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The Principles of Norwegian Tunnelling

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THE PRINCIPLES OF Photo: Gunnar Kopperud NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING SOCIETY PUBLICATION NO. 26 NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING SOCIETY REPRESENTS EXPERTISE IN • Hard Rock Tunneling techniques • Rock blasting technology • Rock mechanics and engineering geology USED IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF • Hydroelectric power development, including: - water conveying tunnels - unlined pressure shafts - subsurface power stations - lake taps - earth and rock fill dams • Transportation tunnels • Underground storage facilities • Underground openings for for pub- lic use NORSK FORENING FOR FJELLSPRENGNINGSTEKNIKK Norwegian Tunnelling Sosiety [email protected] - www.tunnel.no www.nff.no Photo: Hæhre Entreprenør AS THE PRINCIPLES OF NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING Publication No. 26 NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING SOCIETY 2017 DESIGN/PRINT BY HELLI - VISUELL KOMMUNIKASJON, OSLO, NORWAY NORWEGIAN TUNLLIN E NG SOCIETY PUBLICAO TI N NO. 26 PUBLICATION NO. 26 © Norsk Forening for Fjellsprengningsteknikk NFF ISBN 978-82-92641-39-2 Front page image: Gunnar Kopperud Layout/Print: HELLI - Visuell kommunikasjon AS [email protected] www.helli.no DISCLAIMER “Readers are advised that the publications from the Norwegian Tunnelling Society NFF are issued solely for informational purpose. The opinions and statements included are based on reliable sources in good faith. In no event, however, shall NFF or the authors be liable for direct or indirect incidental or consequential damages resulting from the use of this information.” 2 NORWEGIAN TUNLLIN E NG SOCIETY PUBLICAO TI N NO. 26 FOREWORD The Norwegian Tunnelling Society NFF is publishing this issue No. 26 in the English Language series for the purpose of sharing with international colleagues, and friends, the experiences of tunnel and cavern construction along with examples of underground use. The purpose of Publication No. 26 is to demonstrate the content of Norwegian tunnelling by clarifying the principles of this approach, show-case breakthrough technologies and describe various ways of utilising the underground. We have named the publication 'The Principles of Norwegian Tunnelling'. The current state-of-the-art is not necessarily the result of primarily favourable ground con- ditions. More so it is the result of a continuous development started by the mining industry 300 years ago, coupled with clear understanding of rock mass behaviour, brave and solution- oriented workers and engineers cooperation and mutual respect throughout the work site, to mention some important elements. This publication aims at telling more of this story. In June 2017 the World Tunnel Conference and 43rd ITA General Assembly takes place in Bergen, Norway. The Norwegian Tunnelling Society is proud to be the host for this year's WTC, which is arranged under the slogan "Surface Challenges - Underground Solutions.” The slogan coincides with that of the Norwegian Tunnelling Society itself. On behalf of NFF we express our sincere thanks to the authors and the contributors to this publication. Without their efforts this distribution of Norwegian tunnelling experience would not have been possible. We sincerely hope that by reading the publication you will find use- ful information and maybe some good suggestions for use in your own projects. Enjoy the reading! Oslo May 2017 Norwegian Tunnelling Society, NFF - International Committee Editorial Committee Arnulf Hansen Knut Garshol Rolf Blomberg Eivind Grøv (Chair) 3 FOR TOUGH JOBS UNDERGROUND EQUIPMENT | CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS | ROCK REINFORCEMENT | LIFE TIME CARE www.normet.com Normet Norway AS Slomarka 57 | N - 2100 Skarnes | Norway Tel. +47 476 66 476 CONTENTS FOREWORD................................................................................................................................................................ 3 01. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 9 02. INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING ...............................................11 2.1 Statistics of Norwegian tunnelling and development of the industry ................................................................... 11 2.2 From fire setting to full-face tunnel boring machines – The Norwgian Rock Blasting Museum (NFSM) ......... 15 03. ELEMENTS THAT CONSTITUTE THE PRINCIPLES OF NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING ................. 19 3.1 Pre-investigations, rock mass classification and lining solutions ......................................................................... 19 3.2 Risk Sharing Principles in Tunnel Contracts ......................................................................................................... 40 3.3 Decision taking ...................................................................................................................................................... 47 3.4 State of the art tunneling equipment...................................................................................................................... 52 04. SOME EXAMPLES OF NORWEGIAN GROUND BREAKING TECHNOLOGIES ............................... 55 4.1 Norwegian TBM Tunneling – machines for hard, tough and abrasive rock conditions ....................................... 55 4.2 New tyin power plant. world record with 1030 m water head on unlined headrace tunnel ................................. 65 4.3 Submerged tunnel piercing. ................................................................................................................................... 72 4.4 Gas storage at -42 °celcius .................................................................................................................................... 76 4.5 Geotechnical design of air cushion surge chambers ............................................................................................. 78 4.6 Gjøvik underground sports hall with 62 m span ................................................................................................... 84 4.7 Sub sea tunnel projects in hard rock environment in Scandinavia ....................................................................... 88 4.8 Wet mix sprayed concrete and fibre reinforcement replacing mesh ..................................................................... 99 4.9 High-pressure pre-excavation grouting for water inflow control in tunnels and caverns .................................. 101 4.10 Blasting techniques ............................................................................................................................................ 107 05. SURFACE PROBLEMS – UNDERGROUND SOLUTIONS; TUNNELS AND UNDERGROUND SPACE FOR THE SOCIETY ..................................................................115 5.1 Tunnels for hydropower projects ......................................................................................................................... 115 5.2 Underground storage for hydrocarbon products .................................................................................................. 124 5.3 Alternative use of rock caverns .......................................................................................................................... 130 5.4.1 OREA – Extension of an Existing Sewer Treatment Plant in Strømmen, Norway ......................................... 136 5.4.2 New oset water treatment plant facilities situated underground ...................................................................... 143 5.5.1 Tunnels for Norwegian railway projects .......................................................................................................... 147 5.5.2 Norwegian road tunnels - a historical perspective ........................................................................................... 155 5.6 Stad ship tunnel – technical and cost-effective considerations ........................................................................... 163 5.7 Stendafjellet rock quarry and underground waste disposal site .......................................................................... 167 5.8 Special Technologies and methodologies ............................................................................................................ 173 5.8.1 Geotechnical investigation with directional core drilling ................................................................................ 173 5.8.2 Ground freezing of glacifluvial subsea zone at 120 mbsl, in The Oslofjord tunnel ........................................ 178 5.8.3 CT-Bolt a Norwegian rock bolt concept ........................................................................................................... 181 5.8.4 Interpretations And Possibilities With Software-Controlled Tunnelling Equipment ....................................... 186 5 5.8.5 The NTNU prediction model for hard rock tunnel boring ............................................................................... 189 5.8.6 Building Information Modelling (BIM) in underground projects .................................................................... 191 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................... 196 Authors ....................................................................................................................................................................... 196 Editorial Work ...........................................................................................................................................................
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