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JSS 098 0K Reviews 239 REVIEWS of the overflow has already appeared in a special issue of South East Asia Research in 2009. Rachel V. Harrison and Peter A. Jackson, Much of the weight of the first task, editors, The Ambiguous Allure of the tracing the encounter with the farang, West: Traces of the Colonial in Thailand. falls on Pattana Kitiarsa. He takes Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Edward Said’s famous proposition Press and Cornell University Southeast that the West constructed the Oriental Asia Program, 2010, xxiii + 268 pages. to suit Western purposes, and flips Hardbound: ISBN 978-962-209-121-4; it over as Occidentalism, the Thai paperbound: ISBN 978-962-209-123-8 construction of “the West” to suit Thai purposes. In mid Ayutthaya, the This ambitious book with its aptly Siamese elite found farang useful as alliterative title has at least a trio of craftsmen and engineers, but boorish agendas. First, to examine “the Thai as missionaries. In late Ayutthaya, encounter with the farang, and all that the farang disappeared and were not it constitutes,” especially over the last missed. But from the second quarter of century and a half. Second, to bring the nineteenth century, they could not Thailand into postcolonial theory which be avoided. The elite then selectively is enjoying great popularity in cultural adopted things and techniques from the studies syllabi in Western universities. farang, both in order to fend them off, And third, in order to enable the second and in order to present themselves as objective, to dispose of the mantra of more modern and thus more special than Siam/Thailand “never being colonized” the rest of the population. However, this as the basis of a larger claim that the succeeded only in the short term. Soon country’s history and culture are unique. fascination with the West spread beyond In a sense, the book is an answer to two the elite to new people who found that questions posed by Benedict Anderson adventures in the West or just in Western thirty-two years ago. The first was the thinking helped to release them from the mocking query, “What damn good is strictures of their own society. In the this country—you can’t compare it last generation, the situation has been with anything.” The second was his transformed again with many more impish thinking-aloud whether avoiding resident farang, easy access to global colonialism was such a good thing, media, and proliferation of mixed-race given the result. luk-khreung offspring. Now everyone That’s a long time to wait for answers. wears a (fake) Armani T-shirt and It’s also a lot of agendas for a modestly supports Manchester United, and the sized book. But the task of such a easy familiarity with the outside world volume is to provoke, not to prove. The has become part of a leveling trend in project involved several more writers the culture which the old elite finds so than are captured in this volume. Some hard to accept. Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 98, 2010 240 REVIEWS Thongchai Winichakul adds that Some of these commentators are one of the enduring ways to deal with reluctant to attribute their ideas to the West has been to concede Western Foucault because they are not sure superiority in material culture, but to they understand the original. The Thai assert Thai or Asian superiority in matters translation of discourse as wathakam, a spiritual. This strategy can be traced word that bears little lexical resemblance from Chaophraya Thiphakorawong’s to the original, broke free and became writings in the mid-nineteenth century widely popular among journalists and through to the latest soap operas. Other others who have only an inkling of its contributors note a similar strategy to origin and original meaning. The vignette welcome Western values and institutions illustrates Thongchai’s proposition, “In in the public sphere, but deny their Thailand ‘The West’ is in fact always relevance to the private and intimate the Thai-ized West.” worlds of family and community. May Adadol Ingawanij and Richard The other articles on this theme Lowell MacDonald review the celebra- are more like vignettes, chosen not tion of Apichatpong Weerasethakul on because they are typical, but because the international film-festival circuit. they illustrate the frontiers of the They suggest he was lionized by relationship. avant garde American cineastes, who Thanes Wongyannava wonders why were bitterly opposed to Hollywood’s Foucault, and especially his concept of domination, precisely because his work discourse, should have enjoyed such is so quirky and so non-commercial. éclat in the Thai academy. After all, As a result of this lionization outside things French and things philosophical Thailand, he became “a national figure are usually given a wide berth. Thanes whose creative efforts are nonetheless first slyly proposes that this popularity considered irrelevant to Thai public came about because Thai academics life.” They raise the fear that he will be love anything American, and Foucault converted into a symbol of national pride, was popular in America. He then points totally smothering the transgressive and out that Foucault is the most historical provocative content of his films. Since of the postmodern theorists and the Thai the article was written, Apichatpong’s academy has cherry-picked his middle story has moved onwards and upwards, and most historical period, conforming and the result has rather belied the with a taste for history rather than authors’ fears. Increased fame with abstract theory. Moreover, Thanes the Palme d’Or has made him more shows that very little of Foucault’s disturbing and less manageable for the work has been translated into Thai, cultural police. His story fits another and most Thai scholars have relied on theme running through the book—of the Thai commentators, particularly Thanes outside world as a resource for evading himself, who have filtered Foucault’s authoritarianism in various guises. work through a Thai consciousness. Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 98, 2010 REVIEWS 241 Rachel Harrison reviews the role The various contributors argue of the outside world in Thai films, that the mantra of Siam “avoiding especially in the aftermath of the colonialism” is misleading in two ways. financial crisis of 1997. Film directors First, Siam was very well integrated into expressed fear of globalization in many colonial trade, and unavoidably part of ways—from the bombastic nationalism a colonially dominated world. Second, of historical epics through to the quirky Siam’s own court elite enthusiastically intimacies of Monrak Transistor. played the role of colonial rulers, Harrison concentrates especially on two importing institutions from neighboring films. In February, the director portrays colonized states to strengthen their globalization as a threat to Thai identity own dominance. While this argument by having the principal characters lose is now quite mainstream, Tamara Loos memory, passport, and eventually lives pushes it a bit further by showing how in New York. Subtle stuff. In Siamese the Siamese went toe-to-toe with the Renaissance the characters time-travel British in the contest to control the mid between the present and the era of peninsula. high colonialism, and are able to save Five of the chapters address this Thailand from utter colonial domination. theme, but fail to agree on the crucial Harrison points out that the director has point of how to characterize the process chosen a distinctly farang-looking in words. Peter Jackson and Rachel luk khreung for the female lead, and Harrison prefer “semi-colonialism” concludes “the need to repel the Other because of continuities with earlier is intricately interwoven with the desire usage of this term. Loos thinks the for the Other, with its allure and with semi- prefix weakens the term and the wish to incorporate it into the Thai undersells how truly colonial the Thai self.” elite was. Michael Herzfeld pushes Of course this batch of essays leaves for “crypto-colonialism” but wins whole continents of the encounter with few votes. “Internal colonialism” and the West uncovered. Readers eager for “quasi-colonialism” are mentioned in more on this theme can go to South East passing. Asia Research 2009 for Thanes on Thais The purpose of putting colonialism eating spaghetti, Thak Chaloemtiarana into Thailand and Thailand into on adaptations of the late Victorian colonialism—apart from alignment with novel, Sud Chonchirdsin on selective academic fashions—is squarely political. borrowing in the Fifth Reign, Thanapol The boast of avoiding colonialism and Limapichart on the early development of the claims to national uniqueness are a public sphere, and Thanet Aphornsuvan pillars of conservative nationalism. It’s on Thai reactions to missionaries. But no coincidence that Anderson asked in truth, the editors seem much less his two provocative questions during interested in the allure of the farang than the intense conservative reaction of in the allure of postcolonial studies. the late 1970s, and that this book Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 98, 2010 242 REVIEWS of answers comes against a similar backdrop. Only Loos, Herzfeld, and Thongchai explicitly address this political dimension. Thongchai suggests how a specter of “domination by the West,” especially within the realm of knowledge, is an increasingly prominent and insidious part of conservative nationalism. Herzfeld points to colonial legacies which almost invisibly underlie structures and practices of authoritarianism. Loos points out how colonial practices and mentalities have continued to underlie Bangkok’s handling of the Muslim south for more than a century. The editors wisely refrain from drawing any broad conclusions from the collected articles. The book is a landmark in Thai studies. Its various articles will serve as idea-starters for projects of many kinds.
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