University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection

University of Wollongong Year 

Arthropods and fire: studies in a southeast Australian heathland Patrick M. Tap University of Wollongong

Tap, Patrick M, and fire: studies in a southeast Australian heath- land, PhD thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, 1996. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/268

This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/268

145

References

Abbott. I. (1984) Changes in the abundance and activity ofcertain soil and litter fauna in the jarrah forest of Western Australia after a moderate intensity fire. Australian Journal of Soil Research 22: 463-469.

Abbott, 1., van Heurck, P. & Wong, L. (1985) Responses to long-term fire exclusion: physical, chemical and faunal features of litter and soil in a Western Australian forest. Australian Forestry 47: 237-242.

Abensperg-Traun, M. & Milewski, A. V. (1995) Abundance and diversity of termites (Isoptera) in unburnt versus burnt vegetation at the Barrens in Mediterranean Western Australia Australian Journal ofEcology 20: 413-417.

Ahlgren, 1. F. (1974) The effect of fire on soil organisms. In Fire and Ecosystems, ed. Kozlowski T. T. & Ahlgren C. W.• pp. 47-72. New York: Academic Press.

Andersen, A. N. (1983) An introduction to ants. Victorian Naturalist 100: 188-195.

Andersen, A. N. (1984) Community organization ofants in the Victorian malIee. Victorian Naturalist lOt: 248-251.

Andersen, A. N. (1988) Immediate and longer-term effects offire on seed predation by ants in sclerophyllous vegetation in south-eastem Australia Australian Journal ofEcology 13: 285-293.

Andersen, A. N. (1991a) Responses of ground foraging ant communities to three experimental fire regimes in a savanna forest of tropical Australia Biotropica 23: 575­ 585.

Andersen, A. N. (1991b) Sampling communities of ground-foraging ants: pitfall catches compared with quadrat counts in an Australian tropical savanna Australian Journal of Ecology 16: 273-279.

Andersen, A. N. (1992) Regulation of "momentary" diversity by dominant species in exceptionally rich ant communities of the Australian seasonal tropics. American Naturalist 140: 401- 420.

Andersen, A. N. & Yen, A. L. (1985) Immediate effects of fire on ants in the semi-arid mallee region ofnorth-westem Victoria. Australian Journal ofEcology 10: 25- 30.

Anderson, R. C., Leahy, T. & Dhillion, S. S. (1989) Numbers and biomass ofselected groups on burned and unburned sand prairie. American Midland Naturalist 122: 151-162.

Anon (1974) Kangaroo Valley - NSW Topographic Map No.9028-IV-S. Bathurst: Central Mapping Authority ofNew South Wales.

Anon (1992) Visitor guide - Barren Grounds Nature Reserve. Nowra: National Parks & Wildlife Service ofNew South Wales.

Athias-Binche, F. (1987) Modaiites de la cicatrisation des ecosystems Mediterraneens apres incendie: cas de certains Arthropodes du sol 3.les Acariens Uropodides (Regeneration pattern of Mediterranean ecosystems after fire: the case of some soil arthropods 3. Uropodid mites). Vie Milieu 37: 39-52. 146

Barnard, P. E. (1987) Foraging site selection by three raptors in relation to grassland burning in a montane habitat. AfricanJournal ofEcology 25: 35-45.

Barnes R. D. (1980) Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders.

Barratt, T. (1986) BudderooNational Park and Barren GroundsNature Reserve Draft Fire ManagementPlan. Nowra: National Parks & Wildlife Service of New South Wales.

Bayfield, N. G. (1979a) Recovery of four montane heath communities on Cairngorm, Scotland, from disturbance by trampling. BiologicalConservation 15: 165-179.

Bayfield, N. (1979b) Some effects of trampling on Molophilus ater (Meigen) (Diptera, Tipulidae). BiologicalConservation 16: 219-228.

Beckwith, R C. & Werner, R A. (1979) Effects of fire on distribution. In EcologicalEffects ofthe Wickersham Dome FireNear Fairbanks, Alaska, ed. Viereck L. A. & C. T. Dymess C. T., pp. 53-55. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-90.

Beirne, B. P. (1955) Collecting, Preparing and Preserving . Canada Department of Agriculture.

Beley, J. R, Ditsworth, T. M., Butt, S. M. & Johnson, C. D. (1982) Arthropods, plants and transmission lines in Arizona: community dynamics during secondary succession in a pinyon-juniper chaparral habitat. Southwestern Naturalist 27: 325- 333.

Benzie, J. A. H. (1986) The distribution, abundance, and the effects of fire on mound building termites (Trtnervttermes and Cubitermes spp., Isoptera: Termitidae) in northern guinea savanna West Africa Oecologia 70: 559-567.

Bissell, T. L. (1939) Winter quarters of the Spotted Cucumber Beetle and the Cowpea Curculio, and results ofburning. Journal of EconomicEntomology 32: 546-553.

Bock, C. E. & Bock, J. H. (1991) Response of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to wildfire in a southeastern Arizona grassland. AmericanMidland Naturalist 125: 162-167.

Bowles, J. M. & Maun M. A. (1982) A study of the effects of trampling on the vegetation ofLake Huron sand dunes at Pinery Provincial Park. BiologicalConservation 24: 273­ 283.

Brian, M. V., Mountford M. D., Abbott A. & Vincent S. (1976) The changes in ant species distribution during ten years post-fire regeneration ofa heath. Journal ofAnimal Ecology 45: 115-133.

Buffington, J. D. (1967) Soil arthropod populations of the New Jersey Pine Barrens as affected by fire. Annals ofthe Entomological Societyof America 60: 530-535.

Bulan, C. A. & Barrett, G. W. (1971) The effects of acute stresses on the arthropod component ofan experimental grassland ecosystem. Ecology 52: 597-605.

Bultman, T. L. & Uetz G. W. (1982) Abundance and community structure offorest floor spiders following litter manipulation. Oecologia 55: 34-41. 147

Burrough, P. A, Brown, L. & Morris, E. C. (1977) Variations in vegetation and soil pattern across the Hawkesbury Sandstone plateau from Barren Grounds to Fitzroy Falls, New South Wales. Australian Journal ofEcology 2: 137-159.

Butt, S. M., Beley, J. R, Ditsworth, T. M., Johnson, C. D. & Balda R P. (1980) Arthropods, plants and transmission lines in Arizona: community dynamics during secondary succession in a desert grassland. Journal ofEnvironmental Management 11: 267-284.

Campbell, A J. & Tanton, M. T. (1981) Effects of fire on the invertebrate fauna of soil and litter ofa eucalypt forest. In Fire and the Australian Biota, ed. Gill A M., Groves R H. & Noble I. R, pp.215-241. Canberra: Australian Academy ofScience.

Campbell, K. G. (1961) The effects of forest fires on three species of stick insects (Phasmatidae: Phasmatodea) occurring in plagues in forest areas of south-eastern Australia Proceedings ofthe Linnean Society ofNew South Wales 86: 112-121.

Cancelado, R & Yonke, T. R (1970) Effect of prairie burning on populations. Journal ofthe Kansas Entomological Society 43: 274-281.

Carpenter, J. R (1939) Fluctuations in biotic communities V. Aspection in a mixed-grass prairie in central Oklahoma Amertcan MidiandNaturaltst 22: 420- 435.

Chamrad, AD. & Dodd, J. D. (1972) Prescribed burning and grazing for prairie chicken habitat manipulation in the Texas coastal prairie. Proceedings ofthe Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 12: 257-276.

Chappell, H. G., Ainsworth, J. F., Cameron, R A D. & Redfern, M. (1971) The effect of trampling on a chalk grassland ecosystem. Journal ofAppliedEcology 8: 869-882.

Christiansen, T. A, Lockwood, J. A. & Powell, J. (1989) Arthropod community dynamics in undisturbed and intensively managed mountain brush habitats. Great Basin Naturalist 49: 570-586.

Cochran, W. G. & Cox, G. M. (1957) Experimental Designs. New York: John Wiley.

Collett, N. G., Neumann, F. G. & Tolhurst, K. G. (1993) Effects of two short rotation prescribed fires in spring on surface-active arthropods and earthworms in dry sc1erophyll eucalypt forest ofwest-central Victoria. Australian Forestry 56: 49-60.

Crawford, A K. & Liddle M. J. (1977) The effect of trampling on neutral grassland. Biological Conservation 12: 135-142.

Darlong, V. T. & Alfred, J. R .B. (1982) Differences in arthropod population structure in soils offorest and Jhum sites ofNorth-East India. Pedobiologia 23: 112-119. de Booysen, V. P. & Tainton N. M. (eds.) (1984) Ecological Effects ofFire in South African Ecosystems. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, de Izarra, D. C. (1977) The effects of burning on soil mieroarthropods in the semi-arid pampa zone. In Soil Organisms as Components ofEcosystems, ed. Lohm, U. & T, Persson, T., Ecological Bulletin 25: 357-365. 148

Del-Nevo, A. & Ewins, P. J. (1983) Birds feeding on fire-driven insects. Bombay Natural Htstory Society Joumal 80: 413-414.

Delage-Darchen, B. (1971) Contribution a l'etude ecologique d'une savane de Cote D'Ivoire (Lamto): Les founnis des strates herbacee et arboree. BiologiaGabonica 7: 461-496.

Dempster, J.P. (1963) The population dynamics of grasshoppers and locusts. Biological Reviews 38: 490-529.

Dindal, D. L. & Metz, L. J. (1977) Community structure of Collembola affected by fire frequency. In The Role of Arthropods in Forest Ecosystems - 1976 International Congress ofEntomology, ed. Mattson W. J. et 01., pp.88-95. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Ditsworth, T. M., Butt, S. M., Beley, J. R., Johnson C. D. & Balda R. P. (1982) Arthropods, plants and transmission lines in Arizona: community dynamics during secondary succession in a pinyon-juniper woodland. Southwestern Naturalist 27: 167-181.

Dolva, J. M. & Scott, J. K. (1982) The association between the mealybug, Pseudococcus macrozamiae, ants and the cycad Macrozamia reidlei in a fire-prone environment. Journal ofthe Royal Society ofWestern Australia 65: 33-36.

Donnelly, D. & Giliomee, J. H. (1985a) Community structure of epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in fynbos vegetation in the lonkershoek Valley. Journal of the Entomological Society ofSouth Africa 48: 247-257.

Donnelly, D. & Giliomee, J. H. (1985b) Community structure of epigaeic ants in a pine plantation and newly burnt fynbos. Journal ofthe Entomological Society ofSouth Africa 48: 259-265.

Duffey, E. (1975) The effects ofhuman trampling on the fauna ofgrassland litter. Biological Conservation 7: 255-274.

Dunwiddie, P. W. (1991) Comparisons of aboveground arthropods in burned, mowed and untreated sites in sandplain grasslands on Nantucket Island. American Midland Naturalist 125: 206-212.

Durkis, T. J. & Reeves, R. M. (1982) Barriers increase efficiency of pitfall traps. Entomological News 93: 25-28.

Edwards, C. A. & Fletcher, K. E. (1971) A comparison ofextraction methods for terrestrial arthropods. In Methods ofStudy in Quantitative Soil Ecology: Population, Production and Energy F70w - IBP Handbook No. 18, ed. Phillipson J., pp. 150-185. Oxford: Blackwell.

Euler, D. L. & Thompson, D. Q. (1978) Ruffed grouse and songbird foraging response on small spring burns. New York Fish & Game Journal 25: 156-164.

Evans, E. W. (1984) Fire as a natural disturbance to grasshopper assemblages of tallgrass prairie. Oikos 43: 9-16.

Evans, E. W. (1988) Grasshopper (Insecta: Orthoptera: Acrididae) assemblages oftallgrass prairie: influences of fire frequency, topography, and vegetation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 1495-1501. 149

Evans, E. W., Rogers, R. A. & Opfermann, D. J. (1983) Sampling grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on burned and unburned tallgrass prairie: night trapping versus sweeping. Environmental Entomology 12: 1449-1454.

Evans, W. G. (1971) The attraction of insects to forest fires. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Conference on Ecological Control by Habitat Management 3: 114-127.

Fellin, D. G. & Kennedy P. C. (1972) Abundance of arthropods inhabiting duff and soil after prescribed burning on forest cleareuts in Northern Idaho. USDA Forest Service Research Note INT-162.

Fielding, D. J. & Brusven M. A. (1993a) Spatial analysis of grasshopper density and ecological disturbance on southern Idaho rangeland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 43: 31-47.

Fielding, D. J. & Brusven, M. A. (1993b) Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) community composition and ecological disturbance on southern Idaho rangeland. Environmental Entomology 22: 71-81.

Force, D. C. (1981) Postfire insect succession in southern California chaparral. American Naturalist 117: 575-582.

Force, D. C. (1982) Postburn insect fauna in southern California chaparral. In Proceedings ofthe Symposium on Dynamics andManagement ofMediterranean-Type Ecosystems, pp. 234-240. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-58.

Fox, B. J. (1982) The influence of disturbance (fire, mining) on ant and small mammal species diversity in Australian heathland. In Proceedings ofthe Symposium on Dynamics andManagement ofMediterranean-Type Ecosystems, pp. 213-219. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-58.

French, J. R. J. & Keirle, R. M. (1969) Studies in fire-damaged radiata pine plantations. Australian Forestry 33: 175-180.

Fromel, R. (1980) Die verbreitung im schilf uberwinternder arthropoden im westlichen Bodenseegebiet und we bedeutung fur vogel (The distribution of arthropods overwintering in Phragmites reeds in the western Lake Constance region and its significance for birds). Vogetwarte 30: 218-254.

Gandar, M. V. (1982) Description ofa fire and its effects in the Nylsvley Nature Reserve: a synthesis report. South African National Scientific Programmes Report Series 63: 1-9.

Genstat 5 Committee (1987) Genstat 5 Reference Manual. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Gill, R. W. (1969) Soil microarthropod abundance following old-field litter manipulation. Ecology 50: 805-816.

Gill, A. M. & Groves R. H. (1981) Fire regimes in heathlands and their plant-ecological effects. In Ecosystems ofthe World 9B, Heathlands and Related Shrublands -Analyttcal Studies, ed. Specht R. L., pp.61-84. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Gill, A. M., Groves, R. H. & Noble, I. R. (eds.) (1981) Fire and the Australian Biota. Canberra: Australian Academy ofScience. 150

Gill, A. M., Moore, P. H. R. & Martin, W. K. (1994) Bibliography ofFire Ecology in Australia (Including Fire Science and Fire Management). Hurstville: National Parks & Wildlife Service ofNew South Wales.

Gillon, D. (1970) Recherches ecologiques dans Ia savanne de Lamto (Cote D'Ivoire): les effets du feu sur les arthropodes de la savane. (Ecology of the Lamto (Ivory Coast): The effect offire on savanna arthropods). La Terre et la Vie, pp.80-93.

Gillon, D. (1972) The effect ofbushfire on the principal pentatomid bugs (Hemiptera) ofan Ivory Coast savanna. Proceedings ofthe Tall Timbers FireEcologyConference 11: 377­ 417.

Gillon, y. (1972) The effect of bushfire on the principal acridid species of an Ivory Coast savanna Proceedings ofthe Tall Timbers FireEcologyConference 11: 419-471.

Gist, C. S. & Crossley D. A. (1973) A method for quantifying pitfall trapping. Environmental Entomology 2: 951-952.

Greenslade, P. J. M. (1964) Pitfall trapping as a method for studying populations of Carabidae (Coleoptera). Journal ofAnimal Ecology 3: 301-310.

Greenslade, P. J. M. (1973) Sampling ants with pitfall traps: digging-in effects. lnsectes Sociaux 20: 343-353.

Greenslade, P. J. M. (1976) The meat ant lridomyrmex purpureus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as a dominant member of ant communities. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 15: 237-240.

Greenslade, P. J. M. (1979) A Guide to the Ants of South Australia. Adelaide: South Australian Museum,

Greenslade, P. & Greenslade, P. J. M. (1971) The use of baits and preservatives in pitfall traps. JournaloftheAustralian Entomological Society 10: 253-260.

Greenslade, P. J. M. & Greenslade, P. (1983) Ecology of soil invertebrates. In Soils: an Australian Viewpoint, pp.645-669. Melbourne: CSIRO-Academic Press.

Greenslade, J. & Greenslade, P. (1984) Invertebrates and environmental assessment. Environmental Management. March: 13-15.

Greenslade, P. J. M. & Greenslade, P. (1989) Ground layer invertebrate fauna In Mediterranean Landscapes in Australia, Mallee Ecosystems and TheirManagement, ed. Noble, J. C. & Bradstock, R. A., pp. 266-284. Melbourne: CSIRO.

Greenslade, P. J. M. & Halliday, R. B. (1983) Colony dispersion and relationships ofmeat ants Iridomyrmex purpureus and allies in an arid locality in South Australia. lnsectes Sociaux 30: 82-99.

Greenslade, P. & Mott, J. J. (1983) Effect offire on invertebrates in an Australian tropical grassland. In New Trends inBiology, ed. Lebrun Ph. et al., pp.635-637.

Greenslade, P. & Rosser, G. (1984) Fire and soil-surface in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia In Proeedings of the 4th International Conference on Mediterranean 151

Ecosystems, ed. Dell, B., pp. 63-64. Perth: Botany Department, University of Western Australia.

Hadlington, P. W. & Johnston, 1. A. (1982) An Introduction to Australian Insects. Kensington: University ofNew South Wales Press.

Halford, D. K. (1981) Repopulation and food habits of Peromyscus maniculatus on a burned sagebrush desert southeastern Idaho. Northwest Science 55: 44-49.

Hansen, J. D. (1986) Comparison of insects from burned and unburned areas after a range fire. GreatBasin Naturalist 46: 721-727.

Harper J. L. (1981) After description. In The Plant Community as a Working Mechanism, ed. Newman, EJ., pp. 11-25. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.

Harris, D. L. & Whitcomb, W. H. (1974) Effect offire on populations ofcertain species of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). FloridaEntomologist 57: 97- 103.

Harrison, C. (1981) Recovery oflowland grassland and heathland in southern England from disturbance by seasonal trampling. BiologicalConservation 19: 119-130.

Hartford, R. A. & Frandsen, W. H. (1992) When it's hot, it's hot...or maybe it's not! (Surface flaming may not portend extensive soil heating). International Journal ofWildland Fire 2: 139-144.

Haskins, M. F. & Shaddy, J. H. (1986) The ecological effects of burning, mowing and plowing on ground-inhabiting spiders (Araneae) in an old-field ecosystem. Journal of Arachnology 14: 1-13.

Hatley, C. L. & MacMahon, J. A. (1980) Spider community organization: seasonal variation and the role ofvegetation architecture. Environmental Entomology 9: 632-639.

Hauge, E. & Kvamme, T. (1983) Spiders from forest fire areas in southeast Norway. Fauna Norv. (Series B) 30: 39-45.

Hayes, W. B. (1970) The accuracy of pitfall trapping for the sandbeach isopod Tylos punctatus. Ecology 51: 514-516.

Heady, H. F. (1975) Fire as an environmental factor. In RangelandManagement, pp. 280­ 297. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Heap, M. A. (1988) The pit-light, a new trap for soil-dwelling insects. Journal of the AustralianEntomological Society 27: 239-240.

Heyward, F. & Tissot, A. N. (1936) Some changes in the soil fauna associated with forest fires in the long-leafpine region. Ecology 17: 659-666.

Hindmarsh, R. & Majer, 1. D. (1977) Food requirements ofmardo (Antechinus flavipes, Waterhouse) and the effect of fire on mardo abundance. Forests Department ofWestern AustraliaResearch Paper31.

Holliday, N. 1. (1984) Carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from a burned spruce forest (Picea spp). CanadianEntomologist 116: 919-922. 152

Holliday, N. J. (1992) The carabid fauna (Coleoptera: Carabidae) during postfire regeneration ofboreal forest: properties and dynamics of species assemblages. Canadian Journal ofZoology 70: 440-452.

Holthaus, W. A. & Riechert, S. E. (1973) A new time-sort pitfall trap. Annals ofthe Entomological Society ofAmerica 66: 1362-1364.

Hom., D. J. & Dowell, R. V. (1974) A comparison of insect faunas in grazed and ungrazed grassland. Proceedings ofthe North Central Branch ofthe Ecological Society ofAmerica 29: 103- 106.

Houston, K. (1971) A mechanical time sorting pitfall trap. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 106: 214-216.

Howard, A. (1978) Fire Management Plan - Barren Grounds Nature Reserve. Nowra: National Parks & Wildlife Service ofNew South Wales.

Huhta, V. (1971) Succession in the spider communities ofthe forest floor after clear-cutting and prescribed burning. Annales Zoologici Fennici 8: 483-542.

Huhta, V., Karppinen, E., Nurminen, M. & Valpas, A. (1967) Effect ofsilvicultural practices upon arthropod, annelid and nematode populations in coniferous forest soil. Annales Zoologict Fennici 4: 87-145.

Huhta, V., Nunninen, M. & Valpas, A. (1969) Further notes on the effect ofsilvicultural practices upon the fauna ofconiferous forest soil. Annales Zoologtci Fennici 6: 327-334.

Hurst, G. A. (1970) The effects of controlled burning bobwhite quail brood habitat on a right-of-way. Proceedings ofthe Tall Timbers Conference on Ecological Animal Control by Habitat Management 2: 173-183.

Hutchinson, K. J. & King. K. L. (1980) The effects ofsheep stocking level on invertebrate abundance, biomass and energy utilization in a temperate, sown grassland. Journal of AppliedEcology 17: 369-387.

Jensen, P., Jacobson, G. L. & Willard, D. E. (1973) Effects of mowing and raking on Collembola, Ecology 54: 564-572.

Jocque, R. (1981) On reduced size in spiders from marginal habitats. Oecologia 49; 404-408.

Joem, A. (1982) Vegetation structure and microahabitat selection in grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Southwestern Naturalist 27: 197-209.

Johnson, C. D., Beley, 1. R.. Ditsworth, T. M. & Butt, S. M. (1983) Secondary succession of arthropods and plants in the Arizona Sonoran Desert in response to transmission line construction. Journal ofEnvironmental Management 16: 125-137.

Jordan, R. & Jordan, P. M. (eds.) (1984) Barren Grounds Bird Observatory Report 1982-84. RAOUReport u.

Jordan, R. & Jordan, P. M. (eds.) (1987) Barren Grounds Bird Observatory Report 1984-86. RAOUReport 27. 153

Jordan, R. & Jordan, P. M. (eds.) (1988) Barren Grounds Bird Observatory Report 1986-88. RAOUReport 51.

Karppinen, E. (1957) Die oribatiden-fauna einiger schlag-und brandflachen, Annales Entomologici Fennici23: 181-203.

Knutson, H. & Campbell, J. B. (1974) Relationships ofgrasshoppers (Acrididae) to burning, grazing. and range sites of native tallgrass prairie in Kansas. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Conference on Ecological Animal Control by Habitat Management 6: 107-120.

Koch, L. E. & Majer, J. D. (1980) A phenological investigation ofvarious invertebrates in forest and woodland areas in the south-west of Western Australia. Journal ofthe Royal Society ofWestern Australia 63: 21-28.

Komarek, E. V. (1969) Fire and animal behaviour. Proceedings ofthe Tall Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 9: 161-207.

Kozlowski. T. T. & Ahlgren, C. E. (OOs.) (1974) Fire andEcosystems. New York: Academic Press.

Knbelbock, G. (1982) Comparacion de los artropodos epigeos del bosque humedo tropical y de un cultivo migratorio en San Carlos de Rio Negro, Terr. Amazonas, Venezuela (Comparison of the epigeal arthropods of tropical rain forest and a slash-and-burn field near San Carlos de Rio Negro, Amazonas, Venezuela). Tropical Ecology 23: 98-104.

Leonard, B. V. (1974) The effects ofburning on litter fauna in eucalypt forests. Proceedings ofthe 3rdFire Ecology Symposium. Monash University, pp. 43-48.

Liddle, M. J. (1975) A theoretical relationship between the primary productivity of vegetation and its ability to tolerate trampling. Biological Conservation 8: 251-255.

Liddle, M. 1. & Thyer, N. C. (1986) Trampling and fire in a subtropical dry sclerophyll forest. Environmental Conservation 13: 33-39.

Lilly, C. E. & Hobbs, G. A. (1962) Effects of spring burning and insecticides on the Superb Plant Bug, Adelphocoris superbus (UbI.) and associated fauna in alfalfa seed fields. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 42: 53-61.

Little, V. A. (1972) General andAppliedEntomology. New York: Harper & Row.

Luff, M. L. (1968) Some effects of formalin on the numbers of Coleoptera caught in pitfall traps. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 104: 115-116.

Luff, M. L. (1975) Some features influencing the efficiency of pitfall traps. Oecologia 19: 345-357.

Lussenhop, J. (1976) Soil arthropod response to prairie burning. Ecology '57: 88-98.

Lussenhop, J. (1981) Microbial and microarthropod detrital processing in a prairie soil. Ecology 62: 964-972.

Lyon, L. J., Crawford, H. S., Czuhai, E., Fredriksen, R. L., Harlow, R. F., Metz, L. J. & Pearson, H. A. (1978) Effects of fire on fauna: a state-of-knowledge review. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report WO-6. 154

Macfadyen, A. (1952) The small arthropods of a Molinia fen at Cothill. Journal ofAnimal Ecology 21: 87~117.

Macfadyen, A. (1962a) Control of humidity it. three funnel-type extractors for soil arthropods. In Progress in Soil Biology, ed. Murphy P. W., pp. 158-168. London: Butterworth's.

Macfadyen, A. (1962b) Soil arthropod sampling. Advances in Ecological Research 1: 1-34.

Main. A. R. (1981) Fire tolerance of heathland . In Ecosystems ofthe World 9B, Heathlands and Related Shrublands - Analytical Studies, ed. Specht R. L., pp. 85-90. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Majer, J. D. (1978) An improved pitfall trap for sampling ants and other epigaeic invertebrates. Journal ofthe Australian Entomological Society 17: 261-262.

Majer, J. D. (1980) Report on a study of invertebrates in relation to the Kojonup Fire Management Plan. Western Australian Institute ofTechnology, Department ofBiology Bulletin No.2.

Majer, J. D. (1984) Short-term responses ofsoil and litter invertebrates to a cool autumn bum in Jarrah ( margtnatay forest in Western. Australia. Pedobiologta 26: 229-247.

Manry, D. E. (1984) Factors influencing the use of winter-burnt grassland by foraging Bald Ibises, Geronticus calvus. South African Journal ofZoology 19: 12-15.

McCoy, E. D. (1987) The ground-dwelling beetles of periodically-burned plots ofsandhill. Florida Entomologist 70: 31-39.

McCoy, E. D. & Kaiser, B. W. (1990) Changes in foraging activity of the Southern. Harvester Ant Pogonomyrmex badius (Latreille) in response to fire. American Midland Naturalist 123: 112-123.

McNamara, P. 1. (1955) A preliminary investigation of the fauna of humus layers in the jarrah forest of Western Australia Commonwealth of Australia Forestry and Timber Bureau Leaflet No. 7/.

Merrett, P. (1976) Changes in the ground-living spider fauna after heathland fires in Dorset. Bulletin ofthe British Arachnological Society 3; 214-221.

Metz, L. 1. & Dindal, D. L. (1975) Collembola populations and prescribed burning. Environmental Entomology 4: 583-587.

Metz, L. J. & Farrier, M. H. (1971) Prescribed burning and soil mesofauna on the Santee Experimental Forest. In Proceedings ofthe Prescribed Burning Symposium, pp.100-l06. USDA Forest Service Southeast Forest Experimental Station, North Carolina

Metz, L. J. & Farrier, M. H. (1973) Prescribed burning and populations ofsoil mesofauna. Environmental Entomology 2: 433-440.

Miller, R. B., Stout, J. D. & Lee, K. E. (1955) Biological and chemical changes following scrub burning on a New Zealand hill soil. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology B37: 290-313. 155

Miller, W. E. (1978) Use ofprescribed burning in seed production areas to control Red Pine Cone Beetle. Environmental Entomology 7: 698-702.

Moldenke, A. R. (1979) Pollination ecology as an assay for ecosystematic organization: convergent evolution in Chile and California Phytotogia 42: 415- 454.

Morrill, W. L. (1975) Plastic pitfall trap. Environmental Entomology 4: 596.

Morris, M. G. (1967) Differences between the invertebrate faunas of grazed and ungrazed grassland. 1. Responses ofsome phytophagous insects to cessation ofgrazing. Journal of AppliedEcology 4: 459-474.

Nagel, H. G. (1973) Effect of spring prairie burning on herbivorous and non-herbivorous arthropod populations. Journal ofthe Kansas Entomological Society 46: 485-496.

Neumann, F. G. (1991) Responses oflitter arthropods to major natural or artificial ecological disturbances in mountain ash forest. Australian Journal ofEcology 16: 19-32.

Neumann, F. G. & Tolhurst, K. (1991) Effects of fuel reduction burning on epigeal arthropods and earthworms in dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest of west-central Victoria. Australian Journal ofEcology 16: 315-330.

Novak, 1. (1983) An efficient light-trap for catching insects. Acta Entomologtca Bohemoslovaca 80: 29-34.

O'Dowd, D. (1985) Effect oflow-intensity fire on the activity ofants and other invertebrates at Belair Recreation Park, South Australia. In Soil and Litter Invertebrates of Some Australian Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, ed. Greenslade P. & Majer J. D., pp. 73-76. WesternAustralian Institute ofTechnology, School ofBiology Bulletin No.12.

O'Dowd, D. J & Gill, A. M. (1984) Predator satiation and site alteration following fire: mass reproduction of alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatenstsy in southeastern Australia Ecology 65: 1052-1066.

O'Dowd, D. J. & Gill, A. M. (1985) Effects of a high-intensity fire on ants and other invertebrates in the Brindabella Range. In Soil and Litter Invertebrates of Some Australian Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, ed. Greenslade P. & Majer 1. D., pp. 87-90. WesternAustralian Institute ofTechnology, School ofBiology Bulletin No. 12.

Odum, E. P., Pomeroy, S. E., Dickinson, J. C. & Hutcheson, K. (1974) The effects of a late winter litter bum on the composition. productivity and diversity of a 4 year old fallow-field in Georgia. Proceedings ofthe Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 13: 399-419.

Packham, D. R. (1970) Heat transfer above a small ground fire. Australian Forest Research 5: 19-24.

Park, C. C. (1980) Ecology and Environmental Management (Studies in Physical Geography). Folkestone, England: Dawson & Sons - Westview Press.

Parmenter, R. R. & MacMahon, J. A. (1984) Factors influencing the distribution and abundance ofground-dwelling beetles (Coleoptera) in a shrub-steppe ecosystem: the role ofshrub architecture. Pedobiologia 26: 21-34. 156

Pearse, A. S. (1943) Effects of burning-over and raking-off litter on certain soil animals in the Duke forest. American Midland Naturalist 29: 406-424.

Piearce, T. G. (1984) Earthworm populations in soils disturbed by trampling. Biological Conservation 29: 241-252.

Pollet, A. (1979) Utilisation des goutteresde piegeage en savanes preforestieres eburneennes (The use of pitfall traps in the Eburnean forest-margin savannas). Annales Universite D'abidjan, sene E (Ecologie) 12: 119-139.

Pomeroy, D. E. & Rwakaikara, D. (1975) Soil arthropods in relation to grassland burning. East Afrtcan Agriculturai and Forestry Journal 41: 114-118.

Raison, R. J. (1979) Modification ofthe soil environment by vegetation fires, with particular reference to nitrogen transformations: a review. Plant andSoil 51: 73- 108.

Rice, L. A. (1932) The effect of fire on the prairie animal communities. Ecology 13: 392­ 401.

Richardson, R. J. & Holliday, N. J. (1982) Occurrence of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a boreal forestdamaged by :fire. Canadian Entomologist 114: 509- 514.

Rickard, W. H. (1970) Ground dwelling beetles in burned and unburned vegetation. Joumal ofRange Management 23: 293-294.

Riechert, S. E. & Reeder, W. G. (1972) Effects offire on spider distribution in south-western Wisconsin prairies. In Proceedings of the 2nd Midwest Prairie Conference, ed. Zimmerman J. H., pp.73-90. Wisconsin: University ofWisconsin Arboretum.

Rossbach, M. H. & Majer, J. D. (1983) A preliminary surveyofthe ant fauna ofthe Darling Plateau and Swan Coastal Plain near Perth, Western Australia Journal of the Royal Society ofWestem Australian 66: 85-90.

Rundel, P. W. (1981) Fire as an ecological factor. In Physiological Plant Ecology 1: Responses to the Physical Environment, ed. Lange. O. L., Nobel, P. S., Osmond C. B. & Ziegler H., pp. 501-538. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Samways, M. J. (1990) Land forms and winterhabitat refugia in the conservation ofmontane grasshoppers in Southem Africa Conservation Biology 4: 375-381.

Saulnier, L. & Athias-Binche, F. (1986) Modalites de la cicatrisation des ecosystems Medi­ terraneens apres incendie: cas de certains Arthropodes du sol. 2. Les Myriapodes edaphiques (Regeneration patterns of Mediterranean ecosystems after fire: the case of some soil arthropods. 2. Myriapoda). Vie Milieu 36: 191-204.

Schaefer, M. (1980) Effects of an extensive fire on the fauna of spiders and harvestmen (Araneida and Opilionida) in pine forests. In Proceedings of the 8th Internattonal Congress ofArachnology, ed. Egermann V. H., pp.103-108. Vienna

Schauermann, J. (1980) Zur Entwicklung von Insektenpopulationen auf Kiefernforst­ Brandflachen in der nordwestdeutschen Tiefebene (Development ofinsect populations on burned pine plantation areas in the northwest German lowland). Emomologia Generalis 6: 193-199. 157

Seastedt, T. R. (1984). Belowground macroarthropods of annually burned and unburned tallgrass prairie. American Midland Naturalist 111: 405-408.

Simmons, G. A., Mahar, 1., Kennedy, M. K. & Ball, 1. (1977). Preliminary test of prescribed burning for control of maple leaf cutter (: Incurvariidae). Great Lakes Entomologist 10: 209-210.

Smith, B. J. (1976) A new application in the pitfall trapping ofinsects. Kentucky Academy of Science Transactions 37: 94-97.

Smithers, C. (1981) The Handbook ofInsect Col/ecting. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.

Southwood, T. R. E. (1980) Ecological Methods With Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations. London: Chapman & Hall.

Specht, R. L. (1981) Responses to fire in heathIands and related shrublands. In Fire and the Australian Biota. ed, Gill, A. M., Groves, R. H. & Noble, I. R., pp. 395-415. Canberra: Australian Academy ofScience.

Speight, M. C. D. (1973) Ecological change and outdoor recreation. Discussion Papers in Conservation, Number 4. London: University College.

Springett, 1. A. (1971) The effects of fire on litter decomposition and on the soil fauna in a Pinus pinaster plantation. IV. Colloquium pedobiologae, Ann. Zool. 17: 529-535.

Springett, J. A. (1976) The effect of prescribed burning on the soil fauna and on litter decomposition in Western Australian forests. Australian Journal ofEcology 1: 77-82.

Springett, J. A. (1979) The effects of a single hot summer fire on soil fauna and litter decomposition in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginatay forest in Western Australia. Australian Journal ofEcology 4: 279-291.

StatView 512+™ (1986) Abacus Concepts Incorporated. Berkeley, CA.

Stout, J. D. (1961) Biological and chemical changes following scrub burning on a New Zealand hill soil. 4. Microbiological changes. New Zealand Journal ofScience 4: 740­ 752.

Strelein, G. 1. (1988) Gum leaf skeletoniser , lugens, in the forests ofWestern Australia. Australian Forestry 51: 197-204.

Tamm, J. C. (1986) Funfjahrige Collembolensukzession auf einem verbrannten Kiefernwal­ boden in Niederersachsen, BRD. (Five-year post-fire succession of the surface-dwelling Collembola inhabiting the floor of a pine forest in Niedersachsen, FRG.) Pedobiologia 29: 113-127

Tanton, M. T., Campbell, A. 1. & Thomas, H. M. G. (1983) A low-cost, efficient apparatus for extraction ofarthropods from forest litter. Australian Forest Research 13: 293-298.

Tap, P. & Whelan, R. J. (1984) The effect offire on populations ofheathland invertebrates. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mediterranean Ecosystems, ed. Dell, 8., pp.147-148. Perth: Botany Department, University ofWestem Australia 158

Tester, J. R. & Marshall, W. H. (1961) A study ofcertain plant and animal interactions on a native prairie in northwestern Minnesota. Minnesota Museum of Natural History, Occasional Paper No.8. Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press.

Tewes, M. E. (1984) Opportunistic feeding by White-tailed Hawks at prescribed burns. Wilson Bulletin 96: 135-136.

Thomas, D. B. & Sleeper, E. L. (1977) The use ofpitfall traps for estimating the abundance of arthropods, with special reference to the Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society ofAmerica 70: 242-248.

Tippins, H. H. (1972) Scale insect populations as influenced by environmental manipulations. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Conference on Ecological Animal Control by Habitat Management 3: 179-183.

Tormala, T. (1982) Evaluation of five methods of sampling field layer arthropods, particularly the leafhopper community, in grassland. Annales Entomologici Fenmci 48: 1-16.

Trapnell, C. G., Friend, M. T., Chamberlain, G. T. & Birch, H. F. (1976) The effects of fire and termites on a Zambian woodland soil. Journal ofEcology 64: 577-588.

Uetz, G. W. (1979) The influence of variation in litter habitats on spider communities. Oecologia 40: 29-42.

Uetz, G. W. & Unzicker, 1. D. (1976) Pitfall trapping in ecological studies of wandering spiders. Journal of Arachnology 3: 101-111. van Amburg, G. L., Swaby, 1. A. & Pemble, R. H. (1981) Response of arthropods to a spring bum of a tallgrass prairie in northwestern Minnesota. In Proceedings ofthe 6th North American Prairie Conference - The Prairie Peninsula: in the "Shadow" of Transeau, ed. Stuckey, R. L., & Reese K. 1.), pp.240-243. Ohio Biological Survey Notes 15.

Vlug, H. & Borden, J. H. (1973) Soil Acari and Collembola populations affected by logging and slash burning in a coastal British Columbia coniferous forest. Environmental Entomology 2: 1016-1023.

Walker, J., Raison R. J. & Khanna, P. K. (1986) Fire. In Australian Soils: the Human Impact, ed. Russell, J.S., & R. F. Isbell, R. F., pp.185-216. Brisbane: University of QueenslandPress.

Wallace, M. M. H. (1961) Pasture burning and its effect on the aestivating eggs of Halotydeus destructor (Tuck.). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 1: 109-111.

Warren, S. D., Scifres, C. J. & Teel, P. D. (1987) Response of grassland arthropods to burning: areview. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 19:105-130.

Waterhouse, D. F. (ed.) (1970) The Insects ofAustralia. Carlton: Melbourne University Press.

Wein, R. W. & Macl.ean, D. A. (eds.) (1983) The Role ofFire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. New York: Wiley & Sons. 159

Whelan, R. J. (1995) The Ecology ofFire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Whelan, R. J., Langedyk, W. & Pashby, AS. (1980) The effects ofwildfire on arthropod populations injarrah-BankYia woodland. Western Australian Naturalist 14: 214-220.

Whelan, R. J. & Main, A R. (1979) Insect grazing and post-fire plant succession in south­ west Australianwoodland. Australian Journal ofEcology 4: 387-398.

Williams, G. (1958) Mechanical time-sorting of pitfall trap captures. Journal ofAnimal Ecology 27: 27-35.

Winter, K., Duweke, P., Schaefer, M. & Schauennann, 1. (1983) Sukzessionvon arthropoden in verbrannten Kiefernforsten der Sudheide (Arthropod succession in burnt and unbumt pine stands) Verhandlungen der Gesellschafifur Okologie, Band X: 57-61.

Wojcik, D. P., Banks, W. A., Hicks, D. M. & Plumley, J. K. (1972) A simple inexpensive pitfall trap for collecting arthropods. Florida Entomologist 55: 115- 116.

Wright, H. A. & Bailey, A. W. (1980) Fire ecology and prescribed burning in the Great Plains - a research review. USDA Forest Service General Technical ReportINT-77.

Wright, H. A. & Bailey, A W. (1982) Fire Ecology, United States and Southern Canada. New York: Wiley-Interscience.