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Traditional Bengali Keyboar
Traditional Bengali Keyboard Help - Tavultesoft KeymanWeb Help Keyman Web Help Index Tavultesoft KeymanWeb Demo Get KeymanWeb Traditional Bengali Keyboard Help Keyboard © 2008 Tavultesoft Overview Using this Keyboard Keyboard Layout Quickstart Examples Keyboard Details Complete Keyboard Reference Chart Troubleshooting Further Resources Related Keyboard Layouts Technical Information Authorship Overview This keyboard lets you type in Bengali (Bangla). It is easy to use for people familiar with Bengali and the Inscript keyboard layout. It includes some characters which are not found on the Inscript keyboard. It uses a normal English (QWERTY) keyboard. If a special font is needed for this language, most computers will download it automatically. Click here to see other keyboard layouts for Bengali. Using this Keyboard Keyboard Layout Unshifted ` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - = Backspace 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - ◌ Tab Q W E R T Y U I O P [ ] \ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Caps Lock A S D F G H J K L ; ' Enter ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ Shift Z X C V B N M , . / Shift ◌ , . Ctrl Alt Alt Ctrl Shift ` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - = Backspace ◌ !" # $ ( ) ◌% & Tab Q W E R T Y U I O P [ ] \ ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 Caps Lock A S D F G H J K L ; ' Enter 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < Shift Z X C V B N M , . / Shift ◌= > ? " { @ Ctrl Alt Alt Ctrl Shift + Ctrl ` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - = Backspace 1 of 5 Traditional Bengali Keyboard Help - Tavultesoft KeymanWeb Help Tab Q W E R T Y U I O P [ ] \ Caps Lock A S D F G H J K L ; ' Enter Shift Z X C V B N M , . -
Cross-Cultural Research
Cross-Cultural Research http://ccr.sagepub.com Cultural Adaptations After Progressionism Lauren W. McCall Cross-Cultural Research 2009; 43; 62 DOI: 10.1177/1069397108328613 The online version of this article can be found at: http://ccr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/43/1/62 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: Society for Cross-Cultural Research Additional services and information for Cross-Cultural Research can be found at: Email Alerts: http://ccr.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://ccr.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations http://ccr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/43/1/62 Downloaded from http://ccr.sagepub.com at DUKE UNIV on January 9, 2009 Cross-Cultural Research Volume 43 Number 1 February 2009 62-85 © 2009 Sage Publications Cultural Adaptations After 10.1177/1069397108328613 http://ccr.sagepub.com hosted at Progressionism http://online.sagepub.com Lauren W. McCall National Evolutionary Synthesis Center How should behavioral scientists interpret apparently progressive stages of cultural history? Adaptive progress in biology is thought to only occur locally, relative to local conditions. Just as evolutionary theory offers physi- cal anthropologists an appreciation of global human diversity through local adaptation, so the metaphor of adaptation offers behavioral scientists an appreciation of cultural diversity through analogous mechanisms. Analyses reported here test for cultural adaptation in both biotic and abiotic environ- ments. Testing cultural adaptation to the human-made environment, the culture’s pre-existing technical complexity is shown to be a predictive fac- tor. Then testing cultural adaptation to the physical environment, this article corroborates Divale’s (1999) finding that counting systems are adaptations to unstable environments, and expands the model to include other environ- mental indices and cultural traits. -
Handwriting Recognition in Indian Regional Scripts: a Survey of Offline Techniques
1 Handwriting Recognition in Indian Regional Scripts: A Survey of Offline Techniques UMAPADA PAL, Indian Statistical Institute RAMACHANDRAN JAYADEVAN, Pune Institute of Computer Technology NABIN SHARMA, Indian Statistical Institute Offline handwriting recognition in Indian regional scripts is an interesting area of research as almost 460 million people in India use regional scripts. The nine major Indian regional scripts are Bangla (for Bengali and Assamese languages), Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Gurumukhi (for Punjabi lan- guage), Tamil, Telugu, and Nastaliq (for Urdu language). A state-of-the-art survey about the techniques available in the area of offline handwriting recognition (OHR) in Indian regional scripts will be of a great aid to the researchers in the subcontinent and hence a sincere attempt is made in this article to discuss the advancements reported in this regard during the last few decades. The survey is organized into different sections. A brief introduction is given initially about automatic recognition of handwriting and official re- gional scripts in India. The nine regional scripts are then categorized into four subgroups based on their similarity and evolution information. The first group contains Bangla, Oriya, Gujarati and Gurumukhi scripts. The second group contains Kannada and Telugu scripts and the third group contains Tamil and Malayalam scripts. The fourth group contains only Nastaliq script (Perso-Arabic script for Urdu), which is not an Indo-Aryan script. Various feature extraction and classification techniques associated with the offline handwriting recognition of the regional scripts are discussed in this survey. As it is important to identify the script before the recognition step, a section is dedicated to handwritten script identification techniques. -
Mathematics in African History and Cultures
Paulus Gerdes & Ahmed Djebbar MATHEMATICS IN AFRICAN HISTORY AND CULTURES: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY African Mathematical Union Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa (AMUCHMA) Mathematics in African History and Cultures Second edition, 2007 First edition: African Mathematical Union, Cape Town, South Africa, 2004 ISBN: 978-1-4303-1537-7 Published by Lulu. Copyright © 2007 by Paulus Gerdes & Ahmed Djebbar Authors Paulus Gerdes Research Centre for Mathematics, Culture and Education, C.P. 915, Maputo, Mozambique E-mail: [email protected] Ahmed Djebbar Département de mathématiques, Bt. M 2, Université de Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve D’Asq Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Cover design inspired by a pattern on a mat woven in the 19th century by a Yombe woman from the Lower Congo area (Cf. GER-04b, p. 96). 2 Table of contents page Preface by the President of the African 7 Mathematical Union (Prof. Jan Persens) Introduction 9 Introduction to the new edition 14 Bibliography A 15 B 43 C 65 D 77 E 105 F 115 G 121 H 162 I 173 J 179 K 182 L 194 M 207 N 223 O 228 P 234 R 241 S 252 T 274 U 281 V 283 3 Mathematics in African History and Cultures page W 290 Y 296 Z 298 Appendices 1 On mathematicians of African descent / 307 Diaspora 2 Publications by Africans on the History of 313 Mathematics outside Africa (including reviews of these publications) 3 On Time-reckoning and Astronomy in 317 African History and Cultures 4 String figures in Africa 338 5 Examples of other Mathematical Books and 343 -
Arxiv:2010.11856V3 [Cs.CL] 13 Apr 2021 Questions from Non-English Native Speakers to Rep- Information-Seeking Questions—Questions from Resent Real-World Applications
XOR QA: Cross-lingual Open-Retrieval Question Answering Akari Asaiº, Jungo Kasaiº, Jonathan H. Clark¶, Kenton Lee¶, Eunsol Choi¸, Hannaneh Hajishirziº¹ ºUniversity of Washington ¶Google Research ¸The University of Texas at Austin ¹Allen Institute for AI {akari, jkasai, hannaneh}@cs.washington.edu {jhclark, kentonl}@google.com, [email protected] Abstract ロン・ポールの学部時代の専攻は?[Japanese] (What did Ron Paul major in during undergraduate?) Multilingual question answering tasks typi- cally assume that answers exist in the same Multilingual document collections language as the question. Yet in prac- (Wikipedias) tice, many languages face both information ロン・ポール (ja.wikipedia) scarcity—where languages have few reference 高校卒業後はゲティスバーグ大学へ進学。 (After high school, he went to Gettysburg College.) articles—and information asymmetry—where questions reference concepts from other cul- Ron Paul (en.wikipedia) tures. This work extends open-retrieval ques- Paul went to Gettysburg College, where he was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. He tion answering to a cross-lingual setting en- graduated with a B.S. degree in Biology in 1957. abling questions from one language to be an- swered via answer content from another lan- 生物学 (Biology) guage. We construct a large-scale dataset built on 40K information-seeking questions Figure 1: Overview of XOR QA. Given a question in across 7 diverse non-English languages that Li, the model finds an answer in either English or Li TYDI QA could not find same-language an- Wikipedia and returns an answer in English or L . L swers for. Based on this dataset, we introduce i i is one of the 7 typologically diverse languages. -
Bengali Handwritten Numeral Recognition Using Artificial Neural Network and Transition Elements
BENGALI HANDWRITTEN NUMERAL RECOGNITION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND TRANSITION ELEMENTS a,* b c Zahidur Rahim Chowdhury Mohammad Abu Naser Ashraf Bin Islam a United International University, Dhaka. b Islamic University of Technology, Gajipur. c Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka. * Corresponding email address: [email protected] Abstract: Bengali hand-writing recognition has potential application in document processing for one the widely used for language in the world. A method using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is utilized primarily to identify numerals of the language using transition features. Maximum accuracy of 82% is reported in this article for an optimized network. The typical performance of the handwriting recognition system that uses a single recognition scheme is around 85%. The significance of local features in a character should be incorporated to enhance the overall performance of the network. Key words: Bengali Hand-writing, Numeral, Pattern Recognition, Neural Network, Transition. article. Recognition results from different systems were INTRODUCTION compared to make the final decision. The average recognition rate, error rate and reliability achieved by the Hand-written Bengali character recognition is a integrated system were 95.05%, 0.3% and 99.03%, process where techniques of pattern recognition are applied respectively. to analyze handwritings of Bengali language, one of the In this article, a recognition process for Bengali hand most popular languages in the world. Beside Bengali, written numerals is presented using ‘holistic’ approaches researchers have studied the recognition process using due to limited number of possible outputs. Transition different techniques for other popular languages like features of an image, instead of the complete image, were English [1–4], Chinese [5], Arabic [6], Japanese [7, 8], and used as inputs of the ANN for an efficient and a compact Indic [9]. -
An Analysis of Contrasts Between English and Bengali Vowel Phonemes
Journal of Education and Social Sciences, Vol. 13, Issue 1, (June) ISSN 2289-9855 2019 AN ANALYSIS OF CONTRASTS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND BENGALI VOWEL PHONEMES Syed Mazharul Islam ABSTRACT Both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the English vowel system mark it as distinct from many other vowel systems including that of the Bengali language. With respect to the English pure vowels or monophthongs, tongue height, tongue position and lip rounding are the qualitative features which make English distinctive. The quantitative aspect of the English vowels or vowel length is another feature which makes some Bengali vowels different from their English equivalents the fact being that vowel length in Bengali, though it theoretically exists, is not important in actual pronunciation of Bengali. English diphthongs, or the gliding vowels, on the other hand, have the unique feature that between the constituent vowels, the first vowel component is longer than the second. This paper examines these contrasts underpinned by the CAH (Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis) the proponents of which believe that through contrastive analysis of the L1 and the L2 being learnt, difficulties in the latter’s acquisition can be predicted and materials should be based on the anticipated difficulties. The hypothesis also lends itself to the assumption that degrees of differences correspond to the varying levels of difficulty. This paper adds that contrastive analysis also enhances L2 awareness among learners, help them unlearn L1 habits and aids in the automation and creative use of all aspects of the L2 including phonology. The analysis of the sounds in question has made some interesting discoveries hitherto unknown and unobserved. -
Online Bengali Handwritten Numerals Recognition Using Deep Autoencoders
Online Bengali Handwritten Numerals Recognition Using Deep Autoencoders Arghya Pal∗, B. K. Khonglahy, S. Mandaly, Himakshi Choudhuryy, S. R. M. Prasanna y, H. L. Rufinerz and Vineeth N Balasubramanian∗ Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 502285 ∗ Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039 y Facultad de Ingeniera y Ciencias Hdricas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, S3000 Santa Fe, Argentina z E-mail: fcs15resch11001, [email protected], fbanriskhem, [email protected], lrufi[email protected] Abstract—This work describes the development of online handwritten Bengali numeral recognition. This work finds its handwritten isolated Bengali numerals using Deep Autoencoder place in various domain like online form filling applications, (DA) based on Multilayer perceptron (MLP) [1]. Autoencoders census data collection, banking operations, number dialing capture the class specific information and the deep version uses many hidden layers and a final classification layer to accomplish systems and many more. this. DA based on MLP uses the MLP training approach for Some of the works that recognizes online handwritten its training. Different configurations of the DA are examined characters from different perspectives include HMM based to find the best DA classifier. Then an optimization technique handwriting recognition systems for Bangla [3], Tamil [4], have been adopted to reduce the overall weight space of the Telugu [5], Assamese [6], SVM based system for Tamil [7] DA based on MLP that in turn makes it suitable for a real time application. The performance of the DA based system is and Devanagari [8]. -
The Evolution of the Printed Bengali Character
The Evolution of the Printed Bengali Character from 1778 to 1978 by Fiona Georgina Elisabeth Ross School of Oriental and African Studies University of London Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1988 ProQuest Number: 10731406 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 10731406 Published by ProQuest LLC (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 20618054 2 The Evolution of the Printed Bengali Character from 1778 to 1978 Abstract The thesis traces the evolution of the printed image of the Bengali script from its inception in movable metal type to its current status in digital photocomposition. It is concerned with identifying the factors that influenced the shaping of the Bengali character by examining the most significant Bengali type designs in their historical context, and by analyzing the composing techniques employed during the past two centuries for printing the script. Introduction: The thesis is divided into three parts according to the different methods of type manufacture and composition: 1. The Development of Movable Metal Types for the Bengali Script Particular emphasis is placed on the early founts which lay the foundations of Bengali typography. -
Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: Prefixes, Protoforms and Problems
Sino-Tibetan numeral systems: prefixes, protoforms and problems Matisoff, J.A. Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: Prefixes, Protoforms and Problems. B-114, xii + 147 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1997. DOI:10.15144/PL-B114.cover ©1997 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wunn EDITORIAL BOARD: Malcolm D. Ross and Darrell T. Tryon (Managing Editors), Thomas E. Dutton, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, Andrew K. Pawley Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, atlases and other material on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia and southeast Asia. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Pacific Linguistics is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics was established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. It is a non-profit-making body financed largely from the sales of its books to libraries and individuals throughout the world, with some assistance from the School. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. The Board also appoints a body of editorial advisors drawn from the international community of linguists. Publications in Series A, B and C and textbooks in Series D are refereed by scholars with re levant expertise who are normally not members of the editorial board. -
Introducing the Sylheti Language and Its Speakers, and the SOAS Sylheti Project
Language Documentation and Description ISSN 1740-6234 ___________________________________________ This article appears in: Language Documentation and Description, vol 18. Editors: Candide Simard, Sarah M. Dopierala & E. Marie Thaut Introducing the Sylheti language and its speakers, and the SOAS Sylheti project CANDIDE SIMARD, SARAH M. DOPIERALA & E. MARIE THAUT Cite this article: Simard, Candide, Sarah M. Dopierala & E. Marie Thaut. 2020. Introducing the Sylheti language and its speakers, and the SOAS Sylheti project. In Candide Simard, Sarah M. Dopierala & E. Marie Thaut (eds.) Language Documentation and Description 18, 1-22. London: EL Publishing. Link to this article: http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/196 This electronic version first published: August 2020 __________________________________________________ This article is published under a Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial). The licence permits users to use, reproduce, disseminate or display the article provided that the author is attributed as the original creator and that the reuse is restricted to non-commercial purposes i.e. research or educational use. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ______________________________________________________ EL Publishing For more EL Publishing articles and services: Website: http://www.elpublishing.org Submissions: http://www.elpublishing.org/submissions Introducing the Sylheti language and its speakers, and the SOAS Sylheti project Candide Simard The University of the South Pacific Sarah M. Dopierala Goethe University Frankfurt E. Marie Thaut SOAS, University of London Abstract Sylheti is a minoritised, politically unrecognised, and understudied Eastern Indo-Aryan language with approximately 11 million speakers worldwide, with high speaker concentrations in the Surma and Barak river basins in north-eastern Bangladesh and south Assam, India, and in several diasporic communities around the world (especially UK, USA, and Middle East). -
Stamford Journal of English
A synchronic comparison between the vowel phonemes of Bengali & English phonology and its classroom applicability ALEEYA TAMZIDA & SHARMIN SIDDIQUI Abstract Due to linguistic diversity, phonologies of the world are notably different from one another, leading the foreign language learners encounter varied phonetic and phonological problems. Bengali speaking EFL learners face problems especially in pronunciation owing to their lack of sound knowledge regarding the distinct positions of phonemes and other aspects of Bengali and English phonology. In this context, our attempt, particularly in this article, is to compare the positions of Bengali and English vowel phonemes and identify the distinctions existing between those in order to help the Bengali speaking EFL learners to improve their pronunciation. Mainly, English vowels (RP) Diagram, Bengali vowels diagram, Cardinal vowels diagram etc have been examined to identify the distinctions mentioned. This paper shows the applicability of our findings by presenting some survey results and suggests some measures to be followed by learners to improve their pronunciation. 1. Introduction: Linguistic diversity among different races, leads to a wide variety of phonologies in the world. According to David Abercrombie (1967), ‘The phonology of every language is peculiar to that language, and different from that of every other language’ (p. 70). And this difference leads the EFL learner face difficulties regarding phonetic, phonological and other aspects of language in speech production and speech perception. Because EFL learners may come across some phonemes or features of the target language which are totally absent from their own phonologies. As a consequence, they suffer from mispronunciation in speech production as well as wrong auditory perception in 285 the foreign language.