identity and participation in a group. temporary Thurmond Depot in West Virginia, In modern American society alcohol also have shown a preponderance of glass artifacts, serves a symbolic function. According to presumably related to drinking (Stevens and Joseph Gusfield, its use is generally associated Mueller 1997). At Lakehurst, however, the with leisure time while sobriety is associated large quantities of glass artifacts recovered with work (Gusfield 1987: 84--85). This, how­ drew our attention to an aspect of this impor­ ever, was not always the case. In the early tant site that might otherwise have been over­ 19th century drinking was seen as a largely looked, male prerogative closely linked to physical labor (Larkin 1988: 286; Stott 1990: 143). As Conclusions previously noted, this changed with the rise of industrialized labor. Excavating in a railroad roundhouse, one So why were the employees of the CRRNJ would expect to find all the detritus associated drinking on the job? Who were these men and with working on locomotives. This informa­ why did they bring their whisky flasks to the tion is undoubtedly valuable for what it can shop rather than drink at a saloon after work? tell us about technological change and indus­ We can, unfortunately, say little specific about trial processes. Other finds such as bottle the railroad workers who did the drinking. caches hidden within an industrial site, how­ Industrial directories tell us that roughly 100 ever, also have much to tell us about work­ men worked at the shops in the early 20th cen­ place life and behavior. As Kathleen Deagan tury (Stainsby 1901: 856; Garrison 1906: 189; (1991: 109- 110) has correctly noted, one of the 1909: 224; 1912: 241). A handful of pho­ areas where historical archaeologists can make tographs showing them survive. The man­ their greatest contributions is in documenting agers look rather dapper in their overcoats and illicit or illegal behavior. Although dozens of bowlers and the mechanics grimy in their cov­ authors have written about America's battle eralls. Nevertheless, the workers are, for the over temperance, excavations such as those at most part, historically invisible. According to the Lakehurst Shops can provide us with a William Dewey, a local historian, many of the unique typ e of primary record, a material employees working at the shops were recent record of past behavior. It is an excellent illus­ immigrants from England and Ireland (Dewey tration of what forgotten individuals were 1981: 28). Perhaps they had not yet absorbed doing in their day-to-day lives, as the debate the temperance doctrine that the railroads over drink raged about them. tried so earnestly to enforce. There may also It is our belief that the bottles recovered at be evidence for class conflict here. After all, the Lakehurst Shops highlight the persistence the Protestant middle class drove the temper­ of workplace drinking well into the 20th cen­ ance movement (Reckner and Brighton 1999: tury. This is in spite of the fact that railroads Northeast Historical Archaeology/Val. 28, 1999 37

took explicit steps to limit, and when possible ties between the large quantity of glass recov­ to eliminate, alcohol consumption among their ered at the Lakehurst Shops and in Kristin employees. This was done using a carrot-and­ Stevens' excavations at the Thurmond Depot stick approach. Workers found drinking were (46FA214) in West Virginia. Kristin Stevens often summarily dismissed, while at the same kindly provided a copy of her report on that time railroads founded YMCAs and other pro­ study. Brian Greenberg of the Department of temperance organizations in an attempt to History and Anthropology at Monmouth Uni­ provide a healthy alternative to the bottle versity suggested useful sources on temper­ (Wilson 1911). ance and industrial history. George Miller In Lakehurst, no YMCA was built and the shared his considerable insights into historical railroads' overt efforts to curb drinking seem glass manufacture. Mallory Gordon of Louis to have had little influence. This was particu­ Berger and Associates assisted with the identi­ larly true in the 20th century. It is likely that fication of the flasks. Obviously any errors of this on-the-job drinking was a form of work­ omission or fact remain our own. place resistance to the impersonal forces of the capitalist economy. At the same time, other explanations for the bottles' presence are pos­ References sible. Without an alcoholic booster, the workers may have found it difficult to endure Baer, Christopher T., William J. Coxey, and Paul W. a hard day's work servicing locomotives in an Schopp 1994 The Trail of the Blue Comet: A History of the antiquated building that provided them with Jersey Central's New Jersey Southenz little protection from the vicissitudes of the Division. The West Jersey Chapter of the weather. One might even argue that the National Railway Historical Society, mechanics and laborers of the Central Railwad Palmyra, NJ. of New Jersey working in Lakehurst, aware that the facility was being phased out and Bond, Kathleen H. seeing limited prospects for the future, turned 1988 Alcohol Use in Boott Mills Boarding­ to the bottle as a form of illicit solace. houses: Tension between Workers and Management, a Documentary and Archae­ That liquor was consumed at the Lake­ ological Study. M.A. thesis, Department hurst Shops is reality. The bottles were found of Archaeology, Boston University. in at least two separate locations in the com­ plex and can be accurately dated to the final Boylan, James years of the shops. Theories can be derived 1986a Phase IA Survey of the Proposed Ocean from the data presented, but ultimately it is County Utilities Authority Sludge Loading not known whether this was consumption by Facility, Lakehurst, New Jersey. Report pre­ two or three workers or the majority of the pared by Archaeological Survey Consul­ tants Montclair, New Jersey. Submitted to shop's employees. EcolSciences. 1986b Phase IB Archaeological Survey of the Pro­ posed Ocean County Utilities Authority Sludge Loading Facility, Lakehurst, New Acknowledgments Jersey. Report prepared by Archaeological Survey Consultants, Montclair, New A substantial debt is owed to Philip Per­ Jersey. Submitted to Eco!Sciences. azio, original principal investigator on the pro­ ject, and his field crew. Their meticulous work Busch, Jane and careful notes made this reanalysis pos­ 1987 Second Time Around: A Look at Bottle sible. We would also like to thank Peter Pri­ Reuse. Historical Archaeology 21(1): 67-80. mavera, president of the Cultural Resource Consulting Group, who provided generous Central Railroad of New Jersey 1931 Annual Report. Privately printed. access to the archaeological collections. Dawn Turner drew Figure 10 and Craig Schaffer, Cultural Resource Consulting Group [CRCG) CRCG draftsman, provided illustrations 1 and 1995 Lupaldi Project-Block 70-Lnkehurst Rail­ 7. Jed Levin drew our attention to the similari- road Shops, Stage II Management Summary 38 Who's Been Drinking on the Roilroad?/Veit and Schopp

and Stage III Proposal. Manuscript on file, Homer, Roy C. the Cultural Resource Consulting Group, 1985 Tempo and the Glass Folks of South jersey. Highland Park, NJ. Gloucester County Historical Society, Woodbury, NJ. Deagan, Kathleen 1991 Historical Archaeology's Contributions to Hull-Walski, Deborah A., and FrankL. Walski Our Understanding of Early America. In 1994 There's Trouble a-Brewin': The Brewing Historical Archaeology in Global Perspective, and Bottling Industries at Harpers Ferry, ed. by Lisa Falk, 97-113. Smithsonian West Virginia. Historical Archaeology 28(4): Institution Press, Washington, OC. 106-121.

Dewey, WilliamS. Hungerford, Edward 1981 Early Manchester and William Torrey. Man­ 1928 The Story of the Baltimore and 0/rio Railroad, chester Publishing Company, Manchester, 1827-1927. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New NJ. York.

Diamond, Joseph Jersey Shore Bottle Club 1998 Analysis of Historical Artifacts. In Archae­ 1992 Antique Bottles of Monmouth and Ocean ological Labomtory Met/rods, ed. by Mark Q. Counties, New Jersey. Jersey Shore Bottle Sutton and Brooke S. Arkush, 165-219. Club, Toms River, NJ. 2nd ed. Kendall Hunt Publishing Com­ pany, Dubuque, lA. Jones, Olive, Catherine Sullivan, George L. Miller, E. Ann Smith, Jane E. Harris, and Kevin Douglas, Mary, ed. 1987 Constructive Drinking: Perspectives on Drink Lunn from Anthropology. Cambridge University 1989 The Parks Canada Glossary for the Description Press, Cambridge. of Containers, Tableware, Flat Glass, and Clo­ srues. Rev. ed. Studies in Archaeology, Architecture and History. Canadian Parks Flagg, Thomas R., and Paul W. Schopp 1989 Description of tire lAkehurst Shops of the Rar­ Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa. itan and Delaware Bay Railroad. Rev. ed. Manuscript on file, the Cultural Resource Kardas, Susan, and Edward Larrabee Consulting Group, Highland Park, NJ. 1987 Stage II Archaeological Survey, Proposed Ocean County Utilities Ar1thority Sludge Friedrich, Manfred, and Donald Bull Loading Facility at the Lakehurst Railroad 1974 The Register of United States Breweries, Depot Site, Lakehurst Borough, Ocean 1876-1976. HoUy Press, Stamford, cr. County. Report prepared by Historic Sites Research, Princeton, NJ. Submitted to Garrison, Winton C., comp. Ocean County Utilities Authority. 1906 The Industrial Directory of New jersey. Bureau of Statistics, Trenton, NJ. Lane, Wheaton j . 1909 The lndr1strial Directory of New Jersey. 1939 From Indian Trail to Iron Horse. Princeton Bureau of Statistics, Trenton, NJ. University Press, Princeton, NJ. 1912 The Industrial Directory of New Jersey. Bureau of Statistics, Trenton, NJ. Larkin, Jack 1988 The Reshaping of Everyday Life, 1790-1840. Gusfield, Joseph Harper and Row Publishers, New York. 1987 Passage to Play: Rituals of Drinking Time in American Society. In Constmctive Dritrking: Perspt'ctives on Drink from Anthro­ Lehigh Valley Railroad Company 1966 Lehigh Valley Railroad Company Book of pology, ed. by Mary Douglas, 7~90. Cam­ bridge University Press, Cambridge. Rules. Privately Printed.

Heston, Alfred M. Licht, Walter 1924 South jersey, a History 1664-1924. Lewis 1982 Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Historical Publishing Company, New Work in the Nineteenth Centr1ry. Princeton York. University Press, Princeton, NJ. Northeast Historical Arclweology/Vol. 28, 1999 39

Lohmann, Watson M. Reference to Illinois. Illinois State Museum 1904 Whitney Glass Works Illustrated Catalog and Society, Springfield. Price List with Historical Notes 1900-1918. Published by the author, Pitman, NJ. Pennsylvania Railroad System 1925 Opernti11g Department Rules for Conducting Louis Berger and Associates Trnnsportation, Effective, April 26, 1925. 1996 Analytical Coding System for Historic Period Pennsylvania Railroad System, Privately Artifacts. The Cultural Resource Group, Printed. Louis Berger and Associates, East Orange, NJ. Pepper, Adeline 1971 The Glass Gaffers of New Jersey nnd Their Low, George C. Creations from 1739 to the Present. Charles 1915 The Industrial Directory of New Jersey. Scribners' Sons, New York. Bureau of Industrial Statistics of New Jersey, Trenton. Pollard, Sidney 1999 Factory Discipline in the Industrial Revo­ Marshall, Mac, ed. lution. In Tlte Social Dimension of Western 1979 Beliefs, Behaviors, and Alcoholic Beverages: A Civilization, Volume 2, Readings from the Six­ Cross-cultural Survey. University of teenth Ctmtury to the Present. Bedford, St. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Martin's, Boston and New York.

McKearin, Helen, and George S. McKearin Polak, Michael 1978 Two Hundred Years of American Blown Glass. 1997 Bottles Identification m1d Price Guide. Avon Crown Publishers, New York. Books, New York.

McKearin, Helen, and Kenneth M. Wilson Praetzellis, Adrian, Grace H. Ziesing, and Mary 1978 American Bottles and Flasks and Their Praetzellis Ancestry. Crown Publishers, New York. 1997 Tales of the Vasco. Los Vaqueros Project Finn/ Report #5. Anthropological Studies Miller, George L., and Antony Pacey Center, Sonoma State University Acad­ 1985 Impact of Mechanization in the Glass Con­ emic Foundation, Inc., Rohnert Park, CA. tainer Industry: The Dominion Glass Com­ pany of Montreal, a Case Study. Historical Reckner, Paul E., and Stephen A. Brighton Archaeology 19(1): 38--50. 1999 "Free From All Vicious Habits": Archaeo­ logical Perspectives on Class Conflict and Mrozowski, Stephen A., Grace H. Ziesing, and Mary the Rhetoric of Temperance. Historical Archaeology 33(1): 63-86. C. Beaudry 1996 Living on the Boott: Historical Archaeology at the Boott Mills Boardinghouses, Lowell, Mass­ Rumbarger, John J. achusetts. University of Massachusetts 1989 Profits, Power, and Prohibition: Alcohol Press, Amherst. Reform and tlte Industrializing of America, 1800-1930. State University of New York Press, Albany. Munsey, Cecil 1970 The Illustrated Guide to Collecting Bottles. Hawthorn Books, Inc., New York. Rutsch, Edwards S., and Herbert J. Githens 1980 Industrial Archaeological Recording of the Central Railroad of New Jersey Engine Ter­ New Jersey Courier [Toms River] (NJC) minal at Communipaw, Jersey City, Hudson 1870 New Jersey Courier 5 October 1870:1. County, New Jersey. Prepared by Historic 1871 A Lathe Having a Twenty Foot Bed and a Conservation and Interpretation, Inc., for Seven Foot Swing and Costing $4,000 Has Clinton Bogert Associates, Fort Lee, NJ. Lately Been Added to the Machine Shops of the NJS RR at Manchester. New jersey Rutsch, EdwardS., and Brian H. Morrell Courier 14 June 1871. 1979 Archaeological Survey of the Savannah Revo­ 1931 New Jersey Cour.ier 3 April 1931: 1. lutionary Battlefield Park, City of Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia. Report prepared Paul, John R., and Paul W. Parmalee by Historic Conservation and Interpreta­ 1973 Soft Drink Bottling: A History with Special tion, Inc. Submitted to City of Savannah, 40 Who's Been Drinking on the Railroad?/Veit and Schopp

Chatham County-Savannah Metropolitan Richard Veit received his Ph.D. from the Uni­ Planning Commission. versity of Pennsylvania and is an Assistant Professor in the Department of History and Sachs, Charles L. Anthropology at Monmouth University. His 1988 Made on Staten Island. Staten Island His­ research interests include industrial archae­ torical Society, Richmondtown, NY. ology, early American material culture, and the history of archaeology. Sanborn Map Company 1911 Map of Lakehurst, New Jersey. Sanborn­ Perris Map Company, New York. 1933 Map of Lakehurst, New Jersey. Sanborn­ Perris Map Company, New York. Paul W. Schopp is staff historian for A.D. Marble & Company of Rosemont, Pennsyl­ Stainsby, William, comp. vania and formerly the executive director of 1901 The Industrial Directory of New jersey. the Camden County Historical Society in Bureau of Statistics, Trenton, NJ. Camden, New Jersey. Working in the local history field for the past 25 years, Paul devel­ Stevens, Kristen, and James Mueller oped his own historical consultancy, which he 1998 Archaeological Monitoring of the Rehabilita­ operated between the years of 1987 and 2000. tion of the Thurmond Depot 46FA214 New He specializes in regional, industrial, and River Gorge National River, West Virginia, transportation history. Paul is a prolific histor­ NERJ 1268-43. U.S. Department of the ical author and has prepared numerous his­ Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Denver. toric documentation reports, National Register nominations, and specialized and professional Stott, Richard B. journal monographs. He is co-author of The 1990 Workers in the Metropolis. Cornell Univer­ Trail of the Blue Comet, published in 1994, and sity Press, Ithaca, NY. an extensive contributor to a new history of Camden County to be published in 2001. Toulouse, Julian 1971 Bottle Makers and Their Marks. Thomas Nelson Inc., Camden, N}. Richard Veit Wieczorek, Scott Department of History and Anthropology 1999 J. B. Tilton. Society Scroll, Official Monmouth University Newsletter of the Ocean Cotmty Historical West Long Branch, NJ 07764-1898 Society. Ocean County Historical Society, [email protected] Toms River, NJ.

Wilson, William Bender 1911 History of the Pennsylva11in Railroad Depart­ PaulW.Schopp ment of the Y01mg Mm's Christian Associa­ Historical Consultant tion of Philadelphia. Stephen Greene Com­ Post Office Box 648 pany, Printers, Philadelphia. Palmyra, NJ 08065--0648