Laos—PAGES 12/4/02 2:10 PM Page i Laos—PAGES 12/4/02 2:10 PM Page ii Short History of Asia Series Series Editor: Milton Osborne Milton Osborne has had an association with the Asian region for over 40 years as an academic, public servant and independent writer. He is the author of eight books on Asian topics, including Southeast Asia: An introductory history, first published in 1979 and now in its eighth edition, and, most recently, The Mekong: Turbulent past, uncertain future, published in 2000. Laos—PAGES 12/4/02 2:10 PM Page iii Laos—PAGES 12/4/02 2:10 PM Page iv First published in 2002 Copyright © Grant Evans 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10 per cent of this book, whichever is the greater, to be photocopied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. Allen & Unwin 83 Alexander Street Crows Nest NSW 2065 Australia Phone: (61 2) 8425 0100 Fax: (61 2) 9906 2218 Email: [email protected] Web: www.allenandunwin.com National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Evans, Grant, 1948– . A short history of Laos : the land in between. Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 1 86448 997 9. 1. Laos—History. 2. Laos—Politics and government. 3. Laos—Economic conditions. I. Title. (Series : Short histories of Asia). 959.4 Set in 11/14 pt Goudy by Midland Typesetters, Maryborough, Victoria Printed by South Wind Production, Singapore 10987654321 Laos—PAGES 12/4/02 2:10 PM Page v CONTENTS Map of Laos vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Note on transcription xii Note on ‘Lao’ or ‘Laos’ xiii Glossary xv Acronyms xvi 1 Before Laos 1 The Tai 2 The Lan Xang kingdom 9 Rise and fall of Lan Xang 15 The last of the warrior kings 25 Luang Phrabang in the nineteenth century 32 Lao and Siamese 36 2 Le Laos Français 39 Laos mapped 40 La mission civilatrice 42 The colonial administration 45 Revolts 53 Colonial society 59 Nationalism 70 The Lao Issara movement 82 The end of colonialism 88 3 The Royal Lao Government 93 The 1950s: years of optimism 94 The American mission civilatrice 98 Phu nyai politics 105 Life under the Pathet Lao 128 The minorities 134 v Laos—PAGES 7/5/02 4:08 PM Page vi A Short History of Laos 4 War, and the destruction of the RLG 145 The war years 146 A new society? 150 The final coalition 165 5 The Lao People’s Democratic Republic 176 Exodus 177 Prison camps 180 The Hmong resistance 184 National security 187 Vietnam’s mission civilatrice 188 Collectivisation 191 Stabilisation 196 Only one party 200 Culture and society 202 Minorities 212 New economic contradictions 214 One step forward, two steps backward 219 6 Laos in the modern world 225 The region 226 The diaspora 231 History and nation 234 Notes 237 Selected further reading 241 Index 245 vi Laos—PAGES 12/4/02 2:10 PM Page vii Laos. (US Central Intelligence Agency, Washington DC, 1993) Laos—PAGES 12/4/02 2:10 PM Page viii This page intentionally left blank Laos—PAGES 12/4/02 2:10 PM Page ix Preface Laos stands at the crossroads of mainland Southeast Asia. Surrounded by China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand and Burma, this small country has been both a bridge and buffer between neighbours who, in glory days, provided a field of territorial expansion by Lao kings. Yet more often than not Laos has been an arena in which more powerful neighbours and their allies have interfered. In the 1950s Laos, newly independent from France, set out to build a modern society but was soon engulfed by the Vietnam War, which brought with it invading North Vietnamese troops and high-flying US bombers that wreaked havoc. Few states could have survived the enormous pressure the Royal Lao Government came under in those years and, not surpris- ingly, it was finally crushed. The harsh communist regime that came to power in 1975 drove perhaps one-tenth of the population into exile. Just how this came about is part of the story that follows. Visitors to Laos are usually charmed by the people’s grace and good humour, and are consequently prone to romanticise the country. Lao also traffic in romantic images of themselves, but the idea of an ‘untouched’ Southeast Asian idyll has its flipside: Laos is one of the least developed countries in the world. Thus, successive Lao govern- ments have been committed to ‘development’, and millions upon millions of aid dollars have flowed into the country—too often straight into the pockets of its leaders, and too often creating a psychology of dependency. In the following pages I have tried to give some sense of the way Lao culture confronted and grappled with the dilemmas of social and political change. Unfortunately, the ‘untouchedness’ so beloved by tourists is often a consequence of failed development plans and enforced communist isolation for almost two decades. Young Lao today are impatient for real change. This book is mainly intended for inquiring tourists, journalists, consultants, diplomats, businesspeople and students. But I have also ix Laos—PAGES 12/4/02 2:10 PM Page x A Short History of Laos written it with young Lao in mind, both those overseas who know little of their homeland, and for Lao inside Laos whose information on their past is limited. I sincerely hope that it will soon be translated into both Lao and Thai, for the Thai also need to understand their nearest neighbour. Although I have not burdened the book with academic argu- ment, its investigation of key events in new ways presents serious challenges to those who are familiar with Lao history. It offers new ideas and new information, accompanied by many photographs that have not been published before. Footnotes have been kept to a minimum and a list of selected further reading is provided at the end. x Laos—PAGES 12/4/02 2:10 PM Page xi Acknowledgments Several people generously set aside time to read the text and helped me to clarify many points. I asked my old friend Stuart Macintyre, who is one of Australia’s leading historians, to read it because he knew little about Laos and could draw my attention to things specialists take for granted. His renowned meticulousness has ensured that the following pages are clear to other novices. The response of Soren Ivarsson, one of a new generation of historians of Laos, made me feel easier about some of the readings of Lao history that I have advanced in the fol- lowing pages. Thongrith Phoumirath, in exile in Australia, reassured me that the text spoke to Lao people, even if it doesn’t always speak in terms that are familiar to them. Peter Koret kindly allowed me to reproduce part of his translation of the poem ‘Leup Pha Sun’ in the opening chapter. Others have helped in various ways, but especially through discussions and the sharing of information. They are George Dalley, Arthur Dommen, Chris Goscha, Joel Halpern, Pheuiphanh Ngaosyvathn, Phouvong Phimmasone (who sadly passed away during its composition) and Prince Mangkra Souvannaphouma. The librari- ans at the Kennedy Library, Boston, were especially helpful when I visited there. Rosemary de Dear’s wizardry sharpened many of the photos. Finally, I would like to thank Milton Osborne for inviting me to write for the Short Histories of Asia series. I had never thought of writing an historical overview of Laos, but doing so has helped me clarify things about the country’s past that have bothered me for years. Grant Evans, Hong Kong xi Laos—PAGES 12/4/02 2:10 PM Page xii Note on transcription Generally I have tried to follow the system laid down by the Ameri- can National Standards Institute in their System for the Romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali published in 1979. However, all researchers on Laos are confounded both by the absence of any generally accepted system of transcription to date, and by convention. I have deviated from the above system to conform both to the spelling contained in the modern map used for this book, and to conventional spellings. Thus, most renderings of the letter ‘S’ for Lao words tend to use the French transcription ‘X’, and so what should in the American system be, for example, Lan Sang is rendered Lan Xang, or Siang Khoang as Xiang Khoang, while King Samsaenthai is rendered with an ‘S’ rather than an ‘X’ out of convention, and Chiang Mai is rendered with a ‘Ch’ rather than an ‘X’ to conform to recognised practice. Similarly with personal names, such as Phui, which is spelled by convention as Phoui, and Suvanna, which by convention is Souvanna. xii Laos—PAGES 12/4/02 2:10 PM Page xiii Note on ‘Lao’ or ‘Laos’ Some confusion has emerged among visitors to Laos and foreigners working there about whether it is more correct to call the country ‘Laos’ or ‘Lao’ because the ‘s’ is absent in the Lao language. Historical sources suggest that the first writing of the term ‘Laos’ was in a Portuguese dictionary created by missionaries based in Macau.