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Souchinda SANGKHAVONGS PRAVONG ÉCOLE DOCTORALE L’ABBE GREGOIRE LABORATOIRE INTERDISCIPLINAIRE DE RECHERCHES EN SCIENCES DE L'ACTION THÈSE présentée par : Souchinda SANGKHAVONGS PRAVONG Soutenue le : 12 Décembre 2019 Pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur du Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers Discipline : Sciences de gestion / Spécialité : Prospective, innovation, stratégie, organisation Comment une communauté devient-elle une organisation ? Tension entre image, figuration et configuration dans l’organogénèse d’une diaspora. Le cas des experts laotiens et des associations laotiennes en France. (Tome I) THÈSE dirigée par : Professeur MEDJAD Karim Professeur du Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (EA4603 LIRSA) RAPPORTEURS : Professeur FAUCHEUX Sylvie Professeur des Universités, Directrice de l'IFG Executive Education. IFG. Immeuble Grenelle - Campus Eiffel 4. Professeur JARDAT Rémi Professeur à l’Université d’Evry-Val d'Essonne. UFR des Sciences Humaines et de la Société. Laboratoire LITEM. JURY : Professeur PESQUEUX Yvon Président du Jury, Professeur du Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (EA4603 LIRSA) [Tapez ici] 2 these Souchinda Sangkhavongs 3 Remerciements Nous avons porté notre recherche pendant cinq longues années avec l'accompagnement d'une équipe de personnes habilitées à suivre des accouchements de thèse. Nous sommes par conséquent redevables et infiniment reconnaissants envers les professeurs : 1. Yvon Pesqueux, tel un gynécologue, a conduit cette thèse dans cette maïeutique pour laquelle la métaphore « qui coule de source » prend tout son sens. 2. Anne Marchais Roubelat, comme une sage-femme, a su promulguer des conseils et des critiques pertinentes pour que cet accouchement se prépare dans des conditions indolores et confortables. 3. Le Comité de thèse composé de Pascale de Rozario, Sonny Perseil, Jean Pierre Briffaut, Jean Luc Moriceau, Eric Fimbel, Fabrice Roubelat, ont apporté à cette thèse une bienveillance rigoureuse et une attention distanciée. 4. Karim Medjad, notre Directeur de thèse a su nous tenir la main tout au long de ce processus maïeutique dans une interrogation permanente, une prise de conscience de l'expression et de l'écriture. Il est le fil d’ariane et a donné tout son sens à cette thèse. Qu’il en soit grandement remercié pour la cohérence de notre thèse. Nous remercions également notre père Southinh Sangkhavongs, président de plusieurs associations lao de France, qui nous a présenté et immergé notre enfance dans le monde diasporique. Nous avons pu ainsi accéder aux documents qui nous ont permis de renforcer notre thèse. Notre mère Prany Sangkhavongs Dengmanara qui est notre première supportrice attentive, a veillé à ce que nous ayons la facilité de finaliser cette thèse. Arya et Malaysone Panya, Surya Pravong ont fourni les documentaires, les photographies, vidéos pour justifier ces approches de la diaspora comme une organisation. Nos amis, Marie, Thérèse, Denis et Hind pour la relecture, ainsi que ceux du laboratoire LIRSA pour leur soutien moral. Un remerciement spécial à nos jeunes enfants Panya et Vivien, nos cousins, cousines, neveux, nièces, petits et arrières petits-enfants, la génération suivante de cette diaspora pour qui cette thèse prend tout son sens par cette responsabilité à transmettre, à changer ou à pérenniser. these Souchinda Sangkhavongs 4 Résumé Par le regard que nous portons sur notre terrain, notre recherche nous amène à poser la question de l’intérêt d’une « diaspora comme une organisation ». Le point de départ est l’éparpillement d'une population en grande masse à travers le monde, dû à l’homme et/ou à la nature. Ces personnes, désorganisées par les diverses causes, vont s’installer durablement sur d’autres territoires, gardent leur ancrage culturel. C’est le début de la naissance de « diaspora ». Les dix premières années sont consacrées à leur existence dans ces pays d’accueil tout en observant les mouvements du pays d’origine pour un retour possible. Puis, la deuxième décade, à entretenir des liens solides et ritualisés. Les dix autres prochaines années, cette diaspora se constituent en un réseau d’associations. Aussi nous inscrivons notre étude dans la discipline des sciences de gestion, plus précisément dans le champ organisationnel, ceci en mobilisant des théories de l’image de Morgan (1989), une approche configurationniste de Mintzberg (1982) et la figuration organisationnelle de Pesqueux (2002). Notre méthode d’investigation repose sur des enquêtes auto-ethnographique, des pratiques longitudinales (Pettigrew, 1986, 2001, 2006) et l’immersion participante. Nous partons de la diaspora dite "classique" pour aborder la problématique de l’organisation de la diaspora, en posant la question de son image de départ, celle de son arrivée, sous quelle figure de rassemblement et quelle en est sa structure organisationnelle. A travers le terrain de la diaspora, nous suivons l’évolution des réfugiés laotiens de France et la finalité de sa diaspora sur plusieurs générations, depuis 1975 à nos jours. Nous identifions la figure, qui est le moteur de la construction de cette organisation. Elle est également la création de tension entre l’image, la figuration et la configuration de cette entité diasporique. Nos résultats sont de plusieurs ordres. Résultats empiriques : 1°) nous démontrons le rôle d’une figure particulière et de ses images comme catalyseur de la transformation progressive d’une diaspora émiettée en organisation. 2°) nous mettons en avant les tensions qui résultent d’une lecture des organisations selon des concepts remaniés à l’iconicité : image, figuration, configuration. Chacun de ces concepts désigne un sentiment d’appartenance spécifique et propre à un sous-groupe de l’organisation observée : L’appartenance par l’image se rapporte à ceux qui vivent la diaspora comme affirmation politique, l’appartenance par la figuration correspond à ceux qui entretiennent un réseau et l’appartenance par la configuration est celle d’individu qui se situe dans une hiérarchie. 3°) En retour de cette genèse organisationnelle vécue selon 3 modes d’appartenance, l’organisation en train de se faire contribue à son tour à renforcer l’institutionnalisation de la culture laotienne dans le pays d’accueil. these Souchinda Sangkhavongs 5 Résultats théoriques : Les résultats précédents suggèrent qu’une boucle « figure institutionnalisante - > Genèse organisationnelle -> renforcement de l’institution peut s’établir et se renforcer au fil du temps. » Dans un effet « boule de neige » une communauté s’institutionnalise et s’organise dans la durée. En même temps que se renforce la structuration de la communauté, celle-ci tend à s’étendre géographiquement ; Les limites de cette recherche tiennent tout d’abord aux ressources temps considérables que requiert l’observation d’une structuration lente, et la difficulté à séparer des mouvements de cohésion comme de divergence qui coexistent au sein de la communauté observée et dont la résultante n’apparaît que peu à peu. Par ailleurs cette étude pourrait être répliquée à d’autres communautés en voie d’organisation afin de valider que l’hypothèse culturaliste n’est pas un facteur explicatif majeur des faits observés. Mots-clés : Diaspora, organisation, image, figuration, configuration, Prabang, organogénèse, réseau, mythe, perduration. these Souchinda Sangkhavongs 6 Résumé en anglais This thesis focuses on an original level of analysis, looking at diaspora phenomenon as an organization. The starting point is the mass scattering of a population all over the world, due to Man and\or to Nature. These people, disrupted by diverse causes, are going to settle down durably in other territories, keeping their cultural anchoring. It is the beginning of the birth of "Diaspora". The first ten years are dedicated to their existence in these host countries while observing the evolutions of the country of origin for a possible return. Then, the second dec- ade is dedicated to maintaining solid and ritualized relationships. During the ten following years, this Diaspora establishes itself in a network of associations. Therefore, we register our study in the discipline of the sciences of management, more exactly in the organizational field, by calling up theories of the image of Morgan (1989), a configura- tionnist approach from Mintzberg (1982) and the organizational representation of Pesqueux (2002). Our method of investigation rests on auto-ethnographical inquiries, longitudinal practices (Pettigrew in 1986, 2001 and 2006) and the participating immersion. We start from the "clas- sic" Diaspora to approach the problem of the organization of the Diaspora, by asking the question of its original image, of its final image, under which figure of gathering and which is its organizational structure. Through the Diaspora field, we follow the evolution of the Laotian refugees of France and the purpose of their Diaspora throughout several generations, from 1975 to today. We identify the figure, which is the foundation of this organization’s construction. It is also the creation of tension between the image, the representation and the configuration of this diasporic entity. Our results are several types. Empirical results: 1 °) we demonstrate the role of a particular figure and its images as a cata- lyst of the progressive transformation of a scattered Diaspora into an organization. 2 °) We highlight the tensions which result from interpreting organizations according to concepts re- shaped by iconicity: image, representation, configuration. Each of these concepts describes a distinctive
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